1
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Borum A, Chen KY, Zakarian A. Scalable Total Synthesis of (+)-Desmethylxestospongin B. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8120-8130. [PMID: 38810272 PMCID: PMC11165571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Herein, the execution of synthetic strategies solving scalability issues observed in the original route is reported, increasing the total yield by 50% compared to the previously disclosed synthesis. A notable restructuring of the route's initial steps to reach a common allylic alcohol intermediate employs a highly stereoselective epoxidation method and avoids superfluous protecting group manipulations while limiting dependence on kinetic resolution in establishing stereochemistry for four of the six chiral centers in (+)-desmethylxestospongin B. Different protecting group strategies to avoid problems with their subsequent removal were considered and enacted; to this end, material was retained as byproducts were suppressed. While the lactam semireduction under Birch conditions requires further investigation, the updated synthesis of (+)-desmethylxestospongin B reported here made it more scalable, affording 0.37 g of this natural product for continued biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana
K. Borum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Karen Y. Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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2
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Zhang H, Li B, Yang H, Tan Y, Tan X, Tang Y. Total Synthesis of Carolacton and Demethylcarolactons with Potent Antiviral Activity. Org Lett 2024; 26:370-375. [PMID: 38170945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Carolacton, a naturally occurring MTHFD1 inhibitor, exhibits potent inhibitory activity against various RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2. Herein, we present a concise total synthesis of carolacton, featuring the Krische allylation, Marshall coupling, NHK coupling, and RCM reaction as key elements. Additionally, we have synthesized three simplified carolacton analogues, one of which, namely, 14-demethyl-carolacton, exhibited notable antiviral activity. The present work paves the way for further exploration of the therapeutic potential of carolacton and its analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bingsong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongzhi Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ya Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xu Tan
- Chinese Institutes for Medical Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yefeng Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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3
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Yus M, Nájera C, Foubelo F, Sansano JM. Metal-Catalyzed Enantioconvergent Transformations. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11817-11893. [PMID: 37793021 PMCID: PMC10603790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Enantioconvergent catalysis has expanded asymmetric synthesis to new methodologies able to convert racemic compounds into a single enantiomer. This review covers recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed transformations, such as radical-based cross-coupling of racemic alkyl electrophiles with nucleophiles or racemic alkylmetals with electrophiles and reductive cross-coupling of two electrophiles mainly under Ni/bis(oxazoline) catalysis. C-H functionalization of racemic electrophiles or nucleophiles can be performed in an enantioconvergent manner. Hydroalkylation of alkenes, allenes, and acetylenes is an alternative to cross-coupling reactions. Hydrogen autotransfer has been applied to amination of racemic alcohols and C-C bond forming reactions (Guerbet reaction). Other metal-catalyzed reactions involve addition of racemic allylic systems to carbonyl compounds, propargylation of alcohols and phenols, amination of racemic 3-bromooxindoles, allenylation of carbonyl compounds with racemic allenolates or propargyl bromides, and hydroxylation of racemic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Yus
- Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Carmen Nájera
- Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Francisco Foubelo
- Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis
Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - José M. Sansano
- Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis
Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
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4
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Shagufta, Ahmad I. An Update on Pharmacological Relevance and Chemical Synthesis of Natural Products and Derivatives with Anti SARS-CoV-2 Activity. ChemistrySelect 2021; 6:11502-11527. [PMID: 34909460 PMCID: PMC8661826 DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Natural products recognized traditionally as a vital source of active constituents in pharmacotherapy. The COVID-19 infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is highly transmissible, pathogenic, and considered an ongoing global health emergency. The emergence of COVID-19 globally and the lack of adequate treatment brought attention towards herbal medicines, and scientists across the globe instigated the search for novel drugs from medicinal plants and natural products to tackle this deadly virus. The natural products rich in scaffold diversity and structural complexity are an excellent source for antiviral drug discovery. Recently the investigation of several natural products and their synthetic derivatives resulted in the identification of promising anti SARS-CoV-2 agents. This review article will highlight the pharmacological relevance and chemical synthesis of the recently discovered natural product and their synthetic analogs as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. The summarized information will pave the path for the natural product-based drug discovery of safe and potent antiviral agents, particularly against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagufta
- Department of Mathematics and Natural SciencesSchool of Arts and SciencesAmerican University of Ras Al KhaimahRas Al Khaimah Road, P. O. Box10021Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Mathematics and Natural SciencesSchool of Arts and SciencesAmerican University of Ras Al KhaimahRas Al Khaimah Road, P. O. Box10021Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
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5
