1
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Platz L, Löhr NA, Girkens MP, Eisen F, Braun K, Fessner N, Bär C, Hüttel W, Hoffmeister D, Müller M. Regioselective Oxidative Phenol Coupling by a Mushroom Unspecific Peroxygenase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407425. [PMID: 38963262 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Bioactive dimeric (pre-)anthraquinones are ubiquitous in nature and are found in bacteria, fungi, insects, and plants. Their biosynthesis via oxidative phenol coupling (OPC) is catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes, peroxidases, or laccases. While the biocatalysis of OPC in molds (Ascomycota) is well-known, the respective enzymes in mushroom-forming fungi (Basidiomycota) are unknown. Here, we report on the biosynthesis of the atropisomers phlegmacin A1 and B1 of the mushroom Cortinarius odorifer. The biosynthesis of these unsymmetrically 7,10'-homo-coupled dihydroanthracenones was heterologously reconstituted in the mold Aspergillus niger. Methylation of the parental monomer atrochrysone to its 6-O-methyl ether torosachrysone by the O-methyltransferase CoOMT1 precedes the regioselective homocoupling to phlegmacin, catalyzed by the enzyme CoUPO1 annotated as an "unspecific peroxygenase" (UPO). Our results reveal an unprecedented UPO reaction, thereby expanding the biocatalytic portfolio of oxidative phenol coupling beyond the commonly reported enzymes. The results show that Basidiomycota use peroxygenases to selectively couple aryls independently of and convergently to any other group of organisms, emphasizing the central role of OPC in natural processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Platz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nikolai A Löhr
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll- Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Max P Girkens
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frederic Eisen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Braun
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nico Fessner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bär
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll- Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hüttel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll- Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Hao X, Tian Z, Yao Z, Zang T, Song S, Lin L, Qiao T, Huang L, Fu H. Atroposelective Synthesis of Axial Biaryls by Dynamic Kinetic Resolution Using Engineered Imine Reductases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202410112. [PMID: 39016184 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202410112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Axially chiral biaryl compounds are ubiquitous scaffolds in natural products, bioactive molecules, chiral ligands and catalysts, but biocatalytic methods for their asymmetric synthesis are limited. Herein, we report a highly efficient biocatalytic route for the atroposelective synthesis of biaryls by dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR). This DKR approach features a transient six-membered aza-acetal-bridge-promoted racemization followed by an imine reductase (IRED)-catalyzed stereoselective reduction to construct the axial chirality under ambient conditions. Directed evolution of an IRED from Streptomyces sp. GF3546 provided a variant (S-IRED-Ss-M11) capable of catalyzing the DKR process to access a variety of biaryl aminoalcohols in high yields and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 98 % yield and >99 : 1 enantiomeric ratio). Molecular dynamics simulation studies on the S-IRED-Ss-M11 variant revealed the origin of its improved activity and atroposelectivity. By exploiting the substrate promiscuity of IREDs and the power of directed evolution, our work further extends the biocatalysts' toolbox to construct challenging axially chiral molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Hao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhuangfei Tian
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhouchang Yao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Tienan Zang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shucheng Song
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Liang Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tianzhang Qiao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14850, United States
| | - Ling Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Haigen Fu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
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3
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Khorasani F, Ranjbar-Karimi R, Mohammadiannejad K. Utilizing perhalopyridine-based alkynes as suitable precursors for the synthesis of novel poly(1,2,3-triazolyl)-substituted perhalopyridines. RSC Adv 2024; 14:30873-30885. [PMID: 39346527 PMCID: PMC11427873 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra05861e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
A novel series of poly(1,2,3-triazolyl)-substituted perhalopyridines 5a-f were successfully synthesized from the click reaction of the terminal alkynes (drived from the nucleophilic substitution reactions of PFP 1a and PCP 1b with excess amounts of propargyl alcohol) with aryl azides 4a-c under ultrasonic irradiation. Likewise, the sonication of reaction mixtures containing pyridyl cores 3, alkyl bromides 6a,b, and NaN3 under one-pot conditions afforded their respective aliphatic 1,2,3-triazoles 7a-d in yields ranging from 71% to 83%. We next developed an effective method for the regioselective preparation of 2,3,4,5-tetrachloro-6-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)pyridine 3c through SNAr reaction of PCP with propargyl alcohol without the utilization of any catalyst. It was then used to fabricate several ((1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-3,4,5,6-tetrachloropyridines 8a-c under the reaction conditions. Finally, the Pd(PPh3)4-catalyzed SMC reaction of tris-triazoles 5b,e with arylboronic acids 9a-c offered a practical method for the synthesis of biaryl-embedded poly(1,2,3-triazoles) 10a-f in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Khorasani
- Department of Chemistry, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan Rafsanjan 77176 Islamic Republic of Iran +98-343-131-2429 +98 391 320 2162
