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Zhao J, Ziarati A, Rosspeintner A, Bürgi T. Anchoring of Metal Complexes on Au 25 Nanocluster for Enhanced Photocoupled Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316649. [PMID: 37988181 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise Au nanoclusters (NCs) with discrete energy levels can be used as photosensitizers for CO2 reduction. However, tight ligand capping of Au NCs hinders CO2 adsorption on its active sites. Here, a new hybrid material is obtained by anchoring of thiol functionalized terpyridine metal complexes (metal=Ru, Ni, Fe, Co) on Au NCs by ligand exchange reactions (LERs). The anchoring of Ru and Ni complexes on Au25 NC (Au25 -Ru and Au25 -Ni) leads to adequate CO2 to CO conversion for photocoupled electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (PECR) in terms of high selectivity, with Faradaic efficiency of CO (FECO ) exceeding 90 % in a wide potential range, remarkable activity (CO production rate up to two times higher than that for pristine Au25 PET18 ) and extremely large turnover frequencies (TOFs, 63012 h-1 at -0.97 V for Au25 -Ru and 69989 h-1 at -1.07 V vs. RHE for Au25 -Ni). Moreover, PECR stability test indicates the excellent long-term stability of the modified NCs in contrast with pristine Au NCs. The present approach offers a novel strategy to enhance PECR activity and selectivity, as well as to improve the stability of Au NCs under light illumination, which paves the way for highly active and stable Au NCs catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Zhao
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Abolfazl Ziarati
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Arnulf Rosspeintner
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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2
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Xia M, Pan L, Liu Y, Gao J, Li J, Mensi M, Sivula K, Zakeeruddin SM, Ren D, Grätzel M. Efficient Cu 2O Photocathodes for Aqueous Photoelectrochemical CO 2 Reduction to Formate and Syngas. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27939-27949. [PMID: 38090815 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical carbon dioxide reduction (PEC-CO2R) represents a promising approach for producing renewable fuels and chemicals using solar energy. However, attaining even modest solar-to-fuel (STF) conversion efficiency often necessitates the use of costly semiconductors and noble-metal catalysts. Herein, we present a Cu2O/Ga2O3/TiO2 photocathode modified with Sn/SnOx catalysts through a simple photoelectrodeposition method. It achieves a remarkable half-cell STF efficiency of ∼0.31% for the CO2R in aqueous KHCO3 electrolyte, under AM 1.5 G illumination. The system enables efficient production of syngas (FE: ∼62%, CO/H2 ≈ 1:2) and formate (FE: ∼38%) with a consistent selectivity over a wide potential range, from +0.34 to -0.16 V vs the reversible hydrogen electrode. We ascribe the observed performance to the favorable optoelectronic characteristics of our Cu2O heterostructure and the efficient Sn/SnOx catalysts incorporated in the PEC-CO2R reactions. Through comprehensive experimental investigations, we elucidate the indispensable role of Cu2O buried p-n junctions in generating a high photovoltage (∼1 V) and enabling efficient bulk charge separation (up to ∼70% efficiency). Meanwhile, we discover that the deposited Sn/SnOx catalysts have critical dual effects on the overall performance of the PEC devices, serving as active CO2R catalysts as well as the semiconductor front contact. It could facilitate interfacial electron transfer between the catalysts and the semiconductor device for CO2R by establishing a barrier-free ohmic contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xia
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Linfeng Pan
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yongpeng Liu
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jing Gao
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jun Li
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mounir Mensi
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Sivula
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shaik M Zakeeruddin
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dan Ren
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi'an, China
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Xu K, Zhang Q, Zhou X, Zhu M, Chen H. Recent Progress and Perspectives on Photocathode Materials for CO 2 Catalytic Reduction. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13101683. [PMID: 37242099 DOI: 10.3390/nano13101683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The continuous consumption of fossil energy and excessive emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) have caused a serious energy crisis and led to the greenhouse effect. Using natural resources to convert CO2 into fuel or high-value chemicals is considered to be an effective solution. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) catalysis utilizes abundant solar energy resources, combined with the advantages of photocatalysis (PC) and electrocatalysis (EC), to achieve efficient CO2 conversion. In this review, the basic principles and evaluation criteria, of PEC catalytic reduction to CO2 (PEC CO2RR), are introduced. Next, the recent research progress on typical kinds of photocathode materials for CO2 reduction are reviewed, and the structure-function relationships between material composition/structure and activity/selectivity are discussed. Finally, the possible catalytic mechanisms and the challenges of using PEC to reduce CO2 are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangli Xu
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Qingming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Hangrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
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4
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Rachel Chau YT, Thanh Nguyen M, Tokunaga T, Yonezawa T. Mechanistic consideration of ZnTe microspheres formation in a PVP-contained polyol system via hot injection method. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2023.103970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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5
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Mubarak S, Dhamodharan D, Byun HS, Arya S, Pattanayak DK. Effective photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to formic acid using controllably annealed TiO2 nanoparticles derived from porous structured Ti foil. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Lorenz F, Moustakas NG, Peppel T, Strunk J. Comparative Studies of Oxygen‐Free Semiconductors in Photocatalytic CO
2
Reduction and Alcohol Degradation. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Lorenz
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. (LIKAT) Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Nikolaos G. Moustakas
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. (LIKAT) Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Tim Peppel
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. (LIKAT) Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Jennifer Strunk
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. (LIKAT) Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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7
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Tang B, Xiao FX. An Overview of Solar-Driven Photoelectrochemical CO 2 Conversion to Chemical Fuels. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian Province 350108, China
| | - Fang-Xing Xiao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian Province 350108, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Chu S, Rashid RT, Pan Y, Wang X, Zhang H, Xiao R. The impact of flue gas impurities and concentrations on the photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.101993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Jang YJ, Lee C, Moon YH, Choe S. Solar-Driven Syngas Production Using Al-Doped ZnTe Nanorod Photocathodes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:3102. [PMID: 35591437 PMCID: PMC9103245 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Syngas, traditionally produced from fossil fuels and natural gases at high temperatures and pressures, is an essential precursor for chemicals utilized in industry. Solar-driven syngas production can provide an ideal pathway for reducing energy consumption through simultaneous photoelectrochemical CO2 and water reduction at ambient temperatures and pressures. This study performs photoelectrochemical syngas production using highly developed Al-doped ZnTe nanorod photocathodes (Al:ZnTe), prepared via an all-solution process. The facile photo-generated electrons are transferred by substitutional Al doping on Zn sites in one-dimensional arrays to increase the photocurrent density to -1.1 mA/cm2 at -0.11 VRHE, which is 3.5 times higher than that for the pristine ZnTe. The Al:ZnTe produces a minor CO (FE ≈ 12%) product by CO2 reduction and a major product of H2 (FE ≈ 60%) by water reduction at -0.11 VRHE. Furthermore, the product distribution is perfectly switched by simple modification of Au deposition on photocathodes. The Au coupled Al:ZnTe exhibits dominant CO production (FE ≈ 60%), suppressing H2 evolution (FE ≈ 15%). The strategies developed in this study, nanostructuring, doping, and surface modification of photoelectrodes, can be applied to drive significant developments in solar-driven fuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Jeong Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea; (C.L.); (Y.H.M.); (S.C.)