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Melander RJ, Basak AK, Melander C. Natural products as inspiration for the development of bacterial antibiofilm agents. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1454-1477. [PMID: 32608431 PMCID: PMC7677205 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00022a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have historically been a rich source of diverse chemical matter with numerous biological activities, and have played an important role in drug discovery in many areas including infectious disease. Synthetic and medicinal chemistry have been, and continue to be, important tools to realize the potential of natural products as therapeutics and as chemical probes. The formation of biofilms by bacteria in an infection setting is a significant factor in the recalcitrance of many bacterial infections, conferring increased tolerance to many antibiotics and to the host immune response, and as yet there are no approved therapeutics for combatting biofilm-based bacterial infections. Small molecules that interfere with the ability of bacteria to form and maintain biofilms can overcome antibiotic tolerance conferred by the biofilm phenotype, and have the potential to form combination therapies with conventional antibiotics. Many natural products with anti-biofilm activity have been identified from plants, microbes, and marine life, including: elligic acid glycosides, hamamelitannin, carolacton, skyllamycins, promysalin, phenazines, bromoageliferin, flustramine C, meridianin D, and brominated furanones. Total synthesis and medicinal chemistry programs have facilitated structure confirmation, identification of critical structural motifs, better understanding of mechanistic pathways, and the development of more potent, more accessible, or more pharmacologically favorable derivatives of anti-biofilm natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta J Melander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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6
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Wuest WM, Solinski AE. Collaboration in Natural Product Total Synthesis: Carolacton – A Decade of Discovery. Synlett 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Carolacton, a macrocyclic natural product with impressive anti-biofilm biological activity, has been a focus in multiple research groups for the past decade. Chemists and biologists, alike, have been interested in uncovering the mechanism of action and have made great strides towards this goal. Carolacton causes cellular defects in Streptococcus mutans biofilm, which leads to decreases in cellular viability. As biological targets have been uncovered, synthetic chemists have devised synthetic routes that have helped uncover the important chemical functionalities that lead to biological activity. Herein, we discuss our synthetic collaboration that galvanized an entire research program around the natural product carolacton.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine
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7
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Wang Z, Yang L. Turning the Tide: Natural Products and Natural-Product-Inspired Chemicals as Potential Counters to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1013. [PMID: 32714193 PMCID: PMC7343773 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel and highly pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has become a continued focus of global attention due to the serious threat it poses to public health. There are no specific drugs available to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection. Natural products (carolacton, homoharringtonine, emetine, and cepharanthine) and natural product-inspired small molecules (ivermectin, GS-5734, EIDD-2801, and ebselen) are potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents that have attracted significant attention due to their broad-spectrum antiviral activities. Here, we review the research on potential landmark anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents, systematically discussing the importance of natural products and natural-product-inspired small molecules in the research and development of safe and effective antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Liyan Yang
- School of Physics and Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
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8
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Liu K, Huigens RW. Instructive Advances in Chemical Microbiology Inspired by Nature's Diverse Inventory of Molecules. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:541-562. [PMID: 31842540 PMCID: PMC7346871 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural product antibiotics have played an essential role in the treatment of bacterial infection in addition to serving as useful tools to explore the intricate biology of bacteria. Our current arsenal of antibiotics operate through the inhibition of well-defined bacterial targets critical for replication and growth. Pathogenic bacteria effectively utilize a diversity of mechanisms that lead to acquired resistance and/or innate tolerance toward antibiotic therapies, which can result in devastating consequences to human life. Several research groups have established innovative programs that work at the chemistry-biology interface to develop new molecules that aim to define and address concerns related to antibiotic resistance and tolerance. In this Review, we present recent progress by select research groups that highlight a diversity of integrated chemical biology and medicinal chemistry approaches aimed at the development and utilization of chemical tools that have led to promising new microbiological insights that may lead to significant clinical advances regarding the treatment of pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- 1345 Center Drive, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Robert W. Huigens
- 1345 Center Drive, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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9
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Solinski AE, Scharnow AM, Fraboni AJ, Wuest WM. Synthetic Simplification of Carolacton Enables Chemical Genetic Studies in Streptococcus mutans. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1480-1486. [PMID: 31243986 PMCID: PMC7169375 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the broader biological impact of carolacton, a macrolactone natural product, has been ongoing for the past decade. Multiple studies have shown connections to regulatory systems, acid tolerance mechanisms, biofilm formation, and recently folate dehydrogenase (FolD). Progress elucidating the cause of biofilm-specific activity in Streptococcus mutans has been limited due to low-throughput analyses of carolacton-treated cells. We disclose the discovery of a simplified carolacton-inspired analog that demonstrates inhibitory activity against S. mutans biofilm cells. This discovery permitted a proof of concept chemical genetic screen of S. mutans mutants identifying the carbon catabolite protein A signaling pathway as a putative target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Solinski
