1
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Chen Q, Zhu K. Advancements and strategic approaches in catenane synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5677-5703. [PMID: 38659402 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00499f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Catenanes, a distinctive category of mechanically interlocked molecules composed of intertwined macrocycles, have undergone significant advancements since their initial stages characterized by inefficient statistical synthesis methods. Through the aid of molecular recognition processes and principles of self-assembly, a diverse array of catenanes with intricate structures can now be readily accessed utilizing template-directed synthetic protocols. The rapid evolution and emergence of this field have catalyzed the design and construction of artificial molecular switches and machines, leading to the development of increasingly integrated functional systems and materials. This review endeavors to explore the pivotal advancements in catenane synthesis from its inception, offering a comprehensive discussion of the synthetic methodologies employed in recent years. By elucidating the progress made in synthetic approaches to catenanes, our aim is to provide a clearer understanding of the future challenges in further advancing catenane chemistry from a synthetic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Kelong Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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2
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Wilmore JT, Beer PD. Exploiting the Mechanical Bond Effect for Enhanced Molecular Recognition and Sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309098. [PMID: 38174657 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquity of charged species in biological and industrial processes has resulted in ever-increasing interest in their selective recognition, detection, and environmental remediation. Building on the established coordination chemistry principles of the chelate and macrocyclic effects, and host preorganization, supramolecular chemists seek to construct specific 3D binding cavities reminiscent of biotic systems to enhance host-guest binding affinity and selectivity. Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) present a wholly unique platform for synthetic host design, wherein topologies afforded by the mechanical bond enable the decoration of 3D cavities for non-covalent interactions with a range of target guest geometries. Notably, MIM host systems exhibit mechanical bond effect augmented affinities and selectivities for a variety of charged guest species, compared to non-interlocked acyclic and macrocycle host analogs. Furthermore, the modular nature of MIM synthesis facilitates incorporation of optical and electrochemical reporter groups, enabling fabrication of highly sensitive and specific molecular sensors. This review discusses the development of recognition and sensing MIMs, from the first reports in the late 20th century through to the present day, delineating how their topologically preorganized and dynamic host cavities enhance charged guest recognition and sensing, demonstrating the mechanical bond effect as a potent tool in future chemosensing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie T Wilmore
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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3
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Nandi M, Bej S, Jana T, Ghosh P. From construction to application of a new generation of interlocked molecules composed of heteroditopic wheels. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 38015500 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03778a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, research on mechanically interlocked molecules has significantly evolved owing to their unique structural features and interesting properties. A substantial percentage of the reported works have focused on the synthetic strategies, leading to the preparation of functional MIMs for their applications in the chemical, materials, and biomedical sciences. Importantly, various macrocyclic wheels with specific heteroditopicity (including phenanthroline, amide, amine, oxy-ether, isophthalamide, calixarene and triazole) and threading axles (bipyridine, phenanthroline, pyridinium, triazolium, etc.) have been designed to synthesize targeted multifunctional mononuclear/multinuclear pseudorotaxanes, rotaxanes and catenanes. The structural uniqueness of these interlocked systems is advantageous owing to the presence of mechanical bonds with specific three-dimensional cavities. Furthermore, their multi-functionalities and preorganised structural entities exhibit a high potential for versatile applications, like switching, shuttling, dynamic properties, recognition and sensing. In this feature article, we describe some of the most recent advances in the construction and chemical behaviour of a new generation of interlocked molecules, primarily focusing on heteroditopic wheels and their applications in different directions of the modern research area. Furthermore, we outline the future prospects and significant perspectives of the new generation heteroditopic wheel based interlocked molecules in different emerging areas of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandira Nandi
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Somnath Bej
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Tarun Jana
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Pradyut Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India.
