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Murata R, Shitamichi K, Hiramatsu M, Matsubara S, Uraguchi D, Asano K. trans-Cyclooctenes as Scavengers of Bromine Involved in Catalytic Bromination. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303399. [PMID: 38117956 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Scavengers that capture reactive chemical substances are used to prevent the decomposition of materials. However, in the field of catalysis, the development of scavengers that inhibit background pathways has attracted little attention, although the concept will open up an otherwise inaccessible reaction space. In catalytic bromination, fast non-catalyzed background reactions disturb the catalytic control of the selectivity, even when using N-bromoamide reagents, which have a milder reactivity than bromine (Br2 ). Here, we developed a trans-cyclooctene (TCO) bearing a 2-pyridylethyl group to efficiently retard background reactions by capturing Br2 in bromocyclization using N-bromosuccinimide. The use of less than a stoichiometric amount of the TCO was sufficient to inhibit non-catalyzed reactions, and mechanistic studies using the TCO revealed that in situ-generated Br2 provides non-catalyzed reaction pathways based on a chain mechanism. The TCO is useful as an additive for improving enantioselectivity and regioselectivity in catalytic reactions. Cooperative systems using the TCO with selective catalysts offer an alternative strategy for optimizing catalyst-controlled selectivity during bromination. Moreover, it also served as an indicator of Br2 involved in catalytic reaction pathways; thus, the TCO was useful as a probe for mechanistic investigations into the involvement of Br2 in bromination reactions of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Murata
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kenta Shitamichi
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Hiramatsu
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Seijiro Matsubara
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Daisuke Uraguchi
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
- List Sustainable Digital Transformation Catalyst Collaboration Research Platform, Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (ICReDD List-PF), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Keisuke Asano
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
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Lu Y, Tsegaw YA, Wodyński A, Li L, Beckers H, Kaupp M, Riedel S. Investigation of Molecular Iridium Fluorides IrF n (n=1-6): A Combined Matrix-Isolation and Quantum-Chemical Study. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104005. [PMID: 35181951 PMCID: PMC9310635 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The photo-initiated defluorination of iridium hexafluoride (IrF6 ) was investigated in neon and argon matrices at 6 K, and their photoproducts are characterized by IR and UV-vis spectroscopies as well as quantum-chemical calculations. The primary photoproducts obtained after irradiation with λ=365 nm are iridium pentafluoride (IrF5 ) and iridium trifluoride (IrF3 ), while longer irradiation of the same matrix with λ=278 nm produced iridium tetrafluoride (IrF4 ) and iridium difluoride (IrF2 ) by Ir-F bond cleavage or F2 elimination. In addition, IrF5 can be reversed to IrF6 by adding a F atom when exposed to blue-light (λ=470 nm) irradiation. Laser irradiation (λ=266 nm) of IrF4 also generated IrF6 , IrF5 , IrF3 and IrF2 . Alternatively, molecular binary iridium fluorides IrFn (n=1-6) were produced by co-deposition of laser-ablated iridium atoms with elemental fluorine in excess neon and argon matrices under cryogenic conditions. Computational studies up to scalar relativistic CCSD(T)/triple-ζ level and two-component quasirelativistic DFT computations including spin-orbit coupling effects supported the formation of these products and provided detailed insights into their molecular structures by their characteristic Ir-F stretching bands. Compared to the Jahn-Teller effect, the influence of spin-orbit coupling dominates in IrF5 , leading to a triplet ground state with C4v symmetry, which was spectroscopically detected in solid argon and neon matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Freie Universität BerlinInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische ChemieFabeckstrasse 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Yetsedaw A. Tsegaw
- Freie Universität BerlinInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische ChemieFabeckstrasse 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Artur Wodyński
- Technische Universität BerlinInstitut für Chemie Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie Sekr. C7Strasse des 17. Juni 13510623BerlinGermany
| | - Lin Li
- Freie Universität BerlinInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische ChemieFabeckstrasse 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Helmut Beckers
- Freie Universität BerlinInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische ChemieFabeckstrasse 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Technische Universität BerlinInstitut für Chemie Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie Sekr. C7Strasse des 17. Juni 13510623BerlinGermany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Freie Universität BerlinInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische ChemieFabeckstrasse 34/3614195BerlinGermany
