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Sapnik AF, Thorne MF, Castillo-Blas C, Keenan L, Johnson T, Bennett TD. Transient intermediate in the formation of an amorphous metal-organic framework. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2338-2347. [PMID: 38372182 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01658g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Amorphous metal-organic frameworks are rarely formed via direct synthesis. Our limited understanding of their atomic assembly in solution prevents full exploitation of their unique structural complexity. Here, we use in situ synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy with sub-second time resolution to probe the formation of the amorphous Fe-BTC framework. Using a combination of spectral fingerprinting, linear combination analysis, and principal component analysis coupled with kinetic analyses, we reveal a multi-stage formation mechanism that, crucially, proceeds via the generation of a transient intermediate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F Sapnik
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Michael F Thorne
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Celia Castillo-Blas
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Luke Keenan
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Timothy Johnson
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Blount's Court, Sonning Common, RG4 9NH, UK
| | - Thomas D Bennett
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
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2
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Nivetha R, Gothandapani K, Raghavan V, Jacob G, Sellappan R, Bhardwaj P, Pitchaimuthu S, Kannan ANM, Jeong SK, Grace AN. Highly Porous MIL-100(Fe) for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) in Acidic and Basic Media. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:18941-18949. [PMID: 32775895 PMCID: PMC7408201 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports the synthesis of a porous Fe-based MOF named MIL-100(Fe) by a modified hydrothermal method without the HF process. The synthesis gave a high surface area with the specific surface area calculated to be 2551 m2 g-1 and a pore volume of 1.407 cm3 g-1 with an average pore size of 1.103 nm. The synthesized electrocatalyst having a high surface area is demonstrated as an excellent electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction investigated in both acidic and alkaline media. As desired, the electrochemical results showed low Tafel slopes (53.59 and 56.65 mV dec-1), high exchange current densities (76.44 and 72.75 mA cm-2), low overpotentials (148.29 and 150.57 mV), and long-term stability in both media, respectively. The high activity is ascribed to the large surface area of the synthesized Fe-based metal-organic framework with porous nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Nivetha
- Centre
for Nanotechnology Research, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | | | - Vimala Raghavan
- Centre
for Nanotechnology Research, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | - George Jacob
- Centre
for Nanotechnology Research, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Raja Sellappan
- Centre
for Nanotechnology Research, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Preetam Bhardwaj
- Centre
for Nanotechnology Research, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Sudhagar Pitchaimuthu
- Photocatalyst
and Coatings Group, SPECIFIC, College of Engineering, Swansea University (Bay Campus), Fabian Way, Swansea SA1
8EN,U.K.
| | | | - Soon Kwan Jeong
- Climate
Change Technology Research Division, Korea
Institute of Energy Research, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-343, South Korea
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3
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Rivera-Torrente M, Mandemaker LDB, Filez M, Delen G, Seoane B, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Spectroscopy, microscopy, diffraction and scattering of archetypal MOFs: formation, metal sites in catalysis and thin films. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:6694-6732. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00635a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive overview of characterization tools for the analysis of well-known metal–organic frameworks and physico-chemical phenomena associated to their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rivera-Torrente
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Laurens D. B. Mandemaker
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Filez
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Guusje Delen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Beatriz Seoane
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
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4
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Xu H, Sommer S, Broge NLN, Gao J, Iversen BB. The Chemistry of Nucleation: In Situ Pair Distribution Function Analysis of Secondary Building Units During UiO-66 MOF Formation. Chemistry 2019; 25:2051-2058. [PMID: 30480850 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The concept of secondary building units (SBUs) is central to all science on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and they are widely used to design new MOF materials. However, the presence of SBUs during MOF formation remains controversial, and the formation mechanism of MOFs remains unclear, due to limited information about the evolution of prenucleation cluster structures. Here in situ pair distribution function (PDF) analysis was used to probe UiO-66 formation under solvothermal conditions. The expected SBU-a hexanuclear zirconium cluster-is present in the metal salt precursor solution. Addition of organic ligands results in a disordered structure with correlations up to 23 Å, resembling crystalline UiO-66. Heating leads to fast cluster aggregation, and further growth and ordering results in the crystalline product. Thus, SBUs are present already at room temperature and act as building blocks for MOF formation. The proposed formation steps provide insight for further development of MOF synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.,College of Materials Science and Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, P.R. China
