1
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Abe T, Takeuchi K, Higashi M, Sato H, Hiraoka S. Rational design of metal-organic cages to increase the number of components via dihedral angle control. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7630. [PMID: 39251614 PMCID: PMC11383860 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50972-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The general principles of discrete, large self-assemblies composed of numerous components are not unveiled and the artificial formation of such entities is a challenging topic. In metal-organic cages, design strategies for tuning the coordination directions in multitopic ligands by the bend and twist angles were previously developed to solve this problem. In this study, the importance of remote geometric communications between components is emphasized, realizing several types of metal-organic assemblies based on dihedral angle control in multitopic ligands although they have the same coordination directions. Self-assembly of a tritopic ligand with dihedral angles θ = 36.5° and a cis-protected Pd(II) ion affords M9L6 and M12L8 cages as kinetic and thermodynamic products, respectively, whereas an M12L8 sheet is formed when θ = 90°. Geometric analyses of strains in the subcomponent rings reveals that remote geometric communications among neighboring multitopic ligands through coordination bonds are key for large assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Abe
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Keisuke Takeuchi
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Masahiro Higashi
- Department of Complex Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sato
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8103, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hiraoka
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
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2
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Neukirch L, Kulas MD, Holstein JJ, Clever GH. Non-Templated Assembly of D 5h-Symmetric Pd 5L 10 Rings by Precise Ligand Angle Adjustment. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400132. [PMID: 38441728 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
We report a series of Pd(II)nL2n coordination rings for which nuclearity is controlled by the binding angle of the corresponding bis-monodentate bridging ligands. Judicious choice of the angle within a family of rather rigid ligands allowed for the first-time to synthesize a homoleptic five-membered Pd5L10 ring that does not require any template to form. We demonstrate that control over the ring size is maintained both in the solid-, solution-, and gas-phase. Two X-ray structures of five-membered rings from ligands with ideal angles (yielding a perfect pentagonal ring) vs. suboptimal angles (resulting in a highly distorted structure) illustrate the importance of the correct ligand geometry. A mathematical model for estimating the expected ring size based on the ligand angle was derived and DFT computations show that ring-strain is the major factor determining the assembly outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Neukirch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Milan D Kulas
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Julian J Holstein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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3
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Walther A, Regeni I, Holstein JJ, Clever GH. Guest-Induced Reversible Transformation between an Azulene-Based Pd 2L 4 Lantern-Shaped Cage and a Pd 4L 8 Tetrahedron. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25365-25371. [PMID: 37960849 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Azulene, a blue structural isomer of naphthalene, is introduced as the backbone for a new family of Pd(II)-based self-assemblies. Three organic ligands, equipped with varying donor groups, produce three [Pd2L4] cages of different cavity dimensions. Unexpectedly, the addition of organic disulfonate guests to the smallest lantern-shaped cage (featuring pyridine donors) led to a rapid and quantitative transformation to a distorted-tetrahedral [Pd4L8] species. On the contrary, [Pd2L4] cages formed from ligands with isoquinoline donors either just encapsulated the guests or showed no interaction. The tetrahedral species could be fully reverted back to its original [Pd2L4] topology by capturing the guest by another, stronger binding [Pd2L'4] coordination cage, narcissistically self-sorting from the first cage. The azulenes, serving as colored hydrocarbon backbones of minimal atom count, allow one to follow cage assembly and guest-induced transformation by the naked eye. Furthermore, we propose that their peculiar electronic structure influences the system's assembly behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Walther
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto Hahn Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Irene Regeni
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto Hahn Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Julian J Holstein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto Hahn Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto Hahn Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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4
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Ashbridge Z, Fielden SDP, Leigh DA, Pirvu L, Schaufelberger F, Zhang L. Knotting matters: orderly molecular entanglements. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7779-7809. [PMID: 35979715 PMCID: PMC9486172 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00323f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Entangling strands in a well-ordered manner can produce useful effects, from shoelaces and fishing nets to brown paper packages tied up with strings. At the nanoscale, non-crystalline polymer chains of sufficient length and flexibility randomly form tangled mixtures containing open knots of different sizes, shapes and complexity. However, discrete molecular knots of precise topology can also be obtained by controlling the number, sequence and stereochemistry of strand crossings: orderly molecular entanglements. During the last decade, substantial progress in the nascent field of molecular nanotopology has been made, with general synthetic strategies and new knotting motifs introduced, along with insights into the properties and functions of ordered tangle sequences. Conformational restrictions imparted by knotting can induce allostery, strong and selective anion binding, catalytic activity, lead to effective chiral expression across length scales, binding modes in conformations efficacious for drug delivery, and facilitate mechanical function at the molecular level. As complex molecular topologies become increasingly synthetically accessible they have the potential to play a significant role in molecular and materials design strategies. We highlight particular examples of molecular knots to illustrate why these are a few of our favourite things.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Ashbridge
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Lucian Pirvu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, China
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5
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Xu GT, Chang XY, Low KH, Wu LL, Wan Q, Shu HX, To WP, Huang JS, Che CM. Self-Assembly of Molecular Trefoil Knots Featuring Pentadecanuclear Homoleptic Au I -, Au I /Ag I -, or Au I /Cu I -Alkynyl Coordination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200748. [PMID: 35183066 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metal-free and metal-containing molecular trefoil knots are fascinating ensembles that are usually covalently assembled, the latter requiring the rational design of di- or multidentate/multipodal ligands as connectors. In this work, we describe the self-assembly of pentadecanuclear AuI trefoil knots [Au15 (C≡CR)15 ] from monoalkynes HC≡CR (R=9,9-X2 -fluorenyl with X=nBu, n-hexyl) and [AuI (THT)Cl]. Hetero-bimetallic counterparts [Au9 M6 (C≡CR)15 ] (M=Cu/Ag) were self-assembled by reactions of [Au15 (C≡CR)15 ] with [Cu(MeCN)4 ]+ /AgNO3 and HC≡CR. The type of pentadecanuclear trefoil knots described herein is characterized by X-ray crystallography, 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS. [Au9 Cu6 (C≡CR)15 ] is relatively stable in hexane; its excited state properties were investigated. DFT calculations revealed that non-covalent metal-metal and metal-ligand interactions, together with longer alkyl chain-strengthened inter-ligand dispersion interactions, govern the stability of the trefoil knot structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Tao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kam-Hung Low
