1
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Zhong J, Sun Z, Zhang L, Whitehead GFS, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Leigh DA. Folding a Molecular Strand into a Trefoil Knot of Single Handedness with Co(II)/Co(III) Chaperones. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21762-21768. [PMID: 39060953 PMCID: PMC11311214 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a right-handed (Δ-stereochemistry of strand crossings) trefoil knot from a single molecular strand containing three pyrazine-2,5-dicarboxamide units adjacent to point-chiral centers and six pyridine moieties. The oligomeric ligand strand folds into an overhand (open-trefoil) knot through the assistance of coordinatively dynamic Co(II) "chaperones" that drive the formation of a three-metal-ion circular helicate. The entangled structure is kinetically locked by oxidation to Co(III) and covalently captured by ring-closing olefin metathesis to generate a trefoil knot of single topological handedness. The stereochemistry of the strand crossings in the metal-coordinated overhand knot is governed by the stereochemistry of the point-chiral carbon centers in the ligand strand. The overhand and trefoil knots were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. Removal of the metal ions from the knot, followed by hydrogenation of the alkene, yielded the wholly organic trefoil knot. The metal-free knot and parent ligand were investigated by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The CD spectra indicate that the topological stereochemistry of the knot has a greater effect on the asymmetry of the chromophore environment than do the point-chiral centers of the strand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankang Zhong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Zhanhu Sun
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 200062 Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 200062 Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - David A. Leigh
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 200062 Shanghai, China
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
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2
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Zhao H, Wijerathna AMSD, Dong Q, Bai Q, Jiang Z, Yuan J, Wang J, Chen M, Zirnheld M, Li R, Liu D, Wang P, Zhang Y, Li Y. Adjusting the Architecture of Heptagonal Metallo-Macrocycles by Embedding Metal Nodes into the Backbone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318029. [PMID: 38087428 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Coordination-driven self-assembly has been extensively employed for the bottom-up construction of discrete metallo-macrocycles. However, the prevalent use of benzene rings as the backbone limits the formation of large metallo-macrocycles with more than six edges. Herein, by embedding metal nodes into the ligand backbone, we successfully regulated the ligand arm angle and assembled two giant heptagonal metallo-macrocycles with precise control. The angle between two arms at position 4 of the central terpyridine (tpy) extended after complexation with metal ions, leading to ring expansion of the metallo-macrocycle. The assembled structures were straightforwardly identified through multi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy (1 H, COSY, NOESY), multidimensional mass spectrometry analysis (ESI-MS and TWIM-MS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as well as scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). In addition, the catalytic performances of metallo-macrocycles in the oxidation of thioanisole were studied, with both supramolecules exhibiting good conversion rates. Furthermore, fiber-like nanostructures were observed from single-molecule heptagons by hierarchical self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhao
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | | | - Qiangqiang Dong
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Qixia Bai
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhiyuan Jiang
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mingzhao Chen
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Markus Zirnheld
- Department of Physics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Rockwell Li
- Department of Physics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Die Liu
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Pingshan Wang
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Physics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
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3
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Sarwa A, Białońska A, Sobieraj M, Martínez JP, Trzaskowski B, Szyszko B. Iminopyrrole-Based Self-Assembly: A Route to Intrinsically Flexible Molecular Links and Knots. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316489. [PMID: 38032333 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of 2,5-diformylpyrrole in self-assembly reactions with diamines and Zn(II)/Cd(II) salts allowed the preparation of [2]catenane, trefoil knot, and Borromean rings. The intrinsically dynamic nature of the diiminopyrrole motif rendered all of the formed assemblies intramolecularly flexible. The presence of diiminopyrrole revealed new coordination motifs and influenced the host-guest chemistry of the systems, as illustrated by hexafluorophosphate encapsulation by Borromean rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Sarwa
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-387, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agata Białońska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-387, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Sobieraj
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-387, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Juan Pablo Martínez
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 2c Banach St., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Trzaskowski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 2c Banach St., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Szyszko
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-387, Wrocław, Poland
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4
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Chen X, Chen H, Fraser Stoddart J. The Story of the Little Blue Box: A Tribute to Siegfried Hünig. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211387. [PMID: 36131604 PMCID: PMC10099103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The tetracationic cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene), also known as the little blue box, constitutes a modular receptor that has facilitated the discovery of many host-guest complexes and mechanically interlocked molecules during the past 35 years. Its versatility in binding small π-donors in its tetracationic state, as well as forming trisradical tricationic complexes with viologen radical cations in its doubly reduced bisradical dicationic state, renders it valuable for the construction of various stimuli-responsive materials. Since the first reports in 1988, the little blue box has been featured in over 500 publications in the literature. All this research activity would not have been possible without the seminal contributions carried out by Siegfried Hünig, who not only pioneered the syntheses of viologen-containing cyclophanes, but also revealed their rich redox chemistry in addition to their ability to undergo intramolecular π-dimerization. This Review describes how his pioneering research led to the design and synthesis of the little blue box, and how this redox-active host evolved into the key component of molecular shuttles, switches, and machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Yang Chen
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
- School of ChemistryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
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5
