1
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Keller M, Petrov D, Gloger A, Dietschi B, Jobin K, Gradinger T, Martinelli A, Plais L, Onda Y, Neri D, Scheuermann J. Highly pure DNA-encoded chemical libraries by dual-linker solid-phase synthesis. Science 2024; 384:1259-1265. [PMID: 38870307 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn3412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The first drugs discovered using DNA-encoded chemical library (DEL) screens have entered late-stage clinical development. However, DEL technology as a whole still suffers from poor chemical purity resulting in suboptimal performance. In this work, we report a technique to overcome this issue through self-purifying release of the DEL after magnetic bead-based synthesis. Both the first and last building blocks of each assembled library member were linked to the beads by tethers that could be cleaved by mutually orthogonal chemistry. Sequential cleavage of the first and last tether, with washing in between, ensured that the final library comprises only the fully complete compounds. The outstanding purity attained by this approach enables a direct correlation of chemical display and encoding, allows for an increased chemical reaction scope, and facilitates the use of more diversity elements while achieving greatly improved signal-to-noise ratios in selections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Keller
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dimitar Petrov
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Gloger
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Dietschi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kilian Jobin
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Timon Gradinger
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Louise Plais
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yuichi Onda
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Scheuermann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Larmore M, Palomero OE, Kamat NP, DeCaen PG. A synthetic method to assay polycystin channel biophysics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.06.592666. [PMID: 38766162 PMCID: PMC11100589 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.06.592666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Ion channels are biological transistors that control ionic flux across cell membranes to regulate electrical transmission and signal transduction. They are found in all biological membranes and their conductive states are frequently disrupted in human diseases. Organelle ion channels are among the most resistant to functional and pharmacological interrogation. Traditional channel protein reconstitution methods rely upon exogenous expression and/or purification from endogenous cellular sources which are frequently contaminated by resident ionophores. Here we describe a fully synthetic method to assay the functional properties of the polycystin subfamily of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels that natively traffic to primary cilia and endoplasmic reticulum organelles. Using this method, we characterize their membrane integration, orientation and conductance while comparing these results to their endogenous channel properties. Outcomes define a novel synthetic approach that can be applied broadly to investigate other channels resistant to biophysical analysis and pharmacological characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Larmore
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Orhi Esarte Palomero
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Neha P Kamat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Paul G DeCaen
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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3
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Ariyarathna JP, Baskaran P, Chhikara A, Kaur N, Nguyen AM, Premathilaka SM, Huynh MM, Truong JT, Li W. Tunable [3+2] and [4+2] annulations for pyrrolidine and piperidine synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:6418-6421. [PMID: 37161704 PMCID: PMC10297810 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01400b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
N-heterocycles are privileged pharmaceutical scaffolds in drug discovery and development. We disclose here divergent intermolecular coupling strategies that can access diverse N-heterocycles directly from olefins. The radical-to-polar mechanistic switching is key for the divergent cyclization processes. These distinctive annulations result in the coupling of alkenes with simple bifunctional reagents for divergent N-heterocycle syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeewani P Ariyarathna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA.
| | - Prabagar Baskaran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA.
| | - Akanksha Chhikara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA.
| | - Navdeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA.
| | - Alex M Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA.
| | - Shashini M Premathilaka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA.
| | - Michelle M Huynh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA.
| | - Jonathon T Truong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA.
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4
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Hsu IT, Herzon SB. Fragment Coupling Approach to Diaporthein B. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2221-2244. [PMID: 36737056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pimarane diterpenes are produced by a diverse array of plants, fungi, and bacteria. Many members of this family possess antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities. The pimarane diterpenes are characterized by a tricyclic carbon scaffold comprising three fused six-membered rings and at least three quaternary centers. Here, we describe two convergent, fragment-based strategies toward the synthesis of diaporthein B (3), one of the most highly oxidized pimarane diterpenes. The first approach provided access to the tricyclic carbon scaffold of the target and featured a highly diastereoselective fragment coupling, a novel carbonylative Stille cross-coupling to directly access an α-hydroxyketone from a vinyl iodide, and a tandem aldol cyclization-deprotection cascade. The second route utilized a diastereoselective 1,4-addition of a silyloxyfuran to an unsaturated ketone, followed by an epoxidation-ring opening sequence, to access a highly oxidized intermediate containing two elaborated cyclohexane rings. The chemistry developed herein may ultimately be useful in an eventual synthesis of this class of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Tingyung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut06520, United States
| | - Seth B Herzon
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut06520, United States.,Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut06520, United States
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5
