1
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Mukherjee N, Majumdar M. Diverse Functionality of Molecular Germanium: Emerging Opportunities as Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39172926 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Fundamental research on germanium as the central element in compounds for bond activation chemistry and catalysis has achieved significant feats over the last two decades. Designing strategies for small molecule activations and the ultimate catalysts established capitalize on the orbital modalities of germanium, apparently imitating the transition-metal frontier orbitals. There is a growing body of examples in contemporary research implicating the tunability of the frontier orbitals through avant-garde approaches such as geometric constrained empowered reactivity, bimetallic orbital complementarity, cooperative reactivity, etc. The goal of this Perspective is to provide readers with an overview of the emerging opportunities in the field of germanium-based catalysis by perceiving the underlying key principles. This will help to convert the discrete set of findings into a more systematic vision for catalyst designs. Critical exposition on the germanium's frontier orbitals participations evokes the key challenges involved in innovative catalyst designs, wherein viewpoints are provided. We close by addressing the forward-looking directions for germanium-based catalytic manifold development. We hope that this Perspective will be motivational for applied research on germanium as a constituent of pragmatic catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjana Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
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2
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Giarrana L, Zimmer M, Morgenstern B, Scheschkewitz D. Tetrylene-Functionalized Si 7-Siliconoids. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 38502920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The core expansion of metallic or metalloid clusters by the addition of further homo- or heteronuclear vertices is pivotal to the nucleation and growth of particles. The exohedral grafting of a low-valent functionality followed by endohedral incorporation have been identified as key steps. Following previous work on the Si6 series, we now report the synthesis and full characterization of the amidinatotetrylene-functionalized seven-vertex siliconoids Si7R5[E(NtBu)2CPh] (E = Si, Ge, Sn). In the case of the silylene derivative, the solid-state structure was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Giarrana
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Service Center X-ray Diffraction, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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3
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Kühn S, Köstler B, True C, Albers L, Wagner M, Müller T, Marschner C. Selective synthesis of germasila-adamantanes through germanium-silicon shift processes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8956-8961. [PMID: 37621423 PMCID: PMC10445437 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03301e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The regioselective synthesis of germasila-adamantanes with the germanium atoms in the bridgehead positions is described starting from cyclic precursors by a cationic sila-Wagner-Meerwein (SWM) rearrangement reaction. The SWM rearrangement allows also a deliberate shift of germanium atoms from the periphery and within the cage structures into the bridgehead positions. This opens the possibility for a synthesis of germasila-adamantanes of defined germanium content and controlled regiochemistry. In the same way that sila-adamantane can be regarded as a molecular building block of elemental silicon, the germasila-adamantane molecules represent cutouts of silicon/germanium alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Kühn
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
- Institut für Chemie, Carl Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Benedikt Köstler
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Celine True
- Institut für Chemie, Carl Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Lena Albers
- Institut für Chemie, Carl Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie, Carl Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Christoph Marschner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
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4
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Dabringhaus P, Zedlitz S, Giarrana L, Scheschkewitz D, Krossing I. Low-Valent M x Al 3 Cluster Salts with Tetrahedral [SiAl 3 ] + and Trigonal-Bipyramidal [M 2 Al 3 ] 2+ Cores (M=Si/Ge). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215170. [PMID: 36479813 PMCID: PMC10108233 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Schnöckel's [(AlCp*)4 ] and Jutzi's [SiCp*][B(C6 F5 )4 ] (Cp*=C5 Me5 ) are landmarks in modern main-group chemistry with diverse applications in synthesis and catalysis. Despite the isoelectronic relationship between the AlCp* and the [SiCp*]+ fragments, their mutual reactivity is hitherto unknown. Here, we report on their reaction giving the complex salts [Cp*Si(AlCp*)3 ][WCA] ([WCA]- =[Al(ORF )4 ]- and [F{Al(ORF )3 }2 ]- ; RF =C(CF3 )3 ). The tetrahedral [SiAl3 ]+ core not only represents a rare example of a low-valent silicon-doped aluminium-cluster, but also-due to its facile accessibility and high stability-provides a convenient preparative entry towards low-valent Si-Al clusters in general. For example, an elusive binuclear [Si2 (AlCp*)5 ]2+ with extremely short Al-Si bonds and a high negative partial charge at the Si atoms was structurally characterised and its bonding situation analysed by DFT. Crystals of the isostructural [Ge2 (AlCp*)5 ]2+ dication were also obtained and represent the first mixed Al-Ge cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Dabringhaus