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4
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Chen J, Huang L, Wu L, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Li Y, Zhao Y, Wang L, Feng D, Kira M, Lin Z, Li Z. Isolable Tetragold(0) Clusters with Polarity-Tunable exo-Au-Au Bond via Intramolecular σ-Aromatization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311230. [PMID: 37596803 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Intramolecular π-aromatization is a trait of many organic compounds that enhances the stability of their structures and polarizes related C-C π bonds. In contrast, rare study is focused on this phenomenon in metal clusters. Many existing homometallic clusters exhibit aromaticity, often characterized by nonpolar metal-metal bonds and a high degree of symmetry. However, synthesizing low-symmetric homometallic clusters with high-polar metal-metal bonds is challenging due to their limited thermodynamic stability. Herein, we report a facile strategy for the synthesis of [Au(μ2 -ER2 )]3 -AuPMe3 (E=Ge, Sn; R2 =1,1,4,4-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)butane-1,4-diyl) clusters and reveal a novel stabilization mode, intramolecular σ-aromatization. Our electronic structure analyses show that these low-symmetric clusters possess a ten-electron σ-aromatic system, which is achieved via intramolecular σ-aromatization. Moreover, the strength of σ-aromaticity gives rise to a polarity-tunable exo-Au-Au bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Chen
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lu Huang
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lifang Wu
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinhuan Li
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunqing Zhao
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liliang Wang
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dewei Feng
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mitsuo Kira
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Jiang Y, Zeng ZY, Jin T, Peng Z, Xu L. Precision syntheses of molecular necklaces based on coordination interactions. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:2915-2923. [PMID: 36794450 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03594d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Molecular necklaces (MNs) are mechanically interlocked molecules that have attracted considerable attention due to their delicate structures and potential applications, such as in the syntheses of polymeric materials and DNA cleavage. However, complex and lengthy synthetic routes have limited development of further applications. Owing to their dynamic reversibility, strong bond energy and high orientation, coordination interactions were employed to synthesize MNs. In this review, progress in the coordination-based MNs has been summarized, with emphasis on design strategies and potential applications based on coordination interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefei Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Zhi-Yong Zeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Tongxia Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, P. R. China. .,Wuhu Hospital Affiliated to East China Normal University (The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu), Wuhu 241001, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Lin Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, P. R. China. .,Wuhu Hospital Affiliated to East China Normal University (The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu), Wuhu 241001, P. R. China
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6
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Tay HM, Tse YC, Docker A, Gateley C, Thompson AL, Kuhn H, Zhang Z, Beer PD. Halogen-Bonding Heteroditopic [2]Catenanes for Recognition of Alkali Metal/Halide Ion Pairs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214785. [PMID: 36440816 PMCID: PMC10108176 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of halogen bonding (XB) heteroditopic homo[2]catenanes were prepared by discrete Na+ template-directed assembly of oligo(ethylene glycol) units derived from XB donor-containing macrocycles and acyclic bis-azide precursors, followed by a CuI -mediated azide-alkyne cycloaddition macrocyclisation reaction. Extensive 1 H NMR spectroscopic studies show the [2]catenane hosts exhibit positive cooperative ion-pair recognition behaviour, wherein XB-mediated halide recognition is enhanced by alkali metal cation pre-complexation. Notably, subtle changes in the catenanes' oligo(ethylene glycol) chain length dramatically alters their ion-binding affinity, stoichiometry, complexation mode, and conformational dynamics. Solution-phase and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies provide evidence for competing host-separated and direct-contact ion-pair binding modes. We further demonstrate the [2]catenanes are capable of extracting solid alkali-metal halide salts into organic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Min Tay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Yuen Cheong Tse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Andrew Docker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Christian Gateley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Amber L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Heike Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Zongyao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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7
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Chen X, Chen H, Fraser Stoddart J. The Story of the Little Blue Box: A Tribute to Siegfried Hünig. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211387. [PMID: 36131604 PMCID: PMC10099103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The tetracationic cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene), also known as the little blue box, constitutes a modular receptor that has facilitated the discovery of many host-guest complexes and mechanically interlocked molecules during the past 35 years. Its versatility in binding small π-donors in its tetracationic state, as well as forming trisradical tricationic complexes with viologen radical cations in its doubly reduced bisradical dicationic state, renders it valuable for the construction of various stimuli-responsive materials. Since the first reports in 1988, the little blue box has been featured in over 500 publications in the literature. All this research activity would not have been possible without the seminal contributions carried out by Siegfried Hünig, who not only pioneered the syntheses of viologen-containing cyclophanes, but also revealed their rich redox chemistry in addition to their ability to undergo intramolecular π-dimerization. This Review describes how his pioneering research led to the design and synthesis of the little blue box, and how this redox-active host evolved into the key component of molecular shuttles, switches, and machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Yang Chen
