1
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Lim SH, You H, Kim MJ, Wee KR, Cho DW. Triplet Energy Transfer (EnT)-Promoted 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of N-(Trimethylsilyl)methylphthalimide with Electron-Deficient Alkynes and Alkenes. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39225314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Triplet energy transfer (EnT)-promoted photochemical pathways, arisen by visible light and its photosensitizers, have gained significant attention as a complementary strategy for initiating organic transformations in photochemical reactions that are unlikely to occur through a single electron transfer (SET) process. In the present study, we investigated the triplet EnT-promoted 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of N-(trimethylsilyl)methylphthalimide with electron-deficient alkynyl and alkenyl dipolarophiles. The triplet excited state of N-(trimethylsilyl)methylphthalimide, promoted by the triplet EnT from thioxanthone (TXA) photosensitizer, underwent sequential intramolecular SET and carbon-to-oxygen migration of the silyl group to form azomethine ylide. This generated ylide cycloadded to alkynes or alkenes to regioselectively and stereospecifically produce a nitrogen-containing benzopyrrolizidine scaffold with multiple stereogenic centers. Crucially, the stereoselectivity of these cycloaddition reactions (i.e., endo versus exo addition) was influenced by the nature of the dipolarophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Hyun Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayeon You
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ryang Wee
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
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2
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Sun X, Liu Y, Yin Y, Ban X, Zhao X, Jiang Z. Asymmetric photoredox catalytic formal de Mayo reaction enabled by sensitization-initiated electron transfer. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1169-1176. [PMID: 38565977 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01502-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Visible-light-driven photoredox catalysis is known to be a powerful tool for organic synthesis. Its occurrence critically depends on the twice exothermic single-electron transfer processes of photosensitizers, which are governed by the redox properties of the species involved. Hence, the inherently narrow range of redox potentials of photosensitizers inevitably constrains their further availability. Sensitization-initiated electron transfer has recently been found to effectively overcome this substantial challenge. However, feasible and practical strategies for designing such complicated catalytic systems are rather scarce. Herein we report an elaborate dual-catalyst platform, with dicyanopyrazine as a visible light photosensitizer and a pyrenyl-incorporated chiral phosphoric acid as a co-sensitizer, and we demonstrate the applicability of this sensitization-initiated electron transfer strategy in an asymmetric formal de Mayo-type reaction. The catalysis platform enables otherwise thermodynamically unfavourable electron transfer processes to close the redox cycle and allows for precise access to valuable enantioenriched 1,5-diketones with a wide substrate range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, P. R. China
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xu Ban
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, P. R. China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, P. R. China.
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3
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Gu X, Shen J, Xu Z, Liu J, Shi M, Wei Y. Visible-Light-Mediated Activation of Remote C(sp 3)-H Bonds by Carbon-Centered Biradical via Intramolecular 1,5- or 1,6-Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202409463. [PMID: 39031578 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a novel intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reaction that efficiently yields azetidine, oxetane, and indoline derivatives through a mechanism resembling the carbon analogue of the Norrish-Yang reaction. This process is facilitated by excited triplet-state carbon-centered biradicals, enabling the 1,5-HAT reaction by suppressing the critical 1,4-biradical intermediates from undergoing the Norrish Type II cleavage reaction, and pioneering unprecedented 1,6-HAT reactions initiated by excited triplet-state alkenes. We demonstrate the synthetic utility and compatibility of this method across various functional groups, validated through scope evaluation, large-scale synthesis, and derivatization. Our findings are supported by control experiments, deuterium labeling, kinetic studies, cyclic voltammetry, Stern-Volmer experiments, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiahao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ziyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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4
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Haensch VG, Hertweck C. Photosensitizers Enable the Formation of Biphenyls with UV-LEDs and Sunlight. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400605. [PMID: 38421111 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The regioselective synthesis of biphenyls, which are economically important pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and liquid crystals, is a challenging task. Current methods rely on metal-dependent cross-coupling reactions, which unfortunately require the use of harmful halogenated aryls and heavy metal catalysts that are toxic and difficult to remove from the final products. Recently, we have circumvented these problems by developing a metal-free and broadly applicable photochemical method for biphenyl synthesis using UV-C light, called photosplicing. Here we present an improved method using photosensitizers in combination with UV-B, UV-A light, or sunlight. Using a high-precision flow reactor with deep-UV LEDs, we investigated the ability of commonly available organic photosensitizers to enhance the photosplicing reaction and identified a number of suitable photosensitizers with the required triplet energy. This method allows for easy batch synthesis of biaryls in borosilicate glassware and paves the way for their large-scale production without the need for flow reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit G Haensch
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
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5
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Dutta S, Erchinger JE, Strieth-Kalthoff F, Kleinmans R, Glorius F. Energy transfer photocatalysis: exciting modes of reactivity. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1068-1089. [PMID: 38168974 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00190c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Excited (triplet) states offer a myriad of attractive synthetic pathways, including cycloadditions, selective homolytic bond cleavages and strain-release chemistry, isomerizations, deracemizations, or the fusion with metal catalysis. Recent years have seen enormous advantages in enabling these reactivity modes through visible-light-mediated triplet-triplet energy transfer catalysis (TTEnT). This tutorial review provides an overview of this emerging strategy for synthesizing sought-after organic motifs in a mild, selective, and sustainable manner. Building on the photophysical foundations of energy transfer, this review also discusses catalyst design, as well as the challenges and opportunities of energy transfer catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Dutta
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Johannes E Erchinger
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Felix Strieth-Kalthoff
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Roman Kleinmans
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Frank Glorius
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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6
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Hai H, Qin S, Zhang Y, Liu W, Feng J, Guo H, Kühn FE, Liu Y. Visible Light-Induced Regioselective Intermolecular [2 + 2]-Cycloaddition of Alkyne and 2(1 H)-Quinolone Derivatives. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38190649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
We have developed a visible light-induced intermolecular [2 + 2]-cycloaddition reaction between alkenes and alkynes using thioxanthone and Cu(OTf)2 as cocatalysts. Various quinolin-2(1H)-ones, featuring diverse substituted groups, were successfully employed in this reaction, resulting in the synthesis of a series of 4,8b-dihydrocyclobuta[c]quinolin-3(2aH)-ones. Our methodology presents a novel synthetic approach for alkene-alkyne [2 + 2]-cycloaddition, delivering cyclobutene derivatives with exceptional regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hai
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Shaoheng Qin
- Molecular Catalysis, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Yanzhi Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center/Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Wangsheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Jin Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Hao Guo
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Fritz E Kühn
- Molecular Catalysis, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center/Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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7
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Großkopf J, Bach T. Catalytic Photochemical Deracemization via Short-Lived Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308241. [PMID: 37428113 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Upon irradiation in the presence of a suitable chiral catalyst, racemic compound mixtures can be converted into enantiomerically pure compounds with the same constitution. The process is called photochemical deracemization and involves the formation of short-lived intermediates. By opening different reaction channels for the forward reaction to the intermediate and for the re-constitution of the chiral molecule, the entropically disfavored process becomes feasible. Since the discovery of the first photochemical deracemization in 2018, the field has been growing rapidly. This review comprehensively covers the research performed in the area and discusses current developments. It is subdivided according to the mode of action and the respective substrate classes. The focus of this review is on the scope of the individual reactions and on a discussion of the mechanistic details underlying the presented reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Großkopf
- School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
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8
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Huo SC, Indurmuddam RR, Hong BC, Lu CF, Chien SY. The hamburger-shape photocatalyst: thioxanthone-based chiral [2.2]paracyclophane for enantioselective visible-light photocatalysis of 3-methylquinoxalin-2(1 H)-one and styrenes. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9330-9336. [PMID: 37987508 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01580g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
A new thioxanthone-based photocatalyst with a [2.2]paracyclophane skeleton and planar chirality has been developed. The catalyst has been successfully applied in the visible light-mediated enantioselective aza Paternò-Büchi reactions of quinoxalinone and styrenes to produce azetidines. The structures of the catalyst derivatives were unequivocally determined by their single crystal X-ray crystallography analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Chih Huo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan.
