1
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Arango-Restrepo A, Rubi JM. Interplay of phoresis and self-phoresis in active particles: Transport properties, phoretic, and self-phoretic coefficients. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:054906. [PMID: 39092955 DOI: 10.1063/5.0220323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-propelled synthetic particles have attracted scientific interest due to their potential applications as nanomotors in drug delivery and their insight into bacterial taxis. Research on their dynamics has focused on understanding phoresis and self-phoresis in catalytic Janus particles at both the nano- and microscale. This study explores the combined effects of self-diffusiophoresis and self-thermophoresis induced by exothermic chemical reactions on the surface of active particles moving in non-electrolyte media. We examine how these phoretic phenomena interact, influenced by the coupling between chemical reactions, heat generation, and the concentration and temperature fields at the particle interface. Using a theoretical framework based on the induction of surface tension gradients at the particle interface, we analyze the phoretic dynamics, quantifying parameters such as effective diffusivities, transport coefficients, and, most importantly, phoretic coefficients. Our findings provide insights into the conditions that dictate coupled or independent phoretic behaviors, with implications for drug delivery and nanomotor applications, enabling customized transport processes at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arango-Restrepo
- Condensed Matter Department, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J M Rubi
- Condensed Matter Department, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Sapre A, Bhattacharyya R, Sen A. A Cautionary Perspective on Hydrogel-Induced Concentration Gradient Generation for Studying Chemotaxis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:40131-40138. [PMID: 39021097 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The achievement of consistent and static chemical gradients is critically important in the study of diffusion and chemotaxis at the micro- and nanoscales. In this context, a number of groups have reported on hydrogel-based systems for generating concentration gradients. Here, we analyze the behavior of agarose and gelatin-based hydrogels in hybridization chambers of different heights. Our focus is on the issues that are caused by the presence of robust bulk fluid flows in such systems due to the solutes present in the hydrogel and/or the surrounding fluid. We describe the key insights derived from these experiments, offering practical guidelines for establishing gradients using hydrogel-based systems and make the community aware of different variables that can make the experiments nonreproducible and prone to misinterpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Sapre
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Rik Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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3
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Xia X, Li Y, Xiao X, Zhang Z, Mao C, Li T, Wan M. Chemotactic Micro/Nanomotors for Biomedical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306191. [PMID: 37775935 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
In nature, many organisms respond chemotactically to external chemical stimuli in order to extract nutrients or avoid danger. Inspired by this natural chemotaxis, micro/nanomotors with chemotactic properties have been developed and applied to study a variety of disease models. This chemotactic strategy has shown promising results and has attracted the attention of an increasing number of researchers. This paper mainly reviews the construction methods of different types of chemotactic micro/nanomotors, the mechanism of chemotaxis, and the potential applications in biomedicine. First, based on the classification of materials, the construction methods and therapeutic effects of chemotactic micro/nanomotors based on natural cells and synthetic materials in cellular and animal experiments will be elaborated in detail. Second, the mechanism of chemotaxis of micro/nanomotors is elaborated in detail: chemical reaction induced chemotaxis and physical process driven chemotaxis. In particular, the main differences and significant advantages between chemotactic micro/nanomotors and magnetic, electrical and optical micro/nanomotors are described. The applications of chemotactic micro/nanomotors in the biomedical fields in recent years are then summarized, focusing on the mechanism of action and therapeutic effects in cancer and cardiovascular disease. Finally, the authors are looking forward to the future development of chemotactic micro/nanomotors in the biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xia
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yue Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiangyu Xiao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ziqiang Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ting Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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4
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Wang W. Open Questions of Chemically Powered Nano- and Micromotors. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27185-27197. [PMID: 38063192 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemically powered nano- and micromotors are microscopic devices that convert chemical energy into motion. Interest in these motors has grown over the past 20 years because they exhibit interesting collective behaviors and have found potential uses in biomedical and environmental applications. Understanding how these motors operate both individually and collectively and how environments affect their operation is of both fundamental and applied significance. However, there are still significant gaps in our knowledge. This Perspective highlights several open questions regarding the propulsion mechanisms of, interactions among, and impact of confinements on nano- and micromotors driven by self-generated chemical gradients. These questions are based on my own experience as an experimentalist. For each open question, I describe the problem and its significance, analyze the status-quo, identify the bottleneck problem, and propose potential solutions. An underlying theme for these questions is the interplay among reaction kinetics, physicochemical distributions, and fluid flows. Unraveling this interplay requires careful measurements as well as a close collaboration between experimentalists and theoreticians/numerical experts. The interdisciplinary nature of these challenges suggests that their solutions could bring new revelations and opportunities across disciplines such as colloidal sciences, material sciences, soft matter physics, robotics, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 518055
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5
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Ryabov A, Tasinkevych M. Mechanochemical active ratchet. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20572. [PMID: 37996603 PMCID: PMC10667355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47465-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-propelled nanoparticles moving through liquids offer the possibility of creating advanced applications where such nanoswimmers can operate as artificial molecular-sized motors. Achieving control over the motion of nanoswimmers is a crucial aspect for their reliable functioning. While the directionality of micron-sized swimmers can be controlled with great precision, steering nano-sized active particles poses a real challenge. One of the reasons is the existence of large fluctuations of active velocity at the nanoscale. Here, we describe a mechanism that, in the presence of a ratchet potential, transforms these fluctuations into a net current of active nanoparticles. We demonstrate the effect using a generic model of self-propulsion powered by chemical reactions. The net motion along the easy direction of the ratchet potential arises from the coupling of chemical and mechanical processes and is triggered by a constant, transverse to the ratchet, force. The current magnitude sensitively depends on the amplitude and the periodicity of the ratchet potential and the strength of the transverse force. Our results highlight the importance of thermodynamically consistent modeling of chemical reactions in active matter at the nanoscale and suggest new ways of controlling dynamics in such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Ryabov
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000 , Praha 8, Czech Republic
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Física Teórica e Computacional, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mykola Tasinkevych
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Centro de Física Teórica e Computacional, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
- SOFT Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
- International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, 739-8511, Japan.