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Amber M. Scharnow
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Americo J. Fraboni
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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10
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Scharnow AM, Solinski AE, Wuest WM. Targeting S. mutans biofilms: a perspective on preventing dental caries. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1057-1067. [PMID: 31391878 PMCID: PMC6644389 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of biofilm diseases, and dental caries in particular, have encouraged extensive research on S. mutans biofilms, including methods of preventing its formation. Numerous small molecules with specific anti-biofilm activity against this pathogen have been isolated and synthesized. Generally, these molecules can be characterized into three categories: sucrose-dependent anti-adhesion, sucrose-independent anti-adhesion and cellular signaling interference. This review aims to provide an overview of the current small molecule strategies used for targeting S. mutans biofilms, and a perspective of the future for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Scharnow
- Emory University , Chemistry Department , 1515 Dickey Dr , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
| | - Amy E Solinski
- Emory University , Chemistry Department , 1515 Dickey Dr , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
| | - William M Wuest
- Emory University , Chemistry Department , 1515 Dickey Dr , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
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11
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Amador AG, Watts A, Neitzel AE, Hillmyer MA. Entropically Driven Macrolide Polymerizations for the Synthesis of Aliphatic Polyester Copolymers Using Titanium Isopropoxide. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian G. Amador
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Annabelle Watts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Angelika E. Neitzel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Marc A. Hillmyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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12
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Schwarzwalder GM, Matier CD, Fu GC. Enantioconvergent Cross-Couplings of Alkyl Electrophiles: The Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Organosilanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3571-3574. [PMID: 30650228 PMCID: PMC6399024 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Metal-catalyzed enantioconvergent cross-coupling reactions of alkyl electrophiles are emerging as a powerful tool in asymmetric synthesis. To date, high enantioselectivity has been limited to couplings of electrophiles that bear a directing group or a proximal p/π orbital. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time that enantioconvergent cross-couplings can be achieved with electrophiles that lack such features; specifically, we establish that a chiral nickel catalyst can accomplish Negishi reactions of racemic α-halosilanes with alkylzinc reagents with good enantioselectivity under simple and mild conditions, thereby providing access to enantioenriched organosilanes, an important class of target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg M Schwarzwalder
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Carson D Matier
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Gregory C Fu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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13
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Schwarzwalder GM, Matier CD, Fu GC. Enantioconvergent Cross‐Couplings of Alkyl Electrophiles: The Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Organosilanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregg M. Schwarzwalder
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Carson D. Matier
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Gregory C. Fu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
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14
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Abstract
Natural products (NPs) are important sources of clinical drugs due to their structural diversity and biological prevalidation. However, the structural complexity of NPs leads to synthetic difficulties, unfavorable pharmacokinetic profiles, and poor drug-likeness. Structural simplification by truncating unnecessary substructures is a powerful strategy for overcoming these limitations and improving the efficiency and success rate of NP-based drug development. Herein, we will provide a comprehensive review of the structural simplification of NPs with a focus on design strategies, case studies, and new technologies. In particular, a number of successful examples leading to marketed drugs or drug candidates will be discussed in detail to illustrate how structural simplification is applied in lead optimization of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzheng Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road , Shanghai , 200433 , P.R. China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Fourth Military Medical University , 169 Changle West Road , Xi'an , 710032 , P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road , Shanghai , 200433 , P.R. China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road , Shanghai , 200433 , P.R. China
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15
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Czompa A, Pásztor BL, Sahar JA, Mucsi Z, Bogdán D, Ludányi K, Varga Z, Mándity IM. Scope and limitation of propylene carbonate as a sustainable solvent in the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction. RSC Adv 2019; 9:37818-37824. [PMID: 35541805 PMCID: PMC9075783 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07044c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Suzuki–Miyaura reaction is one of the most used transformations in drug research. Thus making this reaction more sustainable is of considerable current interest. Here we show that propylene carbonate (PC) can be used as a solvent for the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction. PC is one of the greenest solvents since it is synthesized under green conditions by the use of carbon dioxide in the air. All reactions proceeded well and good or excellent yields were observed for the biaryl products. Nonetheless in the case of pyridazinones, 2-hydroxypropyl- chain containing side-products were observed. Importantly, this fact allowed the isolation of several novel compounds which were generated under prominently green conditions. The Suzuki–Miyaura reaction was carried out in propylene carbonate yielding an interesting side-product besides the biphenyl derivative.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Czompa
