1
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Hensinger MJ, Eitzinger A, Trapp O, Ofial AR. Nucleophilicity of 4-(Alkylthio)-3-imidazoline Derived Enamines. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302764. [PMID: 37850416 PMCID: PMC10962604 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Imidazolidine-4-thiones (ITOs) are cyclic, secondary amines that were considered as potential prebiotic organocatalysts for light-driven α-alkylations of aldehydes by bromoacetonitrile (BAN). Recent studies showed that the initially supplied ITOs represent the pre-catalyst because they undergo S-alkylation with BAN to give 4-(alkylthio)-3-imidazolines (TIMs). Given that the same reagent mix that undergoes light-driven α-alkylations is also effective in the dark, we synthesized ten ITO- or TIM-derived enamines of aldehydes and characterized their nucleophilic reactivities by kinetic studies in acetonitrile. The experimental second-order rate constants k2 for reactions of enamines with benzhydrylium ions (reference electrophiles) were evaluated by the Mayr-Patz equation, lg k2 (20 °C)=sN (N+E). The determined nucleophilicities N (and sN ) reveal the reactivity profiles of these enamines under prebiotically relevant conditions as well as their potential for use in organocatalytic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magenta J. Hensinger
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universtität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Andreas Eitzinger
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universtität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universtität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany
- Max-Planck-Institute for AstronomyKönigstuhl 1769117HeidelbergGermany
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universtität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany
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2
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Bechtel M, Ebeling M, Huber L, Trapp O. (Photoredox) Organocatalysis in the Emergence of Life: Discovery, Applications, and Molecular Evolution. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2801-2813. [PMID: 37752618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusLife as we know it is built on complex and perfectly interlocking processes that have evolved over millions of years through evolutionary optimization processes. The emergence of life from nonliving matter and the evolution of such highly efficient systems therefore constitute an enormous synthetic and systems chemistry challenge. Advances in supramolecular and systems chemistry are opening new perspectives that provide insights into living and self-sustaining reaction networks as precursors for life. However, the ab initio synthesis of such a system requires the possibility of autonomous optimization of catalytic properties and, consequently, of an evolutionary system at the molecular level. In this Account, we present our discovery of the formation of substituted imidazolidine-4-thiones (photoredox) organocatalysts from simple prebiotic building blocks such as aldehydes and ketones under Strecker reaction conditions with ammonia and cyanides in the presence of hydrogen sulfide. The necessary aldehydes are formed from CO2 and hydrogen under prebiotically plausible meteoritic or volcanic iron-particle catalysis in the atmosphere of the early Earth. Remarkably, the investigated imidazolidine-4-thiones undergo spontaneous resolution by conglomerate crystallization, opening a pathway for symmetry breaking, chiral amplification, and enantioselective organocatalysis. These imidazolidine-4-thiones enable α-alkylations of aldehydes and ketones by photoredox organocatalysis. Therefore, these photoredox organocatalysts are able to modify their aldehyde building blocks, which leads in an evolutionary process to mutated second-generation and third-generation catalysts. In our experimental studies, we found that this mutation can occur not only by new formation of the imidazolidine core structure of the catalyst from modified aldehyde building blocks or by continuous supply from a pool of available building blocks but also by a dynamic exchange of the carbonyl moiety in ring position 2 of the imidazolidine moiety. Remarkably, it can be shown that by incorporating aldehyde building blocks from their environment, the imidazolidine-4-thiones are able to change and adapt to altering environmental conditions without undergoing the entire formation process. The selection of the mutated catalysts is then based on the different catalytic activities in the modification of the aldehyde building blocks and on the catalysis of subsequent processes that can lead to the formation of molecular reaction networks as progenitors for cellular processes. We were able to show that these imidazolidine-4-thiones not only enable α-alkylations but also facilitate other important transformations, such as the selective phosphorylation of nucleosides to nucleotides as a key step leading to the oligomerization to RNA and DNA. It can therefore be expected that evolutionary processes have already taken place on a small molecular level and have thus developed chemical tools that change over time, representing a hidden layer on the path to enzymatically catalyzed biochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Bechtel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Marian Ebeling
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Laura Huber
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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3
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Li Y, Zhang L, Luo S. Bond Energies of Enamines. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:6354-6374. [PMID: 35224397 PMCID: PMC8867489 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Energetics of reactive intermediates underlies their reactivity. The availability of these data provides a rational basis for understanding and predicting a chemical reaction. We reported here a comprehensive computational study on the energetics of enamine intermediates that are fundamental in carbonyl chemistry. Accurate density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to determine the bond energies of enamines and their derived radical intermediates. These efforts led to the compilation of a database of enamine energetics including a thermodynamic index such as free-energy stability, bond dissociation energy (BDE), and acid dissociation constant (pK a) as well as a kinetic index such as nucleophilicity and electrophilicity. These data were validated by relating to experimentally determined parameters and their relevance and utility were discussed in the context of modern enamine catalysis. It was found that pK a values of enamine radical cations correlated well with redox potentials of their parent enamines, the former could be used to rationalize the proton-transfer behavior of enamine radical cations. An analysis of the BDE of enamine radical cations indicated that these species underwent facile β-C-H hydrogen transfer, in line with the known oxidative enamine catalysis. The enamine energetics offers the possibility of a systematic evaluation of the reactivities of enamines and related radicals, which would provide useful guidance in exploring new enamine transformations.