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6
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Ma ZC, Fan J, Wang H, Chen W, Yang GZ, Han B. Microfluidic Approaches for Microactuators: From Fabrication, Actuation, to Functionalization. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300469. [PMID: 36855777 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microactuators can autonomously convert external energy into specific mechanical motions. With the feature sizes varying from the micrometer to millimeter scale, microactuators offer many operation and control possibilities for miniaturized devices. In recent years, advanced microfluidic techniques have revolutionized the fabrication, actuation, and functionalization of microactuators. Microfluidics can not only facilitate fabrication with continuously changing materials but also deliver various signals to stimulate the microactuators as desired, and consequently improve microfluidic chips with multiple functions. Herein, this cross-field that systematically correlates microactuator properties and microfluidic functions is comprehensively reviewed. The fabrication strategies are classified into two types according to the flow state of the microfluids: stop-flow and continuous-flow prototyping. The working mechanism of microactuators in microfluidic chips is discussed in detail. Finally, the applications of microactuator-enriched functional chips, which include tunable imaging devices, micromanipulation tools, micromotors, and microsensors, are summarized. The existing challenges and future perspectives are also discussed. It is believed that with the rapid progress of this cutting-edge field, intelligent microsystems may realize high-throughput manipulation, characterization, and analysis of tiny objects and find broad applications in various fields, such as tissue engineering, micro/nanorobotics, and analytical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Chen Ma
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Control and Management, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiahao Fan
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Control and Management, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hesheng Wang
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Control and Management, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Control and Management, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guang-Zhong Yang
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bing Han
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
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7
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Ji F, Wu Y, Pumera M, Zhang L. Collective Behaviors of Active Matter Learning from Natural Taxes Across Scales. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203959. [PMID: 35986637 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Taxis orientation is common in microorganisms, and it provides feasible strategies to operate active colloids as small-scale robots. Collective taxes involve numerous units that collectively perform taxis motion, whereby the collective cooperation between individuals enables the group to perform efficiently, adaptively, and robustly. Hence, analyzing and designing collectives is crucial for developing and advancing microswarm toward practical or clinical applications. In this review, natural taxis behaviors are categorized and synthetic microrobotic collectives are discussed as bio-inspired realizations, aiming at closing the gap between taxis strategies of living creatures and those of functional active microswarms. As collective behaviors emerge within a group, the global taxis to external stimuli guides the group to conduct overall tasks, whereas the local taxis between individuals induces synchronization and global patterns. By encoding the local orientations and programming the global stimuli, various paradigms can be introduced for coordinating and controlling such collective microrobots, from the viewpoints of fundamental science and practical applications. Therefore, by discussing the key points and difficulties associated with collective taxes of different paradigms, this review potentially offers insights into mimicking natural collective behaviors and constructing intelligent microrobotic systems for on-demand control and preassigned tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengtong Ji
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yilin Wu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Martin Pumera
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava, 70800, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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8
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Medical micro- and nanomotors in the body. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:517-541. [PMID: 36873176 PMCID: PMC9979267 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Attributed to the miniaturized body size and active mobility, micro- and nanomotors (MNMs) have demonstrated tremendous potential for medical applications. However, from bench to bedside, massive efforts are needed to address critical issues, such as cost-effective fabrication, on-demand integration of multiple functions, biocompatibility, biodegradability, controlled propulsion and in vivo navigation. Herein, we summarize the advances of biomedical MNMs reported in the past two decades, with particular emphasis on the design, fabrication, propulsion, navigation, and the abilities of biological barriers penetration, biosensing, diagnosis, minimally invasive surgery and targeted cargo delivery. Future perspectives and challenges are discussed as well. This review can lay the foundation for the future direction of medical MNMs, pushing one step forward on the road to achieving practical theranostics using MNMs.
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9
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Li T, Liu Z, Hu J, Chen L, Chen T, Tang Q, Yu B, Zhao B, Mao C, Wan M. A Universal Chemotactic Targeted Delivery Strategy for Inflammatory Diseases. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2206654. [PMID: 36122571 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Above 50% of deaths can be attributed to chronic inflammatory diseases; thus, the construction of drug delivery systems based on effective interaction of inflammatory factors with chemotactic nanoparticles is meaningful. Herein, a zwitterion-based artificial chemotactic nanomotor is proposed for universal precise targeting strategy in vivo, where the high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in inflammatory sites are used as a chemoattractant. Multidimensional static models, dynamic models, and in vivo models are established to evaluate chemotactic performance. The results show that the upregulated ROS and iNOS can induce the chemotaxis of nanomotors to diseased tissues in inflammation-related disease models. Further, mesoscale hydrodynamics simulations are performed to explain the chemotactic behavior of the nanomotors. Such a chemotactic delivery strategy is expected to improve delivery efficiency and may be applicable to a variety of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jinglei Hu
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lin Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tiantian Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qianqian Tang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bixia Yu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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10
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Arnaboldi S, Salinas G, Bonetti G, Garrigue P, Cirilli R, Benincori T, Kuhn A. Autonomous Chiral Microswimmers with Self‐mixing Capabilities for Highly Efficient Enantioselective Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209098. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Arnaboldi
- Univ. Bordeaux CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM UMR 5255 33607 Pessac France
- Dip. Di Chimica Univ. degli Studi di Milano 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Gerardo Salinas
- Univ. Bordeaux CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM UMR 5255 33607 Pessac France
| | - Giorgia Bonetti
- Dip. di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Univ. degli Studi dell'Insubria 22100 Como Italy
| | - Patrick Garrigue
- Univ. Bordeaux CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM UMR 5255 33607 Pessac France
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità Centro Nazionale per il Controllo e la Valutazione dei Farmaci 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Tiziana Benincori
- Dip. di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Univ. degli Studi dell'Insubria 22100 Como Italy
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM UMR 5255 33607 Pessac France
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11
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Wang Y, Zhao P, Zhang S, Zhu K, Shangguan X, Liu L, Zhang S. Application of Janus Particles in Point-of-Care Testing. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12090689. [PMID: 36140074 PMCID: PMC9496037 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Janus particles (JPs), named after the two-faced Roman god, are asymmetric particles with different chemical properties or polarities. JPs have been widely used in the biomedical field in recent years, including as drug carriers for targeted controlled drug release and as biosensors for biological imaging and biomarker detection, which is crucial in the early detection and treatment of diseases. In this review, we highlight the most recent advancements made with regard to Janus particles in point-of-care testing (POCT). Firstly, we introduce several commonly used methods for preparing Janus particles. Secondly, we present biomarker detection using JPs based on various detection methods to achieve the goal of POCT. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for developing Janus particles in POCT. This review will facilitate the development of POCT biosensing devices based on the unique properties of Janus particles.