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Farah AO, Garcia J, Borg C, Beng TK. Serendipitous synthesis of cross-conjugated dienes by cascade deconstructive esterification of thiomorpholinone-tethered alkenoic acids. RSC Adv 2023; 13:3181-3185. [PMID: 36756410 PMCID: PMC9868895 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07916j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Functionalized 1,3-dienes are ubiquitous structural motifs in biologically pertinent molecules. They are frequently employed as precursors for a broad range of chemical transformations, including Diels-Alder reactions. The stereoselective construction of highly decorated 1,3-dienes therefore represents an important research objective. Medicinal chemists are becoming increasingly interested in synthetic methodologies that not only achieve expedient construction and peripheral editing of heterocycles, but also seek to modify their core framework in order to achieve skeletal remodeling. In a succinct manifestation of this 'scaffold hopping' concept, we herein describe a cascade reaction, which converts thiomorpholinone-tethered alkenoic acids to 1,1-disubstituted amino-1,3-dienes. This domino process involves esterification of the acid, base-assisted ring-opening, and concomitant 1,2-migration of the α-amino alkenyl group. Several control experiments have revealed that the alkenyl substituent is necessary for deconstruction to occur. Inherently more activated N-aryl-substituted thiomorpholinone acids react significantly faster than their less activated N-alkyl congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdikani Omar Farah
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University Ellensburg WA 98926 USA
| | - Jorge Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University Ellensburg WA 98926 USA
| | - Claire Borg
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University Ellensburg WA 98926 USA
| | - Timothy K. Beng
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington UniversityEllensburgWA 98926USA
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6
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Sherborne GJ, Kemmitt P, Prentice C, Zysman-Colman E, Smith AD, Fallan C. Visible Light-Mediated Cyclisation Reaction for the Synthesis of Highly-Substituted Tetrahydroquinolines and Quinolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202207829. [PMID: 36342443 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Condensation of 2-vinylanilines and conjugated aldehydes followed by an efficient light-mediated cyclisation selectively yields either substituted tetrahydroquinolines with typically high dr, or in the presence of an iridium photocatalyst the synthesis of quinoline derivatives is demonstrated. These atom economical processes require mild conditions, with the substrate scope demonstrating excellent site selectivity and functional group tolerance, including azaarene-bearing substrates. A thorough experimental mechanistic investigation explores multiple pathways and the key role that imine and iminium intermediates play in the absorption of visible light to generate reactive excited states. The synthetic utility of the reactions is demonstrated on gram scale quantities in both batch and flow, alongside further manipulation of the medicinally relevant products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant J Sherborne
- Medicinal Chemistry Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310, Darwin Building, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Paul Kemmitt
- Medicinal Chemistry Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310, Darwin Building, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Callum Prentice
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK.,EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Charlene Fallan
- Medicinal Chemistry Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310, Darwin Building, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
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7
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Nonnhoff J, Stammler HG, Gröger H. Enantioselective Synthesis of Thiomorpholines through Biocatalytic Reduction of 3,6-Dihydro-2 H-1,4-thiazines Using Imine Reductases. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11369-11378. [PMID: 35969670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, an enantioselective biocatalytic synthesis of chiral thiomorpholines using imine reductases (IREDs) is described. As substrates, four prochiral and one chiral 3,6-dihydro-2H-1,4-thiazines were synthesized in a modified Asinger reaction and subsequently reduced using imine reductases as a biocatalyst, NADPH as a cofactor, and a glucose dehydrogenase (GDH)-glucose cofactor regeneration system. As a result, chiral thiomorpholines with a stereogenic center created in 3-position were obtained under mild process conditions with high conversions and excellent enantioselectivities of up to 99%. Furthermore, as a proof of concept, a sequential one-pot process combining both individual reaction steps was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Nonnhoff
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Harald Gröger
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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8
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Motiwala HF, Armaly AM, Cacioppo JG, Coombs TC, Koehn KRK, Norwood VM, Aubé J. HFIP in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12544-12747. [PMID: 35848353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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9
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Radical ring formation. Nat Chem 2022; 14:850-852. [PMID: 35879441 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Bifunctional sulfilimines enable synthesis of multiple N-heterocycles from alkenes. Nat Chem 2022; 14:898-904. [PMID: 35871706 PMCID: PMC9359915 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00997-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intramolecular cyclization of nitrogen-containing molecules onto pendant alkenes is an efficient strategy for the construction of N-heterocycles, which are of paramount importance in, for example, pharmaceuticals and materials. Similar intermolecular cyclization reactions, however, are scarcer for nitrogen building blocks, including N-centred radicals, and divergent and modular versions are not established. Here we report the use of sulfilimines as bifunctional N-radical precursors for cyclization reactions with alkenes to produce N-unprotected heterocycles in a single step through photoredox catalysis. Structurally diverse sulfilimines can be synthesized in a single step, and subsequently engage with alkenes to afford synthetically valuable five-, six- and seven-membered heterocycles. The broad and diverse scope is achievable by a radical-polar crossover annulation enabled by the bifunctional character of the reagents, which distinguishes itself from all other N-centred-radical-based reactions. The modular synthesis of the sulfilimines allows for larger structural diversity of N-heterocycle products than is currently achievable with other single cyclization methods. ![]()
Intermolecular cyclization reactions using nitrogen-containing building blocks are scarce. Now, bifunctional sulfilimines have been shown to enable the modular construction of a diverse range of N-heterocycles by reacting with alkenes in a single photocatalysed step. Both sulfilimines and alkenes are easily accessible, providing access to a wide range of N-heterocycles with different ring types, ring sizes and substituents on the skeleton.
