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Alam M, Gill AK, Varshney R, Miglani C, Tiwari N, Patra D. Polymer multilayer films regulate macroscopic fluid flow and power microfluidic devices via supramolecular interactions. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:5605-5614. [PMID: 35861047 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00510g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Self-powered supramolecular micropumps could potentially provide a solution for powerless microfluidic devices where the fluid flow can be manipulated via modulating non-covalent interactions. An attempt has been made to fabricate thin-film-based micropumps by depositing a β-cyclodextrin ('host') functionalized polymer on a glass slide via layer-by-layer assembly. These supramolecular micropumps turned on the fluid flow upon addition of 'guest' molecules to the multilayer films. The flow velocity was tuned using the concentration of the guest molecules as well as the number of host layers inside the multilayer films. Numerical modelling reveals that the solutal buoyancy, which originates from host-guest complexation, is primarily responsible for the fluid flow. In view of its potential application in self-powered devices, the thin-film-based micropump was integrated into a microfluidic device to show molecular and colloidal transport over long distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujeeb Alam
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Arshdeep Kaur Gill
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Rohit Varshney
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Chirag Miglani
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Naveen Tiwari
- Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Debabrata Patra
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
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2
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Hansen-Felby M, Henriksen ML, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Postfunctionalization of Self-Immolative Poly(dithiothreitol) Using Steglich Esterification. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Hansen-Felby
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Martin Lahn Henriksen
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aabogade 40, Aarhus N DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Steen Uttrup Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Kim Daasbjerg
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation CO2 Research Center, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
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3
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Liu P, Quan K, Liu M, Wang H, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ, Zhang Z. A self-cleaning surface based on UV-activatable, AgCl micropumps for bacterial killing and removal. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7030-7033. [PMID: 35647712 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01343f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a self-cleaning, bacterial killing surface by immobilization of AgCl microparticles on a surface, acting as chemical micropumps. The surface shows a high bacterial killing efficacy of attached bacteria and exhibits sustainable removal of bacteria as a result of UV-activatable micropumping originating from the photocatalytic reaction of AgCl microparticles. Our work provides an advance in the sustainable use of bacterial contact-killing surfaces stricto sensu through removal of dead bacteria and debris that may shield contact-killing sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Kecheng Quan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China. .,University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands. .,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Huaguang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Henny C van der Mei
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Henk J Busscher
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Zexin Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
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4
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From radial to unidirectional water pumping in zeta-potential modulated Nafion nanostructures. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2812. [PMID: 35589767 PMCID: PMC9120507 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically propelled micropumps are promising wireless systems to autonomously drive fluid flows for many applications. However, many of these systems are activated by nocuous chemical fuels, cannot operate at high salt concentrations, or have difficulty for controlling flow directionality. In this work we report on a self-driven polymer micropump fueled by salt which can trigger both radial and unidirectional fluid flows. The micropump is based on the cation-exchanger Nafion, which produces chemical gradients and local electric fields capable to trigger interfacial electroosmotic flows. Unidirectional pumping is predicted by simulations and achieved experimentally by nanostructuring Nafion into microarrays with a fine tune modulation of surrounding surface zeta potentials. Nafion micropumps work in a wide range of salt concentrations, are reusable, and can be fueled by different salt cations. We demonstrate that they work with the common water-contaminant cadmium, using the own capture of this ion as fuel to drive fluid pumping. Thus, this system has potential for efficient and fast water purification strategies for environmental remediation. Unidirectional Nafion pumps also hold promise for effective analyte delivery or preconcentration for (bio)sensing assays. Chemically propelled micropumps are wireless fluid flow driving systems with many potential applications. Here, the authors report a self-driven reusable Nafion micropump fueled by different salt cations in a wide range of concentrations that triggers both radial and unidirectional flows, showing efficient water remediation capabilities.
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5
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Hansen-Felby M, Sommerfeldt A, Henriksen ML, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Synthesis and depolymerization of self-immolative poly(disulfide)s with saturated aliphatic backbones. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01412a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-immolative polymers (SIPs) are a class of degradable stimuli-responsive polymers, which, upon removal of labile end-caps, depolymerize selectively and stepwise to small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Hansen-Felby
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Andreas Sommerfeldt
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Martin Lahn Henriksen
- Department of Engineering, Plastic and Polymer Engineering, Aabogade 40a, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Steen Uttrup Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kim Daasbjerg
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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6
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Gavriel A, Sambrook M, Russell AT, Hayes W. Recent advances in self-immolative linkers and their applications in polymeric reporting systems. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00414c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interest in self-immolative chemistry has grown over the past decade with more research groups harnessing the versatility to control the release of a compound from a larger chemical entity, given...