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
- School of ChemistryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
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8
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Pearce N, Tarnowska M, Andersen NJ, Wahrhaftig-Lewis A, Pilgrim BS, Champness NR. Mechanically interlocked molecular handcuffs. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3915-3941. [PMID: 35440998 PMCID: PMC8985514 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00568a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of mechanically interlocked molecules that employ a handcuff component are reviewed. The variety of rotaxane and catenane structures that use the handcuff motif to interlock different components are discussed and a new nomenclature, distilling diverse terminologies to a single approach, is proposed. By unifying the interpretation of this class of molecules we identify new opportunities for employing this structural unit for new architectures. Mechanically interlocked molecules that employ a handcuff component provide a pathway to highly unusual structures, a new nomenclature is proposed which helps to identify opportunities for employing this structural unit for new architectures.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Pearce
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Marysia Tarnowska
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Nathan J Andersen
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | | | - Ben S Pilgrim
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Neil R Champness
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
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9
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Au-Yeung HY, Deng Y. Distinctive features and challenges in catenane chemistry. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3315-3334. [PMID: 35432874 PMCID: PMC8943846 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05391d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
From being an aesthetic molecular object to a building block for the construction of molecular machines, catenanes and related mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) continue to attract immense interest in many research areas. Catenane chemistry is closely tied to that of rotaxanes and knots, and involves concepts like mechanical bonds, chemical topology and co-conformation that are unique to these molecules. Yet, because of their different topological structures and mechanical bond properties, there are some fundamental differences between the chemistry of catenanes and that of rotaxanes and knots although the boundary is sometimes blurred. Clearly distinguishing these differences, in aspects of bonding, structure, synthesis and properties, between catenanes and other MIMs is therefore of fundamental importance to understand their chemistry and explore the new opportunities from mechanical bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yu Au-Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
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10
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Chen CY, Xu HC, Ho TH, Hsu CJ, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Complementarity of 2,6-Dimethanolpyridine and Di(ethylene glycol) in the Complexation of Na + Ions: Attaching Multiple Copies of [2]Catenane Branches to Isophthalaldehyde-Containing Cores. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13491-13502. [PMID: 34514788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study we found that 2,6-dimethanolpyridine displays good complementarity toward di(ethylene glycol) for the complexation of Na+ ions, allowing us to use this recognition system for the efficient synthesis of hetero[2]catenanes; indeed, it allowed us to attach multiple copies of [2]catenanes to branched systems presenting multiple isophthalaldehyde units. When we attempted to form a catenane from a preformed macrocycle featuring only a single di(ethylene glycol) unit, reacting it with a di(ethylene glycol) derivative presenting two amino termini, isophthalaldehyde, and templating Na+ ions [i.e., with the aim of using di(ethylene glycol)·Na+·di(ethylene glycol) recognition to template the formation of the interlocked imino macrocycle], the yields of the hetero[2]catenane and homo[2]catenane, comprising two imino macrocyclic units, were both poor (14% and 7%, respectively). In contrast, when one or two 2,6-dimethanolpyridine units were present in the preformed macrocycles, their reactions with the same diamine, dialdehyde, and Na+ ions provided the hetero[2]catenanes with high selectivity and efficiency (44% and 64% yields, respectively), with minimal formation of the competing homo[2]catenane. The high complementary of the 2,6-dimethanolpyridine·Na+·di(ethylene glycol) ligand pair allowed us to synthesize [2]catenane dimers and trimers directly from corresponding isophthalaldehyde-presenting cores, with yields, after subsequent reduction and methylation, of 42% and 31%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chen Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Ho