| | - Reza Ranjbar-Karimi
- Department of Chemistry, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan Rafsanjan 77176 Islamic Republic of Iran +98-343-131-2429 +98 391 320 2162
| | - Kazem Mohammadiannejad
- NMR Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan Rafsanjan 77176 Islamic Republic of Iran
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4
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Li SH, Zhang X, Mei ZL, Liu Y, Ma JA, Zhang FG. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Fluorinated Mycocyclosin Enabled by the Engineered Cytochrome P450-Catalyzed Biaryl Coupling Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19962-19973. [PMID: 38985576 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Installing fluorine atoms onto natural products holds great promise for the generation of fluorinated molecules with improved or novel pharmacological properties. The enzymatic oxidative carbon-carbon coupling reaction represents a straightforward strategy for synthesizing biaryl architectures, but the exploration of this method for producing fluorine-substituted derivatives of natural products remains elusive. Here, in this study, we report the protein engineering of cytochrome P450 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MtCYP121) for the construction of a series of new-to-nature fluorine-substituted Mycocyclosin derivatives. This protocol takes advantage of a "hybrid" chemoenzymatic procedure consisting of tyrosine phenol lyase-catalyzed fluorotyrosine preparation from commercially available fluorophenols, intermolecular chemical condensation to give cyclodityrosines, and an engineered MtCYP121-catalyzed intramolecular biphenol coupling reaction to complete the strained macrocyclic structure. Computational mechanistic studies reveal that MtCYP121 employs Cpd I to abstract a hydrogen atom from the proximal phenolic hydroxyl group of the substrate to trigger the reaction. Then, conformational change makes the two phenolic hydroxyl groups close enough to undergo intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer with the assistance of a pocket water molecule. The final diradical coupling process completes the intramolecular C-C bond formation. The efficiency of the biaryl coupling reaction was found to be influenced by various fluorine substitutions, primarily due to the presence of distinct binding conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo-Han Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Ze-Long Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Fa-Guang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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5
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Lee J, Kumar A, Tüysüz H. Solar-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Oxidative Coupling of Phenol Derivatives over Bismuth-Based Porous Metal Halide Perovskites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404496. [PMID: 38501354 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The selective oxidative coupling of phenol derivatives, involving carbon-carbon (C-C) and carbon-oxygen (C-O) bond formation, has emerged as a critical approach in the synthesis of natural products. However, achieving precise control over the selectivity in coupling reactions of unsubstituted phenols utilizing solar light as the driving force remains a big challenge. In this study, we report a series of porous Cs3Bi2X9 (X=Cl, Br, I) photocatalysts with tailored band gaps and compositions engineered for efficient solar-light-driven oxidative phenol coupling. Notably, p-Cs3Bi2Br9 exhibited about 73 % selectivity for C-C coupling, displaying a high formation rate of 47.3 μmol gcat -1 h-1 under solar radiation. Furthermore, this approach enables control of the site-selectivity for phenol derivatives on Cs3Bi2X9, enhancing C-C coupling. The distinctive porous structure and appropriate band-edge positions of Cs3Bi2Br9 facilitated efficient charge separation, and surface interaction/activation of phenolic hydroxyl groups, resulting in the kinetically preferred formation of C-C over C-O bond. Mechanistic insights into the reaction pathway, supported by comprehensive control experiments, unveiled the crucial role of interfacial charge transfers and Lewis acid Bi sites in stabilizing phenolic intermediates, thereby directing the regioselectivity of diradical couplings and resulting in the formation of unsymmetrical biphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsun Lee
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Harun Tüysüz
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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6
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Brufani G, Di Erasmo B, Li CJ, Vaccaro L. Csp 2-H functionalization of phenols: an effective access route to valuable materials via Csp 2-C bond formation. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3831-3871. [PMID: 38487228 PMCID: PMC10935747 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00687a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In the vast majority of top-selling pharmaceutical and industrial products, phenolic structural motifs are highly prevalent. Non-functionalized simple phenols serve as building blocks in the synthesis of value-added chemicals. It is worth mentioning that lignin, being the largest renewable biomass source of aromatic building blocks in nature, mainly consists of phenolic units, which enable the production of structurally diverse phenols. Given their remarkable applicability in the chemical value chain, many efforts have been devoted to increasing the molecular complexity of the phenolic scaffold. Among the key techniques, direct functionalization of Csp2-H is a powerful tool, enabling the construction of new Csp2-C bonds in an economical and atomic manner. Herein we present and summarize the large plethora of direct Csp2-H functionalization methods that enables scaffold diversification of simple, unprotected phenols, leading to the formation of new Csp2-C bonds. In this review article, we intend to summarize the contributions that appeared in the literature mainly in the last 5 years dealing with the functionalization of unprotected phenols, both catalytic and non-catalytic. Our goal is to highlight the key findings and the ongoing challenges in the stimulating and growing research dedicated to the development of new protocols for the valorization of phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Brufani