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Silja Zedlitz
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Luisa Giarrana
- Chair in General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Chair in General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
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5
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Poitiers NE, Huch V, Morgenstern B, Zimmer M, Scheschkewitz D. Siliconoid Expansion by a Single Germanium Atom through Isolated Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205399. [PMID: 35502469 PMCID: PMC9401078 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The growth of (semi-)metal clusters is pivotal for nucleation processes in gaseous and condensed phases. We now report the isolation of intermediates during the expansion of a stable unsaturated silicon cluster (siliconoid) by a single germanium atom through a sequence of substitution, rearrangement and reduction. The reaction of ligato-lithiated hexasilabenzpolarene LiSi6 Tip5 (1Li⋅(thf)2 , Tip=2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl) with GeCl2 ⋅NHC (NHC=1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene) initially yields the product with exohedral germanium(II) functionality, which then inserts into an Si-Si bond of the Si6 scaffold. The concomitant transfer of the chloro functionality from germanium to an adjacent silicon preserves the electron-precise nature of the formed endohedral germylene. Full incorporation of the germanium heteroatom to the Si6 Ge cluster core is finally achieved either by reduction under loss of the coordinating NHC or directly by reaction of 1Li⋅(thf)2 with GeCl2 ⋅1,4-dioxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine E. Poitiers
- Krupp Chair in General and Inorganic ChemistrySaarland UniversityGermany
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp Chair in General and Inorganic ChemistrySaarland UniversityGermany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Krupp Chair in General and Inorganic ChemistrySaarland UniversityGermany
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp Chair in General and Inorganic ChemistrySaarland UniversityGermany
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6
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Chen M, Lei B, Wang X, Rong H, Song H, Mo Z. A Silylene‐Stabilized Germanium Analogue of Alkynylaluminum. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204495. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Binglin Lei
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xuyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Hua Rong
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Haibin Song
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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7
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Poitiers NE, Huch V, Morgenstern B, Zimmer M, Scheschkewitz D. Gerüsterweiterung eines Silicoids um ein einzelnes Germaniumatom über isolierte Zwischenprodukte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine E. Poitiers
- Krupp Chair in General and Inorganic Chemistry Saarland University Deutschland
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp Chair in General and Inorganic Chemistry Saarland University Deutschland
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Krupp Chair in General and Inorganic Chemistry Saarland University Deutschland
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp Chair in General and Inorganic Chemistry Saarland University Deutschland
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp Chair in General and Inorganic Chemistry Saarland University Deutschland
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8
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Chen M, Lei B, Wang X, Rong H, Song H, Mo Z. A Silylene‐Stabilized Germanium Analogue of Alkynylaluminum. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Binglin Lei
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xuyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Hua Rong
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Haibin Song
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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9
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Lips F, Helmer J, Droste J, Hansen MR, Hepp A. Unsaturated Amido-Substituted Six-Vertex Mixed Silicon Germanium Clusters. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10535-10542. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01746f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of mixed silicon and germanium clusters SixGe6-x{N(SiMe3)Dipp}4 1-3 (x = 3.7, 3.1, 2.1) with amido-substituents and two unsubstituted germanium atoms was achieved in co-reductions using the tribromosilane {N(SiMe3)Dipp}SiBr3...