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Semmelweis University
- H-1092 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Balázs László Pásztor
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Semmelweis University
- H-1092 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Jennifer Alizadeh Sahar
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Semmelweis University
- H-1092 Budapest
- Hungary
| | | | - Dóra Bogdán
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Semmelweis University
- H-1092 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Krisztina Ludányi
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Semmelweis University
- H-1092 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Zoltán Varga
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry
- Research Center for Natural Sciences
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- H-1117 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - István M. Mándity
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Semmelweis University
- H-1092 Budapest
- Hungary
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16
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Leonard A, Lalk M. Infection and metabolism – Streptococcus pneumoniae metabolism facing the host environment. Cytokine 2018; 112:75-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Berthold D, Breit B. Total Synthesis of (-)-Cylindrocyclophane F: A Yardstick for Probing New Catalytic C-C Bond-Forming Methodologies. Chemistry 2018; 24:16770-16773. [PMID: 30204273 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A short and efficient total synthesis of the C2 -symmetric (-)-cylindrocyclophane F is presented, using a cross olefin metathesis dimerization strategy for construction of the [7,7]-paracyclophane macrocycle. The synthesis of the dimerization building block includes a Pd-catalyzed sp3 -sp2 Negishi cross coupling of a sterically hindered Zn-reagent with an aromatic triflate, an enantiospecific Zn-catalyzed sp3 -sp3 cross coupling of an α-hydroxy ester triflate with a Grignard reagent and the application of an enantioselective Rh-catalyzed C-allylation of an electron rich arene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Berthold
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Bernhard Breit
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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18
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Trost BM, Gholami H. Propene as an Atom-Economical Linchpin for Concise Total Synthesis of Polyenes: Piericidin A. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11623-11626. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry M. Trost
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5580, United States
| | - Hadi Gholami
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5580, United States
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19
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Chojnacka MW, Batey RA. Total Synthesis of (+)-Prunustatin A: Utility of Organotrifluoroborate-Mediated Prenylation and Shiina MNBA Esterification and Macrolactonization To Avoid a Competing Thorpe–Ingold Effect Accelerated Transesterification. Org Lett 2018; 20:5671-5675. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maja W. Chojnacka
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto ON, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Robert A. Batey
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto ON, Canada M5S 3H6
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20
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Wang K, Kong W. Recent Advances in Transition Metal-Catalyzed Asymmetric Radical Reactions. CHINESE J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201700745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuai Wang
- Institute for Advanced Studies; Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuchang District; Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Wangqing Kong
- Institute for Advanced Studies; Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuchang District; Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
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21
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Abstract
Natural products have served as powerful therapeutics against pathogenic bacteria since the golden age of antibiotics of the mid-20th century. However, the increasing frequency of antibiotic-resistant infections clearly demonstrates that new antibiotics are critical for modern medicine. Because combinatorial approaches have not yielded effective drugs, we propose that the development of new antibiotics around proven natural scaffolds is the best short-term solution to the rising crisis of antibiotic resistance. We analyze herein synthetic approaches aiming to reengineer natural products into potent antibiotics. Furthermore, we discuss approaches in modulating quorum sensing and biofilm formation as a nonlethal method, as well as narrow-spectrum pathogen-specific antibiotics, which are of interest given new insights into the implications of disrupting the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E. Rossiter
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Madison H. Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lu
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Chong-Lei Ji
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Zhan Lu
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
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23
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Fu GC. Transition-Metal Catalysis of Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions: A Radical Alternative to S N1 and S N2 Processes. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:692-700. [PMID: 28776010 PMCID: PMC5532721 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Classical methods for achieving nucleophilic substitutions of alkyl electrophiles (SN1 and SN2) have limited scope and are not generally amenable to enantioselective variants that employ readily available racemic electrophiles. Radical-based pathways catalyzed by chiral transition-metal complexes provide an attractive approach to addressing these limitations.