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Varshney R, Gill AK, Alam M, Agashe C, Patra D. Fluid actuation and buoyancy driven oscillation by enzyme-immobilized microfluidic microcapsules. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4352-4356. [PMID: 34664593 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00699a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mimicking microorganism's locomotion and actuation under fluid is difficult to realize. To better comprehend the motility in non-living matter, self-propelled synthetic systems are being developed as a fast-growing area of research. Inspired by the self-powered enzyme micropumps where the enzyme catalysis was harnessed to create motion, herein, enzyme-immobilized microfluidic microcapsules (MCs) were used as a microscale engine to maneuver the fluid flow. The fluid actuation was tuned by various parameters such as substrate concentration, reaction rate, diameter of MCs and the population of the MCs inside the flow chamber. The same MCs, when suspended in a solution, showed buoyancy driven motility by creating oxygen bubbles via an enzymatic reaction and the velocity of the MCs was directly dependent on the number of nucleated oxygen bubbles generated on the MC surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Varshney
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Arshdeep Kaur Gill
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Mujeeb Alam
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Chinmayee Agashe
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Debabrata Patra
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India.
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9
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Varshney R, Alam M, Agashe C, Joseph R, Patra D. Pillar[5]arene microcapsules turn on fluid flow in the presence of paraquat. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9284-9287. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04282j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the fabrication of pillar[5]arene (P[5]A) stabilized MCs via the self-assembly and crosslinking of P[5]A nanoaggregates at the liquid–liquid interface. These P[5]A MCs microengines turn on fluid flow in the presence of paraquat (PQ) due to host–guest molecular recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mujeeb Alam
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology
- Mohali
- India
| | | | - Roymon Joseph
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calicut
- Calicut 673635
- India
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10
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Zhou D, Zhuang R, Chang X, Li L. Enhanced Light-Harvesting Efficiency and Adaptation: A Review on Visible-Light-Driven Micro/Nanomotors. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2020; 2020:6821595. [PMID: 33029591 PMCID: PMC7521028 DOI: 10.34133/2020/6821595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As visible light accounts for a larger proportion of solar energy and is harmless to living organisms, it has the potential to be the energy source of micro/nanomotors, which transform visible-light energy into mechanical motion, for different applications, especially in environmental remediation. However, how to precisely control the motion of visible-light-driven micro/nanomotors (VLD-MNMs) and efficiently utilize the weak visible-light photon energy to acquire rapid motion are significant challenges. This review summarizes the most critical aspects, involving photoactive materials, propulsion mechanisms, control methods, and applications of VLD-MNMs, and discusses strategies to systematically enhance the energy-harvesting efficiency and adaptation. At first, the photoactive materials have been divided into inorganic and organic photoactive materials and comprehensively discussed. Then, different propulsion mechanisms of the current VLD-MNMs are presented to explain the improvement in the actuation force, speed, and environmental adaptability. In addition, considering the characteristics of easy control of VLD-MNMs, we summarized the direction, speed, and cluster control methods of VLD-MNMs for different application requirements. Subsequently, the potential applications of VLD-MNMs, e.g., in environmental remediation, micropumps, cargo delivery, and sensing in microscale, are presented. Finally, discussions and suggestions for future directions to enhance the energy-harvesting efficiency and adaptation of VLD-MNMs are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Rencheng Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Xiaocong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Longqiu Li
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
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11
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Chen YH, Chien WC, Lee DC, Tan KT. Signal Amplification and Detection of Small Molecules via the Activation of Streptavidin and Biotin Recognition. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12461-12467. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kui-Thong Tan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan (ROC)
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12
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Neary WJ, Isais TA, Kennemur JG. Depolymerization of Bottlebrush Polypentenamers and Their Macromolecular Metamorphosis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14220-14229. [PMID: 31403783 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The depolymerization of bottlebrush (BB) polymers with varying lengths of polycyclopentene (PCP) backbone and polystyrene (PS) grafts is investigated. In all cases, ring closing metathesis (RCM) depolymerization of the PCP BB backbone appears to occur through an end-to-end depolymerization mechanism as evidenced by size exclusion chromatography. Investigation on the RCM depolymerization of linear PCP reveals a more random chain degradation process. Quantitative depolymerization occurs under thermodynamic conditions (higher temperature and dilution) that drives RCM into cyclopentenes (CPs), each bearing one of the original PS grafts from the BB. Catalyst screening reveals Grubbs' third (G3) and second (G2) generation catalyst depolymerize BBs significantly faster than Grubbs' first generation (G1) and Hoveyda-Grubbs' second generation (HG2) catalyst under identical conditions while solvent (toluene versus CHCl3) plays a less significant role. The length of the BB backbone and PS side chains also play a minor role in depolymerization kinetics, which is discussed. The ability to completely deconstruct these BB architectures into linear grafts provides definitive insights toward the ATRP "grafting-from" mechanism originally used to construct the BBs. Core-shell BB block copolymers (BBCPs) are shown to quantitatively depolymerize into linear diblock polymer grafts. Finally, the complete depolymerization of BBs into α-cyclopentenyl-PS allows further transformation to other architectures, such as 3-arm stars, through thiol-ene coupling onto the CP end group. These unique materials open the door to stimuli-responsive reassembly of BBs and BBCPs into new morphologies driven by macromolecular metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Neary