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Kennedy ADW, DiNardi RG, Fillbrook LL, Donald WA, Beves JE. Visible-Light Switching of Metallosupramolecular Assemblies. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104461. [PMID: 35102616 PMCID: PMC9302685 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A photoswitchable ligand and palladium(II) ions form a dynamic mixture of self-assembled metallosupramolecular structures. The photoswitching ligand is an ortho-fluoroazobenzene with appended pyridyl groups. Combining the E-isomer with palladium(II) salts affords a double-walled triangle with composition [Pd3 L6 ]6+ and a distorted tetrahedron [Pd4 L8 ]8+ (1 : 2 ratio at 298 K). Irradiation with 410 nm light generates a photostationary state with approximately 80 % of the E-isomer of the ligand and results in the selective disassembly of the tetrahedron, the more thermodynamically stable structure, and the formation of the triangle, the more kinetically inert product. The triangle is then slowly transformed back into the tetrahedron over 2 days at 333 K. The Z-isomer of the ligand does not form any well-defined structures and has a thermal half-life of 25 days at 298 K. This approach shows how a thermodynamically preferred self-assembled structure can be reversibly pumped to a kinetic trap by small perturbations of the isomer distribution using non-destructive visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ray G. DiNardi
- School of ChemistryThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
| | - Lucy L. Fillbrook
- School of ChemistryThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
| | - William A. Donald
- School of ChemistryThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
| | - Jonathon E. Beves
- School of ChemistryThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
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Küttinger M, Loichet Torres PA, Meyer E, Fischer P. Properties of Bromine Fused Salts Based on Quaternary Ammonium Molecules and Their Relevance for Use in a Hydrogen Bromine Redox Flow Battery. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103491. [PMID: 35107849 PMCID: PMC9304276 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bromine complexing agents (BCA) in aqueous electrolytes for hydrogen bromine flow batteries are used to reduce bromine‘s vapour pressure, while an insoluble and liquid fused salt is formed. The properties (concentrations, composition, conductivity and viscosity) of this fused salt are investigated in this study systematically ex situ by using 7 BCAs at different state of charge in HBr/Br2/H2O electrolytes with a theoretical capacity of 179.6 Ah L−1. Bromine is stored in the fused salt at concentrations up to 13.6 M, reaching theoretical volumetrical capacities up to 730 Ah L−1 in fused salts. The fused salt consists of a pure, bromine‐ and water‐free ionic liquid of organic [BCA]+ cations and polybromides, and its conductivity bases on a hopping mechanism among the polybromides. Alkyl side chain length of the BCAs and distribution of polybromides influence strongly the conductivity and viscosity of the fused salts. 1‐ethylpyridin‐1‐iumbromide results to be favoured BCA for application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Küttinger
- Applied Electrochemistry Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology ICT Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Straße 7 76327 Pfinztal Germany
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT Straße am Forum 8 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Paulette A. Loichet Torres
- Applied Electrochemistry Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology ICT Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Straße 7 76327 Pfinztal Germany
| | - Emeline Meyer
- Applied Electrochemistry Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology ICT Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Straße 7 76327 Pfinztal Germany
| | - Peter Fischer
- Applied Electrochemistry Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology ICT Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Straße 7 76327 Pfinztal Germany
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Küttinger M, Loichet Torres PA, Meyer E, Fischer P, Tübke J. Systematic Study of Quaternary Ammonium Cations for Bromine Sequestering Application in High Energy Density Electrolytes for Hydrogen Bromine Redox Flow Batteries. Molecules 2021; 26:2721. [PMID: 34066418 PMCID: PMC8124678 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromine complexing agents (BCAs) are used to reduce the vapor pressure of bromine in the aqueous electrolytes of bromine flow batteries. BCAs bind hazardous, volatile bromine by forming a second, heavy liquid fused salt. The properties of BCAs in a strongly acidic bromine electrolyte are largely unexplored. A total of 38 different quaternary ammonium halides are investigated ex situ regarding their properties and applicability in bromine electrolytes as BCAs. The focus is on the development of safe and performant HBr/Br2/H2O electrolytes with a theoretical capacity of 180 Ah L-1 for hydrogen bromine redox flow batteries (H2/Br2-RFB). Stable liquid fused salts, moderate bromine complexation, large conductivities and large redox potentials in the aqueous phase of the electrolytes are investigated in order to determine the most applicable BCA for this kind of electrolyte. A detailed study on the properties of BCA cations in these parameters is provided for the first time, as well as for electrolyte mixtures at different states of charge of the electrolyte. 1-ethylpyridin-1-ium bromide [C2Py]Br is selected from 38 BCAs based on its properties as a BCA that should be focused on for application in electrolytes for H2/Br2-RFB in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Küttinger
- Applied Electrochemistry, Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Straße 7, D-76327 Pfinztal, Germany; (M.K.); (P.A.L.T.); (E.M.); (J.T.)