| | | | - Bor-Cherng Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan.
| | - Chuan-Fu Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan.
| | - Su-Ying Chien
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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9
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Shi T, Zhang T, Yang J, Li Y, Shu J, Zhao J, Zhang M, Zhang D, Hu W. Bifunctionality of dirhodium tetracarboxylates in metallaphotocatalysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7269. [PMID: 37949850 PMCID: PMC10638314 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallaphotocatalysis has been recognized as a pivotal catalysis enabling new reactivities. Traditional metallaphotocatalysis often requires two or more separate catalysts and exhibits flaw in cost and substrate-tolerance, thus representing an await-to-solve issue in catalysis. We herein realize metallaphotocatalysis with a bifunctional dirhodium tetracarboxylate ([Rh2]) alone. The [Rh2] shows an photocatalytic activity of promoting singlet oxygen (1O2) oxidation. By harnessing its photocatalytic activity, the [Rh2] catalyzes a photochemical cascade reaction (PCR) via combination of carbenoid chemistry and 1O2 chemistry. The PCR is characterized by high atom-efficiency, excellent stereoselectivities, mild conditions, scalable synthesis, and pharmaceutically interesting products. DFT calculations-aided mechanistic study rationalizes the reaction pathway and interprets the origin of stereoselectivities of the PCR. The products show inhibitory activity against PTP1B, being promising in the treatment of type II diabetes and cancers. Overall, here we show the bifunctional [Rh2] merges Rh-carbenoid chemistry and 1O2 chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoda Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Tianyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiying Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yukai Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jirong Shu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jingyu Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mengchu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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10
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Yang P, Wang RX, Huang XL, Cheng YZ, You SL. Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclobutane Derivatives via Cascade Asymmetric Allylic Etherification/[2 + 2] Photocycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21752-21759. [PMID: 37768553 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Chiral cyclobutane presents as a popular motif in natural products and biologically active molecules, and its derivatives have been extensively used as key synthons in organic synthesis. Herein, we report an efficient synthetic method toward enantioenriched cyclobutane derivatives. The reaction proceeds in a cascade fashion involving Ir-catalyzed asymmetric allylic etherification and visible-light induced [2 + 2] cycloaddition. Readily available branched allyl acetates and cinnamyl alcohols are directly used as the substrates under mild reaction conditions, providing a broad range of chiral cyclobutanes in good yields with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities (up to 12:1 dr, >99% ee). It is worth noting that all substrates and catalysts were simultaneously added without any separated step in this approach. The gram-scale reaction and diverse transformations of product further enhance the potential utility of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pusu Yang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rui-Xiang Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xu-Lun Huang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuan-Zheng Cheng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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11
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Shahid M, Punnya AJ, Babu SS, Sarkar S, Gopinath P. Dual Palladium-Photoredox-Mediated Regioselective Acylation of Carbazoles and Indolines. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13686-13698. [PMID: 37767971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
We have described a dual palladium-photoredox-catalyzed highly regioselective acylation of carbazoles and indolines using molecular oxygen as the green oxidant. The reaction shows a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance. Late-stage functionalization of a carprofen drug derivative, further manipulation of products, and gram-scale synthesis of the acylated products were illustrated to show the versatility of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shahid
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517507, India
| | - A J Punnya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517507, India
| | - Sakamuri Sarath Babu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517507, India
| | - Subhendu Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517507, India
| | - Purushothaman Gopinath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517507, India
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12
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Rolka AB, Archipowa N, Kutta RJ, König B, Toste FD. Hybrid Catalysts for Enantioselective Photo-Phosphoric Acid Catalysis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:6509-6522. [PMID: 37126846 PMCID: PMC10198958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The syntheses of two novel, organic, and chiral photocatalysts are presented. By combining donor-acceptor cyanoarene-based photocatalysts with a chiral phosphoric acid, bifunctional catalysts have been designed. In preliminary proof-of-concept reactions, their use in both enantioselective energy transfer and photoredox catalysis is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessa B Rolka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nataliya Archipowa
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Roger J Kutta
- Institute of Theoretical and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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13
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Liu M, Liu J, Li J, Zhao Z, Zhou K, Li Y, He P, Wu J, Bao Z, Yang Q, Yang Y, Ren Q, Zhang Z. Blending Aryl Ketone in Covalent Organic Frameworks to Promote Photoinduced Electron Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9198-9206. [PMID: 37125453 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Aryl-ketone derivatives have been acknowledged as promising organic photocatalysts for photosynthesis. However, they are limited by their photostability and have been less explored for photoinduced electron transfer (PET) applications. Herein we demonstrate a novel strategy to cover the shortage of aryl-ketone photocatalysts and control the photoreactivity by implanting symmetric aryl ketones into the conjugated covalent organic frameworks (COFs). To prove the concept, three comparative materials with the same topology and varied electronic structures were built, adopting truxenone knot and functionalized terephthalaldehyde linkers. Spectroscopic investigation and excited carrier dynamics analysis disclosed improvements in the photostability and electronic transfer efficiency as well as the structure-performance relationships toward N-aryl tetrahydroisoquinoline oxidation. This system provides a robust rule of thumb for designing new-generation aryl-ketone photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, P. R. China
| | - Junnan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, P. R. China
| | - Zhenghua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, P. R. China
| | - Yueming Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, P. R. China
| | - Peipei He
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, P. R. China
| | - Jiashu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, P. R. China
| | - Zongbi Bao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, P. R. China
| | - Qiwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, P. R. China
| | - Yiwen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, P. R. China
| | - Qilong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, P. R. China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, P. R. China
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14
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Zhen G, Zeng G, Jiang K, Wang F, Cao X, Yin B. Visible-Light-Induced Diradical-Mediated ipso-Cyclization towards Double Dearomative [2+2]-Cycloaddition or Smiles-Type Rearrangement. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203217. [PMID: 36460618 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