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liang-Liang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qingyun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hui-Xing Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai-Pong To
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie-Sheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
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6
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Gole B, Kauffmann B, Tron A, Maurizot V, McClenaghan N, Huc I, Ferrand Y. Selective and Cooperative Photocycloadditions within Multistranded Aromatic Sheets. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6894-6906. [PMID: 35380826 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of aromatic helix-sheet-helix oligoamide foldamers composed of several different photosensitive diazaanthracene units have been designed and synthesized. Molecular objects up to 7 kDa were straightforwardly produced on a 100 mg scale. Nuclear magnetic resonance and crystallographic investigations revealed that helix-sheet-helix architectures can adopt one or two distinct conformations. Sequences composed of an even number of turn units were found to fold in a canonical symmetrical conformation with two helices of identical handedness stacked above and below the sheet segment. Sequences composed of an odd number of turns revealed a coexistence between a canonical fold with helices of opposite handedness and an alternate fold with a twist within the sheet and two helices of identical handedness. The proportions between these species could be manipulated, in some cases quantitatively, being dependent on solvent, temperature, and absolute control of helix handedness. Diazaanthracene units were shown to display distinct reactivity toward [4 + 4] photocycloadditions according to the substituent in position 9. Their organization within the sequences was programmed to allow photoreactions to take place in a specific order. Reaction pathways and kinetics were deciphered and product characterized, demonstrating the possibility to orchestrate successive photoreactions so as to avoid orphan units or to deliberately produce orphan units at precise locations. Strong cooperative effects were observed in which the photoreaction rate was influenced by the presence (or absence) of photoadducts in the structure. Multiple photoreactions within the aromatic sheet eventually lead to structure lengthening and stiffening, locking conformational equilibria. Photoproducts could be thermally reverted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bappaditya Gole
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux Institut National Polytechnique, CBMN (UMR 5248), 2 rue Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Brice Kauffmann
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Européen de Chimie Biologie (UMS3033/US001), 2 rue Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Arnaud Tron
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR5255), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Victor Maurizot
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux Institut National Polytechnique, CBMN (UMR 5248), 2 rue Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Nathan McClenaghan
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR5255), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Ivan Huc
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence e-Conversion, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yann Ferrand
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux Institut National Polytechnique, CBMN (UMR 5248), 2 rue Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
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7
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Xu GT, Chang XY, Low KH, Wu LL, Wan Q, Shu HX, To WP, Huang JS, Che CM. Self‐Assembly of Molecular Trefoil Knots Featuring Pentadecanuclear Homoleptic AuI‐, AuI/AgI‐, or AuI/CuI‐Alkynyl Coordination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiao-Yong Chang
- Southern University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | | | | | - Qingyun Wan
- The University of Hong Kong Chemistry HONG KONG
| | | | - Wai-Pong To
- The University of Hong Kong Chemistry HONG KONG
| | | | - Chi-Ming Che
- The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road - Hong Kong HONG KONG
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8
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Wang QLS, Lin YJ, Jin GX. Same knot, longer rope: altering ligand geometry provides control over nuclearity in self-assembled trefoil knots. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9772-9775. [PMID: 34486610 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03699h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Taking advantage of the accumulation of a number of noncovalent intramolecular interactions, octanuclear and hexanuclear trefoil knots are self-assembled based on half-sandwich rhodium fragments. The selective synthesis of either the octanuclear or hexanuclear knot can be controlled by altering different dipyridyl arms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Li-Sha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Yue-Jian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Guo-Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
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9
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Zhang YY, Qiu FY, Shi HT, Yu W. Self-assembly and guest-induced disassembly of triply interlocked [2]catenanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3010-3013. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc08052g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two triply interlocked [2]catenanes and one simple metallacage were constructed by tuning the widths of the organometallic dinuclear building blocks, and the interlocked architectures were disassembled by large aromatic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Zhang
- Center for Advanced Materials Research
- Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials
- Zhongyuan University of Technology
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Feng-Yi Qiu
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility
- Engineering Research Institute
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan
- P. R. China
| | - Hua-Tian Shi
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility
- Engineering Research Institute
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan
- P. R. China
| | - Weibin Yu
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility
- Engineering Research Institute
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan
- P. R. China
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10