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Straße am Forum 8, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Paulette A. Loichet Torres
- Applied Electrochemistry, Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Straße 7, D-76327 Pfinztal, Germany; (M.K.); (P.A.L.T.); (E.M.); (J.T.)
| | - Emeline Meyer
- Applied Electrochemistry, Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Straße 7, D-76327 Pfinztal, Germany; (M.K.); (P.A.L.T.); (E.M.); (J.T.)
| | - Peter Fischer
- Applied Electrochemistry, Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Straße 7, D-76327 Pfinztal, Germany; (M.K.); (P.A.L.T.); (E.M.); (J.T.)
| | - Jens Tübke
- Applied Electrochemistry, Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Straße 7, D-76327 Pfinztal, Germany; (M.K.); (P.A.L.T.); (E.M.); (J.T.)
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Straße am Forum 8, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Shernyukov AV, Salnikov GE, Rudakov DA, Genaev AM. Noncatalytic Bromination of Icosahedral Dicarboranes: The Key Role of Anionic Bromine Clusters Facilitating Br Atom Insertion into the B-H σ-Bond. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:3106-3116. [PMID: 33595316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the noncatalytic bromination of carboranes was studied experimentally and theoretically. We found that the reactions of o- and m-carboranes 1 and 2 with elemental bromine are first order in the substrate but unusually high (approximately fifth) order in bromine. The calculated energy barriers of these reactions decrease sharply as more bromine molecules are added to the quantum-chemical system. A considerable primary deuterium kinetic isotope effect for the bromination of 2 indicates that the rate-limiting stage is B-H bond breakage. According to quantum-chemical reaction path calculations, the bond breakage proceeds after the intrusion of a bromine atom into the B-H σ-bond. The 9-Br and 9-OH substituents in carborane 1 strongly retard the bromination of the corresponding derivatives. The bromination mechanism of 9-OH-1 is complex and includes neutral, deprotonated, and protonated forms of the carborane. The high experimental kinetic reaction order in bromine, together with quantum chemical modeling, points to a specific mechanism of bromination facilitated by anionic bromine clusters which significantly stabilize the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Shernyukov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Pr. Ak. Lavrentieva 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - George E Salnikov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Pr. Ak. Lavrentieva 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Rudakov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Pr. Ak. Lavrentieva 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Alexander M Genaev
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Pr. Ak. Lavrentieva 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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7
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Küttinger M, Wlodarczyk JK, Daubner D, Fischer P, Tübke J. High energy density electrolytes for H 2/Br 2 redox flow batteries, their polybromide composition and influence on battery cycling limits. RSC Adv 2021; 11:5218-5229. [PMID: 35424436 PMCID: PMC8694680 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10721b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen–bromine redox flow batteries (H2/Br2-RFB) are a promising stationary energy storage solution, offering energy storage densities up to 200 W h L−1. In this study, high energy density electrolytes of concentrated hydrobromic acid of up to 7.7 M are investigated. Particular polybromide ion (Br2n+1−; n = 1–3) concentrations in the electrolyte at different states of charge, their effect on the electrolytic conductivity and cell operation limits are investigated for the first time. The concentrations of individual polybromides in the electrolytes are determined by Raman spectroscopy. Tribromide (Br3−) and pentabromide (Br5−) are predominantly present in equal concentrations over the entire concentration range. Besides Br3− and Br5−, heptabromide (Br7−) exists in the electrolyte solution at higher bromine concentrations. It is shown that polybromide equilibria and their constants of Br3− and Br5− from literature are not applicable for highly concentrated solutions. The conductivity of the electrolytes depends primarily on the high proton concentration. The presence of higher polybromides leads to lower conductivities. The solubility of bromine increases disproportionately with increasing bromide concentration, since higher polybromides such as Br7− or Br5− are preferably formed with increasing bromide concentration. Cycling experiments on electrolyte in a single cell are performed and combined with limitations due to electrolyte conductivity and bromine solubility. Based on these results concentrations of the electrolyte are defined for potential operation in a H2/Br2-RFB in the range 1.0 M < c(HBr) < 7.7 M and c(Br2) < 3.35 M, leading to a theoretical energy density of 196 W h L−1. Polybromides formation in aqueous bromine electrolytes and influence on H2/Br2 redox flow battery performance is investigated the first time.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Küttinger
- Department of Applied Electrochemistry, Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology ICT Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Straße 7 76327 Pfinztal Germany
| | - Jakub K Wlodarczyk
- Institute of Computational Physics (ICP), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) Wildbachstrasse 21 8400 Winterthur Switzerland
| | - Daniela Daubner
- Department of Applied Electrochemistry, Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology ICT Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Straße 7 76327 Pfinztal Germany
| | - Peter Fischer
- Department of Applied Electrochemistry, Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology ICT Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Straße 7 76327 Pfinztal Germany
| | - Jens Tübke
- Department of Applied Electrochemistry, Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology ICT Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Straße 7 76327 Pfinztal Germany
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8
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Sonnenberg K, Mann L, Redeker FA, Schmidt B, Riedel S. Polyhalogen and Polyinterhalogen Anions from Fluorine to Iodine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5464-5493. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Sonnenberg