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Zhang W, Jin Z, Chen Z. Rational-Designed Principles for Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Upgrading of CO 2 to Value-Added Chemicals. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105204. [PMID: 35072349 PMCID: PMC8948570 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The chemical transformation of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) has been considered as a promising strategy to utilize and further upgrade it to value-added chemicals, aiming at alleviating global warming. In this regard, sustainable driving forces (i.e., electricity and sunlight) have been introduced to convert CO2 into various chemical feedstocks. Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) can generate carbonaceous molecules (e.g., formate, CO, hydrocarbons, and alcohols) via multiple-electron transfer. With the assistance of extra light energy, photoelectrocatalysis effectively improve the kinetics of CO2 conversion, which not only decreases the overpotentials for CO2 RR but also enhances the lifespan of photo-induced carriers for the consecutive catalytic process. Recently, rational-designed catalysts and advanced characterization techniques have emerged in these fields, which make CO2 -to-chemicals conversion in a clean and highly-efficient manner. Herein, this review timely and thoroughly discusses the recent advancements in the practical conversion of CO2 through electro- and photoelectrocatalytic technologies in the past 5 years. Furthermore, the recent studies of operando analysis and theoretical calculations are highlighted to gain systematic insights into CO2 RR. Finally, the challenges and perspectives in the fields of CO2 (photo)electrocatalysis are outlined for their further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhang
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest ResourcesInternational Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and MaterialsJiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass‐based Fuels and ChemicalsCollege of Chemical EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China
| | - Zhong Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic ChemistryMOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and TechnologyJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing210023China
| | - Zupeng Chen
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest ResourcesInternational Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and MaterialsJiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass‐based Fuels and ChemicalsCollege of Chemical EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China
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11
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Yang D, Zuo S, Yang H, Zhou Y, Lu Q, Wang X. Tailoring Layer Number of 2D Porphyrin-Based MOFs Towards Photocoupled Electroreduction of CO 2. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107293. [PMID: 34859512 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the success of graphene, a series of single- or few-layer 2D materials have been developed and applied in the past decade. Here, the successful preparation of monolayer and bilayer 2D porphyrin-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) by a facile solvothermal method is reported. The structure transition from monolayer to bilayer drives distinct electronic properties and restructuring behaviors, which finally results in distinct catalytic pathways towards CO2 electrocatalysis. The monolayer favors CO2 -to-C2 pathway due to the restructuring of CuO4 sites, while CO and HCOO- are the major products over the bilayer. In photocoupled electrocatalysis, the Faradaic efficiency (FE) of the C2 compounds shows a nearly fourfold increase on the monolayer than that under dark conditions (FEC2 increases from 11.9% to 41.1% at -1.4 V). For comparison, the light field plays a negligible effect on the bilayer. The light-induced selectivity optimization is investigated by experimental characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This work opens up a novel possibility to tune the selectivity of carbon products just by tailoring the layer number of the 2D material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deren Yang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shouwei Zuo
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Haozhou Yang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qichen Lu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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12
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Li S, Xu Y, Zhang L, Zhong B, Yan J. Controllable preparation and rapid photoelectric response of homogeneous ZnTe microspheres. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05685a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Uniform ZnTe microspheres with 1.7 μm diameter were prepared by a PVP-assisted solvothermal process. By assembling ZnTe microspheres into photodetectors, the rise time and decay time of the photodetector were 96.93 ms and 103.57 ms, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of New Light Alloys, Qinghai Provincial Engineering Research Center of High Performance Light Metal Aloys and Forming, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Yonghong Xu
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of New Light Alloys, Qinghai Provincial Engineering Research Center of High Performance Light Metal Aloys and Forming, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Linhui Zhang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of New Light Alloys, Qinghai Provincial Engineering Research Center of High Performance Light Metal Aloys and Forming, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Binnian Zhong
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of New Light Alloys, Qinghai Provincial Engineering Research Center of High Performance Light Metal Aloys and Forming, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of New Light Alloys, Qinghai Provincial Engineering Research Center of High Performance Light Metal Aloys and Forming, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
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Luo T, Song Q, Han J, Li Y, Liu L. The reduction of CO2/bicarbonate to ethanol driven by Bio-electrochemical system using reduced graphene oxide modified nickel foam. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Gui MM, Lee WC, Putri LK, Kong XY, Tan LL, Chai SP. Photo-Driven Reduction of Carbon Dioxide: A Sustainable Approach Towards Achieving Carbon Neutrality Goal. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.744911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The photo-driven reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) into green and valuable solar fuels could be a promising solution to simultaneously address energy- and environmental-related problems. This approach could play an integral role in achieving a sustainable energy economy by closing the carbon cycle and allowing the storage and transportation of intermittent solar energy within the chemical bonds of hydrocarbon molecules. This Perspective discusses the latest technological advancements in photo-driven CO2 conversion via various pathways, namely photocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis and photovoltaic-integrated systems. In addition to providing an outlook on unresolved issues concerning the said technologies, this Perspective also spotlights new trends and strategies in the structural engineering of materials to meet the demands for prominent CO2 photoreduction activity as well as spearhead the ground-breaking advances in the field that lead to the translation of CO2 photo-driven technologies from the laboratory to industrial-scale applications.