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32306 , United States
| | - Taylor A Isais
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32306 , United States
| | - Justin G Kennemur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32306 , United States
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13
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Yardley RE, Kenaree AR, Gillies ER. Triggering Depolymerization: Progress and Opportunities for Self-Immolative Polymers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Chang X, Chen C, Li J, Lu X, Liang Y, Zhou D, Wang H, Zhang G, Li T, Wang J, Li L. Motile Micropump Based on Synthetic Micromotors for Dynamic Micropatterning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:28507-28514. [PMID: 31305060 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Micropump systems show great potential on the micropatterning process as a result of remarkable performance and functionality. However, existing micropumps cannot be employed as direct writing tools to perform the complex micropatterning process because of their lacking motility and controllability. Here, we propose a motile micropump system based on the combination of a water-driven ZnO/Ni/polystyrene Janus micromotor with a traditional immobilized micropump. This novel motile micropump system can translate the trajectory of Janus micromotors into predefined micropatterns by pumping away passive silica particles around the micromotor under the effect of diffusiophoresis. The resolution and efficiency of the micropatterning process can be regulated by controlling the diameters of Janus micromotors. Diverse surface micropatterns can be fabricated though remote magnetic control of the motile micropump system. Such ability to transform the versatile motile micropump into predetermined surface micropatterns creates new opportunities for mask-free micropatterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150001 , China
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Chuanrui Chen
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Jinxing Li
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Xiaolong Lu
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Yuyan Liang
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Dekai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150001 , China
| | - Haocheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150001 , China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150001 , China
| | - Tianlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150001 , China
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Longqiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150001 , China
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15
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Powell CR, Foster JC, Swilley SN, Kaur K, Scannelli SJ, Troya D, Matson JB. Self-Amplified Depolymerization of Oligo(thiourethanes) for the Release of COS/H 2S. Polym Chem 2019; 10:2991-2995. [PMID: 31275434 DOI: 10.1039/c9py00354a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the self-amplified depolymerization of an aryl oligo(thiourethane) (OTU) for the release of COS/H2S. The OTU was synthesized via polyaddition of 4-isothiocyanatobenzyl alcohol and end-capped with an aryl azide. The aryl azide chain-end was reduced by tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine or H2S to the corresponding aniline, resulting in depolymerization (i.e., self-immolation) and the release of COS/H2S. Depolymerization was monitored by 1H NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopy, and the released COS was converted into H2S by the ubiquitous enzyme carbonic anhydrase in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadwick R Powell
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery Macromolecules Innovation Institute 1040 Drillfield Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Jeffrey C Foster
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery Macromolecules Innovation Institute 1040 Drillfield Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Sarah N Swilley
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery Macromolecules Innovation Institute 1040 Drillfield Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Kuljeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery Macromolecules Innovation Institute 1040 Drillfield Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Samantha J Scannelli
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery Macromolecules Innovation Institute 1040 Drillfield Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Diego Troya
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery Macromolecules Innovation Institute 1040 Drillfield Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - John B Matson
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery Macromolecules Innovation Institute 1040 Drillfield Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24061
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16
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Xiao Y, Li Y, Zhang B, Li H, Cheng Z, Shi J, Xiong J, Bai Y, Zhang K. Functionalizable, Side Chain-Immolative Poly(benzyl ether)s. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:399-402. [PMID: 35651122 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a poly(benzyl ether)-based self-immolative polymer (SIP) with pendant pyridine disulfide groups. Cleavage of the side-chain disulfides leads to the formation of phenolates, which initiate depolymerization from the side chain. Due to the higher density of the disulfide groups compared to that of the chain-end-capping group, which normally is responsible for initiating depolymerization of SIPs, the side chain-immolative polymer (ScIP) can be readily degraded in the solid state where the mobility of polymer chains is substantially limited. The ScIP was also further modified through the thiol-disulfide exchange reaction to prepare ScIP-g-poly(ethylene glycol) graft polymers and organogels, which were also able to undergo complete reductive self-immolative degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xiao