When mono-radical ipso-cyclization of aryl sulfonamides tend to undergo Smiles-type rearrangement through aromatization-driven C-S bond cleavage, diradical-mediated cyclization must perform in a distinct reaction pathway. It is interesting meanwhile challenging to tune the rate of C-S bond cleavage to achieve a chemically divergent reaction of (hetero) aryl sulfonamides in a visible-light induced energy transfer (EnT) reaction pathway involving diradical species. Herein a chemically divergent reaction based on the designed indole-tethered (hetero)arylsulfonamides is reported which involves a diradical-mediated ipso-cyclization and a controllable cleavage of an inherent C-S bond. The combined experimental and computational results have revealed that the cleavage of the C-S bond in these substrates can be controlled by tuning the heteroaryl moieties: a) If the (hetero)aryl is thienyl, furyl, phenanthryl, etc., the radical coupling of double dearomative diradicals (DDDR) precedes over C-S bond cleavage to afford cyclobutene fused indolines by double dearomative [2+2]-cycloaddition; b) if the (hetero)aryl is phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, indolyl etc., the cleavage of C-S bond in DDDR is favored over radical coupling to afford biaryl products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjin Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Guohui Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Furong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Biaolin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
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15
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Liang Z, Wang L, Wang Y, Wang L, Chong Q, Meng F. Cobalt-Catalyzed Diastereo- and Enantioselective Carbon-Carbon Bond Forming Reactions of Cyclobutenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3588-3598. [PMID: 36734874 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic enantioselective functionalization of cyclobutenes constitutes a general and modular strategy for construction of enantioenriched complex cyclobutanes bearing multiple stereogenic centers, as chiral four-membered rings are common motifs in biologically active molecules and versatile intermediates in organic synthesis. However, enantioselective synthesis of cyclobutanes through such a strategy remained significantly limited. Herein, we report a series of unprecedented cobalt-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond forming reactions of cyclobutenes that are initiated through enantioselective carbometalation. The protocols feature diastereo- and enantioselective introduction of allyl, alkynyl, and functionalized alkyl groups. Mechanistic studies indicated an unusual 1,3-cobalt migration and subsequent β-carbon elimination cascade process occurred in the allyl addition. These new discoveries established a new elementary process for cobalt catalysis and an extension of diversity of nucleophiles for enantioselective transformations of cyclobutenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Lifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Qinglei Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Fanke Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, China, 200032.,School of Chemistry and Material Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China, 310024
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16
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Das S, Zhu C, Demirbas D, Bill E, De CK, List B. Asymmetric counteranion-directed photoredox catalysis. Science 2023; 379:494-499. [PMID: 36656920 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade8190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis enables distinctive and broadly applicable chemical reactions, but controlling their selectivity has proven to be difficult. The pursuit of enantioselectivity is a particularly daunting challenge, arguably because of the high energy of the activated radical (ion) intermediates, and previous approaches have invariably required pairing of the photoredox catalytic cycle with an additional activation mode for asymmetric induction. A potential solution for photoredox reactions proceeding via radical ions would be catalytic pairing with enantiopure counterions. However, although attempts toward this approach have been described, high selectivity has not yet been accomplished. Here we report a potentially general solution to radical cation-based asymmetric photoredox catalysis. We describe organic salts, featuring confined imidodiphosphorimidate counteranions that catalyze highly enantioselective [2+2]-cross cycloadditions of styrenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantani Das
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Chendan Zhu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Derya Demirbas
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Chandra Kanta De
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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17
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Golfmann M, Glagow L, Giakoumidakis A, Golz C, Walker JCL. Organophotocatalytic [2+2] Cycloaddition of Electron-Deficient Styrenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202373. [PMID: 36282627 PMCID: PMC10100360 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light organophotocatalytic [2+2] cycloaddition of electron-deficient styrenes is described. Photocatalytic [2+2] cycloadditions are typically performed with electron-rich styrene derivatives or α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, and with transition-metal-based catalysts. We have discovered that an organic cyanoarene photocatalyst is able to deliver high-value cyclobutane products bearing electron-deficient aryl substituents in good yields. A range of electron-deficient substituents are tolerated, and both homodimerisations and intramolecular [2+2] cycloadditions to fused bicyclic systems are available by using this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Golfmann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Louis Glagow
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Antonios Giakoumidakis
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Christopher Golz
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes C L Walker
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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18
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Zhou M, Mathew S, de Bruin B. Thermal and (Thermo-Reversible) Photochemical Cycloisomerization of 1 H-2-Benzo[ c]oxocins: From Synthetic Applications to the Development of a New T-Type Molecular Photoswitch. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 145:645-657. [PMID: 36548378 PMCID: PMC9837851 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel T-type molecular photoswitch based on the reversible cyclization of 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins to dihydro-4H-cyclobuta[c]isochromenes has been developed. The switching mechanism involves a light-triggered ring-contraction of 8-membered 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins to 4,6-fused O-heterocyclic dihydro-4H-cyclobuta[c]isochromene ring systems, with reversion back to the 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocin state accessible through heating. Both processes are unidirectional and proceed with good efficiency, with switching properties─including reversibility and half-life time─easily adjusted via structural functionalization. Our new molecular-switching platform exhibits independence from solvent polarity, originating from its neutral-charge switching mechanism, a property highly sought-after for biological applications. The photoinduced ring-contraction involves a [2+2] conjugated-diene cyclization that obeys the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. In contrast, the reverse process initiates via a thermal ring-opening (T > 60 °C) to produce the original 8-membered 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins, which is thermally forbidden according to the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. The thermal ring-opening is likely to proceed via an ortho-quinodimethane (o-QDM) intermediate, and the corresponding switching mechanisms are supported by experimental observations and density functional theory calculations. Other transformations of 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins were found upon altering reaction conditions: prolonged heating of the 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins at a significantly elevated temperature (72 h at 120 °C), with the resulting dihydronaphthalenes formed via the o-QDM intermediate. These reactions also proceed with good chemoselectivities, providing new synthetic protocols for motifs found in several bioactive molecules, but are otherwise difficult to access.