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12
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Arnaboldi S, Salinas G, Bonetti G, Garrigue P, Cirilli R, Benincori T, Kuhn A. Autonomous Chiral Microswimmers with Self‐mixing Capabilities for Highly Efficient Enantioselective Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Arnaboldi
- University of Milan–Bicocca: Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Di Chimica ITALY
| | - Gerardo Salinas
- University of Bordeaux: Universite de Bordeaux Institute of Molecular Science FRANCE
| | - Giorgia Bonetti
- Insubria University - Como Campus: Universita degli Studi dell'Insubria - Sede di Como di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia ITALY
| | - Patrick Garrigue
- University of Bordeaux: Universite de Bordeaux Institute of Molecular Science FRANCE
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Instituto superiore di santa Centro nazionale per il controlo e la valutazione dei Farmaci ITALY
| | - Tiziana Benincori
- Insubria University - Como Campus: Universita degli Studi dell'Insubria - Sede di Como di chimica ITALY
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Bordeaux INP Chemistry ENSCBP 16 avenue Pey Berland 33607 Pessac FRANCE
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13
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Wang D, Mukhtar A, Humayun M, Wu K, Du Z, Wang S, Zhang Y. A Critical Review on Nanowire-Motors: Design, Mechanism and Applications. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200016. [PMID: 35616156 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanowire-motors (NW-Ms) are promoting the rapid development of emerging biomedicine and environmental governance, and are an important branch of micro-nano motors in the development of nanotechnology. In recent years, huge research breakthroughs have been made in these fields in terms of the fascinating microstructure, conversion efficiency and practical applications of NW-Ms. This review article introduces the latest milestones in NW-Ms research, from production methods, driving mechanisms, control methods to targeted drug delivery, sewage detection, sensors and cell capture. The dynamics and physics of micro-nano devices are reviewed, and finally the current challenges and future research directions in this field are discussed. This review further aims to provide certain guidance for the driving of NW-Ms to meet the urgent needs of emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashuang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Aiman Mukhtar
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Steels, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Muhammad Humayun
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Kaiming Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Steels, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Zhilan Du
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Shushen Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Steels, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
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14
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Xiao Z, Nsamela A, Garlan B, Simmchen J. A Platform for Stop‐Flow Gradient Generation to Investigate Chemotaxis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117768. [PMID: 35156269 PMCID: PMC9401050 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The ability of artificial microswimmers to respond to external stimuli and the mechanistical details of their origins belong to the most disputed challenges in interdisciplinary science. Therein, the creation of chemical gradients is technically challenging, because they quickly level out due to diffusion. Inspired by pivotal stopped flow experiments in chemical kinetics, we show that microfluidics gradient generation combined with a pressure feedback loop for precisely controlling the stop of the flows, can enable us to study mechanistical details of chemotaxis of artificial Janus micromotors, based on a catalytic reaction. We find that these copper Janus particles display a chemotactic motion along the concentration gradient in both, positive and negative direction and we demonstrate the mechanical reaction of the particles to unbalanced drag forces, explaining this behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuyao Xiao
- Chair of Physical Chemistry TU Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Audrey Nsamela
- Chair of Physical Chemistry TU Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
- Elvesys SAS Rue de Charonne 172 75011 Paris France
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15
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Gao C, Feng Y, Wilson DA, Tu Y, Peng F. Micro-Nano Motors with Taxis Behavior: Principles, Designs, and Biomedical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106263. [PMID: 35032145 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a novel mobile nanodevice, micro-nano motors (MNMs) can convert the energy of the surrounding environment into mechanical motion. With this unique ability, they promise revolutionary potential in bio-applications including precise drug delivery, bio-sensing, and noninvasive surgery. Yet for practically reaching the target and fulfilling these tasks in dynamically changing bio-environment, environment adaptivity beyond propulsion is important yet challenging. MNMs with taxis behavior/autonomous target-seeking ability offer a desirable solution. These motors can adaptively move to the target location and complete the task. Thanks to the persistent efforts of researchers, tactic MNMs have shown automatic navigation to target under various energy fields, not only in static environments, but also in shear rheological conditions that simulate blood flow. Therefore, tactic motors with self-targeting capability lay a concrete foundation for targeted drug delivery, cell transplantation, and thrombus ablation. This review systematically presents the moving principle, design, and biological applications of tactic MNMs under different energy fields. Through in-depth analysis of state-of-art progress, the obstacles of the field and possible solutions are discussed. With the continuous innovation and breakthroughs of multi-disciplinary researchers, MNMs with taxis behavior are expected to provide a revolutionary solution for cancer and other major diseases in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ye Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Daniela A Wilson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 XZ, The Netherlands
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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16
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Sun Z, Hou Y. Micro/nanorobots as Active Delivery Systems for Biomedicine: From Self‐propulsion to Controllable Navigation. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoli Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices (BKL‐MMD) Beijing Innovation Centre for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC‐ESAT) School of Materials Science and Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- School of Life Sciences Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yanglong Hou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices (BKL‐MMD) Beijing Innovation Centre for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC‐ESAT) School of Materials Science and Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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17
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Xiao Z, Nsamela A, Garlan B, Simmchen J. Entwicklung einer Plattform zur Generierung von Stop‐Flow‐Gradienten zur Untersuchung von Chemotaxis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuyao Xiao
- Chair of Physical Chemistry TU Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Audrey Nsamela
- Chair of Physical Chemistry TU Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
- Elvesys SAS Rue de Charonne 172 75011 Paris France
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18