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11
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Škopić MK, Losch F, McMillan AE, Willeke N, Malenica M, Bering L, Bode J, Brunschweiger A. Reagent-Based Scaffold Diversity for DNA-Encoded Library Design: Solid Phase Synthesis of DNA-Tagged sp 3-Rich Heterocycles by SnAP Chemistry. Org Lett 2022; 24:1383-1387. [PMID: 35113572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reactions that require strictly dry conditions are challenging to translate to a DNA-encoded library format. Controlled pore glass solid support-connected DNA oligonucleotide-aldehyde conjugates could be condensed with SnAP reagents and cyclized to various sp3-rich heterocycles. The Boc-group of products provided a handle for product purification, and its facile removal under acidic conditions was tolerated by a chemically stabilized barcode. The reaction provides reagent-based scaffold diversity with functionalities for further library synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateja Klika Škopić
- TU Dortmund University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Florian Losch
- TU Dortmund University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Angus E McMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Niklas Willeke
- TU Dortmund University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mateo Malenica
- TU Dortmund University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luis Bering
- TU Dortmund University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jeffrey Bode
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Brunschweiger
- TU Dortmund University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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12
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Murray PD, Cox JH, Chiappini ND, Roos CB, McLoughlin EA, Hejna BG, Nguyen ST, Ripberger HH, Ganley JM, Tsui E, Shin NY, Koronkiewicz B, Qiu G, Knowles RR. Photochemical and Electrochemical Applications of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2017-2291. [PMID: 34813277 PMCID: PMC8796287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present here a review of the photochemical and electrochemical applications of multi-site proton-coupled electron transfer (MS-PCET) in organic synthesis. MS-PCETs are redox mechanisms in which both an electron and a proton are exchanged together, often in a concerted elementary step. As such, MS-PCET can function as a non-classical mechanism for homolytic bond activation, providing opportunities to generate synthetically useful free radical intermediates directly from a wide variety of common organic functional groups. We present an introduction to MS-PCET and a practitioner's guide to reaction design, with an emphasis on the unique energetic and selectivity features that are characteristic of this reaction class. We then present chapters on oxidative N-H, O-H, S-H, and C-H bond homolysis methods, for the generation of the corresponding neutral radical species. Then, chapters for reductive PCET activations involving carbonyl, imine, other X═Y π-systems, and heteroarenes, where neutral ketyl, α-amino, and heteroarene-derived radicals can be generated. Finally, we present chapters on the applications of MS-PCET in asymmetric catalysis and in materials and device applications. Within each chapter, we subdivide by the functional group undergoing homolysis, and thereafter by the type of transformation being promoted. Methods published prior to the end of December 2020 are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
R. D. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James H. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Chiappini
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Casey B. Roos
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | - Benjamin G. Hejna
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Suong T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hunter H. Ripberger
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jacob M. Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Elaine Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nick Y. Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Brian Koronkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Guanqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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13
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Chines S, Ehrt C, Potowski M, Biesenkamp F, Grützbach L, Brunner S, van den Broek F, Bali S, Ickstadt K, Brunschweiger A. Navigating chemical reaction space – application to DNA-encoded chemistry. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11221-11231. [PMID: 36320474 PMCID: PMC9517168 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02474h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Databases contain millions of reactions for compound synthesis, rendering selection of reactions for forward synthetic design of small molecule screening libraries, such as DNA-encoded libraries (DELs), a big data challenge. To support reaction space navigation, we developed the computational workflow Reaction Navigator. Reaction files from a large chemistry database were processed using the open-source KNIME Analytics Platform. Initial processing steps included a customizable filtering cascade that removed reactions with a high probability to be incompatible with DEL, as they would e.g. damage the genetic barcode, to arrive at a comprehensive list of transformations for DEL design with applicability potential. These reactions were displayed and clustered by user-defined molecular reaction descriptors which are independent of reaction core substitution patterns. Thanks to clustering, these can be searched manually to identify reactions for DEL synthesis according to desired reaction criteria, such as ring formation or sp3 content. The workflow was initially applied for mapping chemical reaction space for aromatic aldehydes as an exemplary functional group often used in DEL synthesis. Exemplary reactions have been successfully translated to DNA-tagged substrates and can be applied to library synthesis. The versatility of the Reaction Navigator was then shown by mapping reaction space for different reaction conditions, for amines as a second set of starting materials, and for data from a second database. The computational tool Reaction Navigator supports chemical reaction space navigation by filtering and clustering reactions from chemistry databases. The utility of the tool was demonstrated by identification of reactions for DNA-encoded libraries.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Chines
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Marco Potowski
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Felix Biesenkamp
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lars Grützbach
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Susanne Brunner
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Statistics, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Shilpa Bali
- Elsevier B.V., Radarweg 29, 1043 NX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Ickstadt
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Statistics, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Brunschweiger
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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14
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Beng TK, Sax M, Borg C. Serendipitous synthesis of 2-alkenyl- and 2-aryl-4-thiazolidinones using dithiodiglycolic anhydride. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03719j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dithiodiglycolic anhydride undergoes an efficient formal cycloaddition with imines to afford functionalized 4-thiazolidinones, without complications arising from the anhydride-imine reaction or the sulfa-Michael reaction (in the case of 1,3-azadienes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K. Beng
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA
| | - Mckenna Sax
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA
| | - Claire Borg
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA
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15
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Abstract
Piperazine ranks as the third most common nitrogen heterocycle in drug discovery, and it is the key component of several blockbuster drugs, such as Imatinib (also marketed as Gleevec) or Sildenafil, sold as Viagra. Despite its wide use in medicinal chemistry, the structural diversity of piperazines is limited, with about 80% of piperazine-containing drugs containing substituents only at the nitrogen positions. Recently, major advances have been made in the C–H functionalization of the carbon atoms of the piperazine ring. Herein, we present an overview of the recent synthetic methods to afford functionalized piperazines with a focus on C–H functionalization.