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19
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Haensch VG, Görls H, Hertweck C. A Photochemical Macrocyclization Route to Asymmetric Strained [3.2] Paracyclophanes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202577. [PMID: 36094023 PMCID: PMC10092696 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intricate frameworks of paracyclophanes are an important target for synthesis since they are found in various chiral auxiliaries, solar cells, high-performance plastics, pharmaceuticals, and molecular machines. Whereas numerous methods exist for the preparation of symmetric paracyclophanes, protocols for the efficient synthesis of strained asymmetric scaffolds are limited. Here we report a remarkably simple photochemical route to strained [3.2]paracyclophanes starting from readily available educts. By way of NMR and X-ray analyses, we discovered that UV-irradiation of an aromatic carboxylic ester tethered to a toluene moiety leads to the intramolecular formation of a new C-C bond, with loss of an alcohol. A systematic evaluation of the reaction conditions and substituents, as well as radical starter and triplet quenching experiments, point to a reaction mechanism involving an excited triplet state and hydrogen atom transfer. The new method proved to be robust and versatile enabling the synthesis of a range of cyclophanes with different substitutions, including an unusual diastereoisomer with two planar chiral centers, and thus proved to be a valuable addition to the synthetic toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit G Haensch
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
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20
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Verma R, Jindal P, Prasad J, Kothari SL, Lamba NP, Dandia A, Khangarot RK, Chauhan MS. Recent Trends in Photocatalytic Enantioselective Reactions. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:48. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00402-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Creating, conserving and modifying the stereochemistry of organic compounds has been the subject of significant research efforts in synthetic chemistry. Most synthetic routes are designed according to the stereoselectivity-determining step. Stereochemical editing is an alternative strategy, wherein the chiral-defining or geometry-defining steps are independent of the construction of the major scaffold or complexity. It enables late-stage alterations of stereochemistry and can generate isomers from a single compound. However, in many instances, stereochemical editing processes are contra-thermodynamic, meaning the transformation is unfavourable. To overcome this barrier, photocatalysis uses photogenerated radical species and introduces thermochemical biases. A range of synthetically valuable contra-thermodynamic stereochemical editing processes have been invented, including deracemization of chiral molecules, positional alkene isomerization and dynamic epimerization of sugars and diols. In this Review, we highlight the fundamental mechanisms of visible-light photocatalysis and the general reactivity modes of the photogenerated radical intermediates towards contra-thermodynamic stereochemical editing processes.
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22
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Trimble JS, Crawshaw R, Hardy FJ, Levy CW, Brown MJB, Fuerst DE, Heyes DJ, Obexer R, Green AP. A designed photoenzyme for enantioselective [2+2] cycloadditions. Nature 2022; 611:709-714. [PMID: 36130727 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05335-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability to program new modes of catalysis into proteins would allow the development of enzyme families with functions beyond those found in nature. To this end, genetic code expansion methodology holds particular promise, as it allows the site-selective introduction of new functional elements into proteins as noncanonical amino acid side chains1-4. Here we exploit an expanded genetic code to develop a photoenzyme that operates by means of triplet energy transfer (EnT) catalysis, a versatile mode of reactivity in organic synthesis that is not accessible to biocatalysis at present5-12. Installation of a genetically encoded photosensitizer into the beta-propeller scaffold of DA_20_00 (ref. 13) converts a de novo Diels-Alderase into a photoenzyme for [2+2] cycloadditions (EnT1.0). Subsequent development and implementation of a platform for photoenzyme evolution afforded an efficient and enantioselective enzyme (EnT1.3, up to 99% enantiomeric excess (e.e.)) that can promote intramolecular and bimolecular cycloadditions, including transformations that have proved challenging to achieve selectively with small-molecule catalysts. EnT1.3 performs >300 turnovers and, in contrast to small-molecule photocatalysts, can operate effectively under aerobic conditions and at ambient temperatures. An X-ray crystal structure of an EnT1.3-product complex shows how multiple functional components work in synergy to promote efficient and selective photocatalysis. This study opens up a wealth of new excited-state chemistry in protein active sites and establishes the framework for developing a new generation of enantioselective photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Trimble
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rebecca Crawshaw
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Florence J Hardy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Colin W Levy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Murray J B Brown
- Synthetic Biochemistry, Medicine Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Douglas E Fuerst
- Synthetic Biochemistry, Medicine Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Derren J Heyes
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Obexer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony P Green
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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23
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Liu J, Hao T, Qian L, Shi M, Wei Y. Construction of Benzocyclobutenes Enabled by Visible‐Light‐Induced Triplet Biradical Atom Transfer of Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204515. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Tonggang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Ling Qian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & Institute of Fine Chemicals Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & Institute of Fine Chemicals Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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24
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Liu X, Liu P, Li H, Xu Z, Jia L, Xia Y, Yu M, Tang W, Zhu X, Chen C, Zhang Y, Nango E, Tanaka R, Luo F, Kato K, Nakajima Y, Kishi S, Yu H, Matsubara N, Owada S, Tono K, Iwata S, Yu LJ, Shen JR, Wang J. Excited-state intermediates in a designer protein encoding a phototrigger caught by an X-ray free-electron laser. Nat Chem 2022; 14:1054-1060. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00992-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Liu J, Hao T, Qian L, Shi M, Wei Y. Construction of Benzocyclobutenes Enabled by Visible‐Light‐Induced Triplet Biradical Atom Transfer of Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai CHINA
| | - Tonggang Hao
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai CHINA
| | - Ling Qian
- East China University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering Shanghai CHINA
| | - Min Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai CHINA
| | - Yin Wei
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry 345 Lingling Road 200032 Shanghai CHINA
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26