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Li K, Zhang S, Hu Y, Kang S, Yu X, Wang H, Wang M, Li X. Shape-Dependent Complementary Ditopic Terpyridine Pair with Two Levels of Self-Recognition for Coordination-Driven Self-Assembly. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200303. [PMID: 35666548 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular recognition in biological systems plays a vital role in the precise construction of biomacromolecules and the corresponding biological activities. Such recognition mainly relies on the highly specific binding of complementary molecular pairs with complementary sizes, shapes, and intermolecular forces. It still remains challenging to develop artificial complementary motif pairs for coordination-driven self-assembly. Herein, a series of shape-dependent complementary motif pairs, based on ditopic 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine (TPY) backbone, are designed and synthesized. The fidelity degrees of self-assemblies from these motifs are carefully evaluated by multi-dimensional mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and molecular modeling. In addition, two levels of self-recognition in both homoleptic and heteroleptic assembly are discovered in the assembled system. Through finely tuning the shape and size of the ligands, a complementary pair is developed with error-free narcissistically self-sorting at two levels of self-recognition, and the intrinsic principle is carefully investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China.,College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Shunran Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Systems, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Yaqi Hu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Shimin Kang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Systems, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Xiujun Yu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
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6
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Ashbridge Z, Fielden SDP, Leigh DA, Pirvu L, Schaufelberger F, Zhang L. Knotting matters: orderly molecular entanglements. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7779-7809. [PMID: 35979715 PMCID: PMC9486172 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00323f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Entangling strands in a well-ordered manner can produce useful effects, from shoelaces and fishing nets to brown paper packages tied up with strings. At the nanoscale, non-crystalline polymer chains of sufficient length and flexibility randomly form tangled mixtures containing open knots of different sizes, shapes and complexity. However, discrete molecular knots of precise topology can also be obtained by controlling the number, sequence and stereochemistry of strand crossings: orderly molecular entanglements. During the last decade, substantial progress in the nascent field of molecular nanotopology has been made, with general synthetic strategies and new knotting motifs introduced, along with insights into the properties and functions of ordered tangle sequences. Conformational restrictions imparted by knotting can induce allostery, strong and selective anion binding, catalytic activity, lead to effective chiral expression across length scales, binding modes in conformations efficacious for drug delivery, and facilitate mechanical function at the molecular level. As complex molecular topologies become increasingly synthetically accessible they have the potential to play a significant role in molecular and materials design strategies. We highlight particular examples of molecular knots to illustrate why these are a few of our favourite things.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Ashbridge
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Lucian Pirvu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, China
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7
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Doubly chiral pseudopeptidic macrobicyclic molecular cages: Water-assisted dynamic covalent self-assembly and chiral self-sorting. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Lei Y, Li Z, Wu G, Zhang L, Tong L, Tong T, Chen Q, Wang L, Ge C, Wei Y, Pan Y, Sue ACH, Wang L, Huang F, Li H. A trefoil knot self-templated through imination in water. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3557. [PMID: 35729153 PMCID: PMC9213439 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of topologically nontrivial molecules is often assisted by covalent, supramolecular or coordinative templates that provide spatial pre-organization for all components. Herein, we report a trefoil knot that can be self-assembled efficiently in water without involving additional templates. The direct condensation of three equivalents of a tetraformyl precursor and six equivalents of a chiral diamine produces successfully a [3 + 6] trefoil knot whose intrinsic handedness is dictated by the stereochemical configuration of the diamine linkers. Contrary to the conventional wisdom that imine condensation is not amenable to use in water, the multivalent cooperativity between all the imine bonds within the framework makes this trefoil knot robust in the aqueous environment. Furthermore, the presence of water is proven to be essential for the trefoil knot formation. A topologically trivial macrocycle composed of two tetraformyl and four diamino building blocks is obtained when a similar reaction is performed in organic media, indicating that hydrophobic effect is a major driving force behind the scene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Zhaoyong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Guangcheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, Hangzhou, 311231, PR China
| | - Lu Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Tianyi Tong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Lingxiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Chenqi Ge
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Yuxi Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Andrew C-H Sue
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China.
| | - Linjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China.
| | - Feihe Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China.
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China.
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9
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Au-Yeung HY, Deng Y. Distinctive features and challenges in catenane chemistry. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3315-3334. [PMID: 35432874 PMCID: PMC8943846 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05391d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
From being an aesthetic molecular object to a building block for the construction of molecular machines, catenanes and related mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) continue to attract immense interest in many research areas. Catenane chemistry is closely tied to that of rotaxanes and knots, and involves concepts like mechanical bonds, chemical topology and co-conformation that are unique to these molecules. Yet, because of their different topological structures and mechanical bond properties, there are some fundamental differences between the chemistry of catenanes and that of rotaxanes and knots although the boundary is sometimes blurred. Clearly distinguishing these differences, in aspects of bonding, structure, synthesis and properties, between catenanes and other MIMs is therefore of fundamental importance to understand their chemistry and explore the new opportunities from mechanical bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yu Au-Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur H. G. David
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208 United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208 United States
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310021 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215 China
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11
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Jiang CG, Yuan YF, Meng XY, Zhou KK, Zhuang GL, Li B, Zhang T. Thermally induced transformation of a Cu 4I 4-based cluster to a Cu 2I 2-based cluster under mild conditions. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:9016-9020. [PMID: 34152339 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01527c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A reaction of 6,6'-bis((benzylthio)methyl)-2,2'-bipyridine (L) with CuI at room temperature led to one Cu4I4-based cluster, which could be thermally transformed to a Cu2I2-based one under mild conditions due to the formation of a Cu-S bond. Along with the structural transformation, remarkable changes in the color and luminescence have been triggered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Gang Jiang
- Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China.
| | - Yan-Fang Yuan
- Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Yu Meng
- Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China.
| | - Ke-Ke Zhou
- Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China.
| | - Gui-Lin Zhuang
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang 310023, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao Li
- Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China.
| | - Tianle Zhang
- Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China.