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16
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Jiang T, Bordi S, McMillan AE, Chen KY, Saito F, Nichols PL, Wanner BM, Bode JW. An integrated console for capsule-based, automated organic synthesis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6977-6982. [PMID: 34123325 PMCID: PMC8153237 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01048d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The current laboratory practices of organic synthesis are labor intensive, impose safety and environmental hazards, and hamper the implementation of artificial intelligence guided drug discovery. Using a combination of reagent design, hardware engineering, and a simple operating system we provide an instrument capable of executing complex organic reactions with prepacked capsules. The machine conducts coupling reactions and delivers the purified products with minimal user involvement. Two desirable reaction classes – the synthesis of saturated N-heterocycles and reductive amination – were implemented, along with multi-step sequences that provide drug-like organic molecules in a fully automated manner. We envision that this system will serve as a console for developers to provide synthetic methods as integrated, user-friendly packages for conducting organic synthesis in a safe and convenient fashion. Using a combination of reagent design, hardware engineering, and a simple operating system we provide an instrument capable of executing complex organic reactions using prepacked capsules with minimal user involvement.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Jiang
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland .,Synple Chem AG 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Samuele Bordi
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Angus E McMillan
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Kuang-Yen Chen
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Fumito Saito
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Paula L Nichols
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland .,Synple Chem AG 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Benedikt M Wanner
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland .,Synple Chem AG 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W Bode
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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17
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Zhou G, Deng X, Pan C, Goh ETL, Lakshminarayanan R, Srinivasan R. SLAP reagents for the photocatalytic synthesis of C3/C5-substituted, N-unprotected selenomorpholines and 1,4-selenazepanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12546-12549. [PMID: 32940282 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04471g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose the first set of unique selenium-containing SLAP (SiLicon Amine Protocol) reagents for the direct synthesis of C3/C5-substituted selenomorpholines and 1,4-selenazepanes from diverse (hetero)aldehydes under mild photocatalytic conditions. Enantiomerically pure 1,2-amino alcohol/α-amino acid versions of these heterocycles were also synthesized. Further, we have shown the late-stage modification of certain biologically active agents using the developed seleno-SLAP reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (SPST), Tianjin University, Building 24, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Xingwang Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (SPST), Tianjin University, Building 24, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Chenyu Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (SPST), Tianjin University, Building 24, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Eunice Tze Leng Goh
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Rajamani Lakshminarayanan
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore and Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Rajavel Srinivasan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (SPST), Tianjin University, Building 24, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
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18
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Gueret R, Pelinski L, Bousquet T, Sauthier M, Ferey V, Bigot A. Visible-Light-Driven CarboxyLic Amine Protocol (CLAP) for the Synthesis of 2-Substituted Piperazines under Batch and Flow Conditions. Org Lett 2020; 22:5157-5162. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Gueret
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Lydie Pelinski
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Till Bousquet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Mathieu Sauthier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Vincent Ferey
- PDP Innovation, Sanofi, 371 rue du Professeur Joseph Blayac, 34184 Montpellier, France
| | - Antony Bigot
- Pre Development Science Chemical Synthesis, Sanofi, 13 quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry-Sur-Seine, France
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19
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Itoh K, Takashino A, Ohtsuka A, Kobe M, Sawamura S, Kato R, Hirayama S, Karaki F, Mizuguchi T, Sato N, Tokunaga K, Toda Y, Suga H, Ishida H, Fujii H. Synthesis of 1,2,5‐Oxadiazinane Derivatives by Photochemical Cycloaddition of Nitrones with Diaminomethanes. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kennosuke Itoh
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, School of PharmacyKitasato University Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, School of PharmacyKitasato University Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Atsushi Takashino
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, School of PharmacyKitasato University Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Atsushi Ohtsuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of ScienceKitasato University Kanagawa 252-0373 Japan
| | - Mizuki Kobe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of ScienceKitasato University Kanagawa 252-0373 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sawamura
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, School of PharmacyKitasato University Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Ryo Kato
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of EngineeringShinshu University Nagano 380-8553 Japan
| | - Shigeto Hirayama
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, School of PharmacyKitasato University Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, School of PharmacyKitasato University Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Fumika Karaki
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, School of PharmacyKitasato University Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, School of PharmacyKitasato University Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Takaaki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, School of PharmacyKitasato University Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, School of PharmacyKitasato University Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Noriko Sato
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, School of PharmacyKitasato University Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Ken Tokunaga
- Division of Liberal Arts Center for Promotion of Higher EducationKogakuin University Tokyo 192-0015 Japan
| | - Yasunori Toda
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of EngineeringShinshu University Nagano 380-8553 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suga
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of EngineeringShinshu University Nagano 380-8553 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of ScienceKitasato University Kanagawa 252-0373 Japan
| | - Hideaki Fujii
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, School of PharmacyKitasato University Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, School of PharmacyKitasato University Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
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20
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Wright SW, Simpson B, Chinigo G, Perry MA, Maguire RJ. Reduction of 2-hydroxy-3-arylmorpholines to 3-aryl morpholines. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Moreno A, Beng TK. Direct access to vicinally functionalized and N-trifluoroacetylated (bicyclic)ketopiperazines using a readily affordable N-heterocyclic anhydride. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1577-1581. [PMID: 32039416 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00049c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized 2-piperazinones play essential roles as conformationally-constrained peptidomimetics by mimicking inverse γ-turns in peptides. Here, we describe an efficient, scalable, stereoselective, modular, and chemoselective annulation protocol between a novel N-trifluoroacetyl anhydride and several reactive partners, including lactim ethers, imidoyl chlorides, aryl aldimines, and 1,3-azadienes, leading to vicinally functionalized (bicyclic) 2-piperazinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Moreno
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA.
| | - Timothy K Beng
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA.