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24
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Solinski AE, Koval AB, Brzozowski RS, Morrison KR, Fraboni AJ, Carson CE, Eshraghi AR, Zhou G, Quivey RG, Voelz VA, Buttaro BA, Wuest WM. Diverted Total Synthesis of Carolacton-Inspired Analogs Yields Three Distinct Phenotypes in Streptococcus mutans Biofilms. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7188-7191. [PMID: 28502178 PMCID: PMC5891724 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The oral microbiome is a dynamic environment inhabited by both commensals and pathogens. Among these is Streptococcus mutans, the causative agent of dental caries, the most prevalent childhood disease. Carolacton has remarkably specific activity against S. mutans, causing acid-mediated cell death during biofilm formation; however, its complex structure limits its utility. Herein, we report the diverted total synthesis and biological evaluation of a rationally designed library of simplified analogs that unveiled three unique biofilm phenotypes further validating the role of natural product synthesis in the discovery of new biological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Solinski
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Alexander B. Koval
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Richard S. Brzozowski
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Kelly R. Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Americo J. Fraboni
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Carrie E. Carson
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Anisa R. Eshraghi
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Guangfeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Robert G. Quivey
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester New York 14642, United States
| | - Vincent A Voelz
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Bettina A. Buttaro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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25
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Brzozowski RS, Wuest WM. Twelve-membered macrolactones: privileged scaffolds for the development of new therapeutics. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 89:169-191. [PMID: 27153932 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural products commonly produced as secondary metabolites of various plants and micro-organisms represent a diverse chemical space of compounds. The diversity of natural products makes them an attractive target for interrogation by both chemists and biologists alike. Indeed, the study of 12-membered macrolactones has already led to the discovery of lead drug compounds and new biological targets, which has motivated the development of diverted total synthetic routes to libraries of analogs. This review explores the discovery, biological characterization, and synthesis of several 12-membered macrolactones, exploiting examples that underscore their importance in the drug discovery field. It is our hope that this review will motivate further interest in this class of natural products, a group of molecules that we think merit the classification of 'privileged scaffolds' within the medicinal chemistry community, to further investigate and develop novel compounds with promising bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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26
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Abstract
A short and convergent strategy for the stereoselective total synthesis of biologically active natural product carolacton has been accomplished. Our synthesis highlights the Urpi acetal aldol, Crimmins aldol, Ireland-Claisen rearrangement, TiCl4-assisted aldol followed by β-hydroxy elimination to construct C7-C8 olefin, and ring-closing metathesis as the key steps for achieving the target molecule with an overall yield of 18.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Kumar Kuilya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Rajib Kumar Goswami
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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27
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Herrmann J, Fayad AA, Müller R. Natural products from myxobacteria: novel metabolites and bioactivities. Nat Prod Rep 2016; 34:135-160. [PMID: 27907217 DOI: 10.1039/c6np00106h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2011-July 2016Myxobacteria are a rich source for structurally diverse secondary metabolites with intriguing biological activities. Here we report on new natural products that were isolated from myxobacteria in the period of 2011 to July 2016. Some examples of recent advances on modes-of-action are also summarised along with a more detailed overview on five compound classes currently assessed in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Herrmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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28
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Shyshkanov SA, Orlov NV. Design of Selenium-Based Chiral Chemical Probes for Simultaneous Enantio- and Chemosensing of Chiral Carboxylic Acids with Remote Stereogenic Centers by NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2016; 22:15458-15467. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Shyshkanov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky Prospekt, 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Nikolai V. Orlov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky Prospekt, 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
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29
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Ghanwate NA, Tiwari AA, Thakare PV. Importance of biofilm in medical sciences: With special reference to uropathogens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2016.8178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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30
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The biofilm inhibitor Carolacton inhibits planktonic growth of virulent pneumococci via a conserved target. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29677. [PMID: 27404808 PMCID: PMC4939601 DOI: 10.1038/srep29677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New antibacterial compounds, preferentially exploiting novel cellular targets, are urgently needed to fight the increasing resistance of pathogens against conventional antibiotics. Here we demonstrate that Carolacton, a myxobacterial secondary metabolite previously shown to damage Streptococcus mutans biofilms, inhibits planktonic growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae TIGR4 and multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of serotype 19A at nanomolar concentrations. A Carolacton diastereomer is inactive in both streptococci, indicating a highly specific interaction with a conserved cellular target. S. mutans requires the eukaryotic-like serine/threonine protein kinase PknB and the cysteine metabolism regulator CysR for susceptibility to Carolacton, whereas their homologues are not needed in S. pneumoniae, suggesting a specific function for S. mutans biofilms only. A bactericidal effect of Carolacton was observed for S. pneumoniae TIGR4, with a reduction of cell numbers by 3 log units. The clinical pneumonia isolate Sp49 showed immediate growth arrest and cell lysis, suggesting a bacteriolytic effect of Carolacton. Carolacton treatment caused a reduction in membrane potential, but not membrane integrity, and transcriptome analysis revealed compensatory reactions of the cell. Our data show that Carolacton might have potential for treating pneumococcal infections.