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Lisa Mann
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Frenio A. Redeker
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Benjamin Schmidt
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
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Sonnenberg K, Mann L, Redeker FA, Schmidt B, Riedel S. Polyhalogen‐ und Polyinterhalogen‐Anionen von Fluor bis Iod. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Sonnenberg
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Lisa Mann
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Frenio A. Redeker
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Benjamin Schmidt
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
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10
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Ivlev SI, Gaul K, Chen M, Karttunen AJ, Berger R, Kraus F. Synthesis and Characterization of [Br 3 ][MF 6 ] (M=Sb, Ir), as well as Quantum Chemical Study of [Br 3 ] + Structure, Chemical Bonding, and Relativistic Effects Compared with [XBr 2 ] + (X=Br, I, At, Ts) and [TsZ 2 ] + (Z=F, Cl, Br, I, At, Ts). Chemistry 2019; 25:5793-5802. [PMID: 30740806 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
[Br3 ][SbF6 ] and [Br3 ][IrF6 ] were synthesized by interaction of BrF3 with Sb2 O3 or iridium metal, respectively. The former compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbcn (No. 60) with a=11.9269(7), b=11.5370(7), c=12.0640(6) Å, V=1660.01(16) Å3 , Z=8 at 100 K. The latter compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 ‾ (No. 2) with a=5.4686(5), b=7.6861(8), c=9.9830(9) Å, α=85.320(8), β=82.060(7), γ=78.466(7)°, V=406.56(7) Å3 , Z=2 at 100 K. Both compounds contain the cation [Br3 ]+ , which has a bent structure and is coordinated by octahedron-like anions [MF6 ]- (M=Sb, Ir). Experimentally obtained cell parameters, bond lengths, and angles are confirmed by solid-state DFT calculations, which differ from the experimental values by less than 2 %. Relativistic effects on the structure of the tribromonium(1+) cation are studied computationally and found to be small. For the heaviest analogues containing At and Ts, however, pronounced relativistic effects are found, which lead to a linear structure of the polyhalogen cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei I Ivlev
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Gaul
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Mengyi Chen
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Antti J Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Robert Berger
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Florian Kraus
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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11
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Wang C, Danovich D, Chen H, Shaik S. Oriented External Electric Fields: Tweezers and Catalysts for Reactivity in Halogen-Bond Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:7122-7136. [PMID: 30945542 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This theoretical study establishes ways of controlling and enabling an uncommon chemical reaction, the displacement reaction, B:---(X-Y) → (B-X)+ + :Y-, which is nascent from a B:---(X-Y) halogen bond (XB) by nucleophilic attack of the base, B:, on the halogen, X. In most of the 14 cases examined, these reactions possess high barriers either in the gas phase (where the X-Y bond dissociates to radicals) or in solvents such as CH2Cl2 and CH3CN (which lead to endothermic processes). Thus, generally, the XB species are trapped in deep minima, and their reactions are not allowed without catalysis. However, when an oriented-external electric field (OEEF) is directed along the B---X---Y reaction axis, the field acts as electric tweezers that orient the XB along the field's axis, and intensely catalyze the process, by tens of kcal/mol, thus rendering the reaction allowed. Flipping the OEEF along the reaction axis inhibits the reaction and weakens the interaction of the XB. Furthermore, at a critical OEEF, each XB undergoes spontaneous and barrier-free reaction. As such, OEEF achieves quite tight control of the structure and reactivity of XB species. Valence bond modeling is used to elucidate the means whereby OEEFs exert their control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 9190407 , Israel.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 9190407 , Israel
| | - Hui Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 9190407 , Israel
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12
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Mann L, Senges G, Sonnenberg K, Haller H, Riedel S. Polybromide Dianions and Networks Stabilized by Fluorinated Bromo(triaryl)phosphonium Cations. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mann
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie ‐ Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Gene Senges
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie ‐ Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Karsten Sonnenberg
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie ‐ Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Heike Haller
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie ‐ Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie ‐ Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
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13
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Adonin SA, Sokolov MN, Fedin VP. Polyhalide-bonded metal complexes: Structural diversity in an eclectic class of compounds. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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14
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Sonnenberg K, Pröhm P, Schwarze N, Müller C, Beckers H, Riedel S. Untersuchungen chlorreicher Polychloride: [Cl11
]−
, [Cl12
]2−
und [Cl13
]−. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Sonnenberg
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie; FU Berlin; Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Patrick Pröhm
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie; FU Berlin; Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Nico Schwarze
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie; FU Berlin; Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Carsten Müller
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Theoretische Chemie; FU Berlin; Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Helmut Beckers
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie; FU Berlin; Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie; FU Berlin; Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