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12
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Chen XY, Shen D, Cai K, Jiao Y, Wu H, Song B, Zhang L, Tan Y, Wang Y, Feng Y, Stern CL, Stoddart JF. Suit[3]ane. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20152-20160. [PMID: 33180476 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Suitanes are a class of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) that consist of two components: a body with limbs protruding outward and a suit that fits appropriately around it, so that there is no easy way for the suit to be removed from the body. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a suit[3]ane, which contains a benzotrithiophene derivative (THBTT) with three protruding hexyl chains as the body and a 3-fold symmetric, extended pyridinium-based cage, namely, HexaCage6+, as the suit. Central to its realization is effective templation, provided by THBTT during cage formation, an observation that has been supported by the strong binding constant between benzotrithiophene (BTT) and the empty cage. The solid-state structure of the suit[3]ane reveals that the body is confined within the suit's cavity with its alkyl chains protruding outward through the orifices in the cage. Notably, such a seemingly unstable molecule, having three flexible alkyl chains as its only protruding limbs, does not dissociate after prolonged heating in CD3CN at 100 °C under pressure for 7 days. No evidence for guest exchange with the host was observed at this temperature in a 2:1 mixture of THBTT and HexaCage6+ in CD3CN. The results indicate that flexible protruding limbs are sufficient for a suit[3]ane to remain mechanically stable even at high temperatures in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dengke Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Kang Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yu Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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13
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Ayme J, Dhers S, Lehn J. Triple Self-Sorting in Constitutional Dynamic Networks: Parallel Generation of Imine-Based Cu I , Fe II , and Zn II Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12484-12492. [PMID: 32286724 PMCID: PMC7383593 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Three imine-based metal complexes, having no overlap in terms of their compositions, have been simultaneously generated from the self-sorting of a constitutional dynamic library (CDL) containing three amines, three aldehydes, and three metal salts. The hierarchical ordering of the stability of the three metal complexes assembled and the leveraging of the antagonistic and agonistic relationships existing between the constituents within the constitutional dynamic network corresponding to the CDL were pivotal in achieving the sorting. Examination of the process by NMR spectroscopy showed that the self-sorting of the FeII and ZnII complexes depended on an interplay between the thermodynamic driving forces and a kinetic trap involved in their assembly. These results also exemplify the concept of "simplexity"-the fact that the output of a self-assembling system may be simplified by increasing its initial compositional complexity-as the two complexes could self-sort only in the presence of the third pair of organic components, those of the CuI complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐François Ayme
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology76344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Laboratoire de Chimie SupramoléculaireInstitut de Science et d'Ingénierie SupramoléculairesUniversité de Strasbourg8 allée Gaspard Monge67000StrasbourgFrance
| | - Sébastien Dhers
- Laboratoire de Chimie SupramoléculaireInstitut de Science et d'Ingénierie SupramoléculairesUniversité de Strasbourg8 allée Gaspard Monge67000StrasbourgFrance
| | - Jean‐Marie Lehn
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology76344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Laboratoire de Chimie SupramoléculaireInstitut de Science et d'Ingénierie SupramoléculairesUniversité de Strasbourg8 allée Gaspard Monge67000StrasbourgFrance
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14
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Ayme J, Dhers S, Lehn J. Triple Self‐Sorting in Constitutional Dynamic Networks: Parallel Generation of Imine‐Based Cu
I
, Fe
II
, and Zn
II
Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐François Ayme
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Sébastien Dhers
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Jean‐Marie Lehn
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
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15
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Gao WX, Feng HJ, Guo BB, Lu Y, Jin GX. Coordination-Directed Construction of Molecular Links. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6288-6325. [PMID: 32558562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the emergence of the concept of chemical topology, interlocked molecular assemblies have graduated from academic curiosities and poorly defined species to become synthetic realities. Coordination-directed synthesis provides powerful, diverse, and increasingly sophisticated protocols for accessing interlocked molecules. Originally, metal ions were employed solely as templates to gather and position building blocks in entwined or threaded arrangements. Recently, metal centers have increasingly featured within the backbones of the integral structural elements, which in turn use noncovalent interactions to self-assemble into intricate topologies. By outlining ingenious recent examples as well as seminal classic cases, this Review focuses on the role of metal-ligand paradigms in assembling molecular links. In addition, the ever-evolving approaches to efficient assembly, the structural features of the resulting architectures, and their prospects for the future are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xi Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Jun Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Bei-Bei Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Ye Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Xin Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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16
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Ayme JF, Lehn JM, Bailly C, Karmazin L. Simultaneous Generation of a [2 × 2] Grid-Like Complex and a Linear Double Helicate: a Three-Level Self-Sorting Process. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5819-5824. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Ayme
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Corinne Bailly
- Service de Radiocristallographie, Fédération de chimie Le Bel FR2010, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67008 Strasbourg, France
| | - Lydia Karmazin
- Service de Radiocristallographie, Fédération de chimie Le Bel FR2010, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67008 Strasbourg, France
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17