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22
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Tzara A, Xanthopoulos D, Kourounakis AP. Morpholine As a Scaffold in Medicinal Chemistry: An Update on Synthetic Strategies. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:392-403. [PMID: 32017384 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Morpholine is a frequently used heterocycle in medicinal chemistry and a privileged structural component of bioactive molecules. This is mainly due to its contribution to a plethora of biological activities as well as to an improved pharmacokinetic profile of such bioactive molecules. The synthesis of morpholines is a subject of much study due to their biological and pharmacological importance, with the last such review being published in 2013. Here, an overview of the main approaches toward morpholine synthesis or functionalization is presented, emphasizing on novel work which has not been reviewed so far. This review is an update on synthetic strategies leading to easily accessible libraries of bioactives which are of interest for drug discovery projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadni Tzara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Xanthopoulos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Angeliki P Kourounakis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
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23
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Zhou G, Deng X, Tian J, Fazil MHUT, Lakshminarayanan R, Srinivasan R. SnAP reagents for the synthesis of selenomorpholines and 1,4-selenazepanes and their biological evaluation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1780-1783. [PMID: 31938791 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09337k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose the first set of unique selenium-containing SnAP reagents for the direct synthesis of C-substituted selenomorpholines and 1,4-selenazepanes, including their amino acid derivatives from commercially available aldehydes under mild conditions. These elusive N-unprotected heterocycles are not accessible by classical routes. Biological evaluation of these compounds revealed promising activities against clinically relevant fungal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (SPST), Tianjin University, Building 24, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Xingwang Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (SPST), Tianjin University, Building 24, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (SPST), Tianjin University, Building 24, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China. and College of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, 158 Caosan Road, Chengdong District, Xining 810007, P. R. China
| | - Mobashar Hussain Urf Turabe Fazil
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore
| | - Rajamani Lakshminarayanan
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore. and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Rajavel Srinivasan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (SPST), Tianjin University, Building 24, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
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24
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Beng TK, Farah AO, Shearer V. Modular synthesis and transition metal-free alkynylation/alkenylation of Castagnoli–Cushman-derived N, O- and N, S-heterocyclic vinyl chlorides. RSC Adv 2020; 10:37153-37160. [PMID: 35521247 PMCID: PMC9057152 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06619b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A modular and functional group-tolerant protocol for the transition metal-free coupling of novel N,O- and N,S-heterocyclic vinyl chlorides with terminal acetylenes and styrenes has been developed, leading to the epimerization-free synthesis of fully carbofunctionalized dihydro-1,4-oxazines/thiazines. Bicyclic morpholines have also been prepared through the interrogation of newly synthesized cross-conjugated dienes in Diels–Alder reactions. The use of environmentally benign reaction media endows the current strategy with a practical advantage. A functional group-tolerant and transition metal-free coupling of novel N,O- and N,S-heterocyclic vinyl chlorides, which affords fully carbosubstituted dihydro-1,4-oxazines/thiazines as well as bicyclic morpholines, is described.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K. Beng
- Department of Chemistry
- Central Washington University
- Ellensburg
- USA
| | | | - Victoria Shearer
- Department of Chemistry
- Central Washington University
- Ellensburg
- USA
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25
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Bera T, Singh B, Hamlin TA, Sahoo SC, Saha J. One-Step Assembly of Functionalized Morpholinones and 1,4-Oxazepane-3-ones via [3 + 3]- and [3 + 4]-Annulation of Aza-Oxyallyl Cation and Amphoteric Compounds. J Org Chem 2019; 84:15255-15266. [PMID: 31702149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new [3 + 3]- and [3 + 4]-annulation strategy involving azaoxyallyl cation and [1,m]-amphoteric compounds (m = 3,4) is presented. This concise method enables easy assembly of functionalized saturated N-heterocycles, comprised of six-and seven-membered rings and is of high significance in the context of drug discovery approaches. This reaction also represents a new trapping modality of the azaoxyallyl cation with amphoteric agents of different chain lengths that consist of a heteroatom nucleophilic site and a π-electrophilic site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tishyasoumya Bera
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery , Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR) , SGPGIMS Campus. Raebareli Road , Lucknow 226014 , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Bandana Singh
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery , Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR) , SGPGIMS Campus. Raebareli Road , Lucknow 226014 , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1083 , Amsterdam 1081 HV , The Netherlands
| | - Subash C Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry , Panjab University , Sector 14 , Chandigarh 160014 , India
| | - Jaideep Saha
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery , Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR) , SGPGIMS Campus. Raebareli Road , Lucknow 226014 , Uttar Pradesh , India
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26
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Zambaldo C, Geigle SN, Satz AL. High-Throughput Solid-Phase Building Block Synthesis for DNA-Encoded Libraries. Org Lett 2019; 21:9353-9357. [PMID: 31747291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein we provide a generalizable method for the cost-effective synthesis of thousands of building blocks (BBs) employing DNA-incompatible chemistries. The ability to produce large numbers of crude products via solid-phase synthesis has existed for decades; however, our work demonstrates a practical use of such crude reaction mixtures and employs DNA-conjugation to simultaneously encode, purify, and rapidly analyze the desired products. This workflow generated sp3-rich BBs that could be encoded by DNA in a high-throughput manner.