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ju Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chen Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, 40225 Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University Hospital, 40447 Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shie-Ming Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsien Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Chen XY, Shen D, Cai K, Jiao Y, Wu H, Song B, Zhang L, Tan Y, Wang Y, Feng Y, Stern CL, Stoddart JF. Suit[3]ane. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20152-20160. [PMID: 33180476 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Suitanes are a class of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) that consist of two components: a body with limbs protruding outward and a suit that fits appropriately around it, so that there is no easy way for the suit to be removed from the body. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a suit[3]ane, which contains a benzotrithiophene derivative (THBTT) with three protruding hexyl chains as the body and a 3-fold symmetric, extended pyridinium-based cage, namely, HexaCage6+, as the suit. Central to its realization is effective templation, provided by THBTT during cage formation, an observation that has been supported by the strong binding constant between benzotrithiophene (BTT) and the empty cage. The solid-state structure of the suit[3]ane reveals that the body is confined within the suit's cavity with its alkyl chains protruding outward through the orifices in the cage. Notably, such a seemingly unstable molecule, having three flexible alkyl chains as its only protruding limbs, does not dissociate after prolonged heating in CD3CN at 100 °C under pressure for 7 days. No evidence for guest exchange with the host was observed at this temperature in a 2:1 mixture of THBTT and HexaCage6+ in CD3CN. The results indicate that flexible protruding limbs are sufficient for a suit[3]ane to remain mechanically stable even at high temperatures in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dengke Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Kang Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yu Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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12
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Tominaga M, Hyodo T, Maekawa Y, Kawahata M, Yamaguchi K. One‐Step Synthesis of Cyclophanes as Crystalline Sponge and Their [2]Catenanes through S
N
Ar Reactions. Chemistry 2020; 26:5157-5161. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahide Tominaga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa CampusTokushima Bunri University 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki Kagawa 769-2193 Japan
| | - Tadashi Hyodo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa CampusTokushima Bunri University 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki Kagawa 769-2193 Japan
| | - Yumi Maekawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa CampusTokushima Bunri University 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki Kagawa 769-2193 Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kawahata
- Showa Pharmaceutical University 3–3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa CampusTokushima Bunri University 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki Kagawa 769-2193 Japan
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13
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Tai TY, Liu YH, Lai CC, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Absolute Configurations of Topologically Chiral [2]Catenanes and the Acid/Base-Flippable Directions of Their Optical Rotations. Org Lett 2019; 21:5708-5712. [PMID: 31283244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The absolute configurations of the two enantiomers of a topologically chiral [2]catenane were determined unambiguously based on HPLC resolution and X-ray crystal analysis. Although structurally dissimilar to simple amino acids, the optical rotations of these separated [2]catenanes share the Clough-Lutz-Jirgensons behavior of amino acids: the optical rotation flips direction in the presence of acid and base, the first example of such behavior for a mechanically interlocked topologically chiral catenane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yi Tai
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan , R.O.C
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan , R.O.C
| | - Chien-Chen Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology , National Chung Hsing University , Taichung City 402 , Taiwan , R.O.C
| | - Shie-Ming Peng
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan , R.O.C
| | - Sheng-Hsien Chiu
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan , R.O.C
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14
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Nguyen MT, Ferris DP, Pezzato C, Wang Y, Stoddart JF. Densely Charged Dodecacationic [3]- and Tetracosacationic Radial [5]Catenanes. Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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15
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Inthasot A, Tung ST, Chiu SH. Using Alkali Metal Ions To Template the Synthesis of Interlocked Molecules. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1324-1337. [PMID: 29745639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In 1987, Pedersen, Cram, and Lehn were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to honor their achievements in, among other things, the selective recognition of alkali metal ions by synthetic hosts. Almost three decades later, the 2016 Nobel Prize went to Stoddart, Sauvage, and Feringa for the development of artificial molecular machines, in which interlocked molecules play a significant role. Surprisingly, although many rotaxane- and catenane-based molecular machines have been constructed using various templating approaches, alkali metal ions, which are good templates for crown ether synthesis, have only rarely been applied as templates for the assembly of these interlocked molecules. This paucity of examples is probably due to the less well defined coordination numbers and geometries in the complexation of alkali metal ions to common oxygen-containing ligands, resulting in much weaker metal-ligand interactions and less predictable structures for their complexes compared with those formed between transition metal ions and common pyridine-containing ligands. Nevertheless, the ease of removing alkali metal ions from interlocked compounds and their much lower toxicity compared with that of transition metal ions are attractive features that have inspired their use as templates in the synthesis of interlocked molecules. About a decade ago, we began investigating the feasibility of using alkali metal ions to template the formation of catenanes and rotaxanes, with the hope of developing facile, broadly applicable, green, and efficient methods for their construction. We noticed that the interactions between oxygen-containing ligands and alkali metal ions can be strengthened by minimizing the effects of competing interactions from solvent molecules and counteranions. Thus, to increase the solubility of the metal ion salts in less polar solvents (e.g., CH2Cl2, CHCl3) and minimize