- Laboratory of Green S.O.C., Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy https://greensoc.chm.unipg.it
| | - Benedetta Di Erasmo
- Laboratory of Green S.O.C., Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy https://greensoc.chm.unipg.it
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal QC H3A0B8 Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal QC H3A0B8 Canada
| | - Luigi Vaccaro
- Laboratory of Green S.O.C., Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy https://greensoc.chm.unipg.it
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7
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Ye M, Li C, Xiao D, Qu G, Yuan B, Sun Z. Atroposelective Synthesis of Aldehydes via Alcohol Dehydrogenase-Catalyzed Stereodivergent Desymmetrization. JACS AU 2024; 4:411-418. [PMID: 38425895 PMCID: PMC10900225 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Axially chiral aldehydes have emerged recently as a unique class of motifs for drug design. However, few biocatalytic strategies have been reported to construct structurally diverse atropisomeric aldehydes. Herein, we describe the characterization of alcohol dehydrogenases to catalyze atroposelective desymmetrization of the biaryl dialdehydes. Investigations into the interactions between the substrate and key residues of the enzymes revealed the distinct origin of atroposelectivity. A panel of 13 atropisomeric monoaldehydes was synthesized with moderate to high enantioselectivity (up to >99% ee) and yields (up to 99%). Further derivatization allows enhancement of the diversity and application potential of the atropisomeric compounds. This study effectively expands the scope of enzymatic synthesis of atropisomeric aldehydes and provides insights into the binding modes and recognition mechanisms of such molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjing Ye
- College
of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of
Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Congcong Li
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key
Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic
Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Dongguang Xiao
- College
of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of
Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ge Qu
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key
Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic
Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key
Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic
Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Zhoutong Sun
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key
Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic
Area, Tianjin 300308, China
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8
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Kong H, Qin S, Yan D, Shen B, Zhang T, Wang M, Li S, Ampomah-Wireko M, Bai M, Zhang E, Cai J. Development of Aromatic-Linked Diamino Acid Antimicrobial Peptide Mimics with Low Hemolytic Toxicity and Excellent Activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37192339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have become one of the biggest threats to public health. To develop new antibacterial agents against MRSA, a series of diamino acid compounds with aromatic nuclei linkers were designed and synthesized. Compound 8j, which exhibited low hemolytic toxicity and the best selectivity against S. aureus (SI > 2000), showed good activity against clinical MRSA isolates (MIC = 0.5-2 μg/mL). Compound 8j was able to quickly kill bacteria without inducing bacterial resistance. A mechanistic study and transcriptome analysis revealed that compound 8j can act on phosphatidylglycerol and induce the accumulation of endogenous reactive oxygen species, which can destroy bacterial membranes. Importantly, compound 8j achieved a 2.75 log reduction of MRSA count at 10 mg/kg/d in a mouse subcutaneous infection model. These findings suggested that compound 8j had the potential to be an antibacterial agent against MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Kong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shangshang Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Dachao Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Boyuan Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Sen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Maxwell Ampomah-Wireko
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mengmeng Bai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - En Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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9
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Meng J, Zhou Y, Gu J, Deng J, Zheng Q, Ye X, Yao Q. Atmosphere- and Solvent-Controlled Coupling and Acetylation of Phenols Induced by Visible Light. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1855-1859. [PMID: 36695778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A tunable coupling or acetylation of phenol derivatives with diacetyl was enabled through the switch of the atmosphere and solvent induced by visible light under metal-free conditions. Symmetric and asymmetric diphenols or binaphthols were obtained under oxygen in water or 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol, whereas phenol acetates were formed under argon in the presence of diacetyl and acetic acid. The possibility to control the chemo- and regioselectivities enriches the synthetic versatility of photoreactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Department of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 Xuefu Road West, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yutong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Department of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 Xuefu Road West, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Jianyu Gu