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Bohan Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zehong Cheng
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Jianqiao Shi
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Jing Xiong
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yugang Bai
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Optimal Sr-Doped Free TiO2@SrTiO3 Heterostructured Nanowire Arrays for High-Efficiency Self-Powered Photoelectrochemical UV Photodetector Applications. CRYSTALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst9030134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to their high performance, photoelectrochemical ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors have attracted much attention, but the recombination of photogenerated electrons at the interface of photoanode/electrolyte limited further improvement of photoelectrochemical UV photodetectors (PEC UVPDs). Modification of TiO2 photoanode by SrTiO3 could improve the performance of UVPD, because the energy barrier that is established at the TiO2–SrTiO3 interface could accelerate the separation of the photogenerated electrons-holes pair. However, the recombination center that is caused by the preparation of TiO2@SrTiO3 core-shell heterostructured nanostructure decreases the performance of PEC UVPDs, which is still an important problem that hindered its application in PEC UVPDs. In this paper, we presented a Sr-doped free TiO2@SrTiO3 core-shell heterostructured nanowire arrays as a photoanode for the self-powered PEC UVPD. This will not only accelerate the separation of the photogenerated electrons-holes pair, but it will also reduce the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs in the photoanode. The intrinsic effect of SrTiO3 reaction time on the J variations of UVPDs is investigated in detail. An impressive responsivity of 0.358 A W−1 was achieved at 360 nm for the UVPD based on TiO2@SrTiO3 core-shell heterostructured nanowire arrays, which heretofore is a considerably high photoresponsivity for self-powered photoelectrochemical UVPDs. Additionally, this UVPD also exhibits a high on/off ratio, fast response time, excellent visible-blind characteristic, and linear optical signal response.
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18
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Sirianni QEA, Rabiee Kenaree A, Gillies ER. Polyglyoxylamides: Tuning Structure and Properties of Self-Immolative Polymers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quinton E. A. Sirianni
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Amir Rabiee Kenaree
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
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19
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Rabiee Kenaree A, Gillies ER. Controlled Polymerization of Ethyl Glyoxylate Using Alkyllithium and Alkoxide Initiators. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Rabiee Kenaree
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
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20
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Xiao Y, Li H, Zhang B, Cheng Z, Li Y, Tan X, Zhang K. Modulating the Depolymerization of Self-Immolative Brush Polymers with Poly(benzyl ether) Backbones. Macromolecules 2018; 51:2899-2905. [PMID: 30713355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have synthesized a series of stimuli-responsive brush polymers by grafting azide-terminated side chains onto a self-immolative, alkyne-bearing poly(benzyl ether) backbone, which is prepared by anionic polymerization of quinone methide-based monomers. Upon exposure to a decapping reagent (Pd(0) or F-), these brush polymers undergo an irreversible degradation cascade from head to tail to yield individual side chains. It is observed that several factors affect the depolymerization kinetics, including solvent polarity, type of counterion, the rate of the decapping chemistry, and interestingly, the rigidity of the side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xiao
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Bohan Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zehong Cheng
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xuyu Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ke Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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21
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Ergene C, Palermo EF. Self-immolative polymers with potent and selective antibacterial activity by hydrophilic side chain grafting. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:7217-7229. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01632a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Self-immolative polymers, which exert potent antibacterial activity with low hemolytic toxicity to red blood cells, are triggered to unzip into small molecules by a chemical stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Ergene
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
| | - Edmund F. Palermo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
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22
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Fan B, Yardley RE, Trant JF, Borecki A, Gillies ER. Tuning the hydrophobic cores of self-immolative polyglyoxylate assemblies. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00350e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic block copolymers containing different self-immolative polyglyoxylates were synthesized and self-assembled to provide drug carriers with variable celecoxib loading capacities and release rates, as well as different in vitro toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | | | - John F. Trant
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Aneta Borecki
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
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23
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Ergene C, Yasuhara K, Palermo EF. Biomimetic antimicrobial polymers: recent advances in molecular design. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00012c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections, coupled with the decline in the number of new antibiotic drug approvals, has created a therapeutic gap that portends an emergent public health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Ergene
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
| | - Kazuma Yasuhara
- Graduate School of Materials Science
- Nara Institute for Science and Technology
- Ikoma
- Japan
| | - Edmund F. Palermo
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
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24