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinosuke Usuki
- Division of Molecular Materials Science; Graduate School of Science; Osaka City University; 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Hikaru Ogawa
- Division of Molecular Materials Science; Graduate School of Science; Osaka City University; 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Yoshida
- Division of Molecular Materials Science; Graduate School of Science; Osaka City University; 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Tomokazu Inaoka
- Division of Molecular Materials Science; Graduate School of Science; Osaka City University; 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Hideo Iio
- Division of Molecular Materials Science; Graduate School of Science; Osaka City University; 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
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32
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Reddy SV, Prasanna Kumar K, Ramakrishna KV, Sharma GV. Approaches towards the total synthesis of carolacton: synthesis of C1–C16 fragment. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Stumpp N, Premnath P, Schmidt T, Ammermann J, Dräger G, Reck M, Jansen R, Stiesch M, Wagner-Döbler I, Kirschning A. Synthesis of new carolacton derivatives and their activity against biofilms of oral bacteria. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:5765-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00460h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carolacton, a secondary metabolite isolated from the extracts ofSorangium cellulosum, causes membrane damage and cell death in biofilms of different oral bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Stumpp
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science
- Hannover Medical School
- 30625 Hannover
- Germany
| | - P. Premnath
- Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research
- Department of Microbial Communication
- 38124 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - T. Schmidt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ)
- Leibniz Universität Hannover
- 30167 Hannover
- Germany
| | - J. Ammermann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ)
- Leibniz Universität Hannover
- 30167 Hannover
- Germany
| | - G. Dräger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ)
- Leibniz Universität Hannover
- 30167 Hannover
- Germany
| | - M. Reck
- Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research
- Department of Microbial Communication
- 38124 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - R. Jansen
- Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research
- Department of Microbial Drugs
- 38124 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - M. Stiesch
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science
- Hannover Medical School
- 30625 Hannover
- Germany
| | - I. Wagner-Döbler
- Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research
- Department of Microbial Communication
- 38124 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - A. Kirschning
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ)
- Leibniz Universität Hannover
- 30167 Hannover
- Germany
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34
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Tungen JE, Aursnes M, Dalli J, Arnardottir H, Serhan CN, Hansen TV. Total synthesis of the anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediator MaR1n-3 DPA utilizing an sp(3) -sp(3) Negishi cross-coupling reaction. Chemistry 2014; 20:14575-8. [PMID: 25225129 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of the lipid mediator MaR1n-3 DPA (5) has been achieved in 12 % overall yield over 11 steps. The stereoselective preparation of 5 was based on a Pd-catalyzed sp(3) -sp(3) Negishi cross-coupling reaction and a stereocontrolled Evans-Nagao acetate aldol reaction. LC-MS/MS results with synthetic material matched the biologically produced 5. This novel lipid mediator displayed potent pro-resolving properties stimulating macrophage efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørn Eivind Tungen
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo (Norway)
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35
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Choi J, Martín-Gago P, Fu GC. Stereoconvergent arylations and alkenylations of unactivated alkyl electrophiles: catalytic enantioselective synthesis of secondary sulfonamides and sulfones. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:12161-5. [PMID: 25127186 PMCID: PMC4151784 DOI: 10.1021/ja506885s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
development of efficient methods for the generation of enantioenriched
sulfonamides and sulfones is an important objective for fields such
as organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry; however, there have
been relatively few reports of direct catalytic asymmetric approaches
to controlling the stereochemistry of the sulfur-bearing carbon of
such targets. In this report, we describe nickel-catalyzed stereoconvergent
Negishi arylations and alkenylations of racemic α-bromosulfonamides
and -sulfones that furnish the desired cross-coupling product in very
good ee and yield for an array of reaction partners. Mechanistic studies
are consistent with the generation of a radical intermediate that
has a sufficient lifetime to diffuse out of the solvent cage and to
cyclize onto a pendant olefin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwon Choi
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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36
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Abstract
Bacterial biofilms play an important role in urinary tract infections (UTIs), being responsible for persistence infections causing relapses and acute prostatitis. Bacterial forming biofilm are difficult to eradicate due to the antimicrobial resistant phenotype that this structure confers being combined therapy recommended for the treatment of biofilm-associated infections. However, the presence of persistent cells showing reduced metabolism that leads to higher levels of antimicrobial resistance makes the search for new therapeutic tools necessary. Here, a review of these new therapeutic approaches is provided including catheters coated with hydrogels or antibiotics, nanoparticles, iontophoresis, biofilm enzyme inhibitors, liposomes, bacterial interference, bacteriophages, quorum sensing inhibitors, low-energy surface acoustic waves, and antiadhesion agents. In conclusion, new antimicrobial drugs that inhibit bacterial virulence and biofilm formation are needed.