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10
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Tian M, Zhang J, Guo L, Cui C. Isolation of a planar 1,2-dilithio-disilene and its conversion to a Si-B hybrid 2π-electron system and a planar tetraboryldisilene. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14635-14640. [PMID: 34881016 PMCID: PMC8580061 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05125c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium reagents have long played important roles in synthetic chemistry. However, unsaturated organosilicon lithium reagents are few in number. Herein, we describe the first isolation of a 1,2-dilithiodisilene: [(boryl)SiLi]2 (2) was prepared in 73% yield by the reduction of (boryl)tribromosilane (1, boryl = (HCArN)2B, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) with lithium in Et2O. The salt elimination reaction of 2 with dihaloboranes RBX2 afforded disilaborirenes [(boryl)Si]2BR (3a–c), whereas the reaction with two equivalents of B-bromocatecholborane ((cat)BBr) yielded the first tetraboryldisilene [(boryl)(cat)BSi]2 (4). X-ray diffraction analysis and density functional theory calculations indicated that the disilene 2 and tetraboryldisilene 4 feature an almost planar geometry and disilaborirenes 3a–c are aromatic with a silicon–boron hybrid 2π-electron delocalized structure. The results indicate that 1,2-dilithiodisilene 2 is a powerful synthetic reagent for the construction of novel silicon multiply bonded species with unique electronic structures and that the boryl substituents have significant electronic effects on the structure of silicon multiple bonding. Dianionic disilyne: reduction of boryltribromosilane yielded the 1,2-dilithio-disilene 2, which is a powerful transfer reagent for the synthesis of a novel 2π aromatic system and the first tetraboryldisilene.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Lulu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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11
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Steller BG, Flock M, Fischer RC. From organotin hydrides to heteronuclear main group metal compounds: isolation of the first neutral bismuth/tin clusters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10095-10098. [PMID: 34518844 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02538d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
From conversions of Ar2SnH2 (Ar = Tripp, Dipp; Tripp = 2,4,6-Triisopropylphenyl, Dipp = 2,6-Diisopropylphenyl), and a bismuth(III) amide, Bi[N(SiMe3)2]3, we isolated the first representatives of mixed, uncharged Bi/Sn clusters, Bi8Sn3Ar6. Along with unprecedented bicyclo[2.2.0]hexanes, (HAr2Sn)2Sn2Bi4, these have been characterized by single crystal X-Ray diffraction, heteronuclear NMR, vibrational and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Quantum-chemical calculations were carried out in order to understand bonding within the isolated polyhedral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate G Steller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz 8010, Austria.
| | - Michaela Flock
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz 8010, Austria.
| | - Roland C Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz 8010, Austria.
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12
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Tsurusaki A, Sato H, Kyushin S. Clusterization Effect on the 29Si NMR Signal of a Spiro Silicon Atom. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tsurusaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Application Laboratories, Rigaku Corporation, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kyushin
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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13
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Abstract
The continuously decreasing size of device features in microelectronics draws growing attention to the structuring of silicon at the molecular level with powerful tools provided by synthetic chemistry. Silicon clusters are of particular importance in this regard not only as potential precursors for silicon deposition but also as well-defined model systems for bulk and surfaces of silicon at the nanoscale as well as possible starting points for future construction of molecularly precise device structures. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview about the state of the art in the synthesis of molecular silicon clusters, which are grouped into (1) electron-precise saturated clusters, (2) soluble polyhedral Zintl anions, and (3) unsaturated silicon clusters, the so-called siliconoids. Particular attention is paid to functionalization as it is generally considered a necessary prerequisite for the design and construction of more extended systems. The interrelations between the three different classes of molecular silicon clusters, e.g., arising from the introduction of negatively charged functional groups, are highlighted on grounds of NMR properties and computed electronic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Heider
- Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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14