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Qi M, Song Q, Zhao J, Ma C, Zhang G, Gong X. Three-Dimensional Bacterial Behavior near Dynamic Surfaces Formed by Degradable Polymers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:13098-13104. [PMID: 29046061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the behavior of bacteria near biodegradable surfaces is critical for the development of biomedical and antibiofouling materials. By using digital holographic microscopy (DHM), we investigated the three-dimensional (3D) behavior of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas sp. in lipase-containing aquatic environments near dynamic surfaces constructed by biodegradable poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)-based polymers in real time. As the enzymatic degradation rate increases, the percentage of near-surface subdiffusive bacteria and consequently, the irreversible adhesion decreases. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements reveal that the adhesion force between bacteria and the surfaces decreases with an increasing degradation rate. In addition, the degradation products elicit a negative chemotactic response in E. coli, further driving them away from the dynamic surfaces through more frequent tumbling motion. Our study clearly demonstrates that bacterial adhesion can be reduced on dynamic surfaces formed by degradable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qi
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Qilei Song
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Junpeng Zhao
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Chunfeng Ma
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiangjun Gong
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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25
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Wang F, Diesendruck CE. Polyphthalaldehyde: Synthesis, Derivatives, and Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Russell-Berrie Nanotechnology Institute; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Charles E. Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Russell-Berrie Nanotechnology Institute; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
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26
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Ge F, Zhao Y. A new function for thermal phase transition-based polymer actuators: autonomous motion on a surface of constant temperature. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6307-6312. [PMID: 28989664 PMCID: PMC5628403 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01792h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is very challenging to make materials capable of autonomous oscillation known in many living systems (such as the heartbeat). Herein, we describe an approach to creating a thermo-mechano-thermal feedback loop for thermal phase transition-based polymer actuators, which leads to hour-long, autonomous motion on a substrate surface of constant temperature. We investigated the variables that determine the amplitude and period of the motion, and demonstrated exemplary physical work powered by direct thermomechanical energy conversion. Such continuous motion of a solid polymer driven by thermal energy without the need for temperature up/down switching is unprecedented, and the validated feedback loop can be implemented into other thermal phase transition-based polymer actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feijie Ge
- Département de Chimie , Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Québec J1K 2R1 , Canada .
| | - Yue Zhao
- Département de Chimie , Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Québec J1K 2R1 , Canada .
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27
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Gnaim S, Shabat D. Self-Immolative Chemiluminescence Polymers: Innate Assimilation of Chemiexcitation in a Domino-like Depolymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:10002-10008. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samer Gnaim
- School of Chemistry, Raymond
and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Doron Shabat
- School of Chemistry, Raymond
and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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28
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Hisamatsu S, Suzuki S, Kohmoto S, Kishikawa K, Yamamoto Y, Motokawa R, Yaita T. A chemiluminescence sensor with signal amplification based on a self-immolative reaction for the detection of fluoride ion at low concentrations. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kanti Dey
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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30
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Niu R, Kreissl P, Brown AT, Rempfer G, Botin D, Holm C, Palberg T, de Graaf J. Microfluidic pumping by micromolar salt concentrations. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:1505-1518. [PMID: 28127614 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02240e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
An ion-exchange-resin-based microfluidic pump is introduced that utilizes trace amounts of ions to generate fluid flows. We show experimentally that our pump operates in almost deionized water for periods exceeding 24 h and induces fluid flows of μm s-1 over hundreds of μm. This flow displays a far-field, power-law decay which is characteristic of two-dimensional (2D) flow when the system is strongly confined and of three-dimensional (3D) flow when it is not. Using theory and numerical calculations we demonstrate that our observations are consistent with electroosmotic pumping driven by μmol L-1 ion concentrations in the sample cell that serve as 'fuel' to the pump. Our study thus reveals that trace amounts of charge carriers can produce surprisingly strong fluid flows; an insight that should benefit the design of a new class of microfluidic pumps that operate at very low fuel concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Niu
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrick Kreissl
- Institute for Computational Physics, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Aidan T Brown
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, JCMB Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK.
| | - Georg Rempfer
- Institute for Computational Physics, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Denis Botin
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Holm
- Institute for Computational Physics, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Palberg
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Joost de Graaf
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, JCMB Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK.