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27
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Bissonnette NB, Ellis JM, Hamann LG, Romanov-Michailidis F. Expedient access to saturated nitrogen heterocycles by photoredox cyclization of imino-tethered dihydropyridines. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9591-9596. [PMID: 32064071 PMCID: PMC6993613 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03429c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A large proportion of medicinally relevant molecules bear nitrogen and sp3-hybridized carbon functionalities. Overwhelmingly, these atoms are found as part of (hetero)cyclic structures. Despite their importance, synthetic approaches to saturated nitrogen heterocycles are limited to several established stoichiometric alkylation techniques, as well as a few methods involving C-H bond activation. The synthetic community remains interested in more general, mild, and sustainable ways to access these motifs. Here we describe a dual-catalyst system composed of an iridium photocatalyst and a lithium phosphate base that is capable of selectively homolyzing the N-H bond of 4-alkyl-1,4-dihydropyridines, presumably by proton-coupled-electron-transfer (PCET), and mediating efficient cyclization of the resultant carbon-centered radicals with tethered imines. The outcome of this transformation is access to a broad range of structurally complex nitrogen heterocycles obtainable from simple aldehyde starting materials in a highly chemoselective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah B Bissonnette
- Celgene Corporation , 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Suite 3000 , Cambridge , MA 02140 , USA . ;
| | - J Michael Ellis
- Celgene Corporation , 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Suite 3000 , Cambridge , MA 02140 , USA . ;
| | - Lawrence G Hamann
- Celgene Corporation , 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Suite 3000 , Cambridge , MA 02140 , USA . ;
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28
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Reed CW, Lindsley CW. A general, enantioselective synthesis of 2-substituted thiomorpholines and thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxides. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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29
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Kourounakis AP, Xanthopoulos D, Tzara A. Morpholine as a privileged structure: A review on the medicinal chemistry and pharmacological activity of morpholine containing bioactive molecules. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:709-752. [PMID: 31512284 DOI: 10.1002/med.21634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Morpholine is a heterocycle featured in numerous approved and experimental drugs as well as bioactive molecules. It is often employed in the field of medicinal chemistry for its advantageous physicochemical, biological, and metabolic properties, as well as its facile synthetic routes. The morpholine ring is a versatile and readily accessible synthetic building block, it is easily introduced as an amine reagent or can be built according to a variety of available synthetic methodologies. This versatile scaffold, appropriately substituted, possesses a wide range of biological activities. There are many examples of molecular targets of morpholine bioactive in which the significant contribution of the morpholine moiety has been demonstrated; it is an integral component of the pharmacophore for certain enzyme active-site inhibitors whereas it bestows selective affinity for a wide range of receptors. A large body of in vivo studies has demonstrated morpholine's potential to not only increase potency but also provide compounds with desirable drug-like properties and improved pharamacokinetics. In this review we describe the medicinal chemistry/pharmacological activity of morpholine derivatives on various therapeutically related molecular targets, attempting to highlight the importance of the morpholine ring in drug design and development as well as to justify its classification as a privileged structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki P Kourounakis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Xanthopoulos
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ariadni Tzara
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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30
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Yu JS, Espinosa M, Noda H, Shibasaki M. Traceless Electrophilic Amination for the Synthesis of Unprotected Cyclic β-Amino Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10530-10537. [PMID: 31188574 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Electrophilic aminations involve an umpolung of a nitrogen atom, providing an alternate, distinctive synthetic strategy. The recent advent of various designed O-substituted hydroxylamines has significantly advanced this research field. An underappreciated issue is atom economy of the transformations: The necessary activating group on the oxygen atom is left in coproduced waste. Herein, we describe Rh-catalyzed electrophilic amination of substituted isoxazolidin-5-ones for the synthesis of unprotected, cyclic β-amino acids featuring either benzo-fused or spirocyclic scaffolds. Using the cyclic hydroxylamines allows for retaining both nitrogen and oxygen functionalities in the product. The traceless, redox neutral process proceeds on a gram scale with as little as 0.1 mol % catalyst loading. In contrast to related electrophilic aminations in the literature, a series of mechanistic experiments suggests a unique pathway involving spirocyclization, followed by the skeletal rearrangement. The insights provided herein shed light on a nuanced reactivity of the active species, Rh-nitrenoid generated from the activated hydroxylamine, and extend the knowledge on electrophilic aromatic substitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sheng Yu
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo , 3-14-23 Kamiosaki , Shinagawa-ku , Tokyo 141-0021 , Japan
| | - Miguel Espinosa
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo , 3-14-23 Kamiosaki , Shinagawa-ku , Tokyo 141-0021 , Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Noda
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo , 3-14-23 Kamiosaki , Shinagawa-ku , Tokyo 141-0021 , Japan
| | - Masakatsu Shibasaki
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo , 3-14-23 Kamiosaki , Shinagawa-ku , Tokyo 141-0021 , Japan
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31
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Schmid M, Grossmann AS, Mayer P, Müller T, Magauer T. Ring-Expansion Approaches for the Total Synthesis of Salimabromide. Tetrahedron 2019; 75:3195-3215. [PMID: 31160829 PMCID: PMC6544523 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We describe the evolution of a synthetic strategy for the construction of the marine polyketide salimabromide. Combining a bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-one ring-expansion to build up a functionalized naphthalene and an unprecedented rearrangement/cyclization cascade, enabled synthesis of a dearomatized tricyclic subunit of the target compound. Alternatively, an intramolecular ketiminium [2+2]-cycloaddition and subsequent Baeyer-Villiger ring-expansion gave access to the sterically encumbered architecture of salimabromide. Sequential oxidation of the carbon framework finally enabled the total synthesis of this unusual natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmid
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Adriana S Grossmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Magauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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32
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Griggs SD, Tape DT, Clarke PA. Strategies for the synthesis of spiropiperidines - a review of the last 10 years. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:6620-6633. [PMID: 29993083 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01271g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Spiropiperidines have gained in popularity in drug discovery programmes as medicinal chemists explore new areas of three-dimensional chemical space. This review focuses on the methodology used for the construction of 2-, 3- and 4-spiropiperidines, covering the literature from the last 10 years. It classifies the synthesis of each of the types of spiropiperidine by synthetic strategy: the formation of the spiro-ring on a preformed piperidine ring, and the formation of the piperidine ring on a preformed carbo- or heterocyclic ring. While 3- and 4-spiropiperidines are predominantly synthesised for drug discovery projects, 2-spiropiperidines are synthesised en route to natural products. The lack of 2-spiropiperidines in drug discovery is presumably due to limited general procedures for their synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Griggs
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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33
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Kaur N, Wu F, Alom NE, Ariyarathna JP, Saluga SJ, Li W. Intermolecular alkene difunctionalizations for the synthesis of saturated heterocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:1643-1654. [PMID: 30452059 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02443j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Saturated heterocycles are important structural motifs in a range of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. As a result of their importance, syntheses of these molecules have been extensively investigated. Despite the progress in this area, the most adopted strategies are still often characterized with inefficiency or relying on functionalizations with specialized precursors and pre-existing cores. This review highlights a dynamic synthetic strategy for the direct synthesis of saturated heterocycles from intermolecular alkene difunctionalizations. These coupling processes are highly modular, and therefore, offer perhaps the most convenient means to prepare diverse heterocyclic structures in compound libraries for bioactivity evoluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navdeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA.