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Ayme JF, Lehn JM. Self-sorting of two imine-based metal complexes: balancing kinetics and thermodynamics in constitutional dynamic networks. Chem Sci 2019; 11:1114-1121. [PMID: 34084368 PMCID: PMC8146771 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04988f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A major hurdle in the development of complex constitutional dynamic networks (CDNs) is the lack of strategies to simultaneously control the output of two (or more) interconnected dynamic processes over several species, namely reversible covalent imine bond formation and dynamic metal-ligand coordination. We have studied in detail the self-sorting process of 11 constitutional dynamic libraries containing two different amines, aldehydes and metal salts into two imine-based metal complexes, having no overlap in terms of their compositions. This study allowed us to determine the factors influencing the fidelity of this process (concentration, electronic and steric parameters of the organic components, and nature of the metal cations). In all 11 systems, the outcome of the process was primarily determined by the ability of the octahedral metal ion to select its pair of components from the initial pool of components, with the composition of the weaker tetrahedral complex being imposed by the components rejected by the octahedral metal ions. Different octahedral metal ions required different levels of precision in the "assembling instructions" provided by the organic components of the CDN to guide it towards a sorted output. The concentration of the reaction mixture, and the electronic and steric properties of the initial components of the library were all found to influence the lifetime of unwanted metastable intermediates formed during the assembling of the two complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Ayme
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
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18
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Feng H, Gao W, Lin Y, Jin G. Dynamic Interconversion between Solomon Link and Trapezoidal Metallacycle Ensembles Accompanying Conformational Change of the Linker. Chemistry 2019; 25:15687-15693. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui‐Jun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersDepartment of ChemistryFudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Xi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersDepartment of ChemistryFudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Yue‐Jian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersDepartment of ChemistryFudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Guo‐Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersDepartment of ChemistryFudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Science Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
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19
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Zhong J, Zhang L, August DP, Whitehead GFS, Leigh DA. Self-Sorting Assembly of Molecular Trefoil Knots of Single Handedness. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14249-14256. [PMID: 31389229 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report on the stereoselective synthesis of trefoil knots of single topological handedness in up to 90% yield (over two steps) through the formation of trimeric circular helicates from ligand strands containing either imine or, unexpectedly, amide chelating units and metal ion templates of the appropriate coordination character (zinc(II) for imines; cobalt(III) for amides). The coordination stereochemistry of the octahedral metal complexes is determined by asymmetric carbon centers in the strands, ultimately translating into trefoil knots that are a single enantiomer, both physically and in terms of their fundamental topology. Both the imine-zinc and amide-cobalt systems display self-sorting behavior, with racemic ligands forming knots that individually contain only building blocks of the same chirality. The knots and the corresponding trimeric circular helicate intermediates (Zn(II)3 complex for the imine ligands; Co(III)3 complex for the amide ligands) were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. The latter confirms the trefoil knots as 84-membered macrocycles, with each of the metal ions sited at a crossing point for three regions of the strand. The stereochemistry of the octahedral coordination centers imparts alternating crossings of the same handedness within each circular helicate. The expression of chirality of the knotted molecules was probed by circular dichroism: The topological handedness of the demetalated knots was found to have a greater effect on the CD response than the Euclidean chirality of an individual chiral center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankang Zhong
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , 200062 Shanghai , China.,School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - David P August
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - George F S Whitehead
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , 200062 Shanghai , China.,School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
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20
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Wang H, Li Y, Yu H, Song B, Lu S, Hao XQ, Zhang Y, Wang M, Hla SW, Li X. Combining Synthesis and Self-Assembly in One Pot To Construct Complex 2D Metallo-Supramolecules Using Terpyridine and Pyrylium Salts. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13187-13195. [PMID: 31345024 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent self-assembly in one pot provides an efficient way for constructing complex architectures using multiple types of building blocks with different levels of interactions orthogonally. The preparation of multiple types of building blocks typically includes tedious synthesis. Here, we developed a multicomponent synthesis/self-assembly strategy, which combined covalent interaction (C-N bond, formed through condensation of pyrylium salt with primary amine) and metal-ligand interaction (N → Zn bond, formed through 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine-Zn coordination) in one pot. The high compatibility of this pair of interactions smoothly and efficiently converted three and four types of components into the desired complex structures, which are supramolecular Kandinsky Circles and spiderwebs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
| | - Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin 130012 , China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
| | - Shuai Lu
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , China
| | - Xin-Qi Hao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Nanoscience and Technology Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin 130012 , China
| | - Saw-Wai Hla
- Nanoscience and Technology Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
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21