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15
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Sonnenberg K, Pröhm P, Schwarze N, Müller C, Beckers H, Riedel S. Investigation of Large Polychloride Anions: [Cl 11 ] - , [Cl 12 ] 2- , and [Cl 13 ] . Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9136-9140. [PMID: 29737601 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
For decades the chemistry of polyhalides was dominated by polyiodides and more recently also by an increasing number of polybromides. However, apart from a few structures containing trichloride anions and a single report on an octachloride dianion, [Cl8 ]2- , polychlorine compounds such as polychloride anions are unknown. Herein, we report on the synthesis and investigation of large polychloride monoanions such as [Cl11 ]- found in [AsPh4 ][Cl11 ], [PPh4 ][Cl11 ], and [PNP][Cl11 ]⋅Cl2 , and [Cl13 ]- obtained in [PNP][Cl13 ]. The polychloride dianion [Cl12 ]2- has been obtained in [NMe3 Ph]2 [Cl12 ]. The novel compounds have been thoroughly characterized by NMR spectroscopy, single-crystal Raman spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The assignment of their spectra is supported by molecular and periodic solid-state quantum-chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Sonnenberg
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, FU Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Pröhm
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, FU Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nico Schwarze
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, FU Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Theoretische Chemie, FU Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Beckers
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, FU Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, FU Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Schmidt B, Sonnenberg K, Beckers H, Steinhauer S, Riedel S. Synthesis and Characterization of Nonclassical Interhalides Based on Bromine Monochloride. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9141-9145. [PMID: 29740968 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Due to a more distinct σ-hole, BrCl is able to form stronger halogen bonds than those in polyhalogen anions based on Cl2 and Br2 . This stabilization allows the crystallographic characterization of a variety of new polyinterhalides, in which chloride functions as the central ion as shown by the molecular structures of [AsPh4 ][Cl(BrCl)3 ] and [CCl(NMe2 )2 ][Cl(BrCl)5 ]. Furthermore, the solid-state structure of an octahedrally coordinated nonclassical interhalide is reported for the first time. The tridecainterhalide monoanion [Cl(BrCl)6 ]- consists of a central chloride ion, which is coordinated by six BrCl molecules in a slightly distorted octahedral structure. All new compounds were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), NMR and Raman spectroscopy, as well as quantum-chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schmidt
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, FU Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Sonnenberg
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, FU Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Beckers
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, FU Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Steinhauer
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, FU Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, FU Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Schmidt B, Sonnenberg K, Beckers H, Steinhauer S, Riedel S. Synthese und Charakterisierung von nichtklassischen Polyinterhalogeniden basierend auf Brommonochlorid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schmidt
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie; FU Berlin; Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Karsten Sonnenberg
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie; FU Berlin; Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Helmut Beckers
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie; FU Berlin; Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Simon Steinhauer
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie; FU Berlin; Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie; FU Berlin; Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
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18
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Mann L, Hornberger E, Steinhauer S, Riedel S. Further Development of Weakly Coordinating Cations: Fluorinated Bis(triarylphosphoranylidene)iminium Salts. Chemistry 2018; 24:3902-3908. [PMID: 29314397 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
So far unknown bis(triarylphosphoranylidene)iminium cations [PPN]+ with one fluorine atom in para ([PPN-1F ]+ ), two in meta ([PPN-2F ]+ ), or three in para and meta positions of the phenyl rings ([PPN-3F ]+ ) were obtained by a newly developed one-pot reaction. These halogenated [PPN]+ cations were characterized by IR and Raman spectroscopy in comparison with quantum-chemical calculations, ESI+ mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. To assess their quality as weakly coordinating cations and the associated ability to stabilize labile anions, the electrostatic potential and fluoride-ion affinity were calculated and compared with those of the unsubstituted and so far unknown perfluorinated [PPN-5F ]+ cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mann
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Hornberger
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Steinhauer
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Sonnenberg K, Pröhm P, Müller C, Beckers H, Steinhauer S, Lentz D, Riedel S. Closing the Gap: Structural Evidence for the Missing Hexabromide Dianion [Br6
]2−. Chemistry 2018; 24:1072-1075. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Sonnenberg
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie; Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Patrick Pröhm
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie; Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Carsten Müller
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Theoretische Chemie; Takustr. 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Helmut Beckers
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie; Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Simon Steinhauer
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie; Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Dieter Lentz