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Schulte TR, Holstein JJ, Schneider L, Adam A, Haberhauer G, Clever GH. A New Mechanically-Interlocked [Pd 2 L 4 ] Cage Motif by Dimerization of two Peptide-based Lemniscates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22489-22493. [PMID: 32845570 PMCID: PMC7756597 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Most metallo-supramolecular assemblies of low nuclearity adopt simple topologies, with bridging ligands spanning neighboring metal centers in a direct fashion. Here we contribute a new structural motif to the family of host compounds with low metal count (two) that consists of a pair of doubly-interlocked, Figure-eight-shaped subunits, also termed "lemniscates". Each metal is chelated by two chiral bidentate ligands, composed of a peptidic macrocycle that resembles a natural product with two pyridyl-terminated arms. DFT calculation results suggest that dimerization of the mononuclear halves is driven by a combination of 1) Coulomb interaction with a central anion, 2) π-stacking between intertwined ligand arms and 3) dispersive interactions between the structure's compact inner core bedded into an outer shell composed of the cavitand-type macrocycles. The resulting cage-like architecture was characterized by NMR, MS and X-ray structure analyses. This new mechanically bonded system highlights the scope of structural variety accessible in metal-mediated self-assemblies composed of only a few constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben R. Schulte
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund Univ.Otto-Hahn-Str. 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund Univ.Otto-Hahn-Str. 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Laura Schneider
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund Univ.Otto-Hahn-Str. 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Abdulselam Adam
- Institute for Organic ChemistryUniv. Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstr. 745117EssenGermany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute for Organic ChemistryUniv. Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstr. 745117EssenGermany
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund Univ.Otto-Hahn-Str. 644227DortmundGermany
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11
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Schulte TR, Holstein JJ, Schneider L, Adam A, Haberhauer G, Clever GH. Ein neues, mechanisch verzahntes [Pd
2
L
4
] Käfigmotiv durch Dimerisierung von zwei Peptid‐basierten Lemniskaten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thorben R. Schulte
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie TU Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie TU Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Laura Schneider
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie TU Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Abdulselam Adam
- Institut für Organische Chemie Univ. Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstr. 7 45117 Essen Deutschland
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie Univ. Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstr. 7 45117 Essen Deutschland
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie TU Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
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12
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Kimura T, Miyagawa S, Takaya H, Naito M, Tokunaga Y. Locking the Dynamic Axial Chirality of Biphenyl Crown Ethers through Threading. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3897-3903. [PMID: 33026146 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the syntheses of [2]rotaxanes comprising 23- and 26-membered biphenyl crown ethers as the macrocyclic components and secondary ammonium ions as the dumbbell-shaped components, and the locking of the dynamic axial chirality of the biphenyl moieties in these structures. Chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that our [2]rotaxane featuring the 26-membered crown ether racemized at room temperature, but the racemization of the [2]rotaxane featuring the 23-membered crown ether did not proceed at room temperature over a period of three days. After separation of the enantiomers of the [2]rotaxane incorporating the 23-membered crown ether through chiral HPLC, we studied its racemization at elevated temperature. The rate of stereoinversion in dimethylsulfoxide (a polar solvent) was faster than that in o-dichlorobenzene (a nonpolar solvent), and herein we discuss these kinetic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Kimura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Shinobu Miyagawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Hikaru Takaya
- International Research Center for Elements Science, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan.,Institute for Molecular Science, National Institute of Natural Science, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masaya Naito
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Yuji Tokunaga
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
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13
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Zhang YW, Bai S, Wang YY, Han YF. A Strategy for the Construction of Triply Interlocked Organometallic Cages by Rational Design of Poly-NHC Precursors. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13614-13621. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Sha Bai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Yao-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
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14
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Porwol L, Kowalski DJ, Henson A, Long D, Bell NL, Cronin L. An Autonomous Chemical Robot Discovers the Rules of Inorganic Coordination Chemistry without Prior Knowledge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luzian Porwol
- School of Chemistry The University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | | | - Alon Henson
- School of Chemistry The University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - De‐Liang Long
- School of Chemistry The University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Nicola L. Bell
- School of Chemistry The University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Leroy Cronin
- School of Chemistry The University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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15
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Porwol L, Kowalski DJ, Henson A, Long DL, Bell NL, Cronin L. An Autonomous Chemical Robot Discovers the Rules of Inorganic Coordination Chemistry without Prior Knowledge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11256-11261. [PMID: 32419277 PMCID: PMC7384156 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We present a chemical discovery robot for the efficient and reliable discovery of supramolecular architectures through the exploration of a huge reaction space exceeding ten billion combinations. The system was designed to search for areas of reactivity found through autonomous selection of the reagent types, amounts, and reaction conditions aiming for combinations that are reactive. The process consists of two parts where reagents are mixed together, choosing from one type of aldehyde, one amine and one azide (from a possible family of two amines, two aldehydes and four azides) with different volumes, ratios, reaction times, and temperatures, whereby the reagents are passed through a copper coil reactor. Next, either cobalt or iron is added, again from a large number of possible quantities. The reactivity was determined by evaluating differences in pH, UV‐Vis, and mass spectra before and after the search was started. The algorithm was focused on the exploration of interesting regions, as defined by the outputs from the sensors, and this led to the discovery of a range of 1‐benzyl‐(1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)‐N‐alkyl‐(2‐pyridinemethanimine) ligands and new complexes: [Fe(L1)2](ClO4)2 (1); [Fe(L2)2](ClO4)2 (2); [Co2(L3)2](ClO4)4 (3); [Fe2(L3)2](ClO4)4 (4), which were crystallised and their structure confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction determination, as well as a range of new supramolecular clusters discovered in solution using high‐resolution mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzian Porwol
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Daniel J Kowalski
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Alon Henson
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - De-Liang Long
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Nicola L Bell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Leroy Cronin
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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16