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Ota K, Kinjo R. Heavier element-containing aromatics of [4 n+2]-electron systems. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10594-10673. [PMID: 34369490 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01354d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While the implication of the aromaticity concept has been dramatically expanded to date since its emergence in 1865, the classical [4n+2]/4n-electron counting protocol still plays an essential role in evaluating the aromatic nature of compounds. Over the last few decades, a variety of heavier heterocycles featuring the formal [4n+2] π-electron arrangements have been developed, which allows for assessing their aromatic nature. In this review, we present recent developments of the [4n+2]-electron systems of heavier heterocycles involving group 13-15 elements. The synthesis, spectroscopic data, structural parameters, computational data, and reactivity are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ota
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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15
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Iwamoto T, Yin D, Kobayashi A, Tamura M, Motomatsu D, Akasaka N, Yokouchi Y, Ishida S, Kira M. Lithiated 1,3-Disilabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes Synthesized via Selective Cleavage of Exocyclic Si–Si Bonds on Bridgehead Silicon Atoms. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Dongzhu Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Akifumi Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Makoto Tamura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Daiki Motomatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Naohiko Akasaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuki Yokouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shintaro Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kira
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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16
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Majhi PK, Huch V, Scheschkewitz D. A Mixed Heavier Si=Ge Analogue of a Vinyl Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:242-246. [PMID: 32991043 PMCID: PMC7821269 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The versatile reactivities of disilenides and digermenide, heavier analogues of vinyl anions, have significantly expanded the pool of silicon and germanium compounds with various unexpected structural motifs in the past two decades. We now report the synthesis and isolation of a cyclic heteronuclear vinyl anion analogue with a Si=Ge bond, potassium silagermenide as stable thf-solvate and 18-c-6 solvate by the KC8 reduction of germylene or digermene precursors. Its suitability as synthon for the synthesis of functional silagermenes is proven by the reactions with chlorosilane and chlorophospane to yield the corresponding silyl- and phosphanyl-silagermenes. X-ray crystallographic analysis, UV/Vis spectroscopy and DFT calculations revealed a significant degree of π-conjugation between N=C and Si=Ge double bonds in the title compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresh Kumar Majhi
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic ChemistrySaarland University66123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic ChemistrySaarland University66123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic ChemistrySaarland University66123SaarbrückenGermany
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17
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Poitiers NE, Huch V, Zimmer M, Scheschkewitz D. Chalcogen-Expanded Unsaturated Silicon Clusters: Thia-, Selena-, and Tellurasiliconoids. Chemistry 2020; 26:16599-16602. [PMID: 32700779 PMCID: PMC7756652 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of silylenes with heavier chalcogens (E) typically result in Si=E double bonds or their π-addition products. In contrast, the oxidation of a silylene-functionalized unsaturated silicon cluster (siliconoid) with Group 16 elements selectively yields cluster expanded siliconoids Si7 E (E=S, Se, Te) fully preserving the unsaturated nature of the cluster scaffold as evident from the NMR signatures of the products. Mechanistic considerations by DFT calculations suggest the intermediacy of a Si6 siliconoid with exohedral Si=E functionality. The reaction thus may serve as model system for the oxidation of surface-bonded silylenes at Si(100) by chalcogens and their diffusion into the silicon bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine E. Poitiers
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
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18
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Majhi PK, Huch V, Scheschkewitz D. Ein gemischtes, schwereres Si=Ge Analogon eines Vinylanions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paresh Kumar Majhi
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry Saarland University 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry Saarland University 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry Saarland University 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
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19
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Poitiers NE, Huch V, Zimmer M, Scheschkewitz D. Nickel-assisted complete cleavage of CO by a silylene/siliconoid hybrid under formation of an Si[double bond, length as m-dash]C enol ether bridge. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:10898-10901. [PMID: 32940284 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04922k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of a silylene-functionalized Si6 siliconoid with CO in the presence of catalytic quantities of a nickel(0) complex results in the complete cleavage of the CO triple bond, but preserves the Si6 scaffold with an exohedrally incorporated Si[double bond, length as m-dash]C enol ether bridge. The uncompromised cluster core emphasizes the role of the so-called benzpolarene motif as the energetic silicon pendants of benzene in carbon chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine E Poitiers