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4
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Kumar N, Laye C, Robert F, Landais Y. Quinoline‐Based Silylium Ions: Synthesis, Structure and Lewis Acidity. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nivesh Kumar
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM), UMR-5255 33400 Talence France
| | - Claire Laye
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM), UMR-5255 33400 Talence France
| | - Frédéric Robert
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM), UMR-5255 33400 Talence France
| | - Yannick Landais
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM), UMR-5255 33400 Talence France
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5
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Kaur N, Singh P, Banerjee P. Vinylogous Aza‐Michael Addition of Urea Derivatives with
p
‐Quinone Methides Followed by Oxidative Dearomative Cyclization: Approach to Spiroimidazolidinone Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Rupnagar Punjab 140001 India
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Rupnagar Punjab 140001 India
| | - Prabal Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Rupnagar Punjab 140001 India
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6
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Orlandi M, Escudero-Casao M, Licini G. Nucleophilicity Prediction via Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3555-3564. [PMID: 33534569 PMCID: PMC7901016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The concept of nucleophilicity is
at the basis of most transformations
in chemistry. Understanding and predicting the relative reactivity
of different nucleophiles is therefore of paramount importance. Mayr’s
nucleophilicity scale likely represents the most complete collection
of reactivity data, which currently includes over 1200 nucleophiles.
Several attempts have been made to theoretically predict Mayr’s
nucleophilicity parameters N based on calculation
of molecular properties, but a general model accounting for different
classes of nucleophiles could not be obtained so far. We herein show
that multivariate linear regression analysis is a suitable tool for
obtaining a simple model predicting N for virtually
any class of nucleophiles in different solvents for a set of 341 data
points. The key descriptors of the model were found to account for
the proton affinity, solvation energies, and sterics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Orlandi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.,CIRCC-Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Reattività Chimiche e la Catalisi, Padova Unit, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Margarita Escudero-Casao
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.,CIRCC-Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Reattività Chimiche e la Catalisi, Padova Unit, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Licini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.,CIRCC-Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Reattività Chimiche e la Catalisi, Padova Unit, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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7
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Rokey SN, Simanis JA, Law CM, Pohani S, Willens Behrends S, Bulandr JJ, Ferrence GM, Goodell JR, Andrew Mitchell T. Intramolecular asymmetric oxidopyrylium-based [5 + 2] cycloadditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Lu Z, Hammond GB, Xu B. Revisiting the role of acids and hydrogen bond acceptors in enamine formation. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:6849-6852. [PMID: 32852003 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01579b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A systematic investigation into the effects of acids and hydrogen bond acceptors on the reaction rates and equilibria of enamine formation is reported. Acids can accelerate the reaction but do not change the reaction equilibria. In comparison, hydrogen bond acceptors facilitate the enamine formation via their strong hydrogen bonding interaction with the water generated in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
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9
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Fuks E, Huber L, Schinkel T, Trapp O. Investigation of Straightforward, Photoinduced Alkylations of Electron‐Rich Heterocompounds with Electron‐Deficient Alkyl Bromides in the Sole Presence of 2,6‐Lutidine. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elina Fuks
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5‐13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Laura Huber
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5‐13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Thea Schinkel
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5‐13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5‐13 81377 Munich Germany
- Max‐Planck‐Institute for Astronomy Königstuhl 17 69117 Heidelberg Germany
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10
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An F, Maji B, Min E, Ofial AR, Mayr H. Basicities and Nucleophilicities of Pyrrolidines and Imidazolidinones Used as Organocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1526-1547. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng An
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Biplab Maji
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Min
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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11
