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Barwise L, Bennetts JD, White KF, Dutton JL. ArI(NTf 2) 2: the boundary of oxidative capacity for ArIL 2? Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13340-13343. [PMID: 37869995 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04563c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis and crystallographic characterization of NO2-C6H4-I(NTf2)2 (NTf2 = bistriflimide) is reported. Experimental results find that this compound can perform oxidation reactions that ArI(OTf)2 is unable to and theoretical analysis indicates Ar-I(NTf2)2 is the most oxidizing in the ArIL2 class of compounds known and may also be the most oxidizing compound in the class practically possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Barwise
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jason D Bennetts
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Keith F White
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jason L Dutton
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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2
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Stoyanov ES, Stoyanova IV. The Chloronium Cation [(C 2H 3) 2Cl +] and Unsaturated C 4-Carbocations with C=C and C≡C Bonds in Their Solid Salts and in Solutions: An H 1/C 13 NMR and Infrared Spectroscopic Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169111. [PMID: 36012378 PMCID: PMC9409342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid salts of the divinyl chloronium (C2H3)2Cl+ cation (I) and unsaturated C4H6Cl+ and C4H7+ carbocations with the highly stable CHB11Hal11− anion (Hal=F, Cl) were obtained for the first time. At 120 °C, the salt of the chloronium cation decomposes, yielding a salt of the C4H5+ cation. This thermally stable (up to 200 °C) carbocation is methyl propargyl, CH≡C-C+-H-CH3 (VI), which, according to quantum chemical calculations, should be energetically much less favorable than other isomers of the C4H7+ cations. Cation VI readily attaches HCl to the formal triple C≡C bond to form the CHCl=CH-C+H-CH3 cation (VII). In infrared spectra of cations I, VI, and VII, frequencies of C=C and C≡C stretches are significantly lower than those predicted by calculations (by 400–500 cm−1). Infrared and 1H/13C magic-angle spinning NMR spectra of solid salts of cations I and VI and high-resolution 1H/13C NMR spectra of VII in solution in SO2ClF were interpreted. On the basis of the spectroscopic data, the charge and electron density distribution in the cations are discussed.
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3
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Stoyanov ES, Bagryanskaya IY, Stoyanova IV. IR-Spectroscopic and X-ray-Structural Study of Vinyl-Type Carbocations in Their Carborane Salts. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:27560-27572. [PMID: 35967019 PMCID: PMC9366973 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The butylene carbocation in its salts with anions CHB11F11 - and CHB11Cl11 - forms isomers CH2=C+-CH2-CH3 (I) and CH3-C+=CH-CH3 (II), which were characterized here by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The strongest influence on the structure of the cations is exerted by geometric ordering of their anionic environment. In the crystalline phase, the cations uniformly interact with neighboring anions, and the C=C bond is located in the middle part of the cations forming a -CH=C+- moiety with the highest positive charge on it and the lowest νC=C frequency, at 1490 cm-1. In the amorphous phase with a disordered anionic environment of the cations, contact ion pairs Anion-···CH2=C+-CH2-CH3 form predominantly, with terminal localization of the C=C bond through which the contact occurs. The positive charge is slightly extinguished by the anion, and the C=C stretch frequency is higher by ∼100 cm-1. The replacement of the hydrogen atom in cations I/II by a Cl atom giving rise to cations CH2=C+-CHCl-CH3 and CH3-C+=CCl-CH3 means that the donation of electron density from the Cl atom quenches the positive charge on the C+=C bond more strongly, and the C=C stretch frequency increases so much that it even exceeds that of neutral alkene analogues by 35-65 cm-1. An explanation is given for the finding that upon stabilization of the vinyl cations by polyatomic substituents such as silylium (SiMe3) and t-Bu groups, the stretching C=C frequency approaches the triple-bond frequency. Namely, the scattering of a positive charge on these substituents enhances their donor properties so much that the electron density on the C=C bond with a weakened charge becomes much higher than that of neutral alkenes.