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31
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Fan B, Trant JF, Gillies ER. End-Capping Strategies for Triggering End-to-End Depolymerization of Polyglyoxylates. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fan
- Department of Chemical
and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151
Richmond St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
| | - John F. Trant
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond
St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department of Chemical
and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151
Richmond St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond
St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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32
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Fan B, Trant JF, Yardley RE, Pickering AJ, Lagugné-Labarthet F, Gillies ER. Photocontrolled Degradation of Stimuli-Responsive Poly(ethyl glyoxylate): Differentiating Features and Traceless Ambient Depolymerization. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fan
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
| | - John F. Trant
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond
St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Rebecca E. Yardley
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond
St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Andrew J. Pickering
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
| | - François Lagugné-Labarthet
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond
St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond
St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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33
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Velegol D, Garg A, Guha R, Kar A, Kumar M. Origins of concentration gradients for diffusiophoresis. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:4686-4703. [PMID: 27174044 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00052e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluid transport that is driven by gradients of pressure, gravity, or electro-magnetic potential is well-known and studied in many fields. A subtler type of transport, called diffusiophoresis, occurs in a gradient of chemical concentration, either electrolyte or non-electrolyte. Diffusiophoresis works by driving a slip velocity at the fluid-solid interface. Although the mechanism is well-known, the diffusiophoresis mechanism is often considered to be an esoteric laboratory phenomenon. However, in this article we show that concentration gradients can develop in a surprisingly wide variety of physical phenomena - imposed gradients, asymmetric reactions, dissolution, crystallization, evaporation, mixing, sedimentation, and others - so that diffusiophoresis is in fact a very common transport mechanism, in both natural and artificial systems. We anticipate that in georeservoir extractions, physiological systems, drying operations, laboratory and industrial separations, crystallization operations, membrane processes, and many other situations, diffusiophoresis is already occurring - often without being recognized - and that opportunities exist for designing this transport to great advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell Velegol
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Astha Garg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Rajarshi Guha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Abhishek Kar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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34
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Zhou C, Zhang H, Li Z, Wang W. Chemistry pumps: a review of chemically powered micropumps. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1797-811. [PMID: 27102134 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00032k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Lab-on-a-chip devices have over recent years attracted a significant amount of attention in both the academic circle and industry, due to their promise in delivering versatile functionalities with high throughput and low sample amount. Typically, mechanical or electrokinetic micropumps are used in the majority of lab-on-a-chip devices that require powered fluid flow, but the technical challenges and the requirement of external power associated with these pumping devices hinder further development and miniaturization of lab-on-a-chip devices. Self-powered micropumps, especially those powered by chemical reactions, have been recently designed and can potentially address some of these issues. In this review article, we provide a detailed introduction to four types of chemically powered micropumps, with particular focus on their respective structures, operating mechanisms and practical usefulness as well as limitations. We then discuss the various functionalities and controllability demonstrated by these micropumps, ending with a brief discussion of how they can be improved in the future. Due to the absence of external power sources, versatile activation methods and sensitivity to environmental cues, chemically powered micropumps could find potential applications in a wide range of lab-on-a-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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35
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Anslyn EV. Art, auto-mechanics, and supramolecular chemistry. A merging of hobbies and career. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:362-76. [PMID: 26977197 PMCID: PMC4778509 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While the strict definition of supramolecular chemistry is "chemistry beyond the molecule", meaning having a focus on non-covalent interactions, the field is primarily associated with the creation of synthetic receptors and self-assembly. For synthetic ease, the receptors and assemblies routinely possess a high degree of symmetry, which lends them an aspect of aesthetic beauty. Pictures of electron orbitals similarly can be seen as akin to works of art. This similarity was an early draw for me to the fields of supramolecular chemistry and molecular orbital theory, because I grew up in a household filled with art. In addition to art, my childhood was filled with repairing and constructing mechanical entities, such as internal combustion motors, where many components work together to achieve a function. Analogously, the field of supramolecular chemistry creates systems of high complexity that achieve functions or perform tasks. Therefore, in retrospect a career in supramolecular chemistry appears to be simply an extension of childhood hobbies involving art and auto-mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric V Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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36
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Roth ME, Green O, Gnaim S, Shabat D. Dendritic, Oligomeric, and Polymeric Self-Immolative Molecular Amplification. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1309-52. [PMID: 26355446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal E Roth
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ori Green
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Samer Gnaim
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Doron Shabat
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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37