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Zhou C, Gao C, Wu Y, Si T, Yang M, He Q. Torque-Driven Orientation Motion of Chemotactic Colloidal Motors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116013. [PMID: 34981604 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We report a direct experimental observation of the torque-driven active reorientation of glucose-fueled flasklike colloidal motors to a glucose gradient exhibiting a positive chemotaxis. These streamlined flasklike colloidal motors are prepared by combining a hydrothermal synthesis and a vacuum infusion and can be propelled by an enzymatic cascade reaction in the glucose fuel. Their flasklike architecture can be used to recognize their moving posture, and thus the dynamic glucose-gradient-induced alignment and orientation-dependent motility during positive chemotaxis can be examined experimentally. The chemotactic mechanism is that the enzymatic reactions inside lead to the glucose acid gradient and the glucose gradient which generate two phoretic torques at the bottom and the opening respectively, and thus continuously steer it to the glucose gradient. Such glucose-fueled flasklike colloidal motors resembling the chemotactic capability of living organisms hold considerable potential for engineering active delivery vehicles in response to specific chemical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Changyong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Tieyan Si
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Mingcheng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China
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19
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Zhou C, Gao C, Wu Y, Si T, Yang M, He Q. Torque‐Driven Orientation Motion of Chemotactic Colloidal Motors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) School of Medicine and Health Harbin Institute of Technology No. 92 XiDaZhi Street Harbin 150001 China
| | - Changyong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) School of Medicine and Health Harbin Institute of Technology No. 92 XiDaZhi Street Harbin 150001 China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) School of Medicine and Health Harbin Institute of Technology No. 92 XiDaZhi Street Harbin 150001 China
| | - Tieyan Si
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) School of Medicine and Health Harbin Institute of Technology No. 92 XiDaZhi Street Harbin 150001 China
| | - Mingcheng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan, Guangdong 523808 China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) School of Medicine and Health Harbin Institute of Technology No. 92 XiDaZhi Street Harbin 150001 China
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20
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Mou F, Xie Q, Liu J, Che S, Bahmane L, You M, Guan J. ZnO-based micromotors fueled by CO 2: the first example of self-reorientation-induced biomimetic chemotaxis. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 8:nwab066. [PMID: 34876993 PMCID: PMC8645024 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic chemotactic micro/nanomotors are envisioned to actively ‘seek out’ targets by following specific chemicals, but they are mainly powered by bioincompatible fuels and only show pseudochemotaxis (or advanced chemokinesis) due to their weak self-reorientation capabilities. Here we demonstrate that synthetic ZnO-based Janus micromotors can be powered by the alternative biocompatible fuel of CO2, and further provide the first example of self-reorientation-induced biomimetic chemotaxis using them. The ZnO-based micromotors are highly sensitive to dissolved CO2 in water, which enables the corrosion of ZnO to continuously occur by providing H+ through hydration. Thus, they can autonomously move even in water exposed to air based on self-diffusiophoresis. Furthermore, they can sense the local CO2 gradient and perform positive chemotaxis by self-reorientations under the phoretic torque. Our discovery opens a gate to developing intelligent micro/nanomotors powered by, and sensitive to, biocompatible atmospheric or endogenous gaseous chemicals for biomedical and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhi Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shengping Che
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lamya Bahmane
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ming You
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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21
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Yasugahira Y, Tatsumi Y, Yamanaka O, Nishimori H, Nagayama M, Nakata S. Catch and Release Chemotaxis. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yasugahira
- Research Institute for Electronic Science Hokkaido University N10 W8, Kita-Ward Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Yuki Tatsumi
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Osamu Yamanaka
- Meiji Institute for Advanced Study of Mathematical Sciences (MIMS) Meiji University 4-21-1 Nakano, Nakano-ku Tokyo 164-8525 Japan
| | - Hiraku Nishimori
- Meiji Institute for Advanced Study of Mathematical Sciences (MIMS) Meiji University 4-21-1 Nakano, Nakano-ku Tokyo 164-8525 Japan
| | - Masaharu Nagayama
- Research Institute for Electronic Science Hokkaido University N10 W8, Kita-Ward Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakata
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
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22
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Choi H, Yi J, Cho SH, Hahn SK. Multifunctional micro/nanomotors as an emerging platform for smart healthcare applications. Biomaterials 2021; 279:121201. [PMID: 34715638 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-propelling micro- and nano-motors (MNMs) are emerging as a multifunctional platform for smart healthcare applications such as biosensing, bioimaging, and targeted drug delivery with high tissue penetration, stirring effect, and rapid drug transport. MNMs can be propelled and/or guided by chemical substances or external stimuli including ultrasound, magnetic field, and light. In addition, enzymatically powered MNMs and biohybrid micromotors have been developed using the biological components in the body. In this review, we describe emerging MNMs focusing on their smart propulsion systems, and diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Finally, we highlight several MNMs for in vivo applications and discuss the future perspectives of MNMs on their current limitations and possibilities toward further clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsik Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Jeeyoon Yi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Seong Hwi Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Sei Kwang Hahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea.
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23
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Wang J, Si J, Li J, Zhang P, Wang Y, Zhang W, Jin B, Li W, Li N, Miao S. Self-Propelled Nanojets for Fenton Catalysts Based on Halloysite with Embedded Pt and Outside-Grafted Fe 3O 4. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:49017-49026. [PMID: 34614350 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Taking inspirations from nature, we endeavor to develop catalytically self-propelled nanojets from a type of tubular clay minerals, halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), and utilize them as catalysts targeted for catalysis where the traditional means of mechanical agitation cannot be implemented. Nanojets of Fe3O4@HNTs/Pt were prepared by impregnating platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) in lumens of HNTs and selective grafting of magnetite (Fe3O4) particles on the external surface. The HNT-based nanojets were validated to be highly suitable both in free bulk solution and in microfluidic flow. An example of Fenton degradation catalyzed by these jets was demonstrated. The powerful movement of Fe3O4@HNTs/Pt (368 ± 50 μm·s-1) fueled by 5.0% wt. H2O2 was found to follow a bubble propulsion mechanism, and the motion exhibits collective behavior as swarms. The clay tubes were for the first time observed to self-assemble into fish-like aggregates during swimming, reflecting natural occurrence of motion-evolution philosophy. Guided motion was realized by employing magnetic manipulation which makes jets feasible for reactors with complex microchannels/reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Solid Waste Recycling Engineering Research Center of Jilin Province, Open Research Laboratory for Physicochemical Testing Methods of Functional Minerals-Ministry of Natural Resources, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jiwen Si