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4
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Klare HFT, Oestreich M. The Power of the Proton: From Superacidic Media to Superelectrophile Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15490-15507. [PMID: 34520196 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Superacidic media became famous in connection with carbocations. Yet not all reactive intermediates can be generated, characterized, and eventually isolated from these Brønsted acid/Lewis acid cocktails. The counteranion, that is the conjugate base, in these systems is often too nucleophilic and/or engages in redox chemistry with the newly formed cation. The Brønsted acidity, especially superacidity, is in fact often not even crucial unless protonation of extremely weak bases needs to be achieved. Instead, it is the chemical robustness of the aforementioned counteranion that determines the success of the protolysis. The advent of molecular Brønsted superacids derived from weakly coordinating, redox-inactive counteranions that do withstand the enormous reactivity of superelectrophiles such as silicon cations completely changed the whole field. This Perspective summarizes general aspects of medium and molecular Brønsted acidity and shows how applications of molecular Brønsted superacids have advanced from stoichiometric reactions to catalytic processes involving protons and in situ generated superelectrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik F T Klare
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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5
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Golub IE, Filippov OA, Belkova NV, Epstein LM, Shubina ES. The Reaction of Hydrogen Halides with Tetrahydroborate Anion and Hexahydro- closo-hexaborate Dianion. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123754. [PMID: 34202981 PMCID: PMC8235096 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of the consecutive halogenation of the tetrahydroborate anion [BH4]− by hydrogen halides (HX, X = F, Cl, Br) and hexahydro-closo-hexaborate dianion [B6H6]2− by HCl via electrophile-induced nucleophilic substitution (EINS) was established by ab initio DFT calculations [M06/6-311++G(d,p) and wB97XD/6-311++G(d,p)] in acetonitrile (MeCN), taking into account non-specific solvent effects (SMD model). Successive substitution of H− by X− resulted in increased electron deficiency of borohydrides and changes in the character of boron atoms from nucleophilic to highly electrophilic. This, in turn, increased the tendency of the B–H bond to transfer a proton rather than a hydride ion. Thus, the regularities established suggested that it should be possible to carry out halogenation more selectively with the targeted synthesis of halogen derivatives with a low degree of substitution, by stabilization of H2 complex, or by carrying out a nucleophilic substitution of B–H bonds activated by interaction with Lewis acids (BL3).
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6
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Klare HFT, Albers L, Süsse L, Keess S, Müller T, Oestreich M. Silylium Ions: From Elusive Reactive Intermediates to Potent Catalysts. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5889-5985. [PMID: 33861564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The history of silyl cations has all the makings of a drama but with a happy ending. Being considered reactive intermediates impossible to isolate in the condensed phase for decades, their actual characterization in solution and later in solid state did only fuel the discussion about their existence and initially created a lot of controversy. This perception has completely changed today, and silyl cations and their donor-stabilized congeners are now widely accepted compounds with promising use in synthetic chemistry. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the fundamental facts and principles of the chemistry of silyl cations, including reliable ways of their preparation as well as their physical and chemical properties. The striking features of silyl cations are their enormous electrophilicity and as such reactivity as super Lewis acids as well as fluorophilicity. Known applications rely on silyl cations as reactants, stoichiometric reagents, and promoters where the reaction success is based on their steady regeneration over the course of the reaction. Silyl cations can even be discrete catalysts, thereby opening the next chapter of their way into the toolbox of synthetic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik F T Klare
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Albers
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lars Süsse
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Keess
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Brzeski J, Skurski P, Simons J. Caralumane Superacids of Lewis and Brønsted Character. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:999-1011. [PMID: 33480690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c11014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carborane Brønsted superacids have proven to be useful reagents in a variety of organic and inorganic synthetic processes. In this work, analogs in which the icosahedral CB11 carborane core is replaced by a CAl11 core are studied using ab initio electronic structure tools. Each so-called caralumane Brønsted acid is formed by adding HF, HCl, or HH to a corresponding caralumane Lewis acid possessing a vacant Al-centered orbital that acts to accept an electron pair from the HF, HCl, or HH. The Lewis acid strengths of the species involved, as measured by their F- ion affinities, are all found to exceed the threshold for labeling them Lewis superacids. Also, the deprotonation Gibbs free energies of the Brønsted acids are found to be small enough for them to be Brønsted superacids. When HF or HCl is bound to a caralumane Lewis acid to form the Brønsted acid, the HF or HCl is bound datively to a single Al atom, and hydrogen bonds can be formed between this molecule's H atom and nearby F or Cl atoms attached to other Al atoms. In contrast, when HH is bound to the Lewis acid to form the Brønsted acid, two novel low-energy structures arise, both of which are Brønsted superacids. One has an essentially intact HH molecule attached to a single Al atom in a η2 fashion. In the other, the HH molecule is heterolytically cleaved to generate a hydride ion that attaches to a single Al atom and a proton that binds in a multicenter manner to other Al atoms. The structures and relative energies of a multitude of such caralumane Lewis and Brønsted superacids are provided and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Brzeski
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Skurski
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.,Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jack Simons
- Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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8
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Kulsha AV, Sharapa DI. Superhalogen and Superacid. J Comput Chem 2019; 40:2293-2300. [PMID: 31254480 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A superhalogen F@C20 (CN)20 and a corresponding Brønsted superacid were designed and investigated on DFT and DLPNO-CCSD(T) levels of theory. Calculated compounds have outstanding electron affinity and deprotonation energy, respectively. We consider superacid H[F@C20 (CN)20 ] to be able to protonate molecular nitrogen. The stability of these structures is discussed, while some of the previous predictions concerning neutral Brønsted superacids of record strength are doubted. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Kulsha
- Lyceum of Belarusian State University, 8 Ulijanauskaja Str., Minsk, 220030, Belarus
| | - Dmitry I Sharapa
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, D-76344, Germany
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9
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Kanazawa J, Kitazawa Y, Uchiyama M. Recent Progress in the Synthesis of the Monocarba-closo-dodecaborate(-) Anions. Chemistry 2019; 25:9123-9132. [PMID: 30908764 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This Concept article focuses on the rapid growth in studies of the chemistry of the monocarba-closo-dodecaborate(-) anion (C1 carborane anion). As one of the most stable anions known, the C1 carborane anion has been useful for exploring the chemistry of highly reactive cations. On the other hand, development of novel functional molecules utilizing the unique properties of C1 carborane anion (e.g., σ-aromaticity, rigid spherical skeleton) has progressed more slowly. The main reason for this is the relatively undeveloped state of synthetic chemistry in this area. Recent advances in the synthetic chemistry of C1 carborane anion are highlighted in this Concept article, focusing on cross-coupling reactions at the carbon vertex, direct conversion of B-H bonds, and the synthesis of multivalent weakly coordinating anions. These progressions move this species beyond its well-established role of highly stable "counter" monocharged anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichiro Kanazawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Cluster of Pioneering Research (CPR), Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yu Kitazawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Cluster of Pioneering Research (CPR), Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials (RISM), Shinshu University, Ueda, 386-8567, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Cluster of Pioneering Research (CPR), Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials (RISM), Shinshu University, Ueda, 386-8567, Japan
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10
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Brzeski J, Skurski P. The acid strength of the HF/AlX3 Lewis-Brønsted complexes involving various electron acceptors as ligands. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Riddlestone IM, Kraft A, Schaefer J, Krossing I. Die Schöne (WCA) und das (kationische) Biest: Neues aus der Chemie von und mit schwach koordinierenden Anionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Riddlestone
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Anne Kraft
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Julia Schaefer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
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12
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Riddlestone IM, Kraft A, Schaefer J, Krossing I. Taming the Cationic Beast: Novel Developments in the Synthesis and Application of Weakly Coordinating Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13982-14024. [PMID: 29266644 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This Review gives a comprehensive overview of the most topical weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) and contains information on WCA design, stability, and applications. As an update to the 2004 review, developments in common classes of WCA are included. Methods for the incorporation of WCAs into a given system are discussed and advice given on how to best choose a method for the introduction of a particular WCA. A series of starting materials for a large number of WCA precursors and references are tabulated as a useful resource when looking for procedures to prepare WCAs. Furthermore, a collection of scales that allow the performance of a WCA, or its underlying Lewis acid, to be judged is collated with some advice on how to use them. The examples chosen to illustrate WCA developments are taken from a broad selection of topics where WCAs play a role. In addition a section focusing on transition metal and catalysis applications as well as supporting electrolytes is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Riddlestone