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Hoang VC, Bui TS, Nguyen HTD, Hoang TT, Rahman G, Le QV, Nguyen DLT. Solar-driven conversion of carbon dioxide over nanostructured metal-based catalysts in alternative approaches: Fundamental mechanisms and recent progress. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 202:111781. [PMID: 34333011 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solar-driven carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion has gained tremendous attention as a prominent strategy to simultaneously reduce the atmospheric CO2 concentration and convert solar energy into solar fuels in the form of chemical bonds. Numerous efforts have been devoted to diverse photo-driven processes for CO2 conversion, which utilized a multidisciplinary strategy. Among them, the architecture of nanostructured metal-based catalysts is emerging as an eminent solution for the design of catalysts of this field. In this work, we first provide fundamental mechanisms of photochemical, photoelectrochemical, photothermal, and photobio(electro)chemical CO2 reduction processes to achieve an in-deep understanding of vital aspects. Importantly, the recent progress in the catalyst design for each reaction system is discussed and highlighted. Based on these analyses, an overview of photo-driven CO2 reduction on metal-based catalysts for solar fuel production is also spotlighted. Finally, we analyze challenges and prospects for the strategic direction of developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Chinh Hoang
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanh-Son Bui
- Department of Environmental Engineering, International University, Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Huong T D Nguyen
- University of Science, Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City, 721337, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh T Hoang
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City (IUH), Viet Nam
| | - Gul Rahman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Quyet Van Le
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Green Manufacturing Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dang Le Tri Nguyen
- Division of Computational Physics, Institute for Computational Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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16
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Zhou S, Sun K, Huang J, Lu X, Xie B, Zhang D, Hart JN, Toe CY, Hao X, Amal R. Accelerating Electron-Transfer and Tuning Product Selectivity Through Surficial Vacancy Engineering on CZTS/CdS for Photoelectrochemical CO 2 Reduction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100496. [PMID: 34173332 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Copper-based chalcogenides have been considered as potential photocathode materials for photoelectrochemical (PEC) CO2 reduction due to their excellent photovoltaic performance and favorable conduction band alignment with the CO2 reduction potential. However, they suffer from low PEC efficiency due to the sluggish charge transfer kinetics and poor selectivity, resulting from random CO2 reduction reaction pathways. Herein, a facile heat treatment (HT) of a Cu2 ZnSnS4 (CZTS)/CdS photocathode is demonstrated to enable significant improvement in the photocurrent density (-0.75 mA cm-2 at -0.6 V vs RHE), tripling that of pristine CZTS, as a result of the enhanced charge transfer and promoted band alignment originating from the elemental inter-diffusion at the CZTS/CdS interface. In addition, rationally regulated CO2 reduction selectivity toward CO or alcohols can be obtained by tailoring the surficial sulfur vacancies by HT in different atmospheres (air and nitrogen). Sulfur vacancies replenished by O-doping is shown to favor CO adsorption and the CC coupling pathway, and thereby produce methanol and ethanol, whilst the CdS surface with more S vacancies promotes CO desorption capability with higher selectivity toward CO. The strategy in this work rationalizes the interface charge transfer optimization and surface vacancy engineering simultaneously, providing a new insight into PEC CO2 reduction photocathode design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Kaiwen Sun
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jialiang Huang
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Xinxin Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Bingqiao Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Doudou Zhang
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Judy N Hart
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Cui Ying Toe
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Xiaojing Hao
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rose Amal
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Andriuc O, Siron M, Montoya JH, Horton M, Persson KA. Automated Adsorption Workflow for Semiconductor Surfaces and the Application to Zinc Telluride. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:3908-3916. [PMID: 34288678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Surface adsorption is a crucial step in numerous processes, including heterogeneous catalysis, where the adsorption of key species is often used as a descriptor of efficiency. We present here an automated adsorption workflow for semiconductors which employs density functional theory calculations to generate adsorption data in a high-throughput manner. Starting from a bulk structure, the workflow performs an exhaustive surface search, followed by an adsorption structure construction step, which generates a minimal energy landscape to determine the optimal adsorbate-surface distance. An extensive set of energy-based, charge-based, geometric, and electronic descriptors tailored toward catalysis research are computed and saved to a personal user database. The application of the workflow to zinc telluride, a promising CO2 reduction photocatalyst, is presented as a case study to illustrate the capabilities of this method and its potential as a material discovery tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Andriuc
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Liquid Sunlight Alliance and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Siron
- Liquid Sunlight Alliance and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Toyota Research Institute, Los Altos, California 94022, United States
| | - Joseph H Montoya
- Toyota Research Institute, Los Altos, California 94022, United States
| | - Matthew Horton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristin A Persson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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18
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Yu H, Cohen H, Neumann R. Photoelectrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide with a Copper Graphitic Carbon Nitride Photocathode. Chemistry 2021; 27:13513-13517. [PMID: 34278625 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Research on the photoreduction of CO2 often has been dominated by the use of sacrificial reducing agents. A pathway that avoids this problem would be the development of photocathodes for CO2 reduction that could then be coupled to a photoanodic oxygen evolution reaction. Here, we present the use of copper-substituted graphitic carbon nitride (Cu-CN) on a fluorinated tin oxide (FTO) electrode for the photoelectrochemical two-electron reduction of CO2 to CO as a major product (>95 %) and formic acid (<5 %). The results show that at a potential of -2.5 V versus Fc\Fc+ the CO2 reduction activity of Cu-CN on FTO electrode improves by 25 % upon illumination by visible light with a faradaic efficiency of nearly 100 %. Independently, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy conclusively shows a pronounced increase in the electrical conductivity of the Cu-CN upon white light illumination under vacuum and a contactless measuring configuration. This photo-assisted charge mobility is shown to play a key role in the increased reactivity and faradaic efficiency for the reduction of CO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Yu