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Solid Waste Recycling Engineering Research Center of Jilin Province, Open Research Laboratory for Physicochemical Testing Methods of Functional Minerals-Ministry of Natural Resources, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jingyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Solid Waste Recycling Engineering Research Center of Jilin Province, Open Research Laboratory for Physicochemical Testing Methods of Functional Minerals-Ministry of Natural Resources, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Peiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Solid Waste Recycling Engineering Research Center of Jilin Province, Open Research Laboratory for Physicochemical Testing Methods of Functional Minerals-Ministry of Natural Resources, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, and Electron Microscopy Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, and Electron Microscopy Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Solid Waste Recycling Engineering Research Center of Jilin Province, Open Research Laboratory for Physicochemical Testing Methods of Functional Minerals-Ministry of Natural Resources, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Wenqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Evaluation in Northeast Asia, Ministry of Natural Resources, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Solid Waste Recycling Engineering Research Center of Jilin Province, Open Research Laboratory for Physicochemical Testing Methods of Functional Minerals-Ministry of Natural Resources, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Shiding Miao
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Solid Waste Recycling Engineering Research Center of Jilin Province, Open Research Laboratory for Physicochemical Testing Methods of Functional Minerals-Ministry of Natural Resources, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
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24
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Ye Y, Tong F, Wang S, Jiang J, Gao J, Liu L, Liu K, Wang F, Wang Z, Ou J, Chen B, Wilson DA, Tu Y, Peng F. Apoptotic Tumor DNA Activated Nanomotor Chemotaxis. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:8086-8094. [PMID: 34559543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the tactic organisms in Nature that can self-direct their movement following environmental stimulus gradient, we proposed a DNase functionalized Janus nanoparticle (JNP) nanomotor system for the first time, which can be powered by ultralow nM to μM levels of DNA. The system exhibited interesting chemotactic behavior toward a DNA richer area, which is physiologically related with many diseases including tumors. In the presence of the subtle DNA gradient generated by apoptotic tumor cells, the cargo loaded nanomotors were able to sense the DNA signal released by the cells and demonstrate directional motion toward tumor cells. For our system, the subtle DNA gradient by a small amount (10 μL) of tumor cells is sufficient to induce the chemotaxis behavior of self-navigating and self-targeting ability of our nanomotor system, which promises to shed new light for tumor diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fei Tong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shuanghu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiamiao Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Junbin Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kun Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Juanfeng Ou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Daniela A Wilson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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25
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Auschra S, Bregulla A, Kroy K, Cichos F. Thermotaxis of Janus particles. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2021; 44:90. [PMID: 34218345 PMCID: PMC8254728 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of autonomous microswimmers play an important role for the formation of collective states of motile active matter. We study them in detail for the common microswimmer-design of two-faced Janus spheres with hemispheres made from different materials. Their chemical and physical surface properties may be tailored to fine-tune their mutual attractive, repulsive or aligning behavior. To investigate these effects systematically, we monitor the dynamics of a single gold-capped Janus particle in the external temperature field created by an optically heated metal nanoparticle. We quantify the orientation-dependent repulsion and alignment of the Janus particle and explain it in terms of a simple theoretical model for the induced thermoosmotic surface fluxes. The model reveals that the particle's angular velocity is solely determined by the temperature profile on the equator between the Janus particle's hemispheres and their phoretic mobility contrast. The distortion of the external temperature field by their heterogeneous heat conductivity is moreover shown to break the apparent symmetry of the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Auschra
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Bregulla
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus Kroy
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Cichos
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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26
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Sharan P, Nsamela A, Lesher-Pérez SC, Simmchen J. Microfluidics for Microswimmers: Engineering Novel Swimmers and Constructing Swimming Lanes on the Microscale, a Tutorial Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007403. [PMID: 33949106 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an updated review of recent advances in microfluidics applied to artificial and biohybrid microswimmers. Sharing the common regime of low Reynolds number, the two fields have been brought together to take advantage of the fluid characteristics at the microscale, benefitting microswimmer research multifold. First, microfluidics offer simple and relatively low-cost devices for high-fidelity production of microswimmers made of organic and inorganic materials in a variety of shapes and sizes. Microscale confinement and the corresponding fluid properties have demonstrated differential microswimmer behaviors in microchannels or in the presence of various types of physical or chemical stimuli. Custom environments to study these behaviors have been designed in large part with the help of microfluidics. Evaluating microswimmers in increasingly complex lab environments such as microfluidic systems can ensure more effective implementation for in-field applications. The benefits of microfluidics for the fabrication and evaluation of microswimmers are balanced by the potential use of microswimmers for sample manipulation and processing in microfluidic systems, a large obstacle in diagnostic and other testing platforms. In this review various ways in which these two complementary technology fields will enhance microswimmer development and implementation in various fields are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharan
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Juliane Simmchen
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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27
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Mujtaba J, Liu J, Dey KK, Li T, Chakraborty R, Xu K, Makarov D, Barmin RA, Gorin DA, Tolstoy VP, Huang G, Solovev AA, Mei Y. Micro-Bio-Chemo-Mechanical-Systems: Micromotors, Microfluidics, and Nanozymes for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007465. [PMID: 33893682 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wireless nano-/micromotors powered by chemical reactions and/or external fields generate motive forces, perform tasks, and significantly extend short-range dynamic responses of passive biomedical microcarriers. However, before micromotors can be translated into clinical use, several major problems, including the biocompatibility of materials, the toxicity of chemical fuels, and deep tissue imaging methods, must be solved. Nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics (e.g., catalase, oxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase), that is, nanozymes, can significantly expand the scope of micromotors' chemical fuels. A convergence of nanozymes, micromotors, and microfluidics can lead to a paradigm shift in the fabrication of multifunctional micromotors in reasonable quantities, encapsulation of desired subsystems, and engineering of FDA-approved core-shell structures with tuneable biological, physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. Microfluidic methods are used to prepare stable bubbles/microbubbles and capsules integrating ultrasound, optoacoustic, fluorescent, and magnetic resonance imaging modalities. The aim here is to discuss an interdisciplinary approach of three independent emerging topics: micromotors, nanozymes, and microfluidics to creatively: 1) embrace new ideas, 2) think across boundaries, and 3) solve problems whose solutions are beyond the scope of a single discipline toward the development of micro-bio-chemo-mechanical-systems for diverse bioapplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawayria Mujtaba