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie; Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie; Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
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20
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Hog M, Burgenmeister B, Bromberger K, Schuster M, Riedel S, Krossing I. First Investigations Towards the Feasibility of an Al/Br2Battery Based on Ionic Liquids. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hog
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Benedikt Burgenmeister
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Kolja Bromberger
- Division Hydrogen Technologies; Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE; Heidenhofstr. 2 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Michael Schuster
- FUMATECH BWT GmbH; Carl-Benz-Str. 4 74321 Bietigheim-Bissingen Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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21
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Wang C, Danovich D, Shaik S, Mo Y. Halogen Bonds in Novel Polyhalogen Monoanions. Chemistry 2017; 23:8719-8728. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Wang
- College of Science; China University of Petroleum (East China); Changjiangxi Road 66 266580 Tsingtao P. R. China
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry and Lise Meitner Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry; The Hebrew University; Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry and Lise Meitner Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry; The Hebrew University; Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Chemistry; Western Michigan University; Kalamazoo MI 49008 USA
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22
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Nemec V, Lisac K, Stilinović V, Cinčić D. Inorganic bromine in organic molecular crystals: Database survey and four case studies. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Easton ME, Ward AJ, Chan B, Radom L, Masters AF, Maschmeyer T. Factors influencing the formation of polybromide monoanions in solutions of ionic liquid bromide salts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:7251-60. [PMID: 26890026 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06913k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Six different bromide salts - tetraethylammonium bromide ([N2,2,2,2]Br, Br), 1-ethyl-1-methylpiperidinium bromide ([C2MPip]Br, Br), 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bromide ([C2MPyrr]Br, Br), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C2MIm]Br, Br), 1-ethylpyridinium bromide ([C2Py]Br, Br), and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyridinium bromide ([C2OHPy]Br, Br) - were studied in regards to their capacity to form polybromide monoanion products on addition of molecular bromine in acetonitrile solutions. Using complementary spectroscopic and computational methods for the examination of tribromide and pentabromide anion formation, key factors influencing polybromide sequestration were identified. Here, we present criteria for the targeted synthesis of highly efficient bromine sequestration agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max E Easton
- School of Chemistry F11, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Antony J Ward
- School of Chemistry F11, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Bun Chan
- School of Chemistry F11, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Leo Radom
- School of Chemistry F11, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Anthony F Masters
- School of Chemistry F11, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Thomas Maschmeyer
- School of Chemistry F11, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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24
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Bulfield D, Huber SM. Halogen Bonding in Organic Synthesis and Organocatalysis. Chemistry 2016; 22:14434-50. [PMID: 27465662 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Halogen bonding is a noncovalent interaction similar to hydrogen bonding, which is based on electrophilic halogen substituents. Hydrogen-bonding-based organocatalysis is a well-established strategy which has found numerous applications in recent years. In light of this, halogen bonding has recently been introduced as a key interaction for the design of activators or organocatalysts that is complementary to hydrogen bonding. This Concept features a discussion on the history and electronic origin of halogen bonding, summarizes all relevant examples of its application in organocatalysis, and provides an overview on the use of cationic or polyfluorinated halogen-bond donors in halide abstraction reactions or in the activation of neutral organic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bulfield
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan M Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
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25
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Malinowski PJ, Himmel D, Krossing I. Coordination Chemistry of Diiodine and Implications for the Oxidation Capacity of the Synergistic Ag(+) /X2 (X=Cl, Br, I) System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9262-6. [PMID: 27411163 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The synergistic Ag(+) /X2 system (X=Cl, Br, I) is a very strong, but ill-defined oxidant-more powerful than X2 or Ag(+) alone. Intermediates for its action may include [Agm (X2 )n ](m+) complexes. Here, we report on an unexpectedly variable coordination chemistry of diiodine towards this direction: (A)Ag-I2 -Ag(A), [Ag2 (I2 )4 ](2+) (A(-) )2 and [Ag2 (I2 )6 ](2+) (A(-) )2 ⋅(I2 )x≈0.65 form by reaction of Ag(A) (A=Al(OR(F) )4 ; R(F) =C(CF3 )3 ) with diiodine (single crystal/powder XRD, Raman spectra and quantum-mechanical calculations). The molecular (A)Ag-I2 -Ag(A) is ideally set up to act as a 2 e(-) oxidant with stoichiometric formation of 2 AgI and 2 A(-) . Preliminary reactivity tests proved this (A)Ag-I2 -Ag(A) starting material to oxidize n-C5 H12 , C3 H8 , CH2 Cl2 , P4 or S8 at room temperature. A rough estimate of its electron affinity places it amongst very strong oxidizers like MF6 (M=4d metals). This suggests that (A)Ag-I2 -Ag(A) will serve as an easily in bulk accessible, well-defined, and very potent oxidant with multiple applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław J Malinowski
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg i. Br., Germany.,Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg i. Br., Germany.