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Lewis JEM, Crowley JD. Metallo‐Supramolecular Self‐Assembly with Reduced‐Symmetry Ligands. Chempluschem 2020; 85:815-827. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James E. M. Lewis
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ United Kingdom
| | - James. D. Crowley
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
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17
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Dang LL, Gao X, Lin YJ, Jin GX. s-Block metal ions induce structural transformations between figure-eight and double trefoil knots. Chem Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05796j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence or absence of s-block metal ions induces reversible structural transformation of molecular knots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Long Dang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
| | - Xiang Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
| | - Yue-Jian Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
| | - Guo-Xin Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
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18
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Chen M, Liu D, Huang J, Li Y, Wang M, Li K, Wang J, Jiang Z, Li X, Wang P. Trefoiled Propeller-Shaped Spiral Terpyridyl Metal-Organic Architectures. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:11146-11154. [PMID: 31361129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Constructing exquisite and intricate molecular architectures is always the pursuit of chemists. In this report, the propeller-shaped trefoil structures S1 and S2 were successfully prepared by the stepwise self-assembly of predesigned tripodal metal-organic ligands, which consist of bis(terpyridine)s-Ru2+-tris(terpyridine)s connectivities for the following complexation with Fe2+. The complexes can be described as racemic spiral assemblies with three-fold spiralism. These unique discrete metal-organic architectures were fully characterized by 1H NMR, 2D NMR spectroscopy (COSY and NOESY), diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY), ESI-MS, TWIM-MS, and TEM, and their photophysical and electrochemical properties were also investigated. Further, hybrid trefoiled structure [Fe3L1L2] was detected by taking advantage of the flexibility of metal-organic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhao Chen
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education , Guangzhou University , Guangzhou , 510006 , China
| | - Die Liu
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education , Guangzhou University , Guangzhou , 510006 , China
| | - Jian Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , 410083 , China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33640 , United States
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , 130012 , China
| | - Kaixiu Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , 410083 , China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , 410083 , China
| | - Zhilong Jiang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education , Guangzhou University , Guangzhou , 510006 , China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33640 , United States
| | - Pingshan Wang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education , Guangzhou University , Guangzhou , 510006 , China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , 410083 , China
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19
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Sen SK, Natarajan R. Influence of Conformational Change and Interligand Hydrogen Bonding in a Chiral Metal–Organic Cage. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:7180-7188. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shovan Kumar Sen
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR − Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ramalingam Natarajan
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR − Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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20
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Feng L, Wang KY, Day GS, Zhou HC. The chemistry of multi-component and hierarchical framework compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:4823-4853. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00250b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review is expected to provide a library of multi-component hierarchically porous compounds, which shall guide the state-of-the-art design of future porous materials with unprecedented tunability, synergism and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Feng
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Kun-Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Gregory S. Day
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Hong-Cai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering
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21
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Atcher J, Nagai A, Mayer P, Maurizot V, Tanatani A, Huc I. Aromatic β-sheet foldamers based on tertiary squaramides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10392-10395. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04849a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Suitably substituted aryl-methyl tertiary squaramides are convenient and efficient at promoting hairpin turns in aromatic amide sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Atcher
- Department of Pharmacy and Center for Integrated Protein Science
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
- Germany
- CBMN (UMR5248)
- Université de Bordeaux-CNRS-IPB
| | - Aki Nagai
- CBMN (UMR5248)
- Université de Bordeaux-CNRS-IPB
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie
- 33600 Pessac
- France
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department of Chemistry
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
- Germany
| | - Victor Maurizot
- CBMN (UMR5248)
- Université de Bordeaux-CNRS-IPB
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie
- 33600 Pessac
- France
| | - Aya Tanatani
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Ochnomizu University
- Tokyo 112-8610
- Japan
| | - Ivan Huc
- Department of Pharmacy and Center for Integrated Protein Science
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
- Germany
- CBMN (UMR5248)
- Université de Bordeaux-CNRS-IPB
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22
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Saha S, Regeni I, Clever GH. Structure relationships between bis-monodentate ligands and coordination driven self-assemblies. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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23
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Bloch WM, Holstein JJ, Dittrich B, Hiller W, Clever GH. Hierarchical Assembly of an Interlocked M 8 L 16 Container. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5534-5538. [PMID: 29392809 PMCID: PMC5947565 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of eight PdII cations and sixteen phenanthrene-derived bridging ligands with 60° bite angles yielded a novel M8 L16 metallosupramolecular architecture composed of two interlocked D4h -symmetric barrel-shaped containers. Mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray analysis revealed this self-assembled structure to be a very large "Hopf link" catenane featuring channel-like cavities, which are occupied by NO3- anions. The importance of the anions as catenation templates became imminent when we observed the nitrate-triggered structural rearrangement of a mixture of M3 L6 and M4 L8 assemblies formed in the presence of BF4- anions into the same interlocked molecule. Furthermore, the densely packed structure of the M8 L16 catenane was exploited in the preparation of a hexyloxy-functionalized analogue, which further self-assembled into vesicle-like aggregates in a reversible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold M. Bloch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced NanomaterialsSchool of Physical SciencesThe University of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Birger Dittrich