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Hoffmann N. Heterocyclic Compounds in Enantioselective Photochemical Reactions. HETEROCYCLES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527832002.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Lin Y, Avvacumova M, Zhao R, Chen X, Beard MC, Yan Y. Triplet Energy Transfer from Lead Halide Perovskite for Highly Selective Photocatalytic 2 + 2 Cycloaddition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:25357-25365. [PMID: 35609341 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Triplet excitons are generally confined within a semiconductor. Hence, solar energy utilization via direct triplet energy transfer (TET) from semiconductors is challenging. TET from lead halide perovskite semiconductors to nearby organic molecules has been illustrated with ultrafast spectroscopy. Direct utilization of solar energy, i.e., visible light, via TET for photocatalysis is an important route but has not yet been demonstrated with lead halide perovskite semiconductors. Here, we show that a photocatalytic reaction, focusing on a 2 + 2 cycloaddition reaction, can been successfully demonstrated via TET from lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs). The triplet excitons are shown to induce a highly diastereomeric syn-selective 2 + 2 cycloaddition starting from olefins. Such photocatalytic reactions probe the TET process previously only observed spectroscopically. Moreover, our observation demonstrates that bulk-like PNCs (size, >10 nm; PL = 530 nm), in addition to quantum-confined smaller PNCs, are also effective for TET. Our findings may render a new energy conversion pathway to employ PNCs via direct TET for photocatalytic organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiong Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Mariana Avvacumova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Ruilin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Xihan Chen
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Matthew C Beard
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Yong Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
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28
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Kratz T, Steinbach P, Breitenlechner S, Storch G, Bannwarth C, Bach T. Photochemical Deracemization of Chiral Alkenes via Triplet Energy Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10133-10138. [PMID: 35658423 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-mediated, enantioselective approach to axially chiral alkenes is described. Starting from a racemic mixture, a major alkene enantiomer is formed due to selective triplet energy transfer from a catalytically active chiral sensitizer. A catalyst loading of 2 mol % was sufficient to guarantee consistently high enantioselectivities and yields (16 examples, 51%-quant., 81-96% ee). NMR studies and DFT computations revealed that triplet energy transfer is more rapid within the substrate-catalyst complex of the minor alkene enantiomer. Since this enantiomer is continuously racemized, the major enantiomer is enriched in the photostationary state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Kratz
- School of Natural Sciences, Department Chemie, and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Pit Steinbach
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Breitenlechner
- School of Natural Sciences, Department Chemie, and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Golo Storch
- School of Natural Sciences, Department Chemie, and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Christoph Bannwarth
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- School of Natural Sciences, Department Chemie, and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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29
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Wang MF, Mi Y, Hu FL, Hirao H, Niu Z, Braunstein P, Lang JP. Controllable multiple-step configuration transformations in a thermal/photoinduced reaction. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2847. [PMID: 35606507 PMCID: PMC9126889 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30597-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid-state photochemical reactions of olefinic compounds have been demonstrated to represent powerful access to organic cyclic molecules with specific configurations. However, the precise control of the stereochemistry in these reactions remains challenging owing to complex and fleeting configuration transformations. Herein, we report a unique approach to control the regiospecific configurations of C = C groups and the intermediates by varying temperatures in multiple-step thermal/photoinduced reactions, thus successfully realizing reversible ring closing/opening changes using a single-crystal coordination polymer platform. All stereochemical transitions are observed by in situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. Density functional theory calculations allow us to rationalize the mechanism of the synergistic thermal/photoinduced transformations. This approach can be generalized to the analysis of the possible configuration transformations of functional groups and intermediates and unravel the detailed mechanism for any inorganic, organic and macromolecular reactions susceptible to incorporation into single-crystal coordination polymer platforms. Solid-state photochemical reactions of olefinic compounds provide access to organic cyclic molecules with specific configurations but the precise control of the stereochemistry in these reactions remains challenging. Here, the authors demonstrate control of the regiospecific configurations of C=C groups and the intermediates by varying temperatures in multi-step thermal and photoinduced ring opening and closing reactions using a single-crystal coordination polymer platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Fan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Mi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei-Long Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hajime Hirao
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang Dist., Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zheng Niu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pierre Braunstein
- Université de Strasbourg - CNRS, Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Jian-Ping Lang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Reek JNH, de Bruin B, Pullen S, Mooibroek TJ, Kluwer AM, Caumes X. Transition Metal Catalysis Controlled by Hydrogen Bonding in the Second Coordination Sphere. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12308-12369. [PMID: 35593647 PMCID: PMC9335700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal catalysis is of utmost importance for the development of sustainable processes in academia and industry. The activity and selectivity of metal complexes are typically the result of the interplay between ligand and metal properties. As the ligand can be chemically altered, a large research focus has been on ligand development. More recently, it has been recognized that further control over activity and selectivity can be achieved by using the "second coordination sphere", which can be seen as the region beyond the direct coordination sphere of the metal center. Hydrogen bonds appear to be very useful interactions in this context as they typically have sufficient strength and directionality to exert control of the second coordination sphere, yet hydrogen bonds are typically very dynamic, allowing fast turnover. In this review we have highlighted several key features of hydrogen bonding interactions and have summarized the use of hydrogen bonding to program the second coordination sphere. Such control can be achieved by bridging two ligands that are coordinated to a metal center to effectively lead to supramolecular bidentate ligands. In addition, hydrogen bonding can be used to preorganize a substrate that is coordinated to the metal center. Both strategies lead to catalysts with superior properties in a variety of metal catalyzed transformations, including (asymmetric) hydrogenation, hydroformylation, C-H activation, oxidation, radical-type transformations, and photochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost N H Reek
- Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,InCatT B.V., Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja Pullen
- Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tiddo J Mooibroek
- Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Xavier Caumes
- InCatT B.V., Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Mechanistic insights into photochemical nickel-catalyzed cross-couplings enabled by energy transfer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2737. [PMID: 35585041 PMCID: PMC9117274 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Various methods that use a photocatalyst for electron transfer between an organic substrate and a transition metal catalyst have been established. While triplet sensitization of organic substrates via energy transfer from photocatalysts has been demonstrated, the sensitization of transition metal catalysts is still in its infancy. Here, we describe the selective alkylation of C(sp3)-H bonds via triplet sensitization of nickel catalytic intermediates with a thorough elucidation of its reaction mechanism. Exergonic Dexter energy transfer from an iridium photosensitizer promotes the nickel catalyst to the triplet state, thus enabling C-H functionalization via the release of bromine radical. Computational studies and transient absorption experiments support that the reaction proceeds via the formation of triplet states of the organometallic nickel catalyst by energy transfer.