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ronny Neumann
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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19
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Lu H, Tournet J, Dastafkan K, Liu Y, Ng YH, Karuturi SK, Zhao C, Yin Z. Noble-Metal-Free Multicomponent Nanointegration for Sustainable Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10271-10366. [PMID: 34228446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Global energy and environmental crises are among the most pressing challenges facing humankind. To overcome these challenges, recent years have seen an upsurge of interest in the development and production of renewable chemical fuels as alternatives to the nonrenewable and high-polluting fossil fuels. Photocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, and electrocatalysis provide promising avenues for sustainable energy conversion. Single- and dual-component catalytic systems based on nanomaterials have been intensively studied for decades, but their intrinsic weaknesses hamper their practical applications. Multicomponent nanomaterial-based systems, consisting of three or more components with at least one component in the nanoscale, have recently emerged. The multiple components are integrated together to create synergistic effects and hence overcome the limitation for outperformance. Such higher-efficiency systems based on nanomaterials will potentially bring an additional benefit in balance-of-system costs if they exclude the use of noble metals, considering the expense and sustainability. It is therefore timely to review the research in this field, providing guidance in the development of noble-metal-free multicomponent nanointegration for sustainable energy conversion. In this work, we first recall the fundamentals of catalysis by nanomaterials, multicomponent nanointegration, and reactor configuration for water splitting, CO2 reduction, and N2 reduction. We then systematically review and discuss recent advances in multicomponent-based photocatalytic, photoelectrochemical, and electrochemical systems based on nanomaterials. On the basis of these systems, we further laterally evaluate different multicomponent integration strategies and highlight their impacts on catalytic activity, performance stability, and product selectivity. Finally, we provide conclusions and future prospects for multicomponent nanointegration. This work offers comprehensive insights into the development of cost-competitive multicomponent nanomaterial-based systems for sustainable energy-conversion technologies and assists researchers working toward addressing the global challenges in energy and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiao Lu
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Julie Tournet
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Kamran Dastafkan
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Yun Liu
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Yun Hau Ng
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Siva Krishna Karuturi
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Chuan Zhao
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Zongyou Yin
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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20
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Bellardita M, Loddo V, Parrino F, Palmisano L. (Photo)electrocatalytic Versus Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vittorio Loddo
- Engineering Department University of Palermo Palermo Italy
| | - Francesco Parrino
- Department of Industrial Engineering University of Trento Trento Italy
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21
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Zou L, Sa R, Lv H, Zhong H, Wang R. Recent Advances on Metalloporphyrin-Based Materials for Visible-Light-Driven CO 2 Reduction. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:6124-6140. [PMID: 32914555 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic CO2 reduction is a promising technology to mitigate environmental issue and the energy crisis. The four nitrogen atoms in the porphyrin ring can incorporate transition metals to form stable active sites for CO2 activation and photoreduction. Nevertheless, the photocatalytic efficiency of metalloporphyrins is still low due to the insufficient photoelectron injection to drive CO2 photoreduction upon visible light irradiation. To address this issue, considerable efforts have been made to introduce photosensitizers for constructing homogeneous or heterogeneous metalloporphyrin-based photocatalytic systems. In this Review, recent advances of metalloporphyrin-based materials for visible-light-driven CO2 reduction were summarized. The methods for the modulation of photosensitizing process at molecular level were presented for the promotion of photocatalytic performance. The mechanism of CO2 activation and photocatalytic conversion was illustrated. Better insight into the structure-activity relationship provides guidance to the design of metalloporphyrin-related photocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zou
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350007, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Rongjian Sa
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350007, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Haowei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350007, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350007, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ruihu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350007, Fuzhou, P. R. China
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22
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Chu S, Ou P, Rashid RT, Ghamari P, Wang R, Tran HN, Zhao S, Zhang H, Song J, Mi Z. Decoupling Strategy for Enhanced Syngas Generation from Photoelectrochemical CO 2 Reduction. iScience 2020; 23:101390. [PMID: 32745990 PMCID: PMC7398975 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction into syngas (a mixture of CO and H2) provides a promising route to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and store intermittent solar energy into value-added chemicals. Design of photoelectrode with high energy conversion efficiency and controllable syngas composition is of central importance but remains challenging. Herein, we report a decoupling strategy using dual cocatalysts to tackle the challenge based on joint computational and experimental investigations. Density functional theory calculations indicate the optimization of syngas generation using a combination of fundamentally distinctive catalytic sites. Experimentally, by integrating spatially separated dual cocatalysts of a CO-generating catalyst and a H2-generating catalyst with GaN nanowires on planar Si photocathode, we report a record high applied bias photon-to-current efficiency of 1.88% and controllable syngas products with tunable CO/H2 ratios (0–10) under one-sun illumination. Moreover, unassisted solar CO2 reduction with a solar-to-syngas efficiency of 0.63% is demonstrated in a tandem photoelectrochemical cell. Combined experimental and theoretical investigations were performed A record high applied bias photon-to-current efficiency of 1.88% was achieved The CO/H2 ratio in the syngas product can be controllably tuned in a wide range Unassisted syngas generation was proved in a tandem photoelectrochemical cell
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada.