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Schnitzer T, Möhler JS, Wennemers H. Effect of the enamine pyramidalization direction on the reactivity of secondary amine organocatalysts. Chem Sci 2020; 11:1943-1947. [PMID: 34123288 PMCID: PMC8148379 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05410c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral secondary amines are valuable catalysts for reactions that proceed through an enamine intermediate. Here, we explored the importance of the pyramidalization direction of the enamine-N on the reactivity of chiral enamines with a combination of computational, NMR spectroscopic, and kinetic experiments. Studies with peptidic catalysts that bear cyclic amines with different ring sizes revealed that endo-pyramidalized enamines are significantly more reactive compared to exo-pyramidalized analogs. The results show that the pyramidalization direction can have a greater effect than n→π* orbital overlap on the reactivity of chiral enamines. The data enabled the development of a catalyst with higher reactivity compared to the parent catalyst. Endo-pyramidalisation at nitrogen bestows enamines derived from α-substituted amines with higher reactivity compared to exo-pyramidalisation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schnitzer
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jasper S Möhler
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Helma Wennemers
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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12
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Cozzi PG, Gualandi A, Potenti S, Calogero F, Rodeghiero G. Asymmetric Reactions Enabled by Cooperative Enantioselective Amino- and Lewis Acid Catalysis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2019; 378:1. [PMID: 31761979 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Organocatalysis-the branch of catalysis featuring small organic molecules as the catalysts-has, in the last decade, become of central importance in the field of asymmetric catalysis, so much that it is now comparable to metal catalysis and biocatalysis. Organocatalysis is rationalized and classified by a number of so-called activation modes, based on the formation of a covalent or not-covalent intermediate between the organocatalyst and the organic substrate. Among all the organocatalytic activation modes, enamine and iminium catalysis are widely used for the practical preparation of valuable products and intermediates, both in academic and industrial contexts. In both cases, chiral amines are employed as catalysts. Enamine activation mode is generally employed in the reaction with electrophiles, while nucleophiles require the iminium activation mode. Commonly, in both modes, the reaction occurs through well-organized transitions states. A large variety of partners can react with enamines and iminium ions, due to their sufficient nucleophilicity and electrophilicity, respectively. However, despite the success, organocatalysis still suffers from narrow scopes and applications. Multicatalysis is a possible solution for these drawbacks because the two different catalysts can synergistically activate the substrates, with a simultaneous activation of the two different reaction partners. In particular, in this review we will summarize the reported processes featuring Lewis acid catalysis and organocatalytic activation modes synergically acting and not interfering with each other. We will focus our attention on the description of processes in which good results cannot be achieved independently by organocatalysis or Lewis acid catalysis. In these examples of cooperative dual catalysis, a number of new organic transformations have been developed. The review will focus on the possible strategies, the choice of the Lewis acid and the catalytic cycles involved in the effective reported combination. Additionally, some important key points regarding the rationale for the effective combinations will be also included. π-Activation of organic substrates by Lewis acids, via formation of electrophilic intermediates, and their reaction with enamines will be also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giorgio Cozzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Gualandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simone Potenti
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Calogero
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rodeghiero
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy
- Cyanagen Srl, Via Stradelli Guelfi 40/C, 40138, Bologna, Italy
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dehong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Sanzhong Luo
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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14
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Vega-Peñaloza A, Paria S, Bonchio M, Dell’Amico L, Companyó X. Profiling the Privileges of Pyrrolidine-Based Catalysts in Asymmetric Synthesis: From Polar to Light-Driven Radical Chemistry. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vega-Peñaloza
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Suva Paria
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Dell’Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Xavier Companyó
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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15
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Xin X, Pan X, Meng Z, Liu X, Liu L. Catalytic enantioselective cross-dehydrogenative coupling of 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyrans with aldehydes. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The first catalytic asymmetric cross-dehydrogenative coupling of 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyrans and aldehydes with excellent enantioselectivity is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Xin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- P.R. China
| | - Xinhui Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- P.R. China
| | - Zhilin Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- P.R. China