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Structural ChemistryHeinrich-Heine University DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Wolf Hiller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
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24
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Bloch WM, Holstein JJ, Dittrich B, Hiller W, Clever GH. Hierarchischer Aufbau eines verflochtenen M8L16-Containers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Witold M. Bloch
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie; Technische Universität Dortmund; Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials; School of Physical Sciences; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australien
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie; Technische Universität Dortmund; Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Birger Dittrich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf; Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Wolf Hiller
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie; Technische Universität Dortmund; Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie; Technische Universität Dortmund; Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
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25
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Zhang L, August DP, Zhong J, Whitehead GFS, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Leigh DA. Molecular Trefoil Knot from a Trimeric Circular Helicate. J Am Chem Soc 2018. [PMID: 29537836 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the two-step synthesis of a molecular trefoil knot in 90% overall yield through the self-assembly of a 12-component trimeric circular zinc helicate followed by ring closing metathesis of six pendant alkene chains. Both the trimeric circular helicate intermediate and the resulting trefoil knot were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - David P August
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Jiankang Zhong
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | | | | | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
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26
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Tateishi T, Kai S, Sasaki Y, Kojima T, Takahashi S, Hiraoka S. Two dominant self-assembly pathways to a Pd3L6 double-walled triangle. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:7758-7761. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02608d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Pd(ii)-linked double-walled triangle is assembled through the growth of single-walled chain-like intermediates followed by the macrocyclization and the formation of double-walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Tateishi
- Department of Basic Science
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 153-8902
- Japan
| | - Shumpei Kai
- Department of Basic Science
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 153-8902
- Japan
| | - Yuya Sasaki
- Department of Basic Science
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 153-8902
- Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kojima
- Department of Basic Science
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 153-8902
- Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Department of Basic Science
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 153-8902
- Japan
| | - Shuichi Hiraoka
- Department of Basic Science
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 153-8902
- Japan
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27
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Clever GH, Punt P. Cation-Anion Arrangement Patterns in Self-Assembled Pd 2L 4 and Pd 4L 8 Coordination Cages. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2233-2243. [PMID: 28817257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Compounds featuring one-dimensional regular arrangements of stacked metal complexes and alternating [cation-anion]∞ sequences have raised considerable interest owing to their peculiar electronic and optical properties as well as guest inclusion capabilities. While traditional ways to realize these structural motifs rely on crystalline compounds, exclusively existing in the solid state, recent progress in the area of metal-mediated supramolecular self-assembly allows for the rational synthesis of structurally well-defined short stretches of stacked metal complexes and cation-anion arrangements. Therefore, metal cations, counteranions, and suitably designed organic bridges are allowed to self-assemble in solution. While the bridges can be designed as cross-linkers to yield extended two- or three-dimensional networks such as layered materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), or porous coordination polymers (PCPs), they can also be tailored to lead to discrete nanoscopic objects. Supramolecular helicates, grids, and knots belong to this class of compounds, and a particularly interesting subfamily are coordination cages and capsules, which possess nanosized cavities with the ability to encapsulate guest molecules. Here, we focus on coordination cages consisting of two or more square-planar Pd(II) or Pt(II) metal cations, bridged by banana-shaped bis-monodentate pyridyl ligands that encapsulate various guest molecules, usually anions, in their cavities. Monoanions as well as dianions with localized or delocalized charges can be bound with remarkable complementarity between cage and guest in terms of size and shape. We show how dimerization of the prototypical [Pd2L4] cages into their interpenetrated dimers [Pd4L8] leads to an increase in cavity number from one to three while the cavity volume decreases. Usually, all three pockets of these double cages are filled with monoanions such as BF4- or Cl-, thus leading to well-defined linear [Pd-anion]3Pd stacks, as observed by X-ray studies. The ligand-based mechanical coupling of the linearly aligned cavities leads to interesting effects concerning guest encapsulation cooperativity, such as allosteric binding and triggered sequential uptake. While most of the so far reported coordination cages consist of only a single type of ligand, recent advances in rational assembly strategies allow for high-yielding syntheses of structurally defined multicomponent architectures by integrative self-sorting mechanisms. One family of heteroleptic [Pd2L2L'2] cages whose formation is based on shape-complementarity between two different ligands, L and L', is introduced. Furthermore, the implementation of ligand-based functions such as redox activity, photochromic behavior, specific binding sites, chirality, and catalytic activity allows us to study systems with properties far beyond basic structural features. We showcase selected examples of self-assembled cages whose guest uptake or even overall structural integrity is reversibly switched by light or small molecules with potential application in stimuli responsive materials (e.g., for sequestration of pollutants or stabilization of reactive compounds) up to functional nanosystems (e.g., diagnostic devices or supramolecular catalysts) and molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido H. Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Philip Punt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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28
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Abstract
The first synthetic molecular trefoil knot was prepared in the late 1980s. However, it is only in the last few years that more complex small-molecule knot topologies have been realized through chemical synthesis. The steric restrictions imposed on molecular strands by knotting can impart significant physical and chemical properties, including chirality, strong and selective ion binding, and catalytic activity. As the number and complexity of accessible molecular knot topologies increases, it will become increasingly useful for chemists to adopt the knot terminology employed by other disciplines. Here we give an overview of synthetic strategies towards molecular knots and outline the principles of knot, braid, and tangle theory appropriate to chemistry and molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. P. Fielden