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26
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Malinowski PJ, Himmel D, Krossing I. Coordination Chemistry of Diiodine and Implications for the Oxidation Capacity of the Synergistic Ag
+
/
X
2
(
X
=Cl, Br, I) System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław J. Malinowski
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Freiburg i. Br. Germany
- Centre of New TechnologiesUniversity of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Freiburg i. Br. Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Freiburg i. Br. Germany
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27
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Hausmann D, Feldmann C. Bromine-rich Zinc Bromides: Zn6Br12(18-crown-6)2×(Br2)5, Zn4Br8(18-crown-6)2×(Br2)3, and Zn6Br12(18-crown-6)2×(Br2)2. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:6141-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Hausmann
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 15, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claus Feldmann
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 15, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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28
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Easton ME, Chan B, Masters AF, Radom L, Maschmeyer T. Beyond the Halogen Bond: Examining the Limits of Extended Polybromide Networks through Quantum‐Chemical Investigations. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:682-6. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201501316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max E. Easton
- School of Chemistry F11 University of Sydney Eastern Ave NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Bun Chan
- School of Chemistry F11 University of Sydney Eastern Ave NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Anthony F. Masters
- School of Chemistry F11 University of Sydney Eastern Ave NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Leo Radom
- School of Chemistry F11 University of Sydney Eastern Ave NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Thomas Maschmeyer
- School of Chemistry F11 University of Sydney Eastern Ave NSW 2006 Australia
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29
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Hausmann D, Köppe R, Wolf S, Roesky PW, Feldmann C. Ionic-liquid-assisted synthesis of the phosphorus interhalides [PBr4][IBr2] and [PBr4][I5Br7]. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:16526-16532. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03303b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ionic-liquid based synthesis results in the phosphorus interhalides [PBr4][IBr2] and [PBr4]2[I5Br7] whereof the latter shows thermal halogen release of 96.8 wt% (≤300 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hausmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Ralf Köppe
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Silke Wolf
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Claus Feldmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
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30
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Brückner R, Haller H, Steinhauer S, Müller C, Riedel S. A 2D Polychloride Network Held Together by Halogen–Halogen Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:15579-83. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Brückner
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie ‐ Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Heike Haller
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie ‐ Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Simon Steinhauer
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie ‐ Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Carsten Müller
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie ‐ Theoretische Chemie, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie ‐ Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
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31
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Brückner R, Haller H, Steinhauer S, Müller C, Riedel S. Ein durch Halogen-Halogen-Wechselwirkungen zusammengehaltenes 2D-Polychloridnetzwerk. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Brosi F, Vent‐Schmidt T, Kieninger S, Schlöder T, Beckers H, Riedel S. Polyfluorides and Neat Fluorine as Host Material in Matrix‐Isolation Experiments. Chemistry 2015; 21:16455-62. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Brosi
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Thomas Vent‐Schmidt
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau (Germany)
| | - Stefanie Kieninger
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Tobias Schlöder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Helmut Beckers
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
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Shernyukov AV, Genaev AM, Salnikov GE, Rzepa HS, Shubin VG. Noncatalytic bromination of benzene: A combined computational and experimental study. J Comput Chem 2015; 37:210-25. [PMID: 26174310 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The noncatalytic bromination of benzene is shown experimentally to require high 5-14 M concentrations of bromine to proceed at ambient temperatures to form predominantly bromobenzene, along with detectable (<2%) amounts of addition products such as tetra and hexabromocyclohexanes. The kinetic order in bromine at these high concentrations is 4.8 ± 0.06 at 298 K and 5.6 ± 0.11 at 273 K with a small measured inverse deuterium isotope effect using D6 -benzene of 0.97 ± 0.03 at 298 K. These results are rationalized using computed transition states models at the B3LYP+D3/6-311++G(2d,2p) level with an essential continuum solvent field for benzene applied. The model with the lowest predicted activation free energies agrees with the high experimental kinetic order in bromine and involves formation of an ionic, concerted, and asynchronous transition state with a Br8 cluster resembling the structure of the known Br9 (-). This cluster plays three roles; as a Br(+) donor, as a proton base, and as a stabilizing arm forming weak interactions with two adjacent benzene CH hydrogens, these aspects together combining to overcome the lack of reactivity of benzene induced by its aromaticity. The computed inverse kinetic isotope effect of 0.95 agrees with experiment, and arises because C-Br bond formation is essentially complete, whereas C-H cleavage has not yet commenced. The computed free energy barriers for the reaction with 4Br2 and 5Br2 for a standard state of 14.3 M in bromine are reasonable for an ambient temperature reaction, unlike previously reported theoretical models involving only one or two bromines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Shernyukov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander M Genaev