| | - Pengfei Ou
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Roksana Tonny Rashid
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Pegah Ghamari
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Renjie Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Hong Nhung Tran
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Songrui Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jun Song
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada.
| | - Zetian Mi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1301 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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23
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Research Progress in Conversion of CO 2 to Valuable Fuels. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163653. [PMID: 32796612 PMCID: PMC7465062 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid growth in the world's economy depends on a significant increase in energy consumption. As is known, most of the present energy supply comes from coal, oil, and natural gas. The overreliance on fossil energy brings serious environmental problems in addition to the scarcity of energy. One of the most concerning environmental problems is the large contribution to global warming because of the massive discharge of CO2 in the burning of fossil fuels. Therefore, many efforts have been made to resolve such issues. Among them, the preparation of valuable fuels or chemicals from greenhouse gas (CO2) has attracted great attention because it has made a promising step toward simultaneously resolving the environment and energy problems. This article reviews the current progress in CO2 conversion via different strategies, including thermal catalysis, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, and photoelectrocatalysis. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, light-capturing agents including macrocycles with conjugated structures similar to chlorophyll have attracted increasing attention. Using such macrocycles as photosensitizers, photocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, or coupling with enzymatic reactions were conducted to fulfill the conversion of CO2 with high efficiency and specificity. Recent progress in enzyme coupled to photocatalysis and enzyme coupled to photoelectrocatalysis were specially reviewed in this review. Additionally, the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of different conversion methods were also presented. We wish to provide certain constructive ideas for new investigators and deep insights into the research of CO2 conversion.
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24
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Photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction to syngas by a ZnO–CdS–Cu nanocomposite. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.110953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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25
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Li C, Zha B, Li J. A SiW11Mn-assisted indium electrocatalyst for carbon dioxide reduction into formate and acetate. J CO2 UTIL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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26
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Khan FS, Sugiyama M, Fujii K, Tver'yanovich YS, Nakano Y. Electrochemical reduction of CO 2 using Germanium-Sulfide-Indium amorphous glass structures. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03513. [PMID: 32346624 PMCID: PMC7182728 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The research in electrochemical reduction of CO2 is shifting towards the discovery of new and novel materials. This study shows a new class of material, that of Ge-S-In chalcogenide glass, to be active for reduction of CO2 in aqueous solutions. Experiments were conducted with bulk and particle form of the material, yielding different product for each structural form. Faradaic efficiency of upto 15% was observed in bulk form for CO production while formic acid with up to 26.1 % faradaic efficiency was measured in powder form. Chalcogenide studies have focused primarily on the photoelectrochemical reduction however these results provide a strong merit for introducing metal in chalcogenide glass structures for electrochemical reduction of CO2. The activity for CO2 reduction and the change in product selectivity reflects that further efforts to improve the glass structures can be undertaken in order to increase the faradaic efficiency and selectivity of the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Khan
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Sugiyama
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Fujii
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Japan
| | | | - Y Nakano
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Corson ER, Creel EB, Kostecki R, McCloskey BD, Urban JJ. Important Considerations in Plasmon-Enhanced Electrochemical Conversion at Voltage-Biased Electrodes. iScience 2020; 23:100911. [PMID: 32113155 PMCID: PMC7047194 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this perspective we compare plasmon-enhanced electrochemical conversion (PEEC) with photoelectrochemistry (PEC). PEEC is the oxidation or reduction of a reactant at the illuminated surface of a plasmonic metal (or other conductive material) while a potential bias is applied. PEC uses solar light to generate photoexcited electron-hole pairs to drive an electrochemical reaction at a biased or unbiased semiconductor photoelectrode. The mechanism of photoexcitation of charge carriers is different between PEEC and PEC. Here we explore how this difference affects the response of PEEC and PEC systems to changes in light, temperature, and surface morphology of the photoelectrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Corson
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Erin B Creel
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Robert Kostecki
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Urban
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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28
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Colloidal silver diphosphide (AgP 2) nanocrystals as low overpotential catalysts for CO 2 reduction to tunable syngas. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5724. [PMID: 31844056 PMCID: PMC6915715 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of syngas with tunable CO/H2 ratio from renewable resources is an ideal way to provide a carbon-neutral feedstock for liquid fuel production. Ag is a benchmark electrocatalysts for CO2-to-CO conversion but high overpotential limits the efficiency. We synthesize AgP2 nanocrystals (NCs) with a greater than 3-fold reduction in overpotential for electrochemical CO2-to-CO reduction compared to Ag and greatly enhanced stability. Density functional theory calculations reveal a significant energy barrier decrease in the formate intermediate formation step. In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) shows that a maximum Faradaic efficiency is achieved at an average silver valence state of +1.08 in AgP2 NCs. A photocathode consisting of a n+p-Si wafer coated with ultrathin Al2O3 and AgP2 NCs achieves an onset potential of 0.2 V vs. RHE for CO production and a partial photocurrent density for CO at −0.11 V vs. RHE (j−0.11, CO) of −3.2 mA cm−2. Conversion of CO2 into value-added chemicals by use of renewable energy is promising to achieve a carbon-neutral energy cycle. Here, the authors show that AgP2 is a stable, selective and efficient syngas catalyst for solar-to-fuel conversion with a 3-fold lower overpotential compared to the benchmark Ag catalyst.