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Department of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 Xuefu Road West, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Jinfei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Department of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 Xuefu Road West, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Qianqiu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Department of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 Xuefu Road West, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Xiushen Ye
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
| | - Qiuli Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Department of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 Xuefu Road West, Zunyi 563000, China.,Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
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10
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Abstract
The P450 superfamily comprises some of the most powerful and versatile enzymes for the site-selective oxidation of small molecules. One of the main drawbacks for the applications of the P450s in biotechnology is that the majority of these enzymes is multicomponent in nature and requires the presence of suitable redox partners to support their functions. Nevertheless, the discovery of several self-sufficient P450s, namely those from Classes VII and VIII, has served as an inspiration for fusion approaches to generate chimeric P450 systems that are self-sufficient. In this Perspective, we highlight the domain organizations of the Class VII and Class VIII P450 systems, summarize recent case studies in the engineering of catalytically self-sufficient P450s based on these systems, and outline outstanding challenges in the field, along with several emerging technologies as potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005
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11
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Cardullo N, Monti F, Muccilli V, Amorati R, Baschieri A. Reaction with ROO• and HOO• Radicals of Honokiol-Related Neolignan Antioxidants. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020735. [PMID: 36677790 PMCID: PMC9867055 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Honokiol is a natural bisphenol neolignan present in the bark of Magnolia officinalis, whose extracts have been employed in oriental medicine to treat several disorders, showing a variety of biological properties, including antitumor activity, potentially related to radical scavenging. Six bisphenol neolignans with structural motifs related to the natural bioactive honokiol were synthesized. Their chain-breaking antioxidant activity was evaluated in the presence of peroxyl (ROO•) and hydroperoxyl (HOO•) radicals by both experimental and computational methods. Depending on the number and position of the hydroxyl and alkyl groups present on the molecules, these derivatives are more or less effective than the reference natural compound. The rate constant of the reaction with ROO• radicals for compound 7 is two orders of magnitude greater than that of honokiol. Moreover, for compounds displaying quinonic oxidized forms, we demonstrate that the addition of 1,4 cyclohexadiene, able to generate HOO• radicals, restores their antioxidant activity, because of the reducing capability of the HOO• radicals. The antioxidant activity of the oxidized compounds in combination with 1,4-cyclohexadiene is, in some cases, greater than that found for the starting compounds towards the peroxyl radicals. This synergy can be applied to maximize the performances of these new bisphenol neolignans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Cardullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Monti
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vera Muccilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Riccardo Amorati
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrea Baschieri
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (A.B.)
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12
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Rodríguez-Salamanca P, de Gonzalo G, Carmona JA, López-Serrano J, Iglesias-Sigüenza J, Fernández R, Lassaletta JM, Hornillos V. Biocatalytic Atroposelective Synthesis of Axially Chiral N-Arylindoles via Dynamic Kinetic Resolution. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rodríguez-Salamanca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-US) and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Gonzalo de Gonzalo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Sevilla and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), C/Prof. García González, 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José A. Carmona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-US) and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Joaquín López-Serrano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Sevilla and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), C/Prof. García González, 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier Iglesias-Sigüenza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Sevilla and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), C/Prof. García González, 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rosario Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Sevilla and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), C/Prof. García González, 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José M. Lassaletta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-US) and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Valentín Hornillos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-US) and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Sevilla and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), C/Prof. García González, 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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13