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Danon JJ, Leigh DA, Pisano S, Valero A, Vitorica‐Yrezabal IJ. A Six-Crossing Doubly Interlocked [2]Catenane with Twisted Rings, and a Molecular Granny Knot. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13833-13837. [PMID: 30152565 PMCID: PMC6221036 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A molecular 6 2 3 link (a six crossing, doubly interlocked, [2]catenane with twisted rings) and a 31 #31 granny knot (a composite knot made up of two trefoil tangles of the same handedness) were constructed by ring-closing olefin metathesis of an iron(II)-coordinated 2×2 interwoven grid. The connections were directed by pendant phenyl groups to be between proximal ligand ends on the same faces of the grid. The 6 2 3 link was separated from the topoisomeric granny knot by recycling size-exclusion chromatography. The identity of each topoisomer was determined by tandem mass spectrometry and the structure of the 6 2 3 link confirmed by X-ray crystallography, which revealed two 82-membered macrocycles, each in figure-of-eight conformations, linked through both pairs of loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J. Danon
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Simone Pisano
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Alberto Valero
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
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22
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Danon JJ, Leigh DA, Pisano S, Valero A, Vitorica‐Yrezabal IJ. A Six‐Crossing Doubly Interlocked [2]Catenane with Twisted Rings, and a Molecular Granny Knot. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J. Danon
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Simone Pisano
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Alberto Valero
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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23
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Jamieson EMG, Modicom F, Goldup SM. Chirality in rotaxanes and catenanes. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5266-5311. [PMID: 29796501 PMCID: PMC6049620 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00097b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although chiral mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) have been synthesised and studied, enantiopure examples are relatively under-represented in the pantheon of reported catenanes and rotaxanes and the underlying chirality of the system is often even overlooked. This is changing with the advent of new applications of MIMs in catalysis, sensing and materials and the appearance of new methods to access unusual stereogenic units unique to the mechanical bond. Here we discuss the different stereogenic units that have been investigated in catenanes and rotaxanes, examples of their application, methods for assigning absolute stereochemistry and provide a perspective on future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. G. Jamieson
- Chemistry
, University of Southampton
,
University Road, Highfield
, Southampton
, SO17 1BJ
, UK
.
| | - F. Modicom
- Chemistry
, University of Southampton
,
University Road, Highfield
, Southampton
, SO17 1BJ
, UK
.
| | - S. M. Goldup
- Chemistry
, University of Southampton
,
University Road, Highfield
, Southampton
, SO17 1BJ
, UK
.
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24
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Zhang L, August DP, Zhong J, Whitehead GFS, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Leigh DA. Molecular Trefoil Knot from a Trimeric Circular Helicate. J Am Chem Soc 2018. [PMID: 29537836 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the two-step synthesis of a molecular trefoil knot in 90% overall yield through the self-assembly of a 12-component trimeric circular zinc helicate followed by ring closing metathesis of six pendant alkene chains. Both the trimeric circular helicate intermediate and the resulting trefoil knot were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - David P August
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Jiankang Zhong
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | | | | | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
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25
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Prakasam T, Bilbeisi RA, Lusi M, Olsen JC, Platas-Iglesias C, Trabolsi A. Post-synthetic modifications of cadmium-based knots and links. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:7398-401. [PMID: 27194510 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc02423h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Three topologically non-trivial cadmium(ii)-based complexes-Cd-[2]C, Cd-TK and Cd-SL-were simultaneously self-assembled in a dynamic library, individually isolated and fully characterized using solid-state, gas-phase and solution-phase techniques. Post-synthetic modifications, including reduction and transmetalation, were subsequently achieved. Imine bond reduction followed by demetallation led to the isolation of the corresponding organic molecules [2]C, TK and SL. Transmetalation of Cd-TK and Cd-SL with the zinc(ii) cation resulted in isolation of the corresponding zinc(ii)-containing complexes Zn-TK and Zn-SL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirumurugan Prakasam
- New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Experimental Research Building (C1), Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Rana A Bilbeisi
- New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Experimental Research Building (C1), Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Matteo Lusi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Republic of Ireland
| | - John-Carl Olsen
- School of Sciences, Indiana University Kokomo, Kokomo, IN 46904, USA
| | - Carlos Platas-Iglesias
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira-Rúa da Fraga 10, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ali Trabolsi
- New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Experimental Research Building (C1), Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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26
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Yao MX, Cai LZ, Deng XW, Zhang W, Liu SJ, Cai XM. Self-assembly of rare octanuclear quad(double-stranded) cluster helicates showing slow magnetic relaxation and the magnetocaloric effect. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj04169e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Four rare structurally novel octanuclear quad(double-strands) cluster helicates containing Ln8 polyhedron cores have been synthesized. Magnetic studies show that the Gd derivative exhibits the magnetocaloric effect and the Dy derivative shows slow magnetic relaxation under zero dc field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Xia Yao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Li-Zheng Cai
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Wei Deng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Sui-Jun Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology
- Ganzhou 341000
- P. R. China
| | - Xu-Min Cai
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Nanjing 210037
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27
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Struch N, Topić F, Schnakenburg G, Rissanen K, Lützen A. Electron-Deficient Pyridylimines: Versatile Building Blocks for Functional Metallosupramolecular Chemistry. Inorg Chem 2017; 57:241-250. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Struch
- Kekulé-Institut