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL Großbritannien
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL Großbritannien
| | - Steffen L. Woltering
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL Großbritannien
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30
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Zhang YY, Gao WX, Lin YJ, Mi LW, Jin GX. Syntheses, Structures, and Solution Studies of Multicomponent Macrocycles and Cages Based on Versatile Ligands. Chemistry 2017. [PMID: 28639372 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Different types of multinuclear half-sandwich rhodium macrocycles and cages were designed and synthesized by using two similar multifunctional hydroxamate ligands (pyrazine-2-hydroxamic acid (NaHL1 ) and 4,4'-bipyridine-2-hydroxamic acid (KHL2 )) featuring one monodentate site and two pairs of chelating sites. The RhIII -PdII heterometallic macrocycles were constructed by using the semi-open palladium(II) source [Pd(en)Cl2 ] with two free acceptor sites. However, only one kind of macrocycle was found when the shorter ligand L1 was used, while in for the larger ligand, various spectroscopic techniques demonstrated the coexistence of hexanuclear and octanuclear macrocycles in solution and the proportions of both components depended on concentration and temperature. The palladium salt Pd(NO3 )2 , as a source of "naked" Pd2+ , was introduced to assemble the cuboid-shaped cage composed of two types of metal ions and three types of organic ligands. In addition, two silver(I)-containing mixed-metal complexes bridged by pyrazine were obtained, in which two forms of decanuclear complex with C2v and C2h point symmetry cocrystallized-one is a polymeric structure and the other is a discrete cage. However, the third form, with D2 point symmetry, was found in the larger cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.,Center for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 451191, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Xi Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Jian Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Li-Wei Mi
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 451191, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Xin Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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31
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Abstract
A pentanuclear coordination complex assembled from any palladium(II) component and non-chelating ligands is hitherto unreported. The pentanuclear complex [Pd5 (L1)5 (L2)5 ](BF4 )10 , 1 reported here was prepared by the spontaneous complexation of [Pd(DMSO)4 ](BF4 )2 with the non-chelating bidentate ligands 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) diisonicotinate, L1 and 4,4'-bipyridine, L2 in a one-pot method at room temperature. The planar polycyclic complex 1 with outer diameters of ≈3 nm is termed as a "molecular star" owing to its resemblance with a pentagram shape. Interim paths leading to the star were also probed to decipher related dynamics of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyakanta Prusty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Kohei Yazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.,Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Michito Yoshizawa
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Dillip Kumar Chand
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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32
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Mondal P, Rath SP. A Tunable Cyclic Container: Guest-Induced Conformational Switching, Efficient Guest Exchange, and Selective Isolation of C70
from a Fullerene Mixture. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:1824-1835. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Mondal
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur- 208016 India
| | - Sankar Prasad Rath
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur- 208016 India
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33
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Jansze SM, Wise MD, Vologzhanina AV, Scopelliti R, Severin K. Pd II2L 4-type coordination cages up to three nanometers in size. Chem Sci 2017; 8:1901-1908. [PMID: 28567267 PMCID: PMC5444114 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04732g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of large ligands in coordination-based self-assembly represents an attractive strategy for the construction of supramolecular assemblies more than two nanometers in size. However, the implementation of this strategy is hampered by the fact that the preparation of such ligands often requires substantial synthetic effort. Herein, we describe a simple one-step protocol, which allows large bipyridyl ligands with a bent shape to be synthesized from easily accessible and/or commercially available starting materials. The ligands were used to construct PdII2L4-type coordination cages of unprecedented size. Furthermore, we provide evidence that these cages may be stabilized by close intramolecular packing of lipophilic ligand side chains. Packing effects of this kind are frequently encountered in protein assemblies, but they are seldom used as a design element in metallasupramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Jansze
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
| | - Matthew D Wise
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
| | - Anna V Vologzhanina
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences , 119991 Moscow , Russia
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
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35
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Zhang L, Lin L, Liu D, Lin YJ, Li ZH, Jin GX. Stacking Interactions Induced Selective Conformation of Discrete Aromatic Arrays and Borromean Rings. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1653-1660. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Lin Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Dong Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Jian Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Hua Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Xin Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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36
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Gil-Ramírez G, Hoekman S, Kitching MO, Leigh DA, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Zhang G. Tying a Molecular Overhand Knot of Single Handedness and Asymmetric Catalysis with the Corresponding Pseudo-D 3-Symmetric Trefoil Knot. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13159-13162. [PMID: 27667319 PMCID: PMC5152939 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the stereoselective synthesis of a left-handed trefoil knot from a tris(2,6-pyridinedicarboxamide) oligomer with six chiral centers using a lanthanide(III) ion template. The oligomer folds around the lanthanide ion to form an overhand knot complex of single handedness. Subsequent joining of the overhand knot end groups by ring-closing olefin metathesis affords a single enantiomer of the trefoil knot in 90% yield. The knot topology and handedness were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. The pseudo-D3-symmetric knot was employed as an asymmetric catalyst in Mukaiyama aldol reactions, generating enantioselectivities of up to 83:17 er, which are significantly higher than those obtained with a comparable unknotted ligand complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David A. Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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37