| | - Xigong Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- P.R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- P.R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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16
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Pan X, Liu X, Sun S, Meng Z, Liu L. Catalytic Asymmetric Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of 2H
-Chromenes and Aldehydes. CHINESE J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201800369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shihezi University; Shihezi Xinjiang 832002 China
| | - Xigong Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Shutao Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Zhilin Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250100 China
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17
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Timofeeva DS, Mayer RJ, Mayer P, Ofial AR, Mayr H. Which Factors Control the Nucleophilic Reactivities of Enamines? Chemistry 2018; 24:5901-5910. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daria S. Timofeeva
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Robert J. Mayer
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
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18
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Tan SM, Willis AC, Paddon‐Row MN, Sherburn MS. Multicomponent Diene‐Transmissive Diels–Alder Sequences Featuring Aminodendralenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siu Min Tan
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Anthony C. Willis
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | | | - Michael S. Sherburn
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
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19
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Tan SM, Willis AC, Paddon‐Row MN, Sherburn MS. Multicomponent Diene‐Transmissive Diels–Alder Sequences Featuring Aminodendralenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3081-5. [PMID: 26823233 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siu Min Tan
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Anthony C. Willis
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | | | - Michael S. Sherburn
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
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20
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Zhang JT, Wang HY, Zhang X, Zhang F, Guo YL. Study of short-lived and early reaction intermediates in organocatalytic asymmetric amination reactions by ion-mobility mass spectrometry. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy01051b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A study of the reactive intermediates in organocatalytic asymmetric amination reactions by reactive SAESI coupled to ion-mobility mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Hao-Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Zhejiang Gongshang University
- Hangzhou 310035
- China
| | - Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Yin-Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
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Donslund BS, Johansen TK, Poulsen PH, Halskov KS, Jørgensen KA. Die Diarylprolinolsilylether: zehn Jahre später. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Donslund BS, Johansen TK, Poulsen PH, Halskov KS, Jørgensen KA. The Diarylprolinol Silyl Ethers: Ten Years After. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13860-74. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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23
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Han J, Lu Z, Flach AL, Paton RS, Hammond GB, Xu B. Role of Hydrogen-Bonding Acceptors in Organo-Enamine Catalysis. Chemistry 2015; 21:11687-91. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gotoh H, Uchimaru T, Hayashi Y. Two Reaction Mechanisms via Iminium Ion Intermediates: The Different Reactivities of Diphenylprolinol Silyl Ether and Trifluoromethyl-Substituted Diarylprolinol Silyl Ether. Chemistry 2015; 21:12337-46. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Walaszek DJ, Rybicka-Jasińska K, Smoleń S, Karczewski M, Gryko D. Mechanistic Insights into Enantioselective CH Photooxygenation of AldehydesviaEnamine Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Jia Q, Yang G, Chen L, Du Z, Wei J, Zhong Y, Wang J. A Facile One-Pot Metal-Free Synthesis of 1,4-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazoles. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Holland MC, Gilmour R. Deconstructing Covalent Organocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3862-71. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Xiao JA, Wang CM, Wang J, Ou GC, Zhang XY, Yang H. Highly stereoselective synthesis of novel spiroimidazolidinones directed by pyridine prolinamide. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Erdmann H, An F, Mayer P, Ofial AR, Lakhdar S, Mayr H. Structures and Reactivities of 2-Trityl- and 2-(Triphenylsilyl)pyrrolidine-Derived Enamines: Evidence for Negative Hyperconjugation with the Trityl Group. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14263-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja508065e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Erdmann
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse
5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Feng An
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse
5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse
5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse
5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Sami Lakhdar
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse
5-13, 81377 München, Germany
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Moléculaire et Thio-organique, UMR CNRS 6507, 6 Boulevard
Maréchal Juin, 14050 Caen, France
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse