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Zetzsche LE, Chakrabarty S, Narayan ARH. Development of a P450 Fusion Enzyme for Biaryl Coupling in Yeast. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:2986-2992. [PMID: 36315613 PMCID: PMC10082971 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite the diverse and potent bioactivities displayed by axially chiral biaryl natural products, their application in drug discovery is limited by restricted access to these complex molecular scaffolds. In particular, fundamental challenges remain in controlling the site- and atroposelectivity in biaryl coupling reactions. In contrast, Nature has a wealth of biosynthetic enzymes that catalyze biaryl coupling reactions with catalyst-controlled selectivity. In particular, a growing subset of fungal P450s have been identified to catalyze site- and atroposelective biaryl couplings. Herein, we optimize a whole-cell biocatalytic platform in Pichia pastoris to synthesize biaryl molecules through the recombinant production of the fungal P450 KtnC. Moreover, engineering redox self-sufficient fusion enzymes further improves the efficiency of the system. Altogether, this work provides a platform for biaryl coupling reactions in yeast that can be applied to engineering a currently underexplored pool of fungal P450s into selective biocatalysts for the synthesis of complex biaryl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara E. Zetzsche
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Suman Chakrabarty
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alison R. H. Narayan
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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14
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Bayesian optimization-driven parallel-screening of multiple parameters for the flow synthesis of biaryl compounds. Commun Chem 2022; 5:148. [PMID: 36698029 PMCID: PMC9814103 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00764-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional optimization methods using one variable at a time approach waste time and chemicals and assume that different parameters are independent from one another. Hence, a simpler, more practical, and rapid process for predicting reaction conditions that can be applied to several manufacturing environmentally sustainable processes is highly desirable. In this study, biaryl compounds were synthesized efficiently using an organic Brønsted acid catalyst in a flow system. Bayesian optimization-assisted multi-parameter screening, which employs one-hot encoding and appropriate acquisition function, rapidly predicted the suitable conditions for the synthesis of 2-amino-2'-hydroxy-biaryls (maximum yield of 96%). The established protocol was also applied in an optimization process for the efficient synthesis of 2,2'-dihydroxy biaryls (up to 97% yield). The optimized reaction conditions were successfully applied to gram-scale synthesis. We believe our algorithm can be beneficial as it can screen a reactor design without complicated quantification and descriptors.
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15
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Lin Q, Xue L, Sun J, Wang Y, Cheng H. Suzuki C-C Coupling in Paper Spray Ionization: Microsynthesis of Biaryls and High-Sensitivity MS Detection of Aryl Bromides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1921-1935. [PMID: 36074999 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling is one of the most powerful strategies for constructing biaryl compounds. However, classic Suzuki-Miyaura coupling suffers from hour-scale reaction time and competitive protodeboronation. To address these problems, a mild nonaqueous potassium trimethylsilanolate (TMSOK)-assisted Suzuki-Miyaura coupling strategy was designed for the microsynthesis of biaryls in paper spray ionization (PSI). Due to the acceleration power facilitated by microdroplet chemistry in reactive PSI, the microsynthesis of biaryls by reactive PSI was accomplished within minutes with comparable yields to the bulk, showing good substrate applicability from 32 Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of aryl bromides and aryl boronic acid/borates bearing different substituents. Based on the above TMSOK-assisted Suzuki-Miyaura coupling strategy, we further developed a high-sensitivity and selective PSI mass spectrometry (MS) method for quantitative analysis of aryl bromides, a class of environmentally persistent organic pollutants that cannot be directly detected by ambient mass spectrometry due to their low ionization efficiency. In situ derivatization of aryl bromides was achieved with aryl borates bearing quaternary ammonium groups in PSI. The proposed PSI-MS method shows good linearity over the 0.01-10 μmol L-1 range with low detection limits of 1.8-4.8 nmol L-1 as well as good applicability to the rapid determination of six aryl bromides in three environmental water samples. The proposed PSI-MS method also shows good applicability to brominated flame retardants (polybrominated diphenyls/diphenyl esters). Overall, this study provides a simple, rapid, low-cost, high-sensitivity, and high-selectivity strategy for trace aryl bromides and other brominated pollutants in real samples with minimal/no sample pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Lin
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Sinopec Zhenhai Refining & Chemical Company, 226 Lianhua Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo 315207, China
| | - Luyun Xue
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jiannan Sun
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Heyong Cheng
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
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16
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Rawat D, Semwal R, Adimurthy S. Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective C−H Heteroarylation of Pyridotriazoles. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Rawat
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Rashmi Semwal
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research Ghaziabad 201002 India
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17
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Rapid assembly of 1,3-indanedione-based spirocyclic tetrahydroquinolines for inducing human lung cancer cell apoptosis. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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18