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Jinrun Liu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Krishna K Dey
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Tianlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Rik Chakraborty
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Kailiang Xu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Roman A Barmin
- Center of Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya Str, Moscow, 121205, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Gorin
- Center of Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya Str, Moscow, 121205, Russia
| | - Valeri P Tolstoy
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskii Prospect, Petergof, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Alexander A Solovev
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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Pavel IA, Salinas G, Mierzwa M, Arnaboldi S, Garrigue P, Kuhn A. Cooperative Chemotaxis of Magnesium Microswimmers for Corrosion Spotting. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1321-1325. [PMID: 33939868 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Numerous artificial micro- and nanomotors, as well as various swimmers have been inspired by living organisms that are able to move in a coordinated manner. Their cooperation has also gained a lot of attention because the resulting clusters are able to adapt to changes in their environment and to perform complex tasks. However, mimicking such a collective behavior remains a challenge. In the present work, magnesium microparticles are used as chemotactic swimmers with pronounced collective features, allowing the gradual formation of macroscopic agglomerates. The formed clusters act like a single swimmer able to follow pH gradients. This dynamic behavior can be used to spot localized corrosion events in a straightforward way. The autonomous docking of the swimmers to the corrosion site leads to the formation of a local protection layer, thus increasing corrosion resistance and triggering partial self-healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerardo Salinas
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Maciej Mierzwa
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Serena Arnaboldi
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Patrick Garrigue
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, 33607, Pessac, France
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29
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Junot G, Clément E, Auradou H, García-García R. Single-trajectory characterization of active swimmers in a flow. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:032608. [PMID: 33862792 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.032608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We develop a maximum likelihood method to infer relevant physical properties of elongated active particles. Using individual trajectories of advected swimmers as input, we are able to accurately determine their rotational diffusion coefficients and an effective measure of their aspect ratio, also providing reliable estimators for the uncertainties of such quantities. We validate our theoretical construction using numerically generated active trajectories upon no flow, simple shear, and Poiseuille flow, with excellent results. Being designed to rely on single-particle data, our method eases applications in experimental conditions where swimmers exhibit a strong morphological diversity. We briefly discuss some of such ongoing experimental applications, specifically, in the characterization of swimming E. coli in a flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspard Junot
- Laboratoire PMMH-ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université and Denis Diderot, 7, quai Saint-Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Eric Clément
- Laboratoire PMMH-ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université and Denis Diderot, 7, quai Saint-Bernard, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF)
| | - Harold Auradou
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, FAST, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Reinaldo García-García
- Laboratoire PMMH-ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université and Denis Diderot, 7, quai Saint-Bernard, Paris, France
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30
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Moran JL, Wheat PM, Marine NA, Posner JD. Chemokinesis-driven accumulation of active colloids in low-mobility regions of fuel gradients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4785. [PMID: 33637781 PMCID: PMC7910604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83963-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many motile cells exhibit migratory behaviors, such as chemotaxis (motion up or down a chemical gradient) or chemokinesis (dependence of speed on chemical concentration), which enable them to carry out vital functions including immune response, egg fertilization, and predator evasion. These have inspired researchers to develop self-propelled colloidal analogues to biological microswimmers, known as active colloids, that perform similar feats. Here, we study the behavior of half-platinum half-gold (Pt/Au) self-propelled rods in antiparallel gradients of hydrogen peroxide fuel and salt, which tend to increase and decrease the rods' speed, respectively. Brownian Dynamics simulations, a Fokker-Planck theoretical model, and experiments demonstrate that, at steady state, the rods accumulate in low-speed (salt-rich, peroxide-poor) regions not because of chemotaxis, but because of chemokinesis. Chemokinesis is distinct from chemotaxis in that no directional sensing or reorientation capabilities are required. The agreement between simulations, model, and experiments bolsters the role of chemokinesis in this system. This work suggests a novel strategy of exploiting chemokinesis to effect accumulation of motile colloids in desired areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Moran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
| | - Philip M Wheat
- Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Nathan A Marine
- Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jonathan D Posner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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31
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Guo J, Lin Y. One-dimensional micro/nanomotors for biomedicine: delivery, sensing and surgery. BIOMATERIALS TRANSLATIONAL 2020; 1:18-32. [PMID: 35837656 PMCID: PMC9255815 DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2096-112x.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of artificial micro/nanomachines brings promising strategies to overcome challenges in biomedicine, including delivery, sensing and surgery. One-dimensional (1D) micro/nanomotors are one of the most attractive micro/nanomachines due to their high specific surface area, powerful impetus and weak rotation diffusion. In this review, different propulsion mechanisms and motion control strategies of 1D micro/nanomotors are summarized, and recent efforts towards their fabrication methods and biomedical applications are discussed. We envision the multidisciplinary research efforts in the field of 1D micro/nanomotors will pave their way to practical applications in bioimaging and biomedicine.
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32
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The prototypes of nanozyme-based nanorobots. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41048-020-00125-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractArtificial nanorobot is a type of robots designed for executing complex tasks at nanoscale. The nanorobot system is typically consisted of four systems, including logic control, driving, sensing and functioning. Considering the subtle structure and complex functionality of nanorobot, the manufacture of nanorobots requires designable, controllable and multi-functional nanomaterials. Here, we propose that nanozyme is a promising candidate for fabricating nanorobots due to its unique properties, including flexible designs, controllable enzyme-like activities, and nano-sized physicochemical characters. Nanozymes may participate in one system or even combine several systems of nanorobots. In this review, we summarize the advances on nanozyme-based systems for fabricating nanorobots, and prospect the future directions of nanozyme for constructing nanorobots. We hope that the unique properties of nanozymes will provide novel ideas for designing and fabricating nanorobotics.