ion pairing, we chose tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate (TFPB), a weakly coordinating anion, as the counteranion for the alkali metal ions applied as templates. Our strategy has been based on the association of simple and general recognition units: (i) the orthogonal arrangement of two oligo(ethylene glycol) chains around an alkali metal ion and (ii) the encircling of a single urea/amide unit by an oligo(ethylene glycol)-containing macrocycle in the presence of a templating alkali metal ion. The former recognition system has allowed the facile construction of many interesting interlocked structures, including cyclic [2]catenane trimers and tetramers; the latter has provided several rotaxanes, including some incorporating monomers of practically important (macro)molecules (e.g., peptides, polymers) and some that behave as switches with unique functions (e.g., catalysis, gelation). The components in these recognition systems possess high flexibility in terms of their structures and the choice of suitable alkali metal ion templates. This Account tells the story of the concept behind this alkali metal ion-templating approach as well as its elaboration, scope, and recent advances. We hope to convince the reader that alkali metal ions are powerful templates for assembling interlocked structures and compounds and also to demonstrate the range of possibilities that they provide for future endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Inthasot
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Te Tung
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsien Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Tsai CY, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Cheng RP, Chiu SH. [2]Catenanes Displaying Switchable Gin-Trap-Like Motion. J Org Chem 2018; 83:5619-5628. [PMID: 29701970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sodium ion-controlled switching from "folded" to "linear" states results in significant changes in the molecular shape of a [2]catenane, such that it mimics the operation of a gin trap, with a fluorescent alarm signal appearing when pyrene side arms were present on its two macrocyclic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-You Tsai
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chien-Chen Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University and Department of Medical Genetics , China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shie-Ming Peng
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Richard P Cheng
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Sheng-Hsien Chiu
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan, R.O.C
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17
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Lewis JEM, Beer PD, Loeb SJ, Goldup SM. Metal ions in the synthesis of interlocked molecules and materials. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:2577-2591. [PMID: 28447678 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00199a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of metal ions to template the synthesis of catenanes by Sauvage and co-workers was a pivotal moment in the development of the field of interlocked molecules. In this Review Article we shall examine the different roles metal-ligand interactions play in modern syntheses of interlocked molecules and materials, with a particular focus on seminal contributions and the advantages and disadvantages of employing metal ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E M Lewis
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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18
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Zhao R, Jie K, Zhou Y, Li E, Liu J, Huang F. Clip[4]arene: synthesis, rigid acyclic C-shaped structure, and redox-controlled host–guest complexation. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Han X, Liu G, Liu SH, Yin J. Synthesis of rotaxanes and catenanes using an imine clipping reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:10331-10351. [PMID: 27714207 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry and self-assembly provide a valuable chance to understand the complicated topological structures on a molecular level. Two types of classical mechanically interlocked molecules, rotaxanes and catenanes, possess non-covalent mechanical bonds and have attracted more attention not only in supramolecular chemistry but also in the fields of materials science, nanotechnology and bioscience. In the past decades, the template-directed clipping reaction based on imine chemistry has become one of the most efficient methods for the construction of functionalized rotaxanes and catenanes. In this review, we outlined the main progress of rotaxanes and catenanes using the template-directed clipping approach of imine chemistry. The review contains the novel topological structures of rotaxanes and catenanes, functions and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Han
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Guotao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
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20
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Tung ST, Cheng HT, Inthasot A, Hsueh FC, Gu TJ, Yan PC, Lai CC, Chiu SH. Interlocked Photo-degradable Macrocycles Allow One-Off Photo-triggerable Gelation of Organo- and Hydrogelators. Chemistry 2018; 24:1522-1527. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Te Tung
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei, Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
| | - Hung-Te Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei, Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
| | - Alex Inthasot
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei, Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
| | - Fang-Che Hsueh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei, Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
| | - Ting-Jia Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei, Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
| | - Pei-Cong Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei, Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
| | - Chien-Chen Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University and Department of Medical Genetics; China Medical University Hospital; Taichung, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Sheng-Hsien Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei, Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