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - George E Salnikov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation.,Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova, 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Henry S Rzepa
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Vyacheslav G Shubin
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
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Vent-Schmidt T, Brosi F, Metzger J, Schlöder T, Wang X, Andrews L, Müller C, Beckers H, Riedel S. Fluorreiche Fluoride - neue Erkenntnisse über die Chemie von Polyfluoridanionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Vent-Schmidt T, Brosi F, Metzger J, Schlöder T, Wang X, Andrews L, Müller C, Beckers H, Riedel S. Fluorine-Rich Fluorides: New Insights into the Chemistry of Polyfluoride Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:8279-83. [PMID: 26039540 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Polyfluoride anions have been investigated by matrix-isolation spectroscopy and quantum-chemical methods. For the first time the higher polyfluoride anion [F5 ](-) has been observed under cryogenic conditions in neon matrices at 850 cm(-1) . In addition, a new band for the Cs(+) [F3 ](-) complex in neon is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vent-Schmidt
- Universität Freiburg, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Freiburg (Germany)
| | - Felix Brosi
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195 Berlin (Germany) http://www.fluorinechemistry.de
| | - Jens Metzger
- Universität Freiburg, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Freiburg (Germany)
| | - Tobias Schlöder
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195 Berlin (Germany) http://www.fluorinechemistry.de
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (USA)
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (USA)
| | - Carsten Müller
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Helmut Beckers
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195 Berlin (Germany) http://www.fluorinechemistry.de
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195 Berlin (Germany) http://www.fluorinechemistry.de.
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Gutsev GL, Belay KG, Weatherford CA, Ramachandran BR, Gutsev LG, Jena P. Structure and Properties of Polyfluoride Fn– Clusters (n = 3–29). J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:6483-92. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b02431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. L. Gutsev
- Department of Physics, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, United States
| | - K. G. Belay
- Department of Physics, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, United States
| | - C. A. Weatherford
- Department of Physics, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, United States
| | - B. R. Ramachandran
- College of Engineering & Science, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, United States
| | - L. G. Gutsev
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306,United States
| | - P. Jena
- Department
of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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Easton ME, Ward AJ, Hudson T, Turner P, Masters AF, Maschmeyer T. The formation of high-order polybromides in a room-temperature ionic liquid: from monoanions ([Br5 ](-) to [Br11 ](-) ) to the isolation of [PC16 H36 ]2 [Br24 ] as determined by van der Waals Bonding Radii. Chemistry 2014; 21:2961-5. [PMID: 25487061 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented diversity of high-order bromine catenates (anionic polybromides) was generated in a tetraalkylphosphonium-based room temperature ionic liquid system. Raman spectroscopy was used to identify polybromide monoanions ranging from [Br5 ](-) to [Br11 ](-) in the bulk solution, while single-crystal X-ray diffraction identified extended networks of linked [Br11 ](-) units, forming a previously unknown polymeric [Br24 ](2-) dianion. This represents the largest polybromide species identified to date. In combination with recent work, this suggests that other, higher order molecular polybromide ions might be isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max E Easton
- School of Chemistry F11, University of Sydney (Australia)
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38
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Haller H, Riedel S. Recent Discoveries of Polyhalogen Anions - from Bromine to Fluorine. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201400085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Helene Lange Prize: M. Schnell / International Young Talent Award in Fluorine Chemistry: S. Riedel / Roy L. Whistler International Award: G.-J. Boons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201308452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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40
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Helene-Lange-Preis: M. Schnell / International Young Talent Award in Fluorine Chemistry: S. Riedel / Roy L. Whistler International Award: G.-J. Boons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201308452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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41
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Martí-Rujas J, Meazza L, Lim GK, Terraneo G, Pilati T, Harris KDM, Metrangolo P, Resnati G. An Adaptable and Dynamically Porous Organic Salt Traps Unique Tetrahalide Dianions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:13444-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Martí-Rujas J, Meazza L, Lim GK, Terraneo G, Pilati T, Harris KDM, Metrangolo P, Resnati G. An Adaptable and Dynamically Porous Organic Salt Traps Unique Tetrahalide Dianions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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