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32
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Takagi R, Tanimoto T. Enantioselective [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of quinolone using a C1-symmetric chiral phosphoric acid as a visible-light photocatalyst. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3940-3947. [PMID: 35506886 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00607c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective intra- and intermolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of quinolone using a C1-symmetric chiral phosphoric acid as a visible-light photocatalyst is developed. The thioxanthone chromophore on phosphoric acid plays an important role in both phototransformation and enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryukichi Takagi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Tanimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
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33
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Guo F, Wang H, Ye X, Tan CH. Advanced Synthesis Using Photocatalysis Involved Dual Catalytic System. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Guo
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Pharmaceutical Science CHINA
| | - Hong Wang
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Pharmaceutical Science CHINA
| | - Xinyi Ye
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Pharmaceutical Science 18 Chaowang Road 310014 Hangzhou CHINA
| | - Choon-Hong Tan
- Nanyang Technological University School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences SINGAPORE
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34
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Eckdahl CT, Ou C, Padgaonkar S, Hersam MC, Weiss EA, Kalow JA. Back electron transfer rates determine the photoreactivity of donor-acceptor stilbene complexes in a macrocyclic host. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6201-6210. [PMID: 35419576 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00472k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Host-guest 2 : 1 complexation of photoreactive alkene guests improves the selectivity of [2 + 2] photodimerizations by templating alkene orientation prior to irradiation. Host-guest chemistry can also provide 1 : 1 : 1 complexes through the inclusion of electronically complementary donor and acceptor guests, but the photoreactivity of such complexes has not been investigated. We imagined that such complexes could enable selective cross-[2 + 2] photocycloadditions between donor and acceptor stilbenes. In pursuit of this strategy, we investigated a series of stilbenes and found 1 : 1 : 1 complexes with cucurbit[8]uril that exhibited charge-transfer (CT) absorption bands in the visible and near-IR regions. Irradiation of the CT band of an azastilbene, 4,4'-stilbenedicarboxylate, and cucurbit[8]uril ternary complex led to a selective cross-[2 + 2] photocycloaddition, while other substrate pairs exhibited no productive chemistry upon CT excitation. Using transient absorption spectroscopy, we were able to understand the variable photoreactivity of different stilbene donor-acceptor complexes. We found that back electron transfer following CT excitation of the photoreactive complex is positioned deep in the Marcus inverted region due to electrostatic stabilization of the ground state, allowing [2 + 2] to effectively compete with this relaxation pathway. Control reactions revealed that the cucurbit[8]uril host not only serves to template the reaction from the ground state, but also protects the long-lived radical ions formed by CT from side reactions. This protective role of the host suggests that donor-acceptor host-guest ternary complexes could be used to improve existing CT-initiated photochemistry or access new reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carrie Ou
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Suyog Padgaonkar
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Emily A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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35
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Synthesis of α-Amino Cyclobutanones via Formal 1,3-Hydroxy Migration Triggered by Formation of α-Imino Rhodium Carbene. Org Lett 2022; 24:2950-2954. [PMID: 35416678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Formal intramolecular 1,3-OH migration of α-imino carbene was achieved producing a unique zwitterion, and the subsequent selective annulation afforded α-amino cyclobutanone. Features such as readily available substrates, mild reaction conditions, a time-saving procedure, excellent functional group compatibility, and valuable transformations of the products qualified this unique protocol as an efficient tool for the synthesis of strained cyclic compounds. Density functional theory calculations were in good agreement with experimental observations, and a plausible mechanism is presented.
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36
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Dai Y, Liang S, Zeng G, Huang H, Zhao X, Cao S, Jiang Z. Asymmetric [3 + 2] photocycloadditions of cyclopropylamines with electron-rich and electron-neutral olefins. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3787-3795. [PMID: 35432885 PMCID: PMC8966714 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc07044d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radical addition to olefins is a common and useful chemical transformation. In the context of offering enantioenriched three-dimensional molecules via such a highly reactive process, chiral hydrogen-bonding (H-bonding) catalysis has been widely used to provide enantiocontrol. The current strategies for operating H-bonding induction are confined to following that are prevalent in ionic-type manifolds. Here, we report a novel protocol towards electron-rich olefins based on converting these species from acting as H-bonding donors to acceptors. It facilitates the first development of asymmetric [3 + 2] photocycloadditions with cyclopropylamines. The method is also effective for electron-neutral olefins, in which the successful construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocentres from 1,1-diaryl ethylenes that feature two structurally similar aryl substituents demonstrates the versatility of this new chiral H-bonding catalytic strategy. Furthermore, the importance of the obtained six kinds of products in pharmaceuticals and asymmetric catalysis underscores the practicability of this work. Radical addition to olefins is a common and useful chemical transformation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan P. R. China 453007
| | - Shuangshuang Liang
- International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University Kaifeng Henan P. R. China 475004
| | - Guangkuo Zeng
- International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University Kaifeng Henan P. R. China 475004
| | - Hongchun Huang
- International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University Kaifeng Henan P. R. China 475004
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University Kaifeng Henan P. R. China 475004
| | - Shanshan Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan P. R. China 453007
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan P. R. China 453007 .,International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University Kaifeng Henan P. R. China 475004
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37
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Bouayad-Gervais S, Nielsen CDT, Turksoy A, Sperger T, Deckers K, Schoenebeck F. Access to Cyclic N-Trifluoromethyl Ureas through Photocatalytic Activation of Carbamoyl Azides. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6100-6106. [PMID: 35333063 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the mild activation of carbamoyl azides to the corresponding nitrenes using a blue light/[Ir]-catalyzed strategy, which enables stereospecific access to N-trifluoromethyl imidazolidinones and benzimidazolones. These novel structural motifs proved to be highly robust, allowing their downstream diversification. On the basis of our combined computational and experimental studies, we propose that an electron rebound with the excited metal catalyst is undergone, involving a reduction-triggered nitrogen loss, followed by oxidation to the corresponding carbamoyl nitrene and subsequent C-H insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Bouayad-Gervais
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian D-T Nielsen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Abdurrahman Turksoy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kristina Deckers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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38
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Jiang Y, López-Arteaga R, Weiss EA. Quantum Dots Photocatalyze Intermolecular [2 + 2] Cycloadditions of Aromatic Alkenes Adsorbed to their Surfaces via van der Waals Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3782-3786. [PMID: 35230100 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Triplet excited state-initiated photochemistry is a mild and selective route to cycloadditions, radical rearrangements, couplings, fragmentations, and isomerizations. Colloidal quantum dots are proven visible-light photosensitizers and structural scaffolds for triplet-initiated reactions of molecules that are functionalized (with carboxylates) to anchor on the QD surface. Here, with the aid of polyaromatic energy shuttles that act as noncovalent adsorption sites for substrates on the QD surface, the scope of QD-photocatalyzed intermolecular [2 + 2] cycloadditions is extended to freely diffusing substrates (no anchoring groups). QD-shuttle complexes photocatalyze homo- and heterointermolecular [2 + 2] photocycloadditions of benzalacetone, chalcone and its derivatives with up to 94% yield; the yields for all reactions are comparable to those achieved by Ir(ppy)3 but with the advantages of a factor of 2.5 lower catalyst loading, superior stability, and the ability to recover the catalyst by simple centrifugation and reuse it for multiple reaction cycles. Experiments imply a two-step triplet-triplet energy transfer mechanism, one energy transfer from the QD to the energy shuttle followed by a second energy transfer from the shuttle to the transiently adsorbed substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishu Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Rafael López-Arteaga