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21
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Hayashi R, Slavík P, Mutoh Y, Kasama T, Saito S. Sequence-Selective Synthesis of Rotacatenane Isomers. J Org Chem 2016; 81:1175-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuto Hayashi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Petr Slavík
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Mutoh
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kasama
- Research
Center for Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shinichi Saito
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
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22
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Lee YJ, Ho TH, Lai CC, Chiu SH. Size effects in the alkali metal ion-templated formation of oligo(ethylene glycol)-containing [2]catenanes. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1153-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01956g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The most suitable alkali metal ions for templating the assembly of various homo- and hetero-[2]catenanes from the diamines containing central di-, tri-, and tetra(ethylene glycol) motifs, and isophthalaldehyde are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jay Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei
- ROC
| | - Tsung-Hsien Ho
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei
- ROC
| | - Chien-Chen Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology
- National Chung Hsing University and Department of Medical Genetics
- China Medical University Hospital
- Taichung
- ROC
| | - Sheng-Hsien Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei
- ROC
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23
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Prusty S, Krishnaswamy S, Bandi S, Chandrika B, Luo J, McIndoe JS, Hanan GS, Chand DK. Reversible Mechanical Interlocking of D-Shaped Molecular Karabiners bearing Coordination-Bond Loaded Gates: Route to Self-Assembled [2]Catenanes. Chemistry 2015; 21:15174-87. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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Wu YW, Tung ST, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Cyclic [2]Catenane Dimers, Trimers, and Tetramers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Wu Y, Tung S, Lai C, Liu Y, Peng S, Chiu S. Cyclic [2]Catenane Dimers, Trimers, and Tetramers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:11745-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Wei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 (Taiwan, R.O.C.)
| | - Shun‐Te Tung
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 (Taiwan, R.O.C.)
| | - Chien‐Chen Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University and Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung (Taiwan, R.O.C.)
| | - Yi‐Hung Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 (Taiwan, R.O.C.)
| | - Shie‐Ming Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 (Taiwan, R.O.C.)
| | - Sheng‐Hsien Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 (Taiwan, R.O.C.)
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26
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Martí-Centelles V, Pandey MD, Burguete MI, Luis SV. Macrocyclization Reactions: The Importance of Conformational, Configurational, and Template-Induced Preorganization. Chem Rev 2015; 115:8736-834. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mrituanjay D. Pandey
- Departament de Química
Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - M. Isabel Burguete
- Departament de Química
Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Santiago V. Luis
- Departament de Química
Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
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27
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Hayashi R, Mutoh Y, Kasama T, Saito S. Synthesis of [3]Rotaxanes by the Combination of Copper-Mediated Coupling Reaction and Metal-Template Approach. J Org Chem 2015; 80:7536-46. [PMID: 26161508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
[3]Rotaxanes with two axle components and one ring component were synthesized by the combination of a coupling reaction using a transition-metal catalyst and a metal-template approach. Thus, [2]rotaxanes were prepared by the oxidative dimerization of alkyne promoted by macrocyclic phenanthroline-CuI complexes. The [2]rotaxane was reacted with a Cu(I) salt and an acyclic ligand to generate a tetrahedral Cu(I) complex. Metal-free [3]rotaxane was isolated by the end-capping reaction of the acyclic ligand, followed by the removal of Cu(I) ion. The stability of the tetrahedral Cu(I) complexes depended on the size of both the ring component and the acyclic ligand, which was correlated with the yield of the corresponding [3]rotaxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuto Hayashi
- †Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Mutoh
- †Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kasama
- ‡Research Center for Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shinichi Saito
- †Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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28
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29
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Gil-Ramírez G, Leigh DA, Stephens AJ. Catenanes: fifty years of molecular links. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6110-50. [PMID: 25951013 PMCID: PMC4515087 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Half a century after Schill and Lüttringhaus carried out the first directed synthesis of a [2]catenane, a plethora of strategies now exist for the construction of molecular Hopf links (singly interlocked rings), the simplest type of catenane. The precision and effectiveness with which suitable templates and/or noncovalent interactions can arrange building blocks has also enabled the synthesis of intricate and often beautiful higher order interlocked systems, including Solomon links, Borromean rings, and a Star of David catenane. This Review outlines the diverse strategies that exist for synthesizing catenanes in the 21st century and examines their emerging applications and the challenges that still exist for the synthesis of more complex topologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzmán Gil-Ramírez
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net
| | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net.