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Madasani S, Devineni SR, Chamarthi NR, Pavuluri CM, Vejendla A, Chintha V. Biphenyl Backbone-Based (Bis)Urea and (Bis)Thiourea Derivatives as Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Agents and Evaluation of Docking Studies and ADME Properties. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2110905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasarao Madasani
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Subba Rao Devineni
- Division of Research & Development, Arde’s Laboratories Private Limited, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Naga Raju Chamarthi
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Anuradha Vejendla
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Venkataramaiah Chintha
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea
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19
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Pearce-Higgins R, Hogenhout LN, Docherty PJ, Whalley DM, Chuentragool P, Lee N, Lam NYS, McGuire TM, Valette D, Phipps RJ. An Enantioselective Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling To Form Axially Chiral Biphenols. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15026-15032. [PMID: 35969692 PMCID: PMC9434994 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Axial chirality features prominently in molecules of
biological
interest as well as chiral catalyst designs, and atropisomeric 2,2′-biphenols
are particularly prevalent. Atroposelective metal-catalyzed cross-coupling
is an attractive and modular approach to access enantioenriched biphenols,
and yet existing protocols cannot achieve this directly. We address
this challenge through the use of enantiopure, sulfonated SPhos (sSPhos), an existing ligand that has until now been
used only in racemic form and that derives its chirality from an atropisomeric
axis that is introduced through sulfonation. We believe that attractive
noncovalent interactions involving the ligand sulfonate group are
responsible for the high levels of asymmetric induction that we obtain
in the 2,2′-biphenol products of Suzuki–Miyaura coupling,
and we have developed a highly practical resolution of sSPhos via diastereomeric salt recrystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pearce-Higgins
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Larissa N Hogenhout
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Docherty
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - David M Whalley
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Padon Chuentragool
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Najung Lee
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Nelson Y S Lam
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | | | - Damien Valette
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Phipps
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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20
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Gennaiou K, Petsi M, Kakarikas B, Iordanidis N, Zografos A. Divergent Synthesis of Bisphenols and Diaryl Ethers by Metal Compatible Organocatalytic Aerobic Oxidation of Boronic Acids. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Petsi
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Faculty of Sciences GREECE
| | - Basil Kakarikas
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Faculty of Sciences GREECE
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21
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Molinaro C, Kawasaki Y, Wanyoike G, Nishioka T, Yamamoto T, Snedecor B, Robinson SJ, Gosselin F. Engineered Cytochrome P450-Catalyzed Oxidative Biaryl Coupling Reaction Provides a Scalable Entry into Arylomycin Antibiotics. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14838-14845. [PMID: 35905381 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the first example of a cytochrome P450-catalyzed oxidative carbon-carbon coupling process for a scalable entry into arylomycin antibiotic cores. Starting from wild-type hydroxylating cytochrome P450 enzymes and engineered Escherichia coli, a combination of enzyme engineering, random mutagenesis, and optimization of reaction conditions generated a P450 variant that affords the desired arylomycin core 2d in 84% assay yield. Furthermore, this process was demonstrated as a viable route for the production of the arylomycin antibiotic core on the gram scale. Finally, this new entry affords a viable, scalable, and practical route for the synthesis of novel Gram-negative antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Molinaro
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yukie Kawasaki
- Applied Microbiotechnology Department, MicroBiopharm Japan Co. Ltd., 156 Nakagawara, Kiyosu, Aichi 452-0915, Japan
| | - George Wanyoike
- Production Technology Department, MicroBiopharm Japan Co. Ltd., 1808 Nakaizumi, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-0078, Japan
| | - Taiki Nishioka
- Applied Microbiotechnology Department, MicroBiopharm Japan Co. Ltd., 156 Nakagawara, Kiyosu, Aichi 452-0915, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamamoto
- Applied Microbiotechnology Department, MicroBiopharm Japan Co. Ltd., 156 Nakagawara, Kiyosu, Aichi 452-0915, Japan
| | - Brad Snedecor
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sarah J Robinson
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Francis Gosselin
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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22
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Cardullo N, Muccilli V, Tringali C. Laccase-mediated synthesis of bioactive natural products and their analogues. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:614-647. [PMID: 35755186 PMCID: PMC9175115 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00259g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccases are a class of multicopper oxidases that catalyse the one-electron oxidation of four equivalents of a reducing substrate, with the concomitant four-electron reduction of dioxygen to water. Typically, they catalyse many anabolic reactions, in which mostly phenolic metabolites were subjected to oxidative coupling. Alternatively, laccases catalyse the degradation or modification of biopolymers like lignin in catabolic processes. In recent years, laccases have proved valuable and green biocatalysts for synthesising compounds with therapeutic value, including antitumor, antibiotic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant agents. Further up to date applications include oxidative depolymerisation of lignin to gain new biomaterials and bioremediation processes of industrial waste. This review summarizes selected examples from the last decade's literature about the laccase-mediated synthesis of biologically active natural products and their analogues; these will include lignans and neolignans, dimeric stilbenoids, biflavonoids, biaryls and other compounds of potential interest for the pharmaceutical industry. In addition, a short section about applications of laccases in natural polymer modification has been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Cardullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania V.le A. Doria 6 95125-Catania Italy +39-095-580138 +39-095-7385041 +39-095-7385025