- Krupp Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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20
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Ota K, Kinjo R. Inorganic Benzene Valence Isomers. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:2558-2574. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ota
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Nanyang Link 21 Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Nanyang Link 21 Singapore 637371 Singapore
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21
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Poitiers NE, Giarrana L, Leszczyńska KI, Huch V, Zimmer M, Scheschkewitz D. Indirekte und direkte Anknüpfung von Übergangsmetallen an Silicoide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine E. Poitiers
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Luisa Giarrana
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Kinga I. Leszczyńska
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
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22
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Poitiers NE, Giarrana L, Leszczyńska KI, Huch V, Zimmer M, Scheschkewitz D. Indirect and Direct Grafting of Transition Metals to Siliconoids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8532-8536. [PMID: 32092221 PMCID: PMC7317502 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Unsaturated charge‐neutral silicon clusters (siliconoids) are important as gas‐phase intermediates between molecules and the elemental bulk. With stable zirconocene‐ and hafnocene‐substituted derivatives, we here report the first examples containing directly bonded transition‐metal fragments that are readily accessible from the ligato‐lithiated Si6 siliconoid (1Li) and Cp2MCl2 (M=Zr, Hf). Charge‐neutral siliconoid ligands with pending tetrylene functionality were prepared by the reaction of amidinato chloro tetrylenes [PhC(NtBu)2]ECl (E=Si, Ge, Sn) with 1Li, thus confirming the principal compatibility of such low‐valent functionalities with the unsaturated Si6 cluster scaffold. The pronounced donor properties of the tetrylene/siliconoid hybrids allow for their coordination to the Fe(CO)4 fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine E Poitiers
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Luisa Giarrana
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Kinga I Leszczyńska
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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23
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Heider Y, Willmes P, Huch V, Zimmer M, Scheschkewitz D. Boron and Phosphorus Containing Heterosiliconoids: Stable p- and n-Doped Unsaturated Silicon Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19498-19504. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Heider
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Philipp Willmes
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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24
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Heider Y, Poitiers NE, Willmes P, Leszczyńska KI, Huch V, Scheschkewitz D. Site-selective functionalization of Si 6R 6 siliconoids. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4523-4530. [PMID: 31057782 PMCID: PMC6482874 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05591b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent progress in the synthesis of partially substituted neutral silicon clusters (siliconoids) revealed unique structures and electronic anisotropies that are reminiscent of bulk and nano surfaces of silicon. Here, we report the selective 2-lithiation of the global minimum Si6R6 siliconoid at a different vertex than in the previously reported isomeric 4-lithiated derivative (R = 2,4,6- i Pr3C6H2). In order to enable an intuitive distinction of the vertices of the global minimum Si6R6 scaffold (which can be considered the silicon analogue of benzene in terms of thermodynamic stability), we introduce a novel nomenclature in analogy to the ortho-meta-para nomenclature of disubstituted benzenes. By treatment of the 2-lithiated Si6 cluster with Me3SiCl, SiCl4 H3B·SMe2, (Me2N)2PCl as well as with carboxylic acid chlorides RCOCl (R = t Bu, Ph) various 2-functionalized Si6 clusters were obtained and characterized in solution and - in most cases - the solid state. The structural and spectroscopic effect of the position of the newly introduced functional group is discussed by comparison to the corresponding 4-functionalized derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Heider
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry , Saarland University , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany .
| | - Nadine E Poitiers
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry , Saarland University , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany .
| | - Philipp Willmes
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry , Saarland University , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany .
| | - Kinga I Leszczyńska
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry , Saarland University , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany .
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry , Saarland University , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany .
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry , Saarland University , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany .
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25
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Nakamura T, Kudo T. The planarity of heteroatom analogues of benzene: Energy component analysis and the planarization of hexasilabenzene. J Comput Chem 2019; 40:581-590. [PMID: 30575087 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
There are various nonplanar heteroatom analogues of benzene-cyclic 6π electron systems-and among them, hexasilabenzene (Si6 H6 ) is well known as a typical example. To determine the factors that control their planarity, quantum chemical calculations and an energy component analysis were performed. The results show that the energy components mainly controlling the planarity of benzene and hexasilabenzene are different. For hexasilabenzene, electron repulsion energy was found to be significantly important for the planarity. The application of the pseudo Jahn-Teller effect and the Carter-Goddard-Malrieu-Trinquier model for the interpretation of the planarity of the benzene analogues was also investigated. Furthermore, based on the quantitative results, it was revealed that the planarization of hexasilabenzene is realized by introducing substituents with π-accepting ability, such as the boryl group, that bring about a reduction of the π-electron repulsion on the silicon skeleton. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Nakamura
- Devision of Pure and Applied Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan
| | - Takako Kudo
- Devision of Pure and Applied Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan
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26
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Klemmer L, Huch V, Jana A, Scheschkewitz D. An anionic heterosiliconoid with two germanium vertices. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10100-10103. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04576g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of dismutational 1,4-digermatetrasilabenzene isomer gives lithium digermatetrasila-benzpolarenide (R = Tip = 2,4,6-iPr3C6H2). The positions of its Ge vertices yield mechanistic insights; its reaction with SiCl4 proves its nucleophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Klemmer
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad
- Hyderabad-500107
- India
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
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27
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Abstract
Unsaturated silicon clusters are key intermediates of silicon deposition processes from the gas phase, which is reflected in the recently introduced term "siliconoids" for silicon rich clusters with at least one hemispheroidally coordinated vertex. Unlike the case of metalloid clusters of heavier Group 14 elements, stable homonuclear derivatives containing silicon have become available just recently. This review summarizes the developments since the first report on a stable unsaturated silicon cluster in 2005. The synthesis, structure and reactivity under retention of the unsaturated vertices (i.e. the functionalization) of stable siliconoids is discussed within the broader context of soluble Zintl anions of silicon and metalloid clusters. A structural parameter is introduced as a quantitative measure to characterize the "hemispheroidality" of an unsubstituted vertex of a siliconoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Heider
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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28
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Abstract
This review article provides a survey of contemporary investigations on main group metal cluster formation, addressing homo- and heterometallic clusters (including small numbers of transition metal atoms), with or without an external ligand shell, thereby excluding clusters with non-metal atoms as bridging ligands. Most of the studies reflected herein represent insights into the formation of intermediates from the starting material, or the final cluster formation from established intermediates. In rare cases, the entire process was suggested as a result of comprehensive, multi-method elucidations. The article is to be understood as a state-of-the-art report, as the subject matter is currently a rising field of research, which is still in its infancy, despite some early activities that date back to the 1980s. At the same time, the article intends to point toward both the importance and the feasibility of according studies, in order to encourage researchers to gain even more knowledge in this field. Only deep understanding of cluster formation will allow for design, and ultimately control, of their syntheses, with the long-term goal of their optimization and purposeful application in catalysis or novel material synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Weinert
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für, Materialwissenschaften der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Mitzinger
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für, Materialwissenschaften der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für, Materialwissenschaften der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
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29
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Urrego-Riveros S, Ramirez y Medina IM, Hoffmann J, Heitmann A, Staubitz A. Syntheses and Properties of Tin-Containing Conjugated Heterocycles. Chemistry 2018; 24:5680-5696. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Urrego-Riveros
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Bremen; Leobener Str.7 NW2C 28359 Bremen Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes; University of Bremen; Bibliothekstraße 1 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Isabel-Maria Ramirez y Medina
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Bremen; Leobener Str.7 NW2C 28359 Bremen Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes; University of Bremen; Bibliothekstraße 1 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Jonas Hoffmann
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Bremen; Leobener Str.7 NW2C 28359 Bremen Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes; University of Bremen; Bibliothekstraße 1 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Anne Heitmann
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Bremen; Leobener Str.7 NW2C 28359 Bremen Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes; University of Bremen; Bibliothekstraße 1 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Anne Staubitz
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Bremen; Leobener Str.7 NW2C 28359 Bremen Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes; University of Bremen; Bibliothekstraße 1 28359 Bremen Germany
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30
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Reinhold CRW, Dong Z, Winkler JM, Steinert H, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. A One-Step Germole to Silole Transformation and a Stable Isomer of a Disilabenzene. Chemistry 2017; 24:848-854. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Crispin R. W. Reinhold
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Zhaowen Dong
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Jan M. Winkler
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Henning Steinert
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
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31