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Emily A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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39
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Genzink MJ, Kidd JB, Swords WB, Yoon TP. Chiral Photocatalyst Structures in Asymmetric Photochemical Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:1654-1716. [PMID: 34606251 PMCID: PMC8792375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric catalysis is a major theme of research in contemporary synthetic organic chemistry. The discovery of general strategies for highly enantioselective photochemical reactions, however, has been a relatively recent development, and the variety of photoreactions that can be conducted in a stereocontrolled manner is consequently somewhat limited. Asymmetric photocatalysis is complicated by the short lifetimes and high reactivities characteristic of photogenerated reactive intermediates; the design of catalyst architectures that can provide effective enantiodifferentiating environments for these intermediates while minimizing the participation of uncontrolled racemic background processes has proven to be a key challenge for progress in this field. This review provides a summary of the chiral catalyst structures that have been studied for solution-phase asymmetric photochemistry, including chiral organic sensitizers, inorganic chromophores, and soluble macromolecules. While some of these photocatalysts are derived from privileged catalyst structures that are effective for both ground-state and photochemical transformations, others are structural designs unique to photocatalysis and offer insight into the logic required for highly effective stereocontrolled photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Genzink
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jesse B Kidd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Wesley B Swords
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tehshik P Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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40
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Mondal S, Dumur F, Gigmes D, Sibi MP, Bertrand MP, Nechab M. Enantioselective Radical Reactions Using Chiral Catalysts. Chem Rev 2022; 122:5842-5976. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shovan Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Syamsundar College, Shyamsundar 713424, West Bengal, India
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
| | - Mukund P. Sibi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Michèle P. Bertrand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
| | - Malek Nechab
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
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41
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Schmid L, Glaser F, Schaer R, Wenger OS. High Triplet Energy Iridium(III) Isocyanoborato Complex for Photochemical Upconversion, Photoredox and Energy Transfer Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:963-976. [PMID: 34985882 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes are often chosen as catalysts for challenging photoredox and triplet-triplet-energy-transfer (TTET) catalyzed reactions, and they are of interest for upconversion into the ultraviolet spectral range. However, the triplet energies of commonly employed Ir(III) photosensitizers are typically limited to values around 2.5-2.75 eV. Here, we report on a new Ir(III) luminophore, with an unusually high triplet energy near 3.0 eV owing to the modification of a previously reported Ir(III) complex with isocyanoborato ligands. Compared to a nonborylated cyanido precursor complex, the introduction of B(C6F5)3 units in the second coordination sphere results in substantially improved photophysical properties, in particular a high luminescence quantum yield (0.87) and a long excited-state lifetime (13.0 μs), in addition to the high triplet energy. These favorable properties (including good long-term photostability) facilitate exceptionally challenging organic triplet photoreactions and (sensitized) triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion to a fluorescent singlet excited state beyond 4 eV, unusually deep in the ultraviolet region. The new Ir(III) complex photocatalyzes a sigmatropic shift and [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions that are unattainable with common transition metal-based photosensitizers. In the presence of a sacrificial electron donor, it furthermore is applicable to demanding photoreductions, including dehalogenations, detosylations, and the degradation of a lignin model substrate. Our study demonstrates how rational ligand design of transition-metal complexes (including underexplored second coordination sphere effects) can be used to enhance their photophysical properties and thereby broaden their application potential in solar energy conversion and synthetic photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucius Schmid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raoul Schaer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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42
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Yao W, Bergamino EAB, Ngai MY. Asymmetric Photocatalysis Enabled by Chiral Organocatalysts. ChemCatChem 2022; 14:e202101292. [PMID: 36204304 PMCID: PMC9531867 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light photocatalysis has advanced as a versatile tool in organic synthesis. However, attaining precise stereocontrol in photocatalytic reactions has been a longstanding challenge due to undesired photochemical background reactions and the involvement of highly reactive radicals or radical ion intermediates generated under photocatalytic conditions. To address this problem and expand the synthetic utility of photocatalytic reactions, a number of innovative strategies, including mono- and dual-catalytic approaches, have recently emerged. Of these, exploiting chiral organocatalysis, such as enamine catalysis, iminium-ion catalysis, Brønsted acid/base catalysis, and N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis, to induce chirality transfer of photocatalytic reactions has been widely explored. This Review aims to provide a current, comprehensive overview of asymmetric photocatalytic reactions enabled by chiral organocatalysts published through June 2021. The substrate scope, advantages, limitations, and proposed reaction mechanisms of each reaction are discussed. This review should serve as a reference for the development of visible-light-induced asymmetric photocatalysis and promote the improvement of the chemical reactivity and stereoselectivity of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yao
- Department of Chemistry, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 11794
| | | | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 11794
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794
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43
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Jiao M, Wang Z, Zhang B, Chen BZ. [2+2] Cycloaddition or β-hydrogen elimination?—a DFT study of the reactions of propylene catalyzed by (PDI)Fe-metallacycle. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05646h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The origin of the chemoselectivity of [2+2] cycloaddition reactions catalyzed by different (PDI)Fe-metallacycles is due to the different groups (N2 or CH3) coordinated with the Fe metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Jiao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, YuQuan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, P. R. China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Zichen Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, YuQuan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, YuQuan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bo-Zhen Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, YuQuan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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44
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Enantioselective synthesis of heterocyclic compounds using photochemical reactions. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1657-1674. [PMID: 34822126 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Different methods for the direct enantioselective photochemical synthesis of heterocycles are presented. Currently, asymmetric catalysis with templates involving hydrogen bonds or metal complexes is intensively investigated. Enzyme catalysis can be simplified under photochemical conditions. For example, in multi enzyme systems, one or more enzyme catalytic steps can be replaced by simple photochemical reactions. Chiral induction in photochemical reactions performed with homochiral crystals is highly efficient. Such reactions can also be carried out with crystalline inclusion complexes. Inclusion of a photochemical substrate and an enantiopure compound in zeolites also leads to enantioselective compounds. In all these methods, the conformational mobility of the photochemical substrates is reduced or controlled. Memory of chirality is a particular case in which a chiral information is temporally lost but the rigid conformations stabilize the molecular structure which leads to the formation of enantiopure compounds. Such studies allows a profound understanding on how particular conformations determine the configuration of the final products.Graphical abstract.