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Howlader P, Mukherjee PS. Face and edge directed self-assembly of Pd 12 tetrahedral nano-cages and their self-sorting. Chem Sci 2016; 7:5893-5899. [PMID: 30034731 PMCID: PMC6024303 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02012g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactions of a cis-blocked Pd(ii) 90° acceptor [cis-(tmeda)Pd(NO3)2] (M) with 1,4-di(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)benzene (H2L1 ) and [1,3,5-tri(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)benzene] (H3L2 ) in 1 : 1 and 3 : 2 molar ratios respectively, yielded soft metallogels G1 and G2 [tmeda = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine]. Post-metalation of the gels G1 and G2 with M yielded highly water-soluble edge and face directed self-assembled Pd12 tetrahedral nano-cages T1 and T2, respectively. Such facile conversion of Pd(ii) gels to discrete tetrahedral metallocages is unprecedented. Moreover, distinct self-sorting of these two tetrahedral cages of similar sizes was observed in the self-assembly of M with a mixture of H2L1 and H3L2 in aqueous medium. The edge directed tetrahedral cage (T1) was successfully used to perform Michael reactions of a series of water insoluble nitro-olefins assisted by encapsulation into the cage in aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prodip Howlader
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Department , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore-560012 , India . ; ; Tel: +91-80-22933352
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Department , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore-560012 , India . ; ; Tel: +91-80-22933352
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38
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Frank M, Johnstone MD, Clever GH. Interpenetrated Cage Structures. Chemistry 2016; 22:14104-25. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Frank
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry; Georg-August University Göttingen; Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Mark D. Johnstone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; TU Dortmund University; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; TU Dortmund University; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
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39
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Wang M, Wang K, Wang C, Huang M, Hao XQ, Shen MZ, Shi GQ, Zhang Z, Song B, Cisneros A, Song MP, Xu B, Li X. Self-Assembly of Concentric Hexagons and Hierarchical Self-Assembly of Supramolecular Metal–Organic Nanoribbons at the Solid/Liquid Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:9258-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Materials Science, Engineering, and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
- State
Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College
of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Wang
- Single
Molecule Study Laboratory, College of Engineering and Nanoscale Science
and Engineering Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Materials Science, Engineering, and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
| | - Mingjun Huang
- Department
of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Xin-Qi Hao
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming-Zhan Shen
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Qing Shi
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
- College of
Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Materials Science, Engineering, and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
- College
of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Materials Science, Engineering, and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
| | - Alejandro Cisneros
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Materials Science, Engineering, and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingqian Xu
- Single
Molecule Study Laboratory, College of Engineering and Nanoscale Science
and Engineering Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Materials Science, Engineering, and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
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40
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Johnstone MD, Schwarze EK, Ahrens J, Schwarzer D, Holstein JJ, Dittrich B, Pfeffer FM, Clever GH. Desymmetrization of an Octahedral Coordination Complex Inside a Self-Assembled Exoskeleton. Chemistry 2016; 22:10791-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Johnstone
- Research Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences; Deakin University; Geelong Victoria 3217 Australia
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry; Georg-August University Göttingen; Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; TU Dortmund; Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Eike K. Schwarze
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry; Georg-August University Göttingen; Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Jennifer Ahrens
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysical Chemistry; Am Faßberg 11 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysical Chemistry; Am Faßberg 11 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; TU Dortmund; Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Birger Dittrich
- Institute for Inorganic and Structural Chemistry; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf; Universitätsstr. 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Frederick M. Pfeffer
- Research Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences; Deakin University; Geelong Victoria 3217 Australia
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry; Georg-August University Göttingen; Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; TU Dortmund; Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
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41
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Frank M, Ahrens J, Bejenke I, Krick M, Schwarzer D, Clever GH. Light-Induced Charge Separation in Densely Packed Donor–Acceptor Coordination Cages. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:8279-87. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Frank
- Institute
for Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August University Göttingen, Tammannstraße
4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Ahrens
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Isabel Bejenke
- Institute
for Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August University Göttingen, Tammannstraße
4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Krick
- Institute
for Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August University Göttingen, Tammannstraße
4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Institute
for Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August University Göttingen, Tammannstraße
4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße
6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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42
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Veliks J, Seifert HM, Frantz DK, Klosterman JK, Tseng JC, Linden A, Siegel JS. Towards the molecular Borromean link with three unequal rings: double-threaded ruthenium(ii) ring-in-ring complexes. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00025h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of double-threaded ruthenium(ii) ring-in-ring complexes and the Borromean link with three unequal rings detected by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Veliks
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Helen M. Seifert
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Derik K. Frantz
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | | | - Jui-Chang Tseng
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Jay S. Siegel
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
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43
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Liu D, Jiang Z, Wang M, Yang X, Liu H, Chen M, Moorefield CN, Newkome GR, Li X, Wang P. 3D helical and 2D rhomboidal supramolecules: stepwise self-assembly and dynamic transformation of terpyridine-based metallo-architectures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:9773-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04482d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
New routes to 2D and 3D rhomboids show promise for complex materials construction.