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Kraft
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Schaefer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Rybacka O, Brzeski J, Anusiewicz I, Skurski P. The acid strength of the datively bound complexes involving AlF3 lone pair acceptor and various lone pair donors. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Vo MN, Basdogan Y, Derksen BS, Proust N, Cox GA, Kowall C, Keith JA, Johnson JK. Mechanism of Isobutylene Polymerization: Quantum Chemical Insight into AlCl3/H2O-Catalyzed Reactions. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minh Nguyen Vo
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Yasemin Basdogan
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Bridget S. Derksen
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Nico Proust
- The Lubrizol Corporation, 29400 Lakeland Boulevard, Wickliffe, Ohio 44092, United States
| | - G. Adam Cox
- The Lubrizol Corporation, 29400 Lakeland Boulevard, Wickliffe, Ohio 44092, United States
| | - Cliff Kowall
- The Lubrizol Corporation, 29400 Lakeland Boulevard, Wickliffe, Ohio 44092, United States
| | - John A. Keith
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - J. Karl Johnson
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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15
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Wu Q, Qu ZW, Omann L, Irran E, Klare HFT, Oestreich M. Cleavage of Unactivated Si−C(sp3) Bonds with Reed's Carborane Acids: Formation of Known and Unknown Silylium Ions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9176-9179. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Zheng-Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry; Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Lukas Omann
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Elisabeth Irran
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Hendrik F. T. Klare
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Germany
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16
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Wu Q, Qu ZW, Omann L, Irran E, Klare HFT, Oestreich M. Spaltung nicht aktivierter Si-C(sp3)-Bindungen mit Reedschen Carboransäuren: Bildung bekannter und unbekannter Silyliumionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Zheng-Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry; Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Beringstraße 4 53115 Bonn Deutschland
| | - Lukas Omann
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Elisabeth Irran
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Hendrik F. T. Klare
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Deutschland
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17
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Stoyanov ES, Stoyanova IV. Features of Protonation of the Simplest Weakly Basic Molecules, SO
2
, CO, N
2
O, CO
2
, and Others by Solid Carborane Superacids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii S. Stoyanov
- Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Department of Natural Science National Research University— Novosibirsk State University Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Irina V. Stoyanova
- Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
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18
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Stoyanov ES, Stoyanova IV. Features of Protonation of the Simplest Weakly Basic Molecules, SO2
, CO, N2
O, CO2
, and Others by Solid Carborane Superacids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4516-4520. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii S. Stoyanov
- Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry; Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Department of Natural Science; National Research University-; Novosibirsk State University; Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Irina V. Stoyanova
- Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry; Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
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Himmel D, Radtke V, Butschke B, Krossing I. Grundlegende Bemerkungen zur Azidität. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Valentin Radtke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Burkhard Butschke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
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20
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Himmel D, Radtke V, Butschke B, Krossing I. Basic Remarks on Acidity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4386-4411. [PMID: 29171707 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This Review provides a unified view on Brønsted acidity. For this purpose, a brief overview of the concepts acidity, acid strengths, and pH value is given, including problems, proposed solutions, and the use of the pHabs /pHabsH2O scale as a unifying concept. Thereafter, some examples of the accessibility and application of unified pHabs values are given. The Review is rounded off with the analogy of acid-base chemistry to redox chemistry with the introduction of the unified redox scale peabs . The combination of pHabs and peabs values in the protoelectric potential map (PPM), as elaborated in ongoing studies on the thermochemistry of single ions, provides a means to classify and to compare all possible acid-base/redox reactions in a medium-independent and, thus, unified fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentin Radtke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Butschke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Akimoto G, Otsuka M, Miyamoto K, Muranaka A, Hashizume D, Takita R, Uchiyama M. One-pot Annulation for Biaryl-fused Monocarba-closo