| | - Alexander J Stephens
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net
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30
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Gil-Ramírez G, Leigh DA, Stephens AJ. Catenane: fünfzig Jahre molekulare Verschlingungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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31
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Wu YW, Chen PN, Chang CF, Lai CC, Chiu SH. Synthesizing [2]Rotaxanes and [2]Catenanes through Na+-Templated Clipping of Macrocycles around Oligo(ethylene glycol) Units. Org Lett 2015; 17:2158-61. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, R.O.C
| | - Pei-Nung Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Fong Chang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, R.O.C
| | - Chien-Chen Lai
- Institute
of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University
and Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Sheng-Hsien Chiu
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, R.O.C
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32
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Wood CS, Ronson TK, Belenguer AM, Holstein JJ, Nitschke JR. Two-stage directed self-assembly of a cyclic [3]catenane. Nat Chem 2015; 7:354-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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33
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Marrs CN, Evans NH. The rapid synthesis and dynamic behaviour of an isophthalamide [2]catenane. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:11021-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01770j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A [2]catenane has been prepared in three steps from commerically available starting materials. In solution, the rings of the catenane are able to rotate relative to one another, in a process that varies depending on solvent and temperature.
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34
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Aricò F, Udrea I, Crisma M, Tundo P. Azacrown Ethers from Mustard Carbonate Analogues. Chempluschem 2014; 80:471-474. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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35
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Evans NH, Beer PD. Progress in the synthesis and exploitation of catenanes since the Millennium. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:4658-83. [PMID: 24676138 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00029c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Catenanes - molecules consisting of interlocked macrocyclic rings - have been prepared by templation strategies for some thirty years. The utilization of Cu(I) cation, aromatic donor-acceptor interactions and hydrogen bonding assisted self-assembly strategies has led to the construction of numerous examples of these aesthetically pleasing species. This review seeks to discuss key developments in the synthesis and functional application of catenanes that have occurred since the Millennium. The much expanded range of metal cation templates; the genesis and growth of anion templation, as well as the use of alternative supramolecular interactions (halogen bonding and radical templation) and thermodynamically controlled reactions to synthesize catenanes are detailed. The class of catenanes that may be described as "molecular machines" are then highlighted and to conclude, attempts to fabricate catenanes onto surfaces and into metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
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36
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Ma YX, Meng Z, Chen CF. A novel pentiptycene bis(crown ether)-based [2](2)rotaxane whose two DB24C8 rings act as flapping wings of a butterfly. Org Lett 2014; 16:1860-3. [PMID: 24635015 DOI: 10.1021/ol500149k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel [2](2)rotaxane based on pentiptycene-derived bis(crown ether) can be efficiently synthesized via a "click chemistry" method and the subsequent N-methylation. Due to the different affinities of DB24C8 with the ammonium and triazolium stations, the wing-flapping movement of the DB24C8 "wings" in the [2](2)rotaxane can be easily achieved by acid/base stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xian Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
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37
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Ho TH, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Rotaxanes Synthesized Through Sodium-Ion-Templated Clipping of Macrocycles Around Nonconjugated Amide and Urea Functionalities. Chemistry 2014; 20:4563-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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38
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Wu KD, Lin YH, Lai CC, Chiu SH. Na+ Ion Templated Threading of Oligo(ethylene glycol) Chains through BPX26C6 Allows Synthesis of [2]Rotaxanes under Solvent-Free Conditions. Org Lett 2014; 16:1068-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ol403602j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Dian Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan, 10617, R.O.C
| | - You-Han Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan, 10617, R.O.C
| | - Chien-Chen Lai
- Institute
of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University and Department
of Medical Genetics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Sheng-Hsien Chiu
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan, 10617, R.O.C
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Pun AB, Gagnon KJ, Klivansky LM, Teat SJ, Li ZT, Liu Y. Solvent-driven selective π-cation templating in dynamic assembly of interlocked molecules. Org Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3qo00074e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The different solvent responses for bipyridinium and trispyridinium-based dynamic imine [2]rotaxanes allow their interconversion with high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Pun
- The Molecular Foundry
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley, USA
| | - Kevin J. Gagnon
- Advanced Light Source
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley, USA
| | | | - Simon J. Teat
- Advanced Light Source
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley, USA
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular Foundry
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley, USA
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