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37
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Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2013. Myxobacteria produce a vast range of structurally diverse natural products with prominent biological activities. Here, we provide a detailed description and judge the potential of all antibiotically active myxobacterial compounds as lead structures, pointing out their particularities and, if known, their mode of action. Thus, the review provides an overview of the potential of specific compounds, suitable for future investigations and possible clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till F Schäberle
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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38
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Liang Y, Fu GC. Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of tertiary alkyl fluorides: Negishi cross-couplings of racemic α,α-dihaloketones. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:5520-4. [PMID: 24678878 PMCID: PMC4004247 DOI: 10.1021/ja501815p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of new approaches to the construction of fluorine-containing target molecules is important for a variety of scientific disciplines, including medicinal chemistry. In this Article, we describe a method for the catalytic enantioselective synthesis of tertiary alkyl fluorides through Negishi reactions of racemic α-halo-α-fluoroketones, which represents the first catalytic asymmetric cross-coupling that employs geminal dihalides as electrophiles. Thus, selective reaction of a C-Br (or C-Cl) bond in the presence of a C-F bond can be achieved with the aid of a nickel/bis(oxazoline) catalyst. The products of the stereoconvergent cross-couplings, enantioenriched tertiary α-fluoroketones, can be converted into an array of interesting organofluorine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Liang
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gregory C. Fu
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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39
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Negishi coupling: an easy progress for C–C bond construction in total synthesis. Mol Divers 2014; 18:441-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-014-9510-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Cong H, Fu GC. Catalytic enantioselective cyclization/cross-coupling with alkyl electrophiles. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:3788-91. [PMID: 24575754 PMCID: PMC3985453 DOI: 10.1021/ja500706v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
As
part of our ongoing effort to expand the scope of cross-coupling
reactions of alkyl electrophiles, we have pursued a strategy wherein
the nucleophilic coupling partner includes a pendant olefin; after
transmetalation by such a substrate, if β-migratory insertion
proceeds faster than direct cross-coupling, an additional carbon–carbon
bond and stereocenter can be formed. With the aid of a nickel/diamine
catalyst (both components are commercially available), we have established
the viability of this approach for the catalytic asymmetric synthesis
of 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans and indanes. Furthermore, we
have applied this new method to the construction of the dihydrobenzofuran
core of fasiglifam, as well as to a cross-coupling with a racemic
alkyl electrophile; in the latter process, the chiral catalyst controls
two stereocenters, one that is newly generated in a β-migratory
insertion and one that begins as a mixture of enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Cong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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41
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Abstract
![]()
A synthesis
of carolacton, a myxobacterial natural product that
has profound effects on Streptococcus mutans biofilms, is reported. The synthesis proceeds via a longest linear
sequence of 14 steps from an Evans β-ketoimide and enabled preliminary
evaluations of the effects of late-stage intermediates on S. mutans biofilms. These studies suggest that further
investigations into carolacton’s structure–function
relationships are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal S Hallside
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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42
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Do HQ, Chandrashekar ERR, Fu GC. Nickel/bis(oxazoline)-catalyzed asymmetric Negishi arylations of racemic secondary benzylic electrophiles to generate enantioenriched 1,1-diarylalkanes. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:16288-91. [PMID: 24164502 PMCID: PMC3869004 DOI: 10.1021/ja408561b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A tertiary stereogenic center that bears two different aryl substituents is found in a variety of bioactive compounds, including medicines such as Zoloft and Detrol. We have developed an efficient method for the synthesis of enantioenriched 1,1-diarylalkanes from readily available racemic benzylic alcohols. Formation of a benzylic mesylate (which is not isolated), followed by treatment with an arylzinc reagent, LiI, and a chiral nickel/bis(oxazoline) catalyst, furnishes the Negishi cross-coupling product in high ee and good yield. A wide array of functional groups (e.g., an aryl iodide, a thiophene, and an N-Boc-indole) are compatible with the mild reaction conditions. This method has been applied to a gram-scale synthesis of a precursor to Zoloft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien-Quang Do
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - E. R. R. Chandrashekar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gregory C. Fu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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43