für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Filip Topić
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of
Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box
35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of
Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box
35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Arne Lützen
- Kekulé-Institut
für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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28
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Hardy M, Struch N, Topić F, Schnakenburg G, Rissanen K, Lützen A. Stepwise Construction of Heterobimetallic Cages by an Extended Molecular Library Approach. Inorg Chem 2017; 57:3507-3515. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Filip Topić
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 34, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Kari Rissanen
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 34, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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29
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Jana B, Cera L, Akhuli B, Naskar S, Schalley CA, Ghosh P. Competitive Transmetalation of First-Row Transition-Metal Ions between Trinuclear Triple-Stranded Side-by-Side Helicates. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:12505-12513. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barun Jana
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Luca Cera
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
der Freien Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bidyut Akhuli
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sourenjit Naskar
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Christoph A. Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
der Freien Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pradyut Ghosh
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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30
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Abstract
The first synthetic molecular trefoil knot was prepared in the late 1980s. However, it is only in the last few years that more complex small-molecule knot topologies have been realized through chemical synthesis. The steric restrictions imposed on molecular strands by knotting can impart significant physical and chemical properties, including chirality, strong and selective ion binding, and catalytic activity. As the number and complexity of accessible molecular knot topologies increases, it will become increasingly useful for chemists to adopt the knot terminology employed by other disciplines. Here we give an overview of synthetic strategies towards molecular knots and outline the principles of knot, braid, and tangle theory appropriate to chemistry and molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. P. Fielden
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL Großbritannien
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL Großbritannien
| | - Steffen L. Woltering
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL Großbritannien
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32
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Zhang Z, Wang H, Wang X, Li Y, Song B, Bolarinwa O, Reese RA, Zhang T, Wang XQ, Cai J, Xu B, Wang M, Liu C, Yang HB, Li X. Supersnowflakes: Stepwise Self-Assembly and Dynamic Exchange of Rhombus Star-Shaped Supramolecules. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:8174-8185. [PMID: 28558196 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
With the goal of increasing the complexity of metallo-supramolecules, two rhombus star-shaped supramolecular architectures, namely, supersnowflakes, were designed and assembled using multiple 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine (tpy) ligands in a stepwise manner. In the design of multicomponent self-assembly, ditopic and tritopic ligands were bridged through Ru(II) with strong coordination to form metal-organic ligands for the subsequent self-assembly with a hexatopic ligand and Zn(II). The combination of Ru(II)-organic ligands with high stability and Zn(II) ions with weak coordination played a key role in the self-assembly of giant heteroleptic supersnowflakes, which encompassed three types of tpy-based organic ligands and two metal ions. With such a stepwise strategy, the self-sorting of individual building blocks was prevented from forming the undesired assemblies, e.g., small macrocycles and coordination polymers. Furthermore, the intra- and intermolecular dynamic exchange study of two supersnowflakes by NMR and mass spectrometry revealed the remarkable stability of these giant supramolecular complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Heng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas State University , San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Olapeju Bolarinwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - R Alexander Reese
- Single Molecule Study Laboratory, College of Engineering and Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Tong Zhang
- Single Molecule Study Laboratory, College of Engineering and Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Xu-Qing Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Bingqian Xu
- Single Molecule Study Laboratory, College of Engineering and Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Changlin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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33
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Self-assembly of a supramolecular hexagram and a supramolecular pentagram. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15476. [PMID: 28524876 PMCID: PMC5454539 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Five- and six-pointed star structures occur frequently in nature as flowers, snow-flakes, leaves and so on. These star-shaped patterns are also frequently used in both functional and artistic man-made architectures. Here following a stepwise synthesis and self-assembly approach, pentagonal and hexagonal metallosupramolecules possessing star-shaped motifs were prepared based on the careful design of metallo-organic ligands (MOLs). In the MOL design and preparation, robust ruthenium–terpyridyl complexes were employed to construct brominated metallo-organic intermediates, followed by a Suzuki coupling reaction to achieve the required ensemble. Ligand LA (VRu2+X, V=bisterpyridine, X=tetraterpyridine, Ru=Ruthenium) was initially used for the self-assembly of an anticipated hexagram upon reaction with Cd2+ or Fe2+; however, unexpected pentagonal structures were formed, that is, [Cd5LA5]30+ and [Fe5LA5]30+. In our redesign, LB [V(Ru2+X)2] was synthesized and treated with 60° V-shaped bisterpyridine (V) and Cd2+ to create hexagonal hexagram [Cd12V3LB3]36+ along with traces of the triangle [Cd3V3]6+. Finally, a pure supramolecular hexagram [Fe12V3LB3]36+ was successfully isolated in a high yield using Fe2+ with a higher assembly temperature. Star motifs are ubiquitous throughout nature and in man-made architectures, but their molecular level design remains challenging. Here the authors present a stepwise approach to self-assemble pentagonal and hexagonal star-shaped metallo-architectures through the careful design of metallo-organic ligands.