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Liu G, Zhang G, Hu J, Wang X, Zhu M, Liu S. Hyperbranched Self-Immolative Polymers (hSIPs) for Programmed Payload Delivery and Ultrasensitive Detection. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:11645-55. [PMID: 26327337 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Upon stimuli-triggered single cleavage of capping moieties at the focal point and chain terminal, self-immolative dendrimers (SIDs) and linear self-immolative polymers (l-SIPs) undergo spontaneous domino-like radial fragmentation and cascade head-to-tail depolymerization, respectively. The nature of response selectivity and signal amplification has rendered them a unique type of stimuli-responsive materials. Moreover, novel design principles are required for further advancement in the field of self-immolative polymers (SIPs). Herein, we report the facile fabrication of water-dispersible SIPs with a new chain topology, hyperbranched self-immolative polymers (hSIPs), by utilizing one-pot AB2 polycondensation methodology and sequential postfunctionalization. The modular engineering of three categories of branching scaffolds, three types of stimuli-cleavable capping moieties at the focal point, and seven different types of peripheral functional groups and polymeric building blocks affords both structurally and functionally diverse hSIPs with chemically tunable amplified-release features. On the basis of the hSIP platform, we explored myriad functions including visible light-triggered intracellular release of peripheral conjugated drugs in a targeted and spatiotemporally controlled fashion, intracellular delivery and cytoplasmic reductive milieu-triggered plasmid DNA release via on/off multivalency switching, mitochondria-targeted fluorescent sensing of H2O2 with a detection limit down to ∼20 nM, and colorimetric H2O2 assay via triggered dispersion of gold nanoparticle aggregates. To further demonstrate the potency and generality of the hSIP platform, we further configure it into biosensor design for the ultrasensitive detection of pathologically relevant antigens (e.g., human carcinoembryonic antigen) by integrating with enzyme-mediated cycle amplification with positive feedback and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guhuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChem (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChem (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.,Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Jinming Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChem (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaorui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChem (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Mingqiang Zhu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChem (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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38
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Duan W, Wang W, Das S, Yadav V, Mallouk TE, Sen A. Synthetic Nano- and Micromachines in Analytical Chemistry: Sensing, Migration, Capture, Delivery, and Separation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2015; 8:311-333. [PMID: 26132348 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071114-040125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic nano- and microscale machines move autonomously in solution or drive fluid flows by converting sources of energy into mechanical work. Their sizes are comparable to analytes (sub-nano- to microscale), and they respond to signals from each other and their surroundings, leading to emergent collective behavior. These machines can potentially enable hitherto difficult analytical applications. In this article, we review the development of different classes of synthetic nano- and micromotors and pumps and indicate their possible applications in real-time in situ chemical sensing, on-demand directional transport, cargo capture and delivery, as well as analyte isolation and separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Duan
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802; ,
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39
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Abstract
Nature supports multifaceted forms of life. Despite the variety and complexity of these forms, motility remains the epicenter of life. The applicable laws of physics change upon going from macroscales to microscales and nanoscales, which are characterized by low Reynolds number (Re). We discuss motion at low Re in natural and synthetic systems, along with various propulsion mechanisms, including electrophoresis, electrolyte diffusiophoresis, and nonelectrolyte diffusiophoresis. We also describe the newly uncovered phenomena of motility in non-ATP-driven self-powered enzymes and the directional movement of these enzymes in response to substrate gradients. These enzymes can also be immobilized to function as fluid pumps in response to the presence of their substrates. Finally, we review emergent collective behavior arising from interacting motile species, and we discuss the possible biomedical applications of the synthetic nanobots and microbots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter J. Butler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;,
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Yeung K, Kim H, Mohapatra H, Phillips ST. Surface-accessible detection units in self-immolative polymers enable translation of selective molecular detection events into amplified responses in macroscopic, solid-state plastics. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:5324-7. [PMID: 25891004 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This Communication describes a strategy for incorporating detection units onto each repeating unit of self-immolative CDr polymers. This strategy enables macroscopic plastics to respond quickly to specific applied molecular signals that react with the plastic at the solid-liquid interface between the plastic and surrounding fluid. The response is a signal-induced depolymerization reaction that is continuous and complete from the site of the reacted detection unit to the end of the polymer. Thus, this strategy retains the ability of CDr polymers to provide amplified responses via depolymerization while simultaneously enhancing the rate of response of CDr-based macroscopic plastics to specific applied signals. Depolymerizable poly(benzyl ethers) were used to demonstrate the strategy and now are capable of depolymerizing in the context of rigid, solid-state polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimy Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Hyungwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Hemakesh Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Scott T Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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41
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Ma L, Baumgartner R, Zhang Y, Song Z, Cai K, Cheng J. UV-responsive degradable polymers derived from 1-(4-aminophenyl) ethane-1,2-diol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Ryan Baumgartner
- Department of Chemistry; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Ziyuan Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Kaimin Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois 61801
- Department of Chemistry; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois 61801
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42
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Xiao Q, Li J, Han J, Xu KX, Huang ZX, Hu J, Sun JJ. The role of hydrazine in mixed fuels (H2O2/N2H4) for Au–Fe/Ni nanomotors. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08263c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrazine in mixed fuels facilitates the oxidation of H2O2 to oxygen bubbles that propel the Au–Fe/Ni nanomotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xiao