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Cordier CJ, Lundgren RJ, Fu GC. Enantioconvergent cross-couplings of racemic alkylmetal reagents with unactivated secondary alkyl electrophiles: catalytic asymmetric Negishi α-alkylations of N-Boc-pyrrolidine. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:10946-9. [PMID: 23869442 PMCID: PMC3803154 DOI: 10.1021/ja4054114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although enantioconvergent alkyl-alkyl couplings of racemic electrophiles have been developed, there have been no reports of the corresponding reactions of racemic nucleophiles. Herein we describe Negishi cross-couplings of racemic α-zincated N-Boc-pyrrolidine with unactivated secondary halides, thus providing a one-pot, catalytic asymmetric method for the synthesis of a range of 2-alkylpyrrolidines (an important family of target molecules) from N-Boc-pyrrolidine, a commercially available precursor. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that two of the most straightforward mechanisms for enantioconvergence (dynamic kinetic resolution of the organometallic coupling partner and a simple β-hydride elimination/β-migratory insertion pathway) are unlikely to be operative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Cordier
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rylan J. Lundgren
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Gregory C. Fu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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44
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Zultanski SL, Fu GC. Nickel-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions of unactivated tertiary alkyl halides: Suzuki arylations. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:624-7. [PMID: 23281960 PMCID: PMC3547142 DOI: 10.1021/ja311669p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The first Suzuki cross-couplings of unactivated tertiary alkyl electrophiles are described. The method employs a readily accessible catalyst (NiBr(2)·diglyme/4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine, both commercially available) and represents the initial example of the use of a group 10 catalyst to cross-couple unactivated tertiary electrophiles to form C-C bonds. This approach to the synthesis of all-carbon quaternary carbon centers does not suffer from isomerization of the alkyl group, in contrast with the umpolung strategy for this bond construction (cross-coupling of a tertiary alkylmetal with an aryl electrophile). Preliminary mechanistic studies are consistent with the generation of a radical intermediate along the reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Zultanski
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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45
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Sharma GVM, Reddy SV. Stereoselective synthesis of the macrocyclic core (C7–C19) of carolacton. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44227f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Controlled Chain-Scission of Polybutadiene by the Schwartz Hydrozirconation. Chemistry 2012; 19:541-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Binder JT, Cordier CJ, Fu GC. Catalytic enantioselective cross-couplings of secondary alkyl electrophiles with secondary alkylmetal nucleophiles: Negishi reactions of racemic benzylic bromides with achiral alkylzinc reagents. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:17003-6. [PMID: 23039358 DOI: 10.1021/ja308460z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a nickel-catalyzed method for the asymmetric cross-coupling of secondary electrophiles with secondary nucleophiles, specifically, stereoconvergent Negishi reactions of racemic benzylic bromides with achiral cycloalkylzinc reagents. In contrast to most previous studies of enantioselective Negishi cross-couplings, tridentate pybox ligands are ineffective in this process; however, a new, readily available bidentate isoquinoline-oxazoline ligand furnishes excellent ee's and good yields. The use of acyclic alkylzinc reagents as coupling partners led to the discovery of a highly unusual isomerization that generates a significant quantity of a branched cross-coupling product from an unbranched nucleophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg T Binder
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Choi J, Fu GC. Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of secondary nitriles via stereoconvergent Negishi arylations and alkenylations of racemic α-bromonitriles. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9102-5. [PMID: 22612264 PMCID: PMC3415582 DOI: 10.1021/ja303442q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The first method for the stereoconvergent cross-coupling of racemic α-halonitriles is described, specifically, nickel-catalyzed Negishi arylations and alkenylations that furnish an array of enantioenriched α-arylnitriles and allylic nitriles, respectively. Noteworthy features of this investigation include: the highly enantioselective synthesis of α-alkyl-α-aryl nitriles that bear secondary α-alkyl substituents; the first examples of the use of alkenylzinc reagents in stereoconvergent Negishi reactions of alkyl electrophiles; demonstration of the utility of a new family of ligands for asymmetric Negishi cross-couplings (a bidentate bis(oxazoline), rather than a tridentate pybox); in the case of arylzinc reagents, carbon-carbon bond formation at a remarkably low temperature (-78 °C), the lowest reported to date for an enantioselective cross-coupling of an alkyl electrophile; a mechanistic dichotomy between Negishi reactions of an unactivated versus an activated secondary alkyl bromide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gregory C. Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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