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29
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30
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Yang D, Yu H, He T, Zuo S, Liu X, Yang H, Ni B, Li H, Gu L, Wang D, Wang X. Visible-light-switched electron transfer over single porphyrin-metal atom center for highly selective electroreduction of carbon dioxide. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3844. [PMID: 31451689 PMCID: PMC6710284 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11817-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
External fields are introduced to catalytic processes to improve catalytic activities. The light field effect plays an important role in electrocatalytic processes, but is not fully understood. Here we report a series of photo-coupled electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction by mimicking the structure of chlorophyll. The porphyrin-Au catalyst exhibits a high turnover frequency of 37,069 h-1 at -1.1 V and CO Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 94.2% at -0.9 V. Under visible light, the electrocatalyst reaches similar turnover frequency and FE with potential reduced by ~ 130 mV. Interestingly, the light-induced positive shifts of 20, 100, and 130 mV for porphyrin-Co, porphyrin-Cu, and porphyrin-Au electrocatalysts are consistent with their energy gaps of 0, 1.5, and 1.7 eV, respectively, suggesting the porphyrin not only serves as a ligand but also as a photoswitch to regulate electron transfer pathway to the metal center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deren Yang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hongde Yu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ting He
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shouwei Zuo
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaozhi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Haozhou Yang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bing Ni
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Haoyi Li
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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31
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Wei L, Lin J, Xie S, Ma W, Zhang Q, Shen Z, Wang Y. Photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO 2 to syngas over Ag nanoparticle modified p-Si nanowire arrays. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:12530-12536. [PMID: 31179477 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02786f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The solar energy-driven reduction of CO2 and H2O to syngas (H2/CO), an important platform to produce chemicals, is of significance for alleviating greenhouse gas emission and utilizing sustainable solar energy. Here, we report a facile method for the photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO2 and H2O to syngas over an Ag nanoparticle (NP) modified p-Si nanowire array catalyst. The particle size of Ag significantly influences the activity of CO2 reduction to CO. The H2/CO molar ratio in reduction products can be tuned in the range from 1 to 4 by controlling the size of Ag NPs from 4.2 to 16 nm. The adsorption strength of CO on the catalyst was found to decline with the increase in the size of Ag NPs. The Ag NPs of 8.2 nm, which possess a moderate CO adsorption strength, exhibit the maximum production of CO with the H2/CO ratio of 2/1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Jinchi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Shunji Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Wenchao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Zebin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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32
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Deng X, Li R, Wu S, Wang L, Hu J, Ma J, Jiang W, Zhang N, Zheng X, Gao C, Wang L, Zhang Q, Zhu J, Xiong Y. Metal–Organic Framework Coating Enhances the Performance of Cu2O in Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10924-10929. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Deng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Rui Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Sikai Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Li Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jiahua Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wenbin Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xusheng Zheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Linjun Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yujie Xiong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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33
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Li X, Yu J, Jaroniec M, Chen X. Cocatalysts for Selective Photoreduction of CO2 into Solar Fuels. Chem Rev 2019; 119:3962-4179. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1094] [Impact Index Per Article: 218.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Energy Plants Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Jiaguo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Material Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Mietek Jaroniec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Xiaobo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri—Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, United States
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34
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Singh AK, Montoya JH, Gregoire JM, Persson KA. Robust and synthesizable photocatalysts for CO 2 reduction: a data-driven materials discovery. Nat Commun 2019; 10:443. [PMID: 30683857 PMCID: PMC6347635 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The photocatalytic conversion of the greenhouse gas CO2 to chemical fuels such as hydrocarbons and alcohols continues to be a promising technology for renewable generation of energy. Major advancements have been made in improving the efficiencies and product selectiveness of currently known CO2 reduction electrocatalysts, nonetheless, materials discovery is needed to enable economically viable, industrial-scale CO2 reduction. We report here the largest CO2 photocathode search to date, starting with 68860 candidate materials, using a rational first-principles computation-based screening strategy to evaluate synthesizability, corrosion resistance, visible-light absorption, and compatibility of the electronic structure with fuel synthesis. The results confirm the observation of the literature that few materials meet the stringent CO2 photocathode requirements, with only 52 materials meeting all requirements. The results are well validated with respect to the literature, with 9 of these materials having been studied for CO2 reduction, and the remaining 43 materials are discoveries from our pipeline that merit further investigation. While the conversion of greenhouse CO2 to chemical fuels offers a promising renewable energy technology, there is a dire need for new materials. Here, authors report the largest CO2 photocathode search using a first-principles approach to identify both known and unreported candidate photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunima K Singh
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joseph H Montoya
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - John M Gregoire
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Kristin A Persson
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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35
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Wang L, Chen W, Zhang D, Du Y, Amal R, Qiao S, Wu J, Yin Z. Surface strategies for catalytic CO2 reduction: from two-dimensional materials to nanoclusters to single atoms. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:5310-5349. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00163h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This work constructively reviewed and predicted the surface strategies for catalytic CO2 reduction with 2D material, nanocluster and single-atom catalysts
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Wang
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Australia
| | - Wenlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Doudou Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Yaping Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Institute for Advanced Materials
- Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300350
| | - Rose Amal
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Shizhang Qiao
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | - Jianbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Zongyou Yin
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Australia
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36
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Szaniawska E, Rutkowska IA, Frik M, Wadas A, Seta E, Krogul-Sobczak A, Rajeshwar K, Kulesza PJ. Reduction of carbon dioxide at copper(I) oxide photocathode activated and stabilized by over-coating with oligoaniline. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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37
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Hursán D, Kormányos A, Rajeshwar K, Janáky C. Polyaniline films photoelectrochemically reduce CO2 to alcohols. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:8858-61. [PMID: 27345191 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04050k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this communication, we demonstrate that polyaniline, the very first example of an organic semiconductor, is a promising photocathode material for the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to alcohol fuels. CO2 is a greenhouse gas; thus using solar energy to convert CO2 to transportation fuels (such as methanol or ethanol) is a value-added approach to simultaneous generation of alternative fuels and environmental remediation of carbon emissions. Insights into its unique behavior obtained from photoelectrochemical measurements and adsorption studies, together with spectroscopic data, are presented. Through a comparative study involving various conducting polymers, a set of criteria is developed for an organic semiconductor to function as a photocathode for generation of solar fuels from CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorottya Hursán
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary. and MTA-SZTE "Lendület" Photoelectrochemistry Research Group, Rerrich Square 1, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Kormányos
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary. and MTA-SZTE "Lendület" Photoelectrochemistry Research Group, Rerrich Square 1, 6720, Szeged, Hungary and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA.