-dodecaborate through Aromatic B−H Bond Disconnection. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:913-917. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Akimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Mai Otsuka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Kazunori Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- Materials Characterization Support Unit; RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Ryo Takita
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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22
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Kitazawa Y, Watanabe M, Masumoto Y, Otsuka M, Miyamoto K, Muranaka A, Hashizume D, Takita R, Uchiyama M. “Dumbbell”- and “Clackers”-Shaped Dimeric Derivatives of Monocarba-closo
-dodecaborate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kitazawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yui Masumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Mai Otsuka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Kazunori Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- Materials Characterization Support Unit; RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Ryo Takita
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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23
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Kitazawa Y, Watanabe M, Masumoto Y, Otsuka M, Miyamoto K, Muranaka A, Hashizume D, Takita R, Uchiyama M. “Dumbbell”- and “Clackers”-Shaped Dimeric Derivatives of Monocarba-closo
-dodecaborate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1501-1504. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kitazawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yui Masumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Mai Otsuka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Kazunori Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- Materials Characterization Support Unit; RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Ryo Takita
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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24
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Abstract
Based on the experimentally established mechanism of hyperconjugative stabilization of the simplest saturated carbocations [Stoyanov, E. S.; et al. PCCP, 2017, 19, 7270], the infrared spectra of t-alkyl+ and methyl-cyclo-pentyl+ carbocations were interpreted. This approach allows us to extract new information about the electronic state of (CH3)2C+R cations with R = H, CH3, C2H5, C4H7, and CH(CH3)2, namely, the electron density distribution over the (CH3)2C group and the positive charge dispersion on the H atoms of this group. Thus, donation of the electron density to the empty 2pz orbital of the sp2 C atom occurs not only from one C-H bond oriented parallel to the 2pz orbital but also equally from all other C-H and C-C bonds of the molecular group involved in hyperconjugation. This mechanism preserved the isoelectronic nature of this group toward the corresponding groups of the neutral alkanes. Hyperconjugation and polarization are closely linked in stabilization of carbocations: the strengthening of one effect weakens the second and vice versa without changing the efficiency of scattering of the positive charge in the carbocation. In the condensed phase, carbocations are additionally stabilized by the bulk effect and hydrogen bonding with the environment: increasing H-bonding strength increased hyperconjugation and decreased polarization. The contribution of all the effects on the stabilization of carbocations was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii S Stoyanov
- Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, National Research University-Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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25
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26
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Silver(I) Complexes of 12-Phenylalkynyl- and 12-Triisopropylalkynylcarba-closo-dodecaborate Anions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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27
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Stoyanov ES. Chemical Properties of Dialkyl Halonium Ions (R 2Hal +) and Their Neutral Analogues, Methyl Carboranes, CH 3-(CHB 11Hal 11), Where Hal = F, Cl. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2918-2923. [PMID: 28355067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chloronium cations in their salts (CnH2n+1)2Cl+{CHB11Cl11-}, with n = 1 to 3 and exceptionally stable carborane anions, are stable at ambient and elevated temperatures. The temperature at which they decompose to carbocations with HCl elimination (below 150 °C) decreases with the increasing n from 1 to 3 because of increasing ionicity of C-Cl bonds in the C-Cl+-C bridge. At room temperature, the salts of cations with n ≥ 4 [starting from t-Bu2Cl+ or (cyclo-C5H11)2Cl+] are unstable and decompose. With decreasing chloronium ion stability, their ability to interact with chloroalkanes to form oligomeric cations increases. It was shown indirectly that unstable salt of fluoronium ions (CH3)2F+(CHB11F11-) must exist at low temperatures. The proposed (CH3)2F+ cation is much more reactive than the corresponding chloronium, showing at room temperature chemical properties expected of (CH3)2Cl+ at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii S Stoyanov
- Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.,Department of Natural Science, National Research University-Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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28
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Stoyanov ES, Nizovtsev AS. Stabilization of carbocations CH 3+, C 2H 5+, i-C 3H 7+, tert-Bu +, and cyclo-pentyl + in solid phases: experimental data versus calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:7270-7279. [PMID: 28239699 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06839a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Comparison of experimental infrared (IR) spectra of the simplest carbocations (with the weakest carborane counterions in terms of basicity, CHB11Hal11-, Hal = F, Cl) with their calculated IR spectra revealed that they are completely inconsistent, as previously reported for the t-Bu+ cation [Stoyanov E. S., et al. J. Phys. Chem. A, 2015, 119, 8619]. This means that the generally accepted explanation of hyperconjugative stabilization of the carbocations should be revised. According to the theory, one CH bond (denoted as ) from each CH3/CH2 group transfers its σ-electron density to the empty 2pz orbital of the sp2 C atom, whereas the σ-electron density on the other CH bonds of the CH3/CH2 group slightly increases. From experimental IR spectra it follows that donation of the σ-electrons from the bond to the 2pz C-orbital is accompanied by equal withdrawal of the electron density from other CH bonds, that is, the electrons are supplied from each CH bond of the CH3/CH2 group. As a result, all CH stretches of the group are red shifted, and IR spectra show typical CH3/CH2 group vibrations. Experimental findings provided another clue to the electron distribution in the hydrocarbon cations and showed that the standard computational techniques do not allow researchers to explain a number of recently established features of the molecular state of hydrocarbon cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii S Stoyanov
- Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. and Department of Natural Sciences, National Research University, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Anton S Nizovtsev
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Research University, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia and Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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29
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Kitazawa Y, Takita R, Yoshida K, Muranaka A, Matsubara S, Uchiyama M. “Naked” Lithium Cation: Strongly Activated Metal Cations Facilitated by Carborane Anions. J Org Chem 2017; 82:1931-1935. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kitazawa
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryo Takita
- Elements
Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, and Advanced Elements Chemistry Research
Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kengo Yoshida
- Elements
Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, and Advanced Elements Chemistry Research
Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Elements
Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, and Advanced Elements Chemistry Research
Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Seijiro Matsubara
- Department
of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Elements
Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, and Advanced Elements Chemistry Research
Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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30
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Grabowski SJ. Hydrogen bonds, and σ-hole and π-hole bonds – mechanisms protecting doublet and octet electron structures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:29742-29759. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06393h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For various interactions electron charge shifts try to protect the former doublet or octet electronic structure of the Lewis acid centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir J. Grabowski
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of the Basque Country and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)
- P.K. 1072 20080 Donostia
- Spain
- IKERBASQUE
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31
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Kostetskyy P, Zervoudis NA, Mpourmpakis G. Carboranes: the strongest Brønsted acids in alcohol dehydration. Catal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy00458c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydration mechanisms identified through the slopes of activation energies vs. carbenium ion stability of alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Kostetskyy
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Pittsburgh
- Pittsburgh
- USA
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32
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Tsurumaki E. Carborane Acid: Protonation of the Weakest Bases by the Strongest Acid. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2017. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.75.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Tsurumaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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33