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Lyu J, Leone M, Claraz A, Allain C, Neuville L, Masson G. Syntheses of new chiral chimeric photo-organocatalysts. RSC Adv 2021; 11:36663-36669. [PMID: 35494356 PMCID: PMC9043406 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06885g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new family of chiral chimeric photo-organocatalysts derived from phosphoric acid were synthesized and their spectroscopic and electrochemical properties were investigated. Then, the ability of these photo-activable molecules to catalyse an asymmetric tandem electrophilic β-amination of enecarbamates was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyaun Lyu
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Matteo Leone
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Aurélie Claraz
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Clémence Allain
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Luc Neuville
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
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Yagci BB, Zorlu Y, Türkmen YE. Template-Directed Photochemical Homodimerization and Heterodimerization Reactions of Cinnamic Acids. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13118-13128. [PMID: 34469153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We developed a general method for the selective photochemical homo- and heterodimerization of cinnamic acid derivatives with the use of commercially available 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene as a covalent template. A variety of symmetrical and unsymmetrical β-truxinic acids were obtained in high yields and as single diastereomers. The use of a template not only provides the alignment of the two olefins with suitable proximity (<4.2 Å) but also allows the heterodimerization of two different cinnamic acids, leading to unsymmetrical β-truxinic acid products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Banu Yagci
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Yunus Zorlu
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli 41400, Turkey
| | - Yunus Emre Türkmen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Ankara 06800, Turkey.,UNAM, National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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Sierra S, Dalmau D, Higuera S, Cortés D, Crespo O, Jimenez AI, Pop A, Silvestru C, Urriolabeitia EP. Reactivity of ( Z)-4-Aryliden-5(4 H)-thiazolones: [2 + 2]-Photocycloaddition, Ring-Opening Reactions, and Influence of the Lewis Acid BF 3. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12119-12140. [PMID: 34479406 PMCID: PMC9129068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The irradiation of (Z)-2-phenyl-4-aryliden-5(4H)-thiazolones 2 with blue light (465 nm) in CH2Cl2 solution promotes [2 + 2]-photocycloaddition of the exocyclic C═C bonds and the formation of the dispirocyclobutanes 3. This reaction takes place with high stereoselectivity, given that the ε-isomer (1,3 head-to-tail syn coupling) is formed in more than 90% yield in most of the cases. However, irradiation of 5(4H)-thiazolones 2 with blue light (456 nm) in dry MeOH in the presence of BF3·OEt2 leads to the monospirocyclobutanes 4 with full stereoselectivity, also affording the ε-isomer. A ring-opening reaction of only one of the thiazolone rings appears to have taken place in 4 upon methanolysis, leading to the corresponding ester and thioamide groups. The treatment of free 4-aryliden-5(4H)-thiazolones 2 with a base in alcohol (NaOR/ROH) also produces a ring-opening reaction of the heterocycle by methanolysis, although, under these reaction conditions, further intramolecular S-attack at the exocyclic C(H)═C bond and cyclization is observed, forming the dihydrothiazoles 5 or 6 as mixtures of cis (RS/SR)- and trans (RR/SS)-isomers with high diastereomeric excess. trans-(RR/SS)-Dihydrothiazoles 6 can be isolated as pure diastereoisomers by column chromatography. Surprisingly, dihydrothiazoles 5 can also be obtained by the treatment of 4-aryliden-5(4H)-thiazolones 2 with BF3·OEt2 in methanol in the absence of a base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sierra
- Instituto
de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, ISQCH (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - David Dalmau
- Instituto
de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, ISQCH (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sheila Higuera
- Instituto
de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, ISQCH (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Darío Cortés
- Instituto
de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, ISQCH (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Olga Crespo
- Instituto
de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, ISQCH (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana I. Jimenez
- Instituto
de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, ISQCH (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alexandra Pop
- Supramolecular
Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. Arany Janos 11, 400028 Cluj−Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Silvestru
- Supramolecular
Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. Arany Janos 11, 400028 Cluj−Napoca, Romania
| | - Esteban P. Urriolabeitia
- Instituto
de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, ISQCH (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Jung H, Hong M, Marchini M, Villa M, Steinlandt PS, Huang X, Hemming M, Meggers E, Ceroni P, Park J, Baik MH. Understanding the mechanism of direct visible-light-activated [2 + 2] cycloadditions mediated by Rh and Ir photocatalysts: combined computational and spectroscopic studies. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9673-9681. [PMID: 34349938 PMCID: PMC8293808 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02745j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of [2 + 2] cycloadditions activated by visible light and catalyzed by bis-cyclometalated Rh(iii) and Ir(iii) photocatalysts was investigated, combining density functional theory calculations and spectroscopic techniques. Experimental observations show that the Rh-based photocatalyst produces excellent yield and enantioselectivity whereas the Ir-photocatalyst yields racemates. Two different mechanistic features were found to compete with each other, namely the direct photoactivation of the catalyst-substrate complex and outer-sphere triplet energy transfer. Our integrated analysis suggests that the direct photocatalysis is the inner working of the Rh-catalyzed reaction, whereas the Ir catalyst serves as a triplet sensitizer that activates cycloaddition via an outer-sphere triplet excited state energy transfer mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoimin Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea .,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Mannkyu Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea .,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Marianna Marchini
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Marco Villa
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Philipp S Steinlandt
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Xiaoqiang Huang
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Marcel Hemming
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Jiyong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea .,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea .,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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Großkopf J, Kratz T, Rigotti T, Bach T. Enantioselective Photochemical Reactions Enabled by Triplet Energy Transfer. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1626-1653. [PMID: 34227803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For molecules with a singlet ground state, the population of triplet states is mainly possible (a) by direct excitation and subsequent intersystem crossing or (b) by energy transfer from an appropriate sensitizer. The latter scenario enables a catalytic photochemical reaction in which the sensitizer adopts the role of a catalyst undergoing several cycles of photon absorption and subsequent energy transfer to the substrate. If the product molecule of a triplet-sensitized process is chiral, this process can proceed enantioselectively upon judicious choice of a chiral triplet sensitizer. An enantioselective reaction can also occur in a dual catalytic approach in which, apart from an achiral sensitizer, a second chiral catalyst activates the substrate toward sensitization. Although the idea of enantioselective photochemical reactions via triplet intermediates has been pursued for more than 50 years, notable selectivities exceeding 90% enantiomeric excess (ee) have only been realized in the past decade. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive survey on the various photochemical reactions which were rendered enantioselective by triplet sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Großkopf
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thilo Kratz
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Rigotti
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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Nikitas NF, Gkizis PL, Kokotos CG. Thioxanthone: a powerful photocatalyst for organic reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:5237-5253. [PMID: 34047729 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00221j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Photoorganocatalysis has been recognised by the organic chemistry community as an important part of photochemistry and catalysis. In general, aromatic ketones constitute key players in this type of catalysis as they are involved in a plethora of examples in the literature. Among the various aromatic ketones, thioxanthone (TX) seems to play a unique role in photochemistry. In comparison with other aromatic ketones, TX has a high triplet energy and a relatively long triplet lifetime, while it has the ability to participate successfully in merger reactions with metal complexes. In this review, we will discuss the photophysical properties of this small organic molecule, as well as the numerous examples of photochemical reactions, where it is employed as a mediator and more specifically in polymerisation reactions, and organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
| | - Petros L Gkizis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
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