| | - Krishnan Rajeshwar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA. and Center for Renewable Energy Science & Technology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Csaba Janáky
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary. and MTA-SZTE "Lendület" Photoelectrochemistry Research Group, Rerrich Square 1, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
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38
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Zhang L, Zhao ZJ, Wang T, Gong J. Nano-designed semiconductors for electro- and photoelectro-catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5423-5443. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00016f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review describes a systematic overview on rational design of semiconductor catalysts for electro- and photoelectro-chemical CO2 conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Zhi-Jian Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Tuo Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Jinlong Gong
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300072
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39
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Dey A, Maiti D, Lahiri GK. Photoelectrocatalytic Reduction of CO2
into C1 Products by Using Modified-Semiconductor-Based Catalyst Systems. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Dey
- Department of Chemistry; IIT Bombay; Powai Mumbai 400076 India
- Current address: Department of Chemistry; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry; IIT Bombay; Powai Mumbai 400076 India
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40
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Dual-Function Au@Y 2O 3:Eu 3+ Smart Film for Enhanced Power Conversion Efficiency and Long-Term Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6849. [PMID: 28754997 PMCID: PMC5533740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07218-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a dual-functional smart film combining the effects of wavelength conversion and amplification of the converted wave by the localized surface plasmon resonance has been investigated for a perovskite solar cell. This dual-functional film, composed of Au nanoparticles coated on the surface of Y2O3:Eu3+ phosphor (Au@Y2O3:Eu3+) nanoparticle monolayer, enhances the solar energy conversion efficiency to electrical energy and long-term stability of photovoltaic cells. Coupling between the Y2O3:Eu3+ phosphor monolayer and ultraviolet solar light induces the latter to be converted into visible light with a quantum yield above 80%. Concurrently, the Au nanoparticle monolayer on the phosphor nanoparticle monolayer amplifies the converted visible light by up to 170%. This synergy leads to an increased solar light energy conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells. Simultaneously, the dual-function film suppresses the photodegradation of perovskite by UV light, resulting in long-term stability. Introducing the hybrid smart Au@Y2O3:Eu3+ film in perovskite solar cells increases their overall solar-to-electrical energy conversion efficiency to 16.1% and enhances long-term stability, as compared to the value of 15.2% for standard perovskite solar cells. The synergism between the wavelength conversion effect of the phosphor nanoparticle monolayer and the wave amplification by the localized surface plasmon resonance of the Au nanoparticle monolayer in a perovskite solar cell is comparatively investigated, providing a viable strategy of broadening the solar spectrum utilization.
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41
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Kecsenovity E, Endrődi B, Tóth PS, Zou Y, Dryfe RAW, Rajeshwar K, Janáky C. Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Performance of Cuprous Oxide/Graphene Nanohybrids. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6682-6692. [PMID: 28460518 PMCID: PMC5456415 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Combination of an oxide semiconductor with a highly conductive nanocarbon framework (such as graphene or carbon nanotubes) is an attractive avenue to assemble efficient photoelectrodes for solar fuel generation. To fully exploit the possible synergies of the hybrid formation, however, precise knowledge of these systems is required to allow rational design and morphological engineering. In this paper, we present the controlled electrochemical deposition of nanocrystalline p-Cu2O on the surface of different graphene substrates. The developed synthetic protocol allowed tuning of the morphological features of the hybrids as deduced from electron microscopy. (Photo)electrochemical measurements (including photovoltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, photocurrent transient analysis) demonstrated better performance for the 2D graphene containing photoelectrodes, compared to the bare Cu2O films, the enhanced performance being rooted in suppressed charge carrier recombination. To elucidate the precise role of graphene, comparative studies were performed with carbon nanotube (CNT) films and 3D graphene foams. These studies revealed, after allowing for the effect of increased surface area, that the 3D graphene substrate outperformed the other two nanocarbons. Its interconnected structure facilitated effective charge separation and transport, leading to better harvesting of the generated photoelectrons. These hybrid assemblies are shown to be potentially attractive candidates in photoelectrochemical energy conversion schemes, namely CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egon Kecsenovity
- MTA-SZTE
“Lendület” Photoelectrochemistry Research Group, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Balázs Endrődi
- MTA-SZTE
“Lendület” Photoelectrochemistry Research Group, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Péter S. Tóth
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Yuqin Zou
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Robert A. W. Dryfe
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Krishnan Rajeshwar
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Csaba Janáky
- MTA-SZTE
“Lendület” Photoelectrochemistry Research Group, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
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42
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Chu S, Fan S, Wang Y, Rossouw D, Wang Y, Botton GA, Mi Z. Tunable Syngas Production from CO2and H2O in an Aqueous Photoelectrochemical Cell. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; McGill University; 3480 University Street Montreal QC H3A 0E9 Canada
| | - Shizhao Fan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; McGill University; 3480 University Street Montreal QC H3A 0E9 Canada
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; McGill University; 3480 University Street Montreal QC H3A 0E9 Canada
| | - David Rossouw
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7 Canada
| | - Yichen Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; Center for Photonics and Multiscale Nanomaterials; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; 1301 Beal Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48105 USA
| | - Gianluigi A. Botton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7 Canada
| | - Zetian Mi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; McGill University; 3480 University Street Montreal QC H3A 0E9 Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; Center for Photonics and Multiscale Nanomaterials; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; 1301 Beal Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48105 USA
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43
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Chu S, Fan S, Wang Y, Rossouw D, Wang Y, Botton GA, Mi Z. Tunable Syngas Production from CO2and H2O in an Aqueous Photoelectrochemical Cell. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14262-14266. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; McGill University; 3480 University Street Montreal QC H3A 0E9 Canada
| | - Shizhao Fan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; McGill University; 3480 University Street Montreal QC H3A 0E9 Canada
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; McGill University; 3480 University Street Montreal QC H3A 0E9 Canada
| | - David Rossouw
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7 Canada
| | - Yichen Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; Center for Photonics and Multiscale Nanomaterials; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; 1301 Beal Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48105 USA
| | - Gianluigi A. Botton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7 Canada