| | - Sanna Sommer
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nils Lau Nyborg Broge
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Junkuo Gao
- College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, P.R. China
| | - Bo Brummerstedt Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
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5
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Braglia L, Borfecchia E, Lomachenko KA, Bugaev AL, Guda AA, Soldatov AV, Bleken BTL, Øien-Ødegaard S, Olsbye U, Lillerud KP, Bordiga S, Agostini G, Manzoli M, Lamberti C. Tuning Pt and Cu sites population inside functionalized UiO-67 MOF by controlling activation conditions. Faraday Discuss 2019. [PMID: 28621776 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00024c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The exceptional thermal and chemical stability of the UiO-66, -67 and -68 classes of isostructural MOFs [J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130, 13850] makes them ideal materials for functionalization purposes aimed at introducing active centres for potential application in heterogeneous catalysis. We previously demonstrated that a small fraction (up to 10%) of the linkers in the UiO-67 MOF can be replaced by bipyridine-dicarboxylate (bpydc) moieties exhibiting metal-chelating ability and enabling the grafting of Pt(ii) and Pt(iv) ions in the MOF framework [Chem. Mater., 2015, 27, 1042] upon interaction with PtCl2 or PtCl4 precursors. Herein we extend this functionalization approach in two directions. First, we show that by controlling the activation of the UiO-67-Pt we can move from a material hosting isolated Pt(ii) sites anchored to the MOF framework with Pt(ii) exhibiting two coordination vacancies (potentially interesting for C-H bond activation) to the formation of very small Pt nanoparticles hosted inside the MOF cavities (potentially interesting for hydrogenation reactions). The second direction consists of the extension of the approach to the insertion of Cu(ii), obtained via interaction with CuCl2, and exhibiting interesting redox properties. All materials have been characterized by in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Pt L3- and Cu K-edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Braglia
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSRM Reference Centre, University of Turin, via Quarello 15A, I-10135 Turin, Italy
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Reinsch H, Stock N. Synthesis of MOFs: a personal view on rationalisation, application and exploration. Dalton Trans 2018; 46:8339-8349. [PMID: 28608895 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01115f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This perspective highlights some studies and insights in the synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in a brief and comprehensive manner. The understanding of the synthesis procedures investigated by in and ex situ methods is of special interest since knowledge on the nucleation and crystallisation mechanism will ideally lead to an improved control over product formation. The prospective developments associated with the manufacturing of such materials (or devices consisting thereof) are discussed as well. A major challenge is the adjustment of the synthesis conditions to yield quantities suitable for real life applications. Last but not least, vast opportunities are yet to be explored involving the synthesis of both known and novel compounds. Thus the crucial points involving the synthesis of MOFs summarized in this perspective are rationalisation, application and exploration. For each subtopic we have also attempted to anticipate future challenges and developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Reinsch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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7
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Kang XM, Wang WM, Yao LH, Ren HX, Zhao B. Solvent-dependent variations of both structure and catalytic performance in three manganese coordination polymers. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:6986-6994. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01103f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three new Mn-based MOFs have been prepared, and a 3D framework can act as an efficient and recycled catalyst in CO2 cycloaddition with different epoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Kang
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Wen-Min Wang
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Lin-Hong Yao
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Hong-Xia Ren
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Bin Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
- China
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8