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34
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Cougnon FBL. Ein molekularer Knoten mit acht Überkreuzungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien B. L. Cougnon
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 1211 Genf 4 Schweiz
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35
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Cougnon FBL. Tight Embrace in a Molecular Knot with Eight Crossings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4918-4919. [PMID: 28370994 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
When it takes eight to tango: Since the synthesis of the simplest of all knots, the trefoil knot, in 1989, the formation of more complex knots has remained extremely challenging. The synthesis of the most complex molecular knot made to date, the 819 , by Leigh and co-workers thus represents a major step towards building topologically complex architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien B L Cougnon
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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36
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37
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Danon JJ, Krüger A, Leigh DA, Lemonnier JF, Stephens AJ, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Woltering SL. Braiding a molecular knot with eight crossings. Science 2017; 355:159-162. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aal1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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38
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Howlader P, Mukherjee PS. Face and edge directed self-assembly of Pd 12 tetrahedral nano-cages and their self-sorting. Chem Sci 2016; 7:5893-5899. [PMID: 30034731 PMCID: PMC6024303 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02012g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactions of a cis-blocked Pd(ii) 90° acceptor [cis-(tmeda)Pd(NO3)2] (M) with 1,4-di(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)benzene (H2L1 ) and [1,3,5-tri(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)benzene] (H3L2 ) in 1 : 1 and 3 : 2 molar ratios respectively, yielded soft metallogels G1 and G2 [tmeda = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine]. Post-metalation of the gels G1 and G2 with M yielded highly water-soluble edge and face directed self-assembled Pd12 tetrahedral nano-cages T1 and T2, respectively. Such facile conversion of Pd(ii) gels to discrete tetrahedral metallocages is unprecedented. Moreover, distinct self-sorting of these two tetrahedral cages of similar sizes was observed in the self-assembly of M with a mixture of H2L1 and H3L2 in aqueous medium. The edge directed tetrahedral cage (T1) was successfully used to perform Michael reactions of a series of water insoluble nitro-olefins assisted by encapsulation into the cage in aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prodip Howlader
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Department , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore-560012 , India . ; ; Tel: +91-80-22933352
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Department , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore-560012 , India . ; ; Tel: +91-80-22933352
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39
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Mondal AK, Jena HS, Malviya A, Konar S. Lanthanide-Directed Fabrication of Four Tetranuclear Quadruple Stranded Helicates Showing Magnetic Refrigeration and Slow Magnetic Relaxation. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:5237-44. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Mondal
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal-bypass road, Bahuri, Bhopal-462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Himanshu Sekhar Jena
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal-bypass road, Bahuri, Bhopal-462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Amita Malviya
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal-bypass road, Bahuri, Bhopal-462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjit Konar
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal-bypass road, Bahuri, Bhopal-462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
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40
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Yan Z, Liu W, Peng YY, Chen YC, Li QW, Ni ZP, Tong ML. Spin-Crossover Phenomenon in a Pentanuclear Iron(II) Cluster Helicate. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:4891-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yan
- Key
Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of
Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
- College
of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of
Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Peng
- Key
Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of
Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Cong Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of
Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Quan-Wen Li
- Key
Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of
Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Ping Ni
- Key
Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of
Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Liang Tong
- Key
Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of
Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
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41
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Song YH, Singh N, Jung J, Kim H, Kim EH, Cheong HK, Kim Y, Chi KW. Template-Free Synthesis of a Molecular Solomon Link by Two-Component Self-Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:2007-11. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Ho Song
- Department of Chemistry; University of Ulsan; Ulsan 680-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Nem Singh
- Department of Chemistry; University of Ulsan; Ulsan 680-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Jung
- Department of Chemistry; University of Ulsan; Ulsan 680-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunuk Kim
- Energy Materials Laboratory; Korea Institute of Energy Research; Daejeon 305-343 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Protein Structure Group; Korea Basic Science Institute; 162 Yeongudanji-Ro, Ochang Chungbuk 28119 Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Kap Cheong
- Protein Structure Group; Korea Basic Science Institute; 162 Yeongudanji-Ro, Ochang Chungbuk 28119 Republic of Korea
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory; RIKEN; Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Ki-Whan Chi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Ulsan; Ulsan 680-749 Republic of Korea
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42
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Song YH, Singh N, Jung J, Kim H, Kim EH, Cheong HK, Kim Y, Chi KW. Template-Free Synthesis of a Molecular Solomon Link by Two-Component Self-Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Ho Song
- Department of Chemistry; University of Ulsan; Ulsan 680-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Nem Singh
- Department of Chemistry; University of Ulsan; Ulsan 680-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Jung
- Department of Chemistry; University of Ulsan; Ulsan 680-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunuk Kim
- Energy Materials Laboratory; Korea Institute of Energy Research; Daejeon 305-343 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Protein Structure Group; Korea Basic Science Institute; 162 Yeongudanji-Ro, Ochang Chungbuk 28119 Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Kap Cheong
- Protein Structure Group; Korea Basic Science Institute; 162 Yeongudanji-Ro, Ochang Chungbuk 28119 Republic of Korea
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory; RIKEN; Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Ki-Whan Chi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Ulsan; Ulsan 680-749 Republic of Korea
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43