- Institute of Drug Research
- Fujian Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Fuzhou
- China
| | - Ju Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Determination for Food Safety
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Jing Han
- Institute of Drug Research
- Fujian Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Fuzhou
- China
| | - Kai-Xuan Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Determination for Food Safety
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Zong-Xiong Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Determination for Food Safety
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Juan Hu
- Institute of Drug Research
- Fujian Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Fuzhou
- China
- College of Pharmacy
| | - Jian-Jun Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Determination for Food Safety
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
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DiLauro AM, Phillips ST. End-capped poly(4,5-dichlorophthalaldehyde): a stable self-immolative poly(aldehyde) for translating specific inputs into amplified outputs, both in solution and the solid state. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00190k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(4,5-dichlorophthalaldehyde) is a new self-immolative CDr polymer that is substantially more stable than poly(phthalaldehyde), yet retains its favorable attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott T. Phillips
- Department of Chemistry
- Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
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Sánchez S, Soler L, Katuri J. Chemically powered micro- and nanomotors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1414-44. [PMID: 25504117 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chemically powered micro- and nanomotors are small devices that are self-propelled by catalytic reactions in fluids. Taking inspiration from biomotors, scientists are aiming to find the best architecture for self-propulsion, understand the mechanisms of motion, and develop accurate control over the motion. Remotely guided nanomotors can transport cargo to desired targets, drill into biomaterials, sense their environment, mix or pump fluids, and clean polluted water. This Review summarizes the major advances in the growing field of catalytic nanomotors, which started ten years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Sánchez
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany) http://www.is.mpg.de/sanchez; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), 08028 Barcelona (Spain); Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona (Spain).
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45
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46
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Moo JGS, Pumera M. Chemical Energy Powered Nano/Micro/Macromotors and the Environment. Chemistry 2014; 21:58-72. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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47
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Wong AD, Güngör TM, Gillies ER. Multiresponsive Azobenzene End-Cap for Self-Immolative Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:1191-1195. [PMID: 35610823 DOI: 10.1021/mz500613d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzene was introduced as a new multiresponsive end-cap for self-immolative polymers. Using small-molecule model compounds, it was demonstrated that reducing agents including hydrazine and dithiothreitol could reduce the azobenzene to the corresponding hydrazobenzene, resulting in a 1,6-elimination reaction with the potential to initiate the depolymerization of self-immolative polycarbamates. An activated azobenzene derivative was then prepared, allowing for its incorporation as an end-cap for polycarbamates based on alternating N,N'-dimethylethylene diamine and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. Upon treatment with hydrazine, depolymerization proceeded. To demonstrate the versatility of this end-cap, the chemistry was also applied to polycarbamates based on 4-aminobenzyl alcohol. In addition to allowing triggered depolymerization, the azobenzene end-cap also provides a visual signal upon triggering owing to the strong visible absorption of the azobenzene, which shifts to the UV range upon reduction. Furthermore, azobenzene is capable of undergoing trans-cis isomerization in response to UV light, providing multiple functions in a single end-cap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Wong
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London,
Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B9
| | - Thomas M. Güngör
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London,
Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B9
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London,
Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B9
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48
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Zhang H, Duan W, Lu M, Zhao X, Shklyaev S, Liu L, Huang TJ, Sen A. Self-powered glucose-responsive micropumps. ACS NANO 2014; 8:8537-42. [PMID: 25093759 DOI: 10.1021/nn503170c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A self-powered polymeric micropump based on boronate chemistry is described. The pump is triggered by the presence of glucose in ambient conditions and induces convective fluid flows, with pumping velocity proportional to the glucose concentration. The pumping is due to buoyancy convection that originates from reaction-associated heat flux, as verified from experiments and finite difference modeling. As predicted, the fluid flow increases with increasing height of the chamber. In addition, pumping velocity is enhanced on replacing glucose with mannitol because of the enhanced exothermicity associated with the reaction of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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49
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Fan B, Trant JF, Wong AD, Gillies ER. Polyglyoxylates: A Versatile Class of Triggerable Self-Immolative Polymers from Readily Accessible Monomers. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10116-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ja504727u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fan
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - John F. Trant
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Andrew D. Wong
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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50
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Phillips ST, Robbins JS, DiLauro AM, Olah MG. Amplified responses in materials using linear polymers that depolymerize from end-to-end when exposed to specific stimuli. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott T. Phillips
- Department of Chemistry; The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; State College Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Jessica S. Robbins
- Department of Chemistry; The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; State College Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Anthony M. DiLauro
- Department of Chemistry; The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; State College Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Michael G. Olah
- Department of Chemistry; The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; State College Pennsylvania 16802
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