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Stoyanov ES, Stoyanova IV. Protonation of N2O and NO2 in a solid phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:32733-32740. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04474g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adsorption of gaseous N2O or NO2 on the acidic surface Brønsted centers of the strongest known solid acid, H(CHB11F11), results in formation of Brønsted and Lewis cationic superacids, NN–OH+ and NN+–OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii S. Stoyanov
- Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences
- Novosibirsk 630090
- Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences
| | - Irina V. Stoyanova
- Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences
- Novosibirsk 630090
- Russia
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34
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Kaupmees K, Järviste R, Leito I. Basicity of Very Weak Bases in 1,2-Dichloroethane. Chemistry 2016; 22:17445-17449. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Kaupmees
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu; Ravila 14a Str 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Robert Järviste
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu; Ravila 14a Str 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu; Ravila 14a Str 50411 Tartu Estonia
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35
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Saleh M, Powell DR, Wehmschulte RJ. Chlorination of 1-Carba-closo-dodecaborate and 1-Ammonio-closo-dodecaborate Anions. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:10617-10627. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Douglas R. Powell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019-5251, United States
| | - Rudolf J. Wehmschulte
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
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36
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Hasani M, Yarger JL, Angell CA. On the Use of a Protic Ionic Liquid with a Novel Cation To Study Anion Basicity. Chemistry 2016; 22:13312-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hasani
- School of Molecular Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona 85287 USA
| | - Jeffery L. Yarger
- School of Molecular Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona 85287 USA
| | - C. Austen Angell
- School of Molecular Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona 85287 USA
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37
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Takita R. Reaction Development on π- and σ-Conjugated Bonds and Creation of Innovative Functions. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2016; 136:883-93. [PMID: 27252066 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.15-00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monocarba-closo-dodecaborate (1; [closo-CB11H12](-), or C1-carborane anion) is a symmetrical, stable anionic cluster, which possesses low nucleophilicity/basicity and exhibits three-dimensional aromaticity. In contrast to the rich applications of C2-carborane molecules (C2B10H12), the chemistry of the C1-carborane anion as a platform for functional molecules has not been thoroughly studied thus far due to the lack of its efficient functionalization. In particular, no efficient general methods are available for the introduction of aryl and sp(2)/sp-carbon groups at the carbon vertex of the C1-carborane anion. The unique electronic structure and potential applications of the C1-carborane anion prompted us to investigate methods to functionalize it. We developed a general, efficient C-C cross-coupling reaction of 1 under palladium catalysis which yields a variety of 1-C-functionalized C1-carborane derivatives. The use of copper(I) or lithium species as a transmetalating partner facilitated the cross-coupling process of the sterically hindered C1-carborane anion. The potential application of 1-C-arylated C1-carborane anion derivatives thus obtained were explored, some of which showed potential as pharmacophores and ionic liquid crystal behavior. Furthermore, conjugation between σ- and π-aromatic moieties in 1-C-arylated monocarba-closo-dodecaborate anion derivatives was identified by means of kinetic experimental studies combined with theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Takita
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science
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38
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Stoyanov ES, Malykhin SE. Carbon monoxide protonation in condensed phases and bonding to surface superacidic Brønsted centers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:4871-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07441j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using infrared (IR) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, interaction of CO with the strongest known pure Brønsted carborane superacids, H(CHB11Hal11) (Hal = F, Cl), was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii S. Stoyanov
- Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS)
- Novosibirsk 630090
- Russia
- Department of Natural Science
| | - Sergei E. Malykhin
- Department of Natural Science
- National Research University - Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk 630090
- Russia
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS
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39