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33
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Saad S, Kaur H, Natale G. Scalable Chemical Synthesis Route to Manufacture pH-Responsive Janus CaCO 3 Micromotors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:12590-12600. [PMID: 33054231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A cost-effective scalable chemical route to produce pH-responsive active colloids (ACs) is developed here. For the first time, calcium carbonate particles are half-coated with a silica layer via Pickering emulsion methodology. This methodology allows to create anisotropy on the particles' surfaces and benefit from the decomposition of the calcium carbonate in acidic media to generate self-propulsion. The coupling between the self-diffusiophoretic motion of these ACs and acid concentrations is experimentally investigated in Newtonian media via optical microscopy. With increasing hydrogen-ion concentrations, the pH-responsive colloids experience higher mean-square displacements because of self-propulsion velocities and enhanced long-time diffusivities. Because they are biocompatible and environmentally friendly, these ACs constitute a platform for advanced diagnostics, targeted drug delivery, and water/soil remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabab Saad
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Harsovin Kaur
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Giovanniantonio Natale
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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34
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35
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Khezri B, Novotný F, Moo JGS, Nasir MZM, Pumera M. Confined Bubble-Propelled Microswimmers in Capillaries: Wall Effect, Fuel Deprivation, and Exhaust Product Excess. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000413. [PMID: 32133771 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Self-propelled autonomous nano/microswimmers are at the forefront of materials science. These swimmers are expected to operate in highly confined environments, such as between the grains of soil or in the capillaries of the human organism. To date, little attention is paid to the problem that in such a confined environment the fuel powering catalytic nano/microswimmers can be exhausted quickly and the space can be polluted with the product of the catalytic reaction. In addition, the motion of the nano/microswimmers may be influenced by the confinement. These issues are addressed here, showing the influence of the size of the capillary and length of the micromotor on the motion and the influence of the depletion of the fuel and excess of the exhaust products. Theoretical modeling is provided as well to bring further insight into the observations. This article shows challenges that these systems face and stimulates research to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Khezri
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Novotný
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - James Guo Sheng Moo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Zafir Mohamad Nasir
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, Brno, CZ-616 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
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36
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Xu D, Wang Y, Liang C, You Y, Sanchez S, Ma X. Self-Propelled Micro/Nanomotors for On-Demand Biomedical Cargo Transportation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1902464. [PMID: 31464072 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are miniaturized machines that can perform assigned tasks at the micro/nanoscale. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in the design, preparation, and applications of MNMs that are powered by converting different sources of energy into mechanical force, to realize active movement and fulfill on-demand tasks. MNMs can be navigated to desired locations with precise controllability based on different guidance mechanisms. A considerable research effort has gone into demonstrating that MNMs possess the potential of biomedical cargo loading, transportation, and targeted release to achieve therapeutic functions. Herein, the recent advances of self-propelled MNMs for on-demand biomedical cargo transportation, including their self-propulsion mechanisms, guidance strategies, as well as proof-of-concept studies for biological applications are presented. In addition, some of the major challenges and possible opportunities of MNMs are identified for future biomedical applications in the hope that it may inspire future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chunyan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yongqiang You
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Samuel Sanchez
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Xing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
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37
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Cui RF, Chen QH, Chen JX. Separation of nanoparticles via surfing on chemical wavefronts. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:12275-12280. [PMID: 32246757 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01211d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The separation of micro and nanoscale colloids is a necessary step in most biological microassay techniques, and is a common practice in microchemical processing. Chemical waves are frequently encountered in biochemical systems driven far from equilibrium. Here, we put forward a strategy for separating small suspending colloids by means of their surfing on substrate chemical wavefronts. The colloids with catalytic activities sensitive to the substrates are activated to show self-propulsion and consequently exhibit a chemotactic response to the traveling wavefronts, which results in their spontaneous separation from the multicomponent complex mixture via self-diffusiophoresis. The dynamics of the process is analyzed through a particle-based simulation. In addition, it is found that separation can be carried out according to particle size. The mechanisms underpinning the chemical and physical separation processes are discussed, and the dependencies on the reaction rate constant and particle size are presented. The results may prove relevant for further experimental and theoretical studies of separation in complex active environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Fei Cui
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qing-Hu Chen
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jiang-Xing Chen
- Department of Physics, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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38
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Salinas G, Dauphin AL, Colin C, Villani E, Arbault S, Bouffier L, Kuhn A. Chemo‐ and Magnetotaxis of Self‐Propelled Light‐Emitting Chemo‐electronic Swimmers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Salinas
- Univ. BordeauxCNRS UMR 5255Bordeaux INP, Site ENSCBP 33607 Pessac France
| | - Alice L. Dauphin
- Univ. BordeauxCNRS UMR 5255Bordeaux INP, Site ENSCBP 33607 Pessac France
| | - Camille Colin
- Univ. BordeauxCNRS UMR 5255Bordeaux INP, Site ENSCBP 33607 Pessac France
| | - Elena Villani
- Univ. BordeauxCNRS UMR 5255Bordeaux INP, Site ENSCBP 33607 Pessac France
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- Univ. BordeauxCNRS UMR 5255Bordeaux INP, Site ENSCBP 33607 Pessac France
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- Univ. BordeauxCNRS UMR 5255Bordeaux INP, Site ENSCBP 33607 Pessac France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. BordeauxCNRS UMR 5255Bordeaux INP, Site ENSCBP 33607 Pessac France
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39
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Pasupalak A, Yan-Wei L, Ni R, Pica Ciamarra M. Hexatic phase in a model of active biological tissues. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3914-3920. [PMID: 32270837 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00109k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In many biological processes, such as wound healing, cell tissues undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which is a transition from a more rigid to a more fluid state. Here, we investigate the solid/fluid transition of cell tissues within the framework of the self-propelled Voronoi model, which accounts for the deformability of the cells, for their many-body interactions, and for their polarized motility. The transition is controlled by two parameters, respectively accounting for the strength of the self-propelling force of the cells, and for the mechanical rigidity of the cells. We find the melting transition to occur via a continuous solid-hexatic transition followed by a continuous hexatic-liquid transition, as in the Kosterlitz, Thouless, Halperin, Nelson, and Young scenario. This finding indicates that the hexatic phase may have an unexpected biological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Pasupalak
- School of Physical and Mathematical Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Li Yan-Wei
- School of Physical and Mathematical Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Ran Ni
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Massimo Pica Ciamarra
- School of Physical and Mathematical Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. and CNR-SPIN, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
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40
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Wang W, Lv X, Moran JL, Duan S, Zhou C. A practical guide to active colloids: choosing synthetic model systems for soft matter physics research. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3846-3868. [PMID: 32285071 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00222d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic active colloids that harvest energy stored in the environment and swim autonomously are a popular model system for active matter. This emerging field of research sits at the intersection of materials chemistry, soft matter physics, and engineering, and thus cross-talk among researchers from different backgrounds becomes critical yet difficult. To facilitate this interdisciplinary communication, and to help soft matter physicists with choosing the best model system for their research, we here present a tutorial review article that describes, in appropriate detail, six experimental systems of active colloids commonly found in the physics literature. For each type, we introduce their background, material synthesis and operating mechanisms and notable studies from the soft matter community, and comment on their respective advantages and limitations. In addition, the main features of each type of active colloid are summarized into two useful tables. As materials chemists and engineers, we intend for this article to serve as a practical guide, so those who are not familiar with the experimental aspects of active colloids can make more informed decisions and maximize their creativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xianglong Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jeffrey L Moran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, USA
| | - Shifang Duan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China.
| | - Chao Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China.