| | - Zetian Mi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; McGill University; 3480 University Street Montreal QC H3A 0E9 Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; Center for Photonics and Multiscale Nanomaterials; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; 1301 Beal Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48105 USA
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44
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Kim H, Jeon HS, Jee MS, Nursanto EB, Singh JP, Chae K, Hwang YJ, Min BK. Contributors to Enhanced CO2 Electroreduction Activity and Stability in a Nanostructured Au Electrocatalyst. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:2097-102. [PMID: 27466025 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The formation of a nanostructure is a popular strategy for catalyst applications because it can generate new surfaces that can significantly improve the catalytic activity and durability of the catalysts. However, the increase in the surface area resulting from nanostructuring does not fully explain the substantial improvement in the catalytic properties of the CO2 electroreduction reaction, and the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully understood. Here, based on a combination of extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Kelvin probe force microscopy, we observed a contracted Au-Au bond length and low work function with the nanostructured Au surface that had enhanced catalytic activity for electrochemical CO2 reduction. The results may improve the understanding of the enhanced stability of the nanostructured Au electrode based on the resistance of cation adhesion during the CO2 reduction reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeri Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Sang Jeon
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Shincheon Jee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Eduardus Budi Nursanto
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jitendra Pal Singh
- Nano Material Analysis Center, Korean Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunhwa Chae
- Nano Material Analysis Center, Korean Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Hwang
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byoung Koun Min
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
- Green School, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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45
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Wang Y, Fan S, AlOtaibi B, Wang Y, Li L, Mi Z. A Monolithically Integrated Gallium Nitride Nanowire/Silicon Solar Cell Photocathode for Selective Carbon Dioxide Reduction to Methane. Chemistry 2016; 22:8809-13. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; McGill University; 3480 University Street Montreal QC H3A 0E9 Canada
| | - Shizhao Fan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; McGill University; 3480 University Street Montreal QC H3A 0E9 Canada
| | - Bandar AlOtaibi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; McGill University; 3480 University Street Montreal QC H3A 0E9 Canada
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; McGill University; 3480 University Street Montreal QC H3A 0E9 Canada
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; McGill University; 3480 University Street Montreal QC H3A 0E9 Canada
| | - Zetian Mi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; McGill University; 3480 University Street Montreal QC H3A 0E9 Canada
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46
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Chang X, Wang T, Zhang P, Wei Y, Zhao J, Gong J. Stable Aqueous Photoelectrochemical CO2Reduction by a Cu2O Dark Cathode with Improved Selectivity for Carbonaceous Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Chang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Tuo Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yijia Wei
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jiubing Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jinlong Gong
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin 300072 China
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47
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Stable Aqueous Photoelectrochemical CO2Reduction by a Cu2O Dark Cathode with Improved Selectivity for Carbonaceous Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8840-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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48
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Jang YJ, Lee J, Lee J, Lee JS. Solar Hydrogen Production from Zinc Telluride Photocathode Modified with Carbon and Molybdenum Sulfide. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:7748-7755. [PMID: 26909873 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b07575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A zinc telluride (ZnTe) film modified with MoS2 and carbon has been studied as a new photocathode for solar hydrogen production from photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. The modification enhances PEC activity and stability of the photocathode. Thus, the MoS2/C/ZnTe/ZnO electrode exhibits highly improved activity of -1.48 mA cm(-2) at 0 VRHE with a positively shifted onset potential up to 0.3 VRHE relative to bare ZnO/ZnTe electrode (-0.19 mA cm(-2), 0.18 VRHE) under the simulated 1 sun illumination. This represents the highest value ever reported for ZnTe-based electrodes in PEC water splitting. The carbon densely covers the surface of ZnTe to protect it against photocorrosion in aqueous electrolyte and improves charge separation. In addition, MoS2 further enhances the PEC performance as a hydrogen evolution co-catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Jeong Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Jaehyuk Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Jae Sung Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
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Xie S, Zhang Q, Liu G, Wang Y. Photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO2 using heterogeneous catalysts with controlled nanostructures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:35-59. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07613g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO2 with H2O using semiconductor-based catalysts have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Production of Alcohols, Ethers and Esters
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Production of Alcohols, Ethers and Esters
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Production of Alcohols, Ethers and Esters
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Production of Alcohols, Ethers and Esters
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
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50
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White JL, Baruch MF, Pander JE, Hu Y, Fortmeyer IC, Park JE, Zhang T, Liao K, Gu J, Yan Y, Shaw TW, Abelev E, Bocarsly AB. Light-Driven Heterogeneous Reduction of Carbon Dioxide: Photocatalysts and Photoelectrodes. Chem Rev 2015; 115:12888-935. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1148] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James L. White
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University
, Princeton, New Jersey
08544, United States
| | - Maor F. Baruch
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University
, Princeton, New Jersey
08544, United States
| | - James E. Pander
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University
, Princeton, New Jersey
08544, United States
| | - Yuan Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University
, Princeton, New Jersey
08544, United States
| | - Ivy C. Fortmeyer
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University
, Princeton, New Jersey
08544, United States
| | - James Eujin Park
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University
, Princeton, New Jersey
08544, United States
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University
, Princeton, New Jersey
08544, United States
| | - Kuo Liao
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University
, Princeton, New Jersey
08544, United States
| | - Jing Gu
- Chemical
and Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
, Golden, Colorado
80401, United States
| | - Yong Yan
- Chemical
and Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
, Golden, Colorado
80401, United States
| | - Travis W. Shaw
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University
, Princeton, New Jersey
08544, United States
| | - Esta Abelev
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University
, Princeton, New Jersey
08544, United States
| | - Andrew B. Bocarsly
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University
, Princeton, New Jersey
08544, United States
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