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Prusty S, Krishnaswamy S, Bandi S, Chandrika B, Luo J, McIndoe JS, Hanan GS, Chand DK. Reversible Mechanical Interlocking of D-Shaped Molecular Karabiners bearing Coordination-Bond Loaded Gates: Route to Self-Assembled [2]Catenanes. Chemistry 2015; 21:15174-87. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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44
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Lim NCH, Jackson SE. Molecular knots in biology and chemistry. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:354101. [PMID: 26291690 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/35/354101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Knots and entanglements are ubiquitous. Beyond their aesthetic appeal, these fascinating topological entities can be either useful or cumbersome. In recent decades, the importance and prevalence of molecular knots have been increasingly recognised by scientists from different disciplines. In this review, we provide an overview on the various molecular knots found in naturally occurring biological systems (DNA, RNA and proteins), and those created by synthetic chemists. We discuss the current knowledge in these fields, including recent developments in experimental and, in some cases, computational studies which are beginning to shed light into the complex interplay between the structure, formation and properties of these topologically intricate molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C H Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK. Faculty of Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong BE 1410, Brunei Darussalam
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45
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Ayme JF, Beves JE, Campbell CJ, Gil-Ramírez G, Leigh DA, Stephens AJ. Strong and Selective Anion Binding within the Central Cavity of Molecular Knots and Links. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:9812-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Ayme
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathon E. Beves
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Campbell
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Guzmán Gil-Ramírez
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Leigh
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. Stephens
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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46
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Giri C, Topić F, Cametti M, Rissanen K. Mixed valence mono- and hetero-metallic grid catenanes. Chem Sci 2015; 6:5712-5718. [PMID: 28757953 PMCID: PMC5512231 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01851j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report on the multicomponent self-assembly and single crystal X-ray diffraction study of a series of three interlocked mixed valence mono- and hetero-metallic [2]-catenanes made of [2 × 2] metallo-grids. They show unique structural features and highlight the essential roles of both the Cu(ii)/Cu(i) pair and of the conformationally adaptable organic ligands for achieving catenation of grids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Giri
- University of Jyvaskyla , Department of Chemistry , Nanoscience Center , P. O. Box. 35, FI-40014 University of Jyvaskyla , Finland .
| | - Filip Topić
- University of Jyvaskyla , Department of Chemistry , Nanoscience Center , P. O. Box. 35, FI-40014 University of Jyvaskyla , Finland .
| | - Massimo Cametti
- Department of Chemistry , Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta" , Politecnico di Milano , Via L. Mancinelli 7 , 20131 Milano , Italy .
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla , Department of Chemistry , Nanoscience Center , P. O. Box. 35, FI-40014 University of Jyvaskyla , Finland .
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47
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Beves JE, Danon JJ, Leigh DA, Lemonnier JF, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ. A Solomon link through an interwoven molecular grid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7555-9. [PMID: 25960366 PMCID: PMC4479027 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A molecular Solomon link was synthesized through the assembly of an interwoven molecular grid consisting of four bis(benzimidazolepyridyl)benzthiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole ligands and four zinc(II), iron(II), or cobalt(II) cations, followed by ring-closing olefin metathesis. NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography confirmed the doubly interlocked topology, and subsequent demetalation afforded the wholly organic Solomon link. The synthesis, in which each metal ion defines the crossing point of two ligand strands, suggests that interwoven molecular grids should be useful scaffolds for the rational construction of other topologically complex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon E Beves
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ (UK)
| | - Jonathan J Danon
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net
| | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ (UK).
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net.
| | - Jean-François Lemonnier
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net
| | - Iñigo J Vitorica-Yrezabal
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net
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48
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Malviya A, Jena HS, Mondal AK, Konar S. Europium‐Based Dinuclear Triple‐Stranded Helicate vs. Tetranuclear Quadruple‐Stranded Helicate: Effect of Stoichiometric Ratio on the Supramolecular Self‐Assembly. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amita Malviya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Indore by‐pass road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, MP, India, http://skonarhomepage.wix.com/iiserb
| | - Himanshu Sekhar Jena
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Indore by‐pass road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, MP, India, http://skonarhomepage.wix.com/iiserb
| | - Amit Kumar Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Indore by‐pass road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, MP, India, http://skonarhomepage.wix.com/iiserb
| | - Sanjit Konar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Indore by‐pass road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, MP, India, http://skonarhomepage.wix.com/iiserb
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Gil-Ramírez G, Leigh DA, Stephens AJ. Catenanes: fifty years of molecular links. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6110-50. [PMID: 25951013 PMCID: PMC4515087 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Half a century after Schill and Lüttringhaus carried out the first directed synthesis of a [2]catenane, a plethora of strategies now exist for the construction of molecular Hopf links (singly interlocked rings), the simplest type of catenane. The precision and effectiveness with which suitable templates and/or noncovalent interactions can arrange building blocks has also enabled the synthesis of intricate and often beautiful higher order interlocked systems, including Solomon links, Borromean rings, and a Star of David catenane. This Review outlines the diverse strategies that exist for synthesizing catenanes in the 21st century and examines their emerging applications and the challenges that still exist for the synthesis of more complex topologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzmán Gil-Ramírez
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net
| | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net.
| | - Alexander J Stephens
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net
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50
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Beves JE, Danon JJ, Leigh DA, Lemonnier JF, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ. A Solomon Link through an Interwoven Molecular Grid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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