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34
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Zhang W, Mo JY, He W, Kennepohl P, Sammis GM. Regiocontrolled and Stereoselective Syntheses of Tetrahydrophthalazine Derivatives using Radical Cyclizations. Chemistry 2019; 25:976-980. [PMID: 30350381 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydrophthalazine derivatives have found important applications in pharmaceutical research, but existing synthetic methods are unable to access them regio- and stereoselectively. Here, a new approach is presented that addresses these challenges by utilizing a 6-endo-trig radical cyclization in the key step. The desired tetrahydrophthalazines can be accessed in high yields (55-98 %) and high diastereoselectivities for the trans-product (>95:5) starting either from readily accessible hydrazones, or from the corresponding aldehydes and substituted Boc-hydrazides in a one-pot process. The synthetic versatility of the tetrahydrophthalazine core was demonstrated by its straightforward conversion to dihydro-phthalazines, phthalazines, or pyrazolo dione derivatives. Furthermore, the N-N bond was reduced to afford a new route to 1,4-diamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jia Yi Mo
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Weiying He
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Pierre Kennepohl
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Glenn M Sammis
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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35
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One-pot synthesis of tetrahydroindoles via a copper catalyzed N-alkynation/[4+2] cycloaddition cascade. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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36
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Boddy AJ, Affron DP, Cordier CJ, Rivers EL, Spivey AC, Bull JA. Rapid Assembly of Saturated Nitrogen Heterocycles in One-Pot: Diazo-Heterocycle “Stitching” by N-H Insertion and Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Boddy
- Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London; Molecular Sciences Research Hub; White City Campus; Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Dominic P. Affron
- Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London; Molecular Sciences Research Hub; White City Campus; Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Christopher J. Cordier
- Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London; Molecular Sciences Research Hub; White City Campus; Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Emma L. Rivers
- Hit Discovery; Discovery Sciences; IMED Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Cambridge UK
| | - Alan C. Spivey
- Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London; Molecular Sciences Research Hub; White City Campus; Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - James A. Bull
- Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London; Molecular Sciences Research Hub; White City Campus; Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
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37
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Boddy AJ, Affron DP, Cordier CJ, Rivers EL, Spivey AC, Bull JA. Rapid Assembly of Saturated Nitrogen Heterocycles in One-Pot: Diazo-Heterocycle "Stitching" by N-H Insertion and Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:1458-1462. [PMID: 30516342 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Methods that provide rapid access to new heterocyclic structures in biologically relevant chemical space provide important opportunities in drug discovery. Here, a strategy is described for the preparation of 2,2-disubstituted azetidines, pyrrolidines, piperidines, and azepanes bearing ester and diverse aryl substituents. A one-pot rhodium catalyzed N-H insertion and cyclization sequence uses diazo compounds to stitch together linear 1,m-haloamines (m=2-5) to rapidly assemble 4 -, 5 -, 6 -, and 7 -membered saturated nitrogen heterocycles in excellent yields. Over fifty examples are demonstrated, including examples with diazo compounds derived from biologically active compounds. The products can be functionalized to afford α,α-disubstituted amino acids and applied to fragment synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Boddy
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Dominic P Affron
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Christopher J Cordier
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Emma L Rivers
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alan C Spivey
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - James A Bull
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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38
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Powell WC, Walczak MA. Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral 1,2-Amino Alcohols and Morpholin-2-ones from Arylglyoxals. J Org Chem 2018; 83:10487-10500. [PMID: 30039699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chiral 1,2-amino alcohols are privileged scaffolds with important applications as drug candidates and chiral ligands. Although various methods for the preparation of this structural motif have been reported, these methods are limited because of the use of precious metals and ligands. Here, we report a practical and high yielding synthesis of chiral 1,2-amino alcohols using arylglyoxals and pseudoephedrine auxiliary. This reaction is catalyzed by a Brønsted acid and provides morpholinone products in high yields and selectivities. The morpholine ring was converted into 1,2-amino alcohols in a two-step protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt C Powell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Maciej A Walczak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
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39
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Jindakun C, Hsieh SY, Bode JW. Iridium-catalyzed Synthesis of Saturated N-Heterocycles from Aldehydes and SnAP Reagents with Continuous Flow Photochemistry. Org Lett 2018; 20:2071-2075. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chalupat Jindakun
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sheng-Ying Hsieh
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W. Bode
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Touqeer S, Castoldi L, Langer T, Holzer W, Pace V. Homologation of halostannanes with carbenoids: a convenient and straightforward one-step access to α-functionalized organotin reagents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10112-10115. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04786c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A direct, single synthetic homologative transformation of halostannanes into mono- or di-substituted methyl analogues is documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Touqeer
- University of Vienna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Vienna
- Austria
| | - Laura Castoldi
- University of Vienna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Vienna
- Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- University of Vienna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Vienna
- Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- University of Vienna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Vienna
- Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Vienna
- Austria
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41
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Luescher MU, Songsichan T, Hsieh S, Bode JW. Copper Promoted Oxidative Coupling of SnAP Hydrazines and Aldehydes to Form Chiral 1,4,5‐Oxadiazepanes and 1,2,5‐Triazepanes. Helv Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201700199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael U. Luescher
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH‐Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Teerawat Songsichan
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH‐Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Sheng‐Ying Hsieh
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH‐Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W. Bode
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH‐Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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42