5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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Lombardo M, Cerisoli L, Manoni E, Montroni E, Quintavalla A, Trombini C. Properties and Reactivity of Conformationally Constrained Bicyclic Diarylprolinol Silyl Ethers as Organocatalysts. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Mengozzi L, Gualandi A, Cozzi PG. A highly enantioselective acyl-Mannich reaction of isoquinolines with aldehydes promoted by proline derivatives: an approach to 13-alkyl-tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloids. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01221f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Carneros H, Sánchez D, Vilarrasa J. Transfer of 1-Alkenyl Groups between Secondary Amines. Relative Stability and Reactivity of Enamines from Popular Organocatalysts. Org Lett 2014; 16:2900-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol501044u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Carneros
- Departament
de Química
Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dani Sánchez
- Departament
de Química
Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jaume Vilarrasa
- Departament
de Química
Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Gualandi A, Mengozzi L, Wilson CM, Cozzi PG. Synergy, Compatibility, and Innovation: Merging Lewis Acids with Stereoselective Enamine Catalysis. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:984-95. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201301549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Maji B, Troshin K, Mayr H. Ambidente Reaktivität von Formaldehyd-N,N-dialkylhydrazonen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Maji B, Troshin K, Mayr H. Ambident Reactivities of FormaldehydeN,N-Dialkylhydrazones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:11900-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Silvi M, Cassani C, Moran A, Melchiorre P. Secondary Amine-Catalyzed Asymmetricγ-Alkylation ofα-Branched EnalsviaDienamine Activation. Helv Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mayr H, Lakhdar S, Maji B, Ofial AR. A quantitative approach to nucleophilic organocatalysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:1458-78. [PMID: 23019481 PMCID: PMC3458771 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The key steps in most organocatalytic cyclizations are the reactions of electrophiles with nucleophiles. Their rates can be calculated by the linear free-energy relationship log k(20 °C) = s(N)(E + N), where electrophiles are characterized by one parameter (E) and nucleophiles are characterized by the solvent-dependent nucleophilicity (N) and sensitivity (s(N)) parameters.Electrophilicity parameters in the range -10 < E < -5 were determined for iminium ions derived from cinnamaldehyde and common organocatalysts, such as pyrrolidines and imidazolidinones, by studying the rates of their reactions with reference nucleophiles. Iminium activated reactions of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes can, therefore, be expected to proceed with nucleophiles of 2 < N < 14, because such nucleophiles are strong enough to react with iminium ions but weak enough not to react with their precursor aldehydes. With the N parameters of enamines derived from phenylacetaldehyde and MacMillan's imidazolidinones one can rationalize why only strong electrophiles, such as stabilized carbenium ions (-8 < E < -2) or hexachlorocyclohexadienone (E = -6.75), are suitable electrophiles for enamine activated reactions with imidazolidinones. Several mechanistic controversies concerning iminium and enamine activated reactions could thus be settled by studying the reactivities of independently synthesized intermediates.Kinetic investigations of the reactions of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) with benzhydrylium ions showed that they have similar nucleophilicities to common organocatalysts (e.g., PPh(3), DMAP, DABCO) but are much stronger (100-200 kJ mol(-1)) Lewis bases. While structurally analogous imidazolylidenes and imidazolidinylidenes have comparable nucleophilicities and Lewis basicities, the corresponding deoxy Breslow intermediates differ dramatically in reactivity. The thousand-fold higher nucleophilicity of 2-benzylidene-imidazoline relative to 2-benzylidene-imidazolidine is explained by the gain of aromaticity during electrophilic additions to the imidazoline derivatives. O-Methylated Breslow intermediates are a hundred-fold less nucleophilic than deoxy Breslow intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandstr. 5-13 (Haus F), 81377 München, Germany
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Rueping M, Volla CMR, Atodiresei I. Catalytic Asymmetric Addition of Aldehydes to Oxocarbenium Ions: A Dual Catalytic System for the Synthesis of Chromenes. Org Lett 2012; 14:4642-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol302084q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Rueping
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Chandra M. R. Volla
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Iuliana Atodiresei
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Guiteras Capdevila M, Emer E, Benfatti F, Gualandi A, Wilson CM, Cozzi PG. Indium(III)-Promoted Organocatalytic Enantioselective α-Alkylation of Aldehydes with Benzylic and Benzhydrylic Alcohols. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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Gómez-Bengoa E, Jiménez J, Lapuerta I, Mielgo A, Oiarbide M, Otazo I, Velilla I, Vera S, Palomo C. Combined α,α-dialkylprolinol ether/Brønsted acid promotes Mannich reactions of aldehydes with unactivated imines. An entry to anti-configured propargylic amino alcohols. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20590d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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