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Si CD, Liu JC. Dib ligand effects on ZnII coordination polymers built from a semirigid tricarboxylate ligand: Topological structures and luminescence properties. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Xu X, Chen S, Chen Y, Sun H, Song L, He W, Wang X. Polyoxometalate Cluster-Incorporated Metal-Organic Framework Hierarchical Nanotubes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:2982-2990. [PMID: 27101564 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201503695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A simple method to prepare metal-organic framework (MOF) nanotubes is developed by employing polyoxometalates (POMs) as modulators. The local structure of the MOF nanotubes is investigated combining XANES and EXAFS studies. These nanotubes show both an excellent catalytic performance in the detoxification of sulfur compounds in O2 atmosphere and a remarkable cycling stability as the anode material for lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Xu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shuangming Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Hefei Science Center CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Yifeng Chen
- School of Medicine and Tsinghua-Peking Joint Centers for Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- Beijing National Center for Electron Microscopy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, The State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Li Song
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Hefei Science Center CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Wei He
- School of Medicine and Tsinghua-Peking Joint Centers for Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xun Wang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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Yu T, Shen J, Wang Y, Fu Y. Solvent-Dependent Iodoargentate Hybrids: Syntheses, Structural Diversity, Thermochromism, and Photocatalysis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Mu B, Li Q, Lv L, Yang DD, Wang Q, Huang RD. Assembly and property research on seven 0D–3D complexes derived from imidazole dicarboxylate and 1,2-bi(pyridin-4-yl)ethene. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2015.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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12
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Sotnik SA, Kolotilov SV, Kiskin MA, Dobrokhotova ZV, Gavrilenko KS, Novotortsev VM, Eremenko IL, Imshennik VK, Maksimov YV, Pavlishchuk VV. Synthesis, crystal structure, and physicochemical properties of the new metal-organic framework — the iron(iii) complex with benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate. Russ Chem Bull 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-014-0522-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Zhang HM, Wu H, Liu YY, Yang J, Kang DW, Ma JF. Syntheses, structures, gas adsorption and reversible iodine adsorption of two porous Cu(ii) MOFs. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce02148g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Mitchell L, Williamson P, Ehrlichová B, Anderson AE, Seymour VR, Ashbrook SE, Acerbi N, Daniels LM, Walton RI, Clarke ML, Wright PA. Mixed-metal MIL-100(Sc,M) (M=Al, Cr, Fe) for Lewis acid catalysis and tandem C-C bond formation and alcohol oxidation. Chemistry 2014; 20:17185-97. [PMID: 25348903 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The trivalent metal cations Al(3+) , Cr(3+) , and Fe(3+) were each introduced, together with Sc(3+) , into MIL-100(Sc,M) solid solutions (M=Al, Cr, Fe) by direct synthesis. The substitution has been confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and solid-state NMR, UV/Vis, and X-ray absorption (XAS) spectroscopy. Mixed Sc/Fe MIL-100 samples were prepared in which part of the Fe is present as α-Fe2 O3 nanoparticles within the mesoporous cages of the MOF, as shown by XAS, TGA, and PXRD. The catalytic activity of the mixed-metal catalysts in Lewis acid catalysed Friedel-Crafts additions increases with the amount of Sc present, with the attenuating effect of the second metal decreasing in the order Al>Fe>Cr. Mixed-metal Sc,Fe materials give acceptable activity: 40 % Fe incorporation only results in a 20 % decrease in activity over the same reaction time and pure product can still be obtained and filtered off after extended reaction times. Supported α-Fe2 O3 nanoparticles were also active Lewis acid species, although less active than Sc(3+) in trimer sites. The incorporation of Fe(3+) into MIL-100(Sc) imparts activity for oxidation catalysis and tandem catalytic processes (Lewis acid+oxidation) that make use of both catalytically active framework Sc(3+) and Fe(3+) . A procedure for using these mixed-metal heterogeneous catalysts has been developed for making ketones from (hetero)aromatics and a hemiacetal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mitchell
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST (UK), Fax: (+44) 1334-463808
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Yang X, Clark AE. Preferential Solvation of Metastable Phases Relevant to Topological Control Within the Synthesis of Metal–Organic Frameworks. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:8930-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ic5006659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Yang
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 21009, China
| | - Aurora E. Clark
- Department
of Chemistry and the Materials Science and Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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Liu YY, Liu B, Yang J, Ma JF. Five new coordination polymers constructed from 1,4-bis(1H-imidazol-1-yl)butane and different carboxylates: Syntheses, structures and photoluminescence. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2013.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Frahm D, Hoffmann F, Fröba M. Linker extensions in metal–organic frameworks: a way to isoreticular networks or new topologies? CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce40594j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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