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44
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Ramakrishna B, Divya D, Monisha PV, Manimaran B. Self-Assembly of Oxamidato-Chelated ReI- and MnI-Based Flexible Dinuclear Horse-Stirrup-Like Metallacycles. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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45
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Ronson TK, Roberts DA, Black SP, Nitschke JR. Stacking Interactions Drive Selective Self-Assembly and Self-Sorting of Pyrene-Based M(II)4L6 Architectures. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14502-12. [PMID: 26509841 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Subcomponent self-assembly of two isomeric bis(3-aminophenyl)pyrenes, 2-formylpyridine and the metal ions Fe(II), Co(II), and Zn(II) led to the formation of two previously unidentified structure types: a C2-symmetric M(II)4L6 assembly with meridionally coordinated metal centers, and a C3-symmetric self-included M(II)4L6 assembly with facially coordinated metal centers. In both structures the meta linkages within the ligands facilitate π-stacking between the pyrene panels of the ligands. A C2h-symmetric M(II)2L2 box was also obtained, which was observed to selectively bind electron-deficient aromatic guests between two parallel pyrene subunits. Similar donor-acceptor interactions drove the selective self-assembly of a singular M(II)4L4L'2 architecture incorporating both a pyrene-containing diamine and an electron-deficient NDI-based diamine. This heteroleptic architecture was shown to be thermodynamically favored over the corresponding homoleptic M(II)4L6 and M(II)4L'6 complexes, which were nonetheless stable in each others' absence. By contrast, an isomeric pyrene-based diamine was observed to undergo narcissistic self-sorting in the presence of the NDI-based diamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya K Ronson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Derrick A Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Samuel P Black
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Jonathan R Nitschke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
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46
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Jurček O, Bonakdarzadeh P, Kalenius E, Linnanto JM, Groessl M, Knochenmuss R, Ihalainen JA, Rissanen K. Superchiral Pd
3
L
6
Coordination Complex and Its Reversible Structural Conversion into Pd
3
L
3
Cl
6
Metallocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:15462-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Jurček
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, 40014 University of Jyvaskyla (Finland)
| | - Pia Bonakdarzadeh
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, 40014 University of Jyvaskyla (Finland)
| | - Elina Kalenius
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, 40014 University of Jyvaskyla (Finland)
| | - Juha Matti Linnanto
- University of Tartu, Institute of Physics, Ravila 14c, 50411 Tartu (Estonia)
| | | | | | - Janne A. Ihalainen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, 40014 University of Jyvaskyla (Finland)
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, 40014 University of Jyvaskyla (Finland)
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47
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Jurček O, Bonakdarzadeh P, Kalenius E, Linnanto JM, Groessl M, Knochenmuss R, Ihalainen JA, Rissanen K. Superchiral Pd3L6Coordination Complex and Its Reversible Structural Conversion into Pd3L3Cl6Metallocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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48
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Zhang G, Gil-Ramírez G, Markevicius A, Browne C, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Leigh DA. Lanthanide Template Synthesis of Trefoil Knots of Single Handedness. J Am Chem Soc 2015. [PMID: 26214819 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report on the assembly of 2,6-pyridinedicarboxamide ligands (1) with point chirality about lanthanide metal ion (Ln(3+)) templates, in which the helical chirality of the resulting entwined 3:1 ligand:metal complexes is covalently captured by ring-closing olefin metathesis to form topologically chiral molecular trefoil knots of single handedness. The ligands do not self-sort (racemic ligands form a near-statistical mixture of homoleptic and heteroleptic lanthanide complexes), but the use of only (R,R)-1 leads solely to a trefoil knot of Λ-handedness, whereas (S,S)-1 forms the Δ-trefoil knot with complete stereoselectivity. The knots and their isomeric unknot macrocycles were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography and the expression of the chirality that results from the topology of the knots studied by circular dichroism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Zhang
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Guzmán Gil-Ramírez
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Augustinas Markevicius
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Colm Browne
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | | | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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49
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Wang W, Sun B, Wang XQ, Ren YY, Chen LJ, Ma J, Zhang Y, Li X, Yu Y, Tan H, Yang HB. Discrete Stimuli-Responsive Multirotaxanes with Supramolecular Cores Constructed through a Modular Approach. Chemistry 2015; 21:6286-94. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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50
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Wood DM, Meng W, Ronson TK, Stefankiewicz AR, Sanders JKM, Nitschke JR. Guest-Induced Transformation of a Porphyrin-Edged FeII4L6Capsule into a CuIFeII2L4Fullerene Receptor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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