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41
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Nguyen HV, Faivre V. Targeted drug delivery therapies inspired by natural taxes. J Control Release 2020; 322:439-456. [PMID: 32259545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A taxis is the movement responding to a stimulus of an organism. This behavior helps organisms to migrate, to find food or to avoid dangers. By mimicking and using natural taxes, many bio-inspired and bio-hybrid drug delivery systems have been synthesized. Under the guidance of physical and chemical stimuli, drug-loaded carriers are led to a target, for example tumors, then locally release the drug, inducing a therapeutic effect without influencing other parts of the body. On the other hand, for moving targets, for example metastasis cancer cells or bacteria, taking advantage of their taxes behavior is a solution to capture and to eliminate them. For instance, several traps and ecological niches have been fabricated to attract cancer cells by releasing chemokines. Cancer cells are then eliminated by drug loaded inside the trap, by radiotherapy focusing on the trap location or by simply removing the trap. Further research is needed to deeply understand the taxis behavior of organisms, which is essential to ameliorate the performance of taxes-inspired drug delivery application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung V Nguyen
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris Sud, 5 rue JB Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Vincent Faivre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris Sud, 5 rue JB Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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42
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Salinas G, Dauphin AL, Colin C, Villani E, Arbault S, Bouffier L, Kuhn A. Chemo‐ and Magnetotaxis of Self‐Propelled Light‐Emitting Chemo‐electronic Swimmers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7508-7513. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Salinas
- Univ. BordeauxCNRS UMR 5255Bordeaux INP, Site ENSCBP 33607 Pessac France
| | - Alice L. Dauphin
- Univ. BordeauxCNRS UMR 5255Bordeaux INP, Site ENSCBP 33607 Pessac France
| | - Camille Colin
- Univ. BordeauxCNRS UMR 5255Bordeaux INP, Site ENSCBP 33607 Pessac France
| | - Elena Villani
- Univ. BordeauxCNRS UMR 5255Bordeaux INP, Site ENSCBP 33607 Pessac France
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- Univ. BordeauxCNRS UMR 5255Bordeaux INP, Site ENSCBP 33607 Pessac France
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- Univ. BordeauxCNRS UMR 5255Bordeaux INP, Site ENSCBP 33607 Pessac France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. BordeauxCNRS UMR 5255Bordeaux INP, Site ENSCBP 33607 Pessac France
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43
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Chen X, Zhou C, Peng Y, Wang Q, Wang W. Temporal Light Modulation of Photochemically Active, Oscillating Micromotors: Dark Pulses, Mode Switching, and Controlled Clustering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:11843-11851. [PMID: 32092253 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photochemically powered micromotors are prototype microrobots, and spatiotemporal control is pivotal for a wide range of potential applications. Although their spatial navigation has been extensively studied, temporal control of photoactive micromotors remains much less explored. Using Ag-based oscillating micromotors as a model system, a strategy is presented for the controlled modulation of their individual and collective dynamics via periodically switching illumination on and off. In particular, such temporal light modulation drives individual oscillating micromotors into a total of six regimes of distinct dynamics, as the light-toggling frequencies vary from 0 to 103 Hz. On an ensemble level, toggling light at 5 Hz gives rise to controlled, reversible clustering of oscillating micromotors and self-assembly of tracer microspheres into colloidal crystals. A qualitative mechanism based on Ag-catalyzed decomposition of H2O2 is given to account for some, but not all, of the above observations. This study might potentially inspire more sophisticated temporal control of micromotors and the development of smart, biomimetic materials that respond to environmental stimuli that not only change in space but also in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yixin Peng
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Qizhang Wang
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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44
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Wang H, Pumera M. Coordinated behaviors of artificial micro/nanomachines: from mutual interactions to interactions with the environment. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:3211-3230. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00877b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The interactions leading to coordinated behaviors of artificial micro/nanomachines are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- China University of Mining and Technology
- Xuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague
- CZ-166 28 Prague
- Czech Republic
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45
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Somasundar A, Ghosh S, Mohajerani F, Massenburg LN, Yang T, Cremer PS, Velegol D, Sen A. Positive and negative chemotaxis of enzyme-coated liposome motors. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 14:1129-1134. [PMID: 31740796 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0578-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cells or cell components to move in response to chemical signals is critical for the survival of living systems. This motion arises from harnessing free energy from enzymatic catalysis. Artificial model protocells derived from phospholipids and other amphiphiles have been made and their enzymatic-driven motion has been observed. However, control of directionality based on chemical cues (chemotaxis) has been difficult to achieve. Here we show both positive or negative chemotaxis of liposomal protocells. The protocells move autonomously by interacting with concentration gradients of either substrates or products in enzyme catalysis, or Hofmeister salts. We hypothesize that the propulsion mechanism is based on the interplay between enzyme-catalysis-induced positive chemotaxis and solute-phospholipid-based negative chemotaxis. Controlling the extent and direction of chemotaxis holds considerable potential for designing cell mimics and delivery vehicles that can reconfigure their motion in response to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Somasundar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Subhadip Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Farzad Mohajerani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Lynnicia N Massenburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Tinglu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Paul S Cremer
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Darrell Velegol
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Micromotors from Microfluidics. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:2417-2430. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Tu Y, Peng F, Heuvelmans JM, Liu S, Nolte RJM, Wilson DA. Motion Control of Polymeric Nanomotors Based on Host–Guest Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8687-8691. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSouthern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Josje M. Heuvelmans
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
| | - Shuwen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSouthern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Roeland J. M. Nolte
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
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48
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Tu Y, Peng F, Heuvelmans JM, Liu S, Nolte RJM, Wilson DA. Motion Control of Polymeric Nanomotors Based on Host–Guest Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSouthern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Josje M. Heuvelmans
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
| | - Shuwen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSouthern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Roeland J. M. Nolte
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
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Ji Y, Lin X, Zhang H, Wu Y, Li J, He Q. Thermoresponsive Polymer Brush Modulation on the Direction of Motion of Phoretically Driven Janus Micromotors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4184-4188. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Ji
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education)School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Yi kuang jie 2 Harbin 150080 China
| | - Xiankun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education)School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Yi kuang jie 2 Harbin 150080 China
| | - Hongyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education)School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Yi kuang jie 2 Harbin 150080 China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education)School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Yi kuang jie 2 Harbin 150080 China
| | - Junbai Li
- Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education)School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Yi kuang jie 2 Harbin 150080 China
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50
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Ji Y, Lin X, Zhang H, Wu Y, Li J, He Q. Thermoresponsive Polymer Brush Modulation on the Direction of Motion of Phoretically Driven Janus Micromotors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Ji
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education)School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Yi kuang jie 2 Harbin 150080 China
| | - Xiankun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education)School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Yi kuang jie 2 Harbin 150080 China
| | - Hongyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education)School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Yi kuang jie 2 Harbin 150080 China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education)School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Yi kuang jie 2 Harbin 150080 China
| | - Junbai Li
- Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education)School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Yi kuang jie 2 Harbin 150080 China
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