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Grabowski SJ. Complexes of carborane acids linked by strong hydrogen bonds: acidity scales. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:16152-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02867e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Scales based on DFT results of calculations and on the topological QTAIM parameters are introduced and discussed to order the species analyzed here by acidity; in particular, carborane acids are analyzed and the theoretical results are compared with experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir J. Grabowski
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of the Basque Country and Donostia
- International Physics Center (DIPC)
- 20080 Donostia
- Spain
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Cummings S, Hratchian HP, Reed CA. The Strongest Acid: Protonation of Carbon Dioxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1382-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Cummings
- Center for s and p Block Chemistry, Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Hrant P. Hratchian
- School of Natural Sciences University of California, Merced Merced CA 95348 USA
| | - Christopher A. Reed
- Center for s and p Block Chemistry, Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
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Cummings S, Hratchian HP, Reed CA. The Strongest Acid: Protonation of Carbon Dioxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Cummings
- Center for s and p Block Chemistry, Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Hrant P. Hratchian
- School of Natural Sciences University of California, Merced Merced CA 95348 USA
| | - Christopher A. Reed
- Center for s and p Block Chemistry, Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
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Stoyanov ES, Gomes GDP. tert-Butyl Carbocation in Condensed Phases: Stabilization via Hyperconjugation, Polarization, and Hydrogen Bonding. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:8619-29. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b04657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii S. Stoyanov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov
Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of the Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department
of Natural Science, National Research University - Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Gabriel dos Passos Gomes
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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Abstract
Once seldom encountered outside of a few laboratories, carboranes are now everywhere, playing a role in the development of a broad range of technologies encompassing organic synthesis, radionuclide handling, drug design, heat-resistant polymers, cancer therapy, nanomaterials, catalysis, metal-organic frameworks, molecular machines, batteries, electronic devices, and more. This perspective highlights selected examples in which the special attributes of carboranes and metallacarboranes are being exploited for targeted purposes in the laboratory and in the wider world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell N Grimes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA.
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Marchetti F, Pampaloni G, Zacchini S. A simple route to thermally-stable salts of pyrrolidinium-2-carbonylchloride. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12630k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Abstract
Recent research has taught us that most protonated species are decidedly not well represented by a simple proton addition. What is the actual nature of the hydrogen ion (the "proton") when H(+), HA, H2A(+), and so forth are written in formulas, chemical equations, and acid catalyzed reactions? In condensed media, H(+) must be solvated and is nearly always dicoordinate, as illustrated by isolable bisdiethyletherate salts having H(OEt2)2(+) cations and weakly coordinating anions. Even carbocations such as protonated alkenes have significant C-H···anion hydrogen bonding that gives the active protons two-coordinate character. Hydrogen bonding is everywhere, particularly when acids are involved. In contrast to the normal, asymmetric O-H···O hydrogen bonding found in water, ice, and proteins, short, strong, low-barrier (SSLB) H-bonding commonly appears when strong acids are present. Unusually low frequency IR νOHO bands are a good indicator of SSLB H-bonds, and curiously, bands associated with group vibrations near H(+) in low-barrier H-bonding often disappear from the IR spectrum. Writing H3O(+) (the Eigen ion), as often appears in textbooks, might seem more realistic than H(+) for an ionized acid in water. However, this, too, is an unrealistic description of H(aq)(+). The dihydrated H(+) in the H5O2(+) cation (the Zundel ion) gets somewhat closer but still fails to rationalize all the experimental and computational data on H(aq)(+). Researchers do not understand the broad swath of IR absorption from H(aq)(+), known as the "continuous broad absorption" (cba). Theory has not reproduced the cba, but it appears to be the signature of delocalized protons whose motion is faster than the IR time scale. What does this mean for reaction mechanisms involving H(aq)(+)? For the past decade, the carborane acid H(CHB11Cl11) has been the strongest known Brønsted acid. (It is now surpassed by the fluorinated analogue H(CHB11F11).) Carborane acids are strong enough to protonate alkanes at room temperature, giving H2 and carbocations. They protonate chloroalkanes to give dialkylchloronium ions, which decay to carbocations. By partially protonating an oxonium cation, they get as close to the fabled H4O(2+) ion as can be achieved outside of a computer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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