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Nieder D, Klemmer L, Kaiser Y, Huch V, Scheschkewitz D. Isolation and Reactivity of a Digerma Analogue of Vinyllithiums: a Lithium Digermenide. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Nieder
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66125 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lukas Klemmer
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66125 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Yvonne Kaiser
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66125 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66125 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66125 Saarbrücken, Germany
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32
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Zapp N, Rohe K, Ye R, Scheschkewitz D, Springborg M. Spherical aromaticity in C-, Si-, and Ge-containing compounds. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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33
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Nieder D, Huch V, Yildiz CB, Scheschkewitz D. Regiodiscriminating Reactivity of Isolable NHC-Coordinated Disilenyl Germylene and Its Cyclic Isomer. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13996-14005. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Nieder
- Krupp-Chair
of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66125 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair
of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66125 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Cem B. Yildiz
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray University, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair
of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66125 Saarbrücken, Germany
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34
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Vícha J, Marek R, Straka M. High-Frequency 13C and 29Si NMR Chemical Shifts in Diamagnetic Low-Valence Compounds of TlI and PbII: Decisive Role of Relativistic Effects. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:1770-81. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vícha
- Center of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Třída T. Bati, 5678, CZ-76001, Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Marek
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of
Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A4, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Straka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16610, Prague, Czech Republic
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35
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Nieder D, Yildiz CB, Jana A, Zimmer M, Huch V, Scheschkewitz D. Dimerization of a marginally stable disilenyl germylene to tricyclic systems: evidence for reversible NHC-coordination. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:2799-802. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09878e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of a base-stabilised silagermenylidene with MeLi yields two tricyclic isomeric Si/Ge species via an unsaturated three-membered ring species that is stabilised by excess N-heterocyclic carbene.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nieder
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66125 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Cem B. Yildiz
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Letters
- Aksaray University
- 68100 Aksaray
- Turkey
| | - Anukul Jana
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66125 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66125 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66125 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66125 Saarbrücken
- Germany
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36
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Abstract
This Review article deals with the synthesis and properties of inorganic hydrocarbon analogues: binary chemical species that contain heavier Group 14 elements (Si, Ge, Sn or Pb) and hydrogen as components. Rapid advances in our general knowledge of these species have enabled the development of industrially relevant processes such as the hydrosilylation of unsaturated substrates and the chemical vapor deposition of semi-conducting films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
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37
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Sundholm D, Berger RJF, Fliegl H. Analysis of the magnetically induced current density of molecules consisting of annelated aromatic and antiaromatic hydrocarbon rings. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:15934-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01968d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aromatic pathway of molecules with annelated aromatic and antiaromatic rings has been studied by calculating magnetically induced current densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dage Sundholm
- University of Helsinki
- Department of Chemistry
- Finland
| | | | - Heike Fliegl
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oslo
- NO-0315 Oslo
- Norway
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38
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Stammler HG, Blomeyer S, Berger RJF, Mitzel NW. Trimethylaluminium: Bindungsverhältnisse nach Ladungs- und Stromtopologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Stammler HG, Blomeyer S, Berger RJF, Mitzel NW. Trimethylaluminum: Bonding by Charge and Current Topology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13816-20. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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40
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Tsurusaki A, Kamiyama J, Kyushin S. Tetrasilane-Bridged Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptasil-1(6)-ene. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:12896-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja507279z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tsurusaki
- Division
of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
- Human
Resources Cultivation Center, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Jun Kamiyama
- Division
of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kyushin
- Division
of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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41
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Sindlinger CP, Wesemann L. Hydrogen abstraction from organotin di- and trihydrides by N-heterocyclic carbenes: a new method for the preparation of NHC adducts to tin(ii) species and observation of an isomer of a hexastannabenzene derivative [R6Sn6]. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc00365a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes are shown to cleanly abstract dihydrogen from organotin di- and trihydrides to intermediately form the reactive stannylene species [R2Sn] and [R′SnH], respectively, which undergo further reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Wesemann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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42
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Kyushin S, Ishida S, Tsurusaki A, Otsuka K. Effect of Ring Sizes of Cyclooligosilanes on Construction of Organosilicon Clusters. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2014. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.72.1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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