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Jackl MK, Legnani L, Morandi B, Bode JW. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Morpholines and Oxazepanes with Silicon Amine Protocol (SLAP) Reagents and Lewis Acid Facilitated Photoredox Catalysis. Org Lett 2017; 19:4696-4699. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz K. Jackl
- Laboratory of Organic
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Legnani
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim
an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Bill Morandi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim
an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jeffrey W. Bode
- Laboratory of Organic
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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43
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Hsieh SY, Bode JW. Lewis Acid Induced Toggle from Ir(II) to Ir(IV) Pathways in Photocatalytic Reactions: Synthesis of Thiomorpholines and Thiazepanes from Aldehydes and SLAP Reagents. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:66-72. [PMID: 28149955 PMCID: PMC5269652 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Redox neutral photocatalytic transformations often require careful pairing of the substrates and photoredox catalysts in order to achieve a catalytic cycle. This can limit the range of viable transformations, as we recently observed in attempting to extend the scope of the photocatalytic synthesis of N-heterocycles using silicon amine protocol (SLAP) reagents to include starting materials that require higher oxidation potentials. We now report that the inclusion of Lewis acids in photocatalytic reactions of organosilanes allows access to a distinct reaction pathway featuring an Ir(III)*/Ir(IV) couple instead of the previously employed Ir(III)*/Ir(II) pathway, enabling the transformation of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes to thiomorpholines and thiazepanes. The role of the Lewis acid in accepting an electron-either directly or via coordination to an imine-can be extended to other classes of photocatalysts and transformations, including oxidative cyclizations. The combination of light induced reactions and Lewis acids therefore promises access to new pathways and transformations that are not viable using the photocatalysts alone.
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Bosset C, Lefebvre G, Angibaud P, Stansfield I, Meerpoel L, Berthelot D, Guérinot A, Cossy J. Iron-Catalyzed Synthesis of Sulfur-Containing Heterocycles. J Org Chem 2016; 82:4020-4036. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Bosset
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique, Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI)-UMR 8231, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Gauthier Lefebvre
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique, Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI)-UMR 8231, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Patrick Angibaud
- Janssen Research & Development, Oncology Discovery Chemistry, Campus de Maigremont CS 10615, 27106 Cedex, Val de Reuil, France
| | - Ian Stansfield
- Janssen Research & Development, Oncology Discovery Chemistry, Campus de Maigremont CS 10615, 27106 Cedex, Val de Reuil, France
| | - Lieven Meerpoel
- Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Didier Berthelot
- Janssen Research & Development, Oncology Discovery Chemistry, Campus de Maigremont CS 10615, 27106 Cedex, Val de Reuil, France
| | - Amandine Guérinot
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique, Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI)-UMR 8231, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Janine Cossy
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique, Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI)-UMR 8231, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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45
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Bull JA, Croft RA, Davis OA, Doran R, Morgan KF. Oxetanes: Recent Advances in Synthesis, Reactivity, and Medicinal Chemistry. Chem Rev 2016; 116:12150-12233. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Bull
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary A. Croft
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Owen A. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Doran
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kate F. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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46
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Luescher MU, Bode JW. SnAP-eX Reagents for the Synthesis of Exocyclic 3-Amino- and 3-Alkoxypyrrolidines and Piperidines from Aldehydes. Org Lett 2016; 18:2652-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael U. Luescher
- Laboratorium
für Organische
Chemie, ETH Zürich, HCI F 315, Vladimir Prelog Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W. Bode
- Laboratorium
für Organische
Chemie, ETH Zürich, HCI F 315, Vladimir Prelog Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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47
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Hsieh SY, Bode JW. Silicon Amine Reagents for the Photocatalytic Synthesis of Piperazines from Aldehydes and Ketones. Org Lett 2016; 18:2098-101. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Ying Hsieh
- Laboratorium für Organische
Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W. Bode
- Laboratorium für Organische
Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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48
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Ye Z, Gettys KE, Dai M. Opportunities and challenges for direct C-H functionalization of piperazines. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:702-15. [PMID: 27340462 PMCID: PMC4901899 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Piperazine ranks within the top three most utilized N-heterocyclic moieties in FDA-approved small-molecule pharmaceuticals. Herein we summarize the current synthetic methods available to perform C-H functionalization on piperazines in order to lend structural diversity to this privileged drug scaffold. Multiple approaches such as those involving α-lithiation trapping, transition-metal-catalyzed α-C-H functionalizations, and photoredox catalysis are discussed. We also highlight the difficulties experienced when successful methods for α-C-H functionalization of acyclic amines and saturated mono-nitrogen heterocyclic compounds (such as piperidines and pyrrolidines) were applied to piperazine substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhishi Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kristen E Gettys
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mingji Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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49
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Formal enantioselective synthesis of (−)-allosamizoline using chiral diamine-catalyzed asymmetric aziridination of cyclic enones. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Jackl MK, Kreituss I, Bode JW. Synthesis of Tetrahydronaphthyridines from Aldehydes and HARP Reagents via Radical Pictet-Spengler Reactions. Org Lett 2016; 18:1713-5. [PMID: 27026179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The combination of aldehydes with newly designed HARP (halogen amine radical protocol) reagents gives access to α-substituted tetrahydronaphthyridines. By using different HARP reagents, various regioisomeric structures can be prepared in a single operation. These products, which are of high value in medicinal chemistry, are formed in a predictable manner via a formal Pictet-Spengler reaction of electron-poor pyridines that would not participate in the corresponding polar reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz K Jackl
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH-Zürich , 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Imants Kreituss
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH-Zürich , 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W Bode
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH-Zürich , 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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