| | - Vera Muccilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania V.le A. Doria 6 95125-Catania Italy +39-095-580138 +39-095-7385041 +39-095-7385025
| | - Corrado Tringali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania V.le A. Doria 6 95125-Catania Italy +39-095-580138 +39-095-7385041 +39-095-7385025
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23
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Li C, Hu Y, Wu X, Stumpf SD, Qi Y, D’Alessandro JM, Nepal KK, Sarotti AM, Cao S, Blodgett JAV. Discovery of unusual dimeric piperazyl cyclopeptides encoded by a Lentzea flaviverrucosa DSM 44664 biosynthetic supercluster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117941119. [PMID: 35439047 PMCID: PMC9169926 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117941119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare actinomycetes represent an underexploited source of new bioactive compounds. Here, we report the use of a targeted metabologenomic approach to identify piperazyl compounds in the rare actinomycete Lentzea flaviverrucosa DSM 44664. These efforts to identify molecules that incorporate piperazate building blocks resulted in the discovery and structural elucidation of two dimeric biaryl-cyclohexapeptides, petrichorins A and B. Petrichorin B is a symmetric homodimer similar to the known compound chloptosin, but petrichorin A is unique among known piperazyl cyclopeptides because it is an asymmetric heterodimer. Due to the structural complexity of petrichorin A, solving its structure required a combination of several standard chemical methods plus in silico modeling, strain mutagenesis, and solving the structure of its biosynthetic intermediate petrichorin C for confident assignment. Furthermore, we found that the piperazyl cyclopeptides comprising each half of the petrichorin A heterodimer are made via two distinct nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) assembly lines, and the responsible NRPS enzymes are encoded within a contiguous biosynthetic supercluster on the L. flaviverrucosa chromosome. Requiring promiscuous cytochrome p450 crosslinking events for asymmetric and symmetric biaryl production, petrichorins A and B exhibited potent in vitro activity against A2780 human ovarian cancer, HT1080 fibrosarcoma, PC3 human prostate cancer, and Jurkat human T lymphocyte cell lines with IC50 values at low nM levels. Cyclic piperazyl peptides and their crosslinked derivatives are interesting drug leads, and our findings highlight the potential for heterodimeric bicyclic peptides such as petrichorin A for inclusion in future pharmaceutical design and discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunshun Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813
| | - Yifei Hu
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis MO 63122
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720
| | - Spencer D. Stumpf
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis MO 63122
| | - Yunci Qi
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis MO 63122
| | | | - Keshav K. Nepal
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis MO 63122
| | - Ariel M. Sarotti
- Instituto de Química Rosario (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Shugeng Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813
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24
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Zetzsche LE, Yazarians JA, Chakrabarty S, Hinze ME, Murray LAM, Lukowski AL, Joyce LA, Narayan ARH. Biocatalytic oxidative cross-coupling reactions for biaryl bond formation. Nature 2022; 603:79-85. [PMID: 35236972 PMCID: PMC9213091 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biaryl compounds, with two connected aromatic rings, are found across medicine, materials science and asymmetric catalysis1,2. The necessity of joining arene building blocks to access these valuable compounds has inspired several approaches for biaryl bond formation and challenged chemists to develop increasingly concise and robust methods for this task3. Oxidative coupling of two C-H bonds offers an efficient strategy for the formation of a biaryl C-C bond; however, fundamental challenges remain in controlling the reactivity and selectivity for uniting a given pair of substrates4,5. Biocatalytic oxidative cross-coupling reactions have the potential to overcome limitations inherent to numerous small-molecule-mediated methods by providing a paradigm with catalyst-controlled selectivity6. Here we disclose a strategy for biocatalytic cross-coupling through oxidative C-C bond formation using cytochrome P450 enzymes. We demonstrate the ability to catalyse cross-coupling reactions on a panel of phenolic substrates using natural P450 catalysts. Moreover, we engineer a P450 to possess the desired reactivity, site selectivity and atroposelectivity by transforming a low-yielding, unselective reaction into a highly efficient and selective process. This streamlined method for constructing sterically hindered biaryl bonds provides a programmable platform for assembling molecules with catalyst-controlled reactivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara E Zetzsche
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jessica A Yazarians
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Meagan E Hinze
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - April L Lukowski
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Leo A Joyce
- Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alison R H Narayan
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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25
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Adak S, Lukowski AL, Schäfer RJB, Moore BS. From Tryptophan to Toxin: Nature's Convergent Biosynthetic Strategy to Aetokthonotoxin. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2861-2866. [PMID: 35142504 PMCID: PMC9004672 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aetokthonotoxin (AETX) is a cyanobacterial neurotoxin that causes vacuolar myelinopathy, a neurological disease that is particularly deadly to bald eagles in the United States. The recently characterized AETX is structurally unique among cyanotoxins and is composed of a pentabrominated biindole nitrile. Herein we report the discovery of an efficient, five-enzyme biosynthetic pathway that the freshwater cyanobacterium Aetokthonos hydrillicola uses to convert two molecules of tryptophan to AETX. We demonstrate that the biosynthetic pathway follows a convergent route in which two functionalized indole monomers are assembled and then reunited by biaryl coupling catalyzed by the cytochrome P450 AetB. Our results revealed enzymes with novel biochemical functions, including the single-component flavin-dependent tryptophan halogenase AetF and the iron-dependent nitrile synthase AetD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Adak
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - April L Lukowski
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Rebecca J B Schäfer
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Bradley S Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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26
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Das TK, Kundu M, Mondal B, Ghosh P, Das S. Organocatalytic synthesis of (Het)biaryl scaffolds via photoinduced intra/intermolecular C(sp 2)-H arylation by 2-pyridone derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 20:208-218. [PMID: 34878476 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01798e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A unique N,O-bidentate ligand 6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridone-2-carboxylic acid dimethylamide (L1) catalyzed direct C(sp2)-H (intra/intermolecular) arylation of unactivated arenes has been developed to expedite access to (Het)biaryl scaffolds under UV-irradiation at room temperature. The protocol tolerated diverse functional groups and substitution patterns, affording the target products in moderate to excellent yields. Mechanistic investigations were also carried out to better understand the reaction pathway. Furthermore, the synthetic applicability of this unified approach has been showcased via the construction of biologically relevant 4-quinolone, tricyclic lactam and sultam derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Kumar Das
- TCG Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd., BN-7, Sector V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700091, India. .,Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, 734013, India.
| | - Mrinalkanti Kundu
- TCG Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd., BN-7, Sector V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700091, India.
| | - Biswajit Mondal
- TCG Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd., BN-7, Sector V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700091, India. .,Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, 734013, India.
| | - Prasanjit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, 734013, India.
| | - Sajal Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, 734013, India.
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27
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Adak S, Moore BS. Cryptic halogenation reactions in natural product biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1760-1774. [PMID: 34676862 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00010a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Covering: Up to December 2020Enzymatic halogenation reactions are essential for the production of thousands of halogenated natural products. However, in recent years, scientists discovered several halogenases that transiently incorporate halogen atoms in intermediate biosynthetic molecules to activate them for further chemical reactions such as cyclopropanation, terminal alkyne formation, C-/O-alkylation, biaryl coupling, and C-C rearrangements. In each case, the halogen atom is lost in the course of biosynthesis to the final product and is hence termed "cryptic". In this review, we provide an overview of our current knowledge of cryptic halogenation reactions in natural product biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Adak
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA.
| | - Bradley S Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA. .,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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28
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Nguyen VK, Kou KGM. The biology and total syntheses of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7535-7543. [PMID: 34524341 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00812a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This mini-review provides a concise overview of the biosynthetic pathway and pharmacology of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid (bisBIA) natural products. Additional emphasis is given to the methodologies in the total syntheses of both simpler acyclic diaryl ether dimers and their macrocyclic counterparts bearing two diaryl ether linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviene K Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
| | - Kevin G M Kou
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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29
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Hall M. Enzymatic strategies for asymmetric synthesis. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:958-989. [PMID: 34458820 PMCID: PMC8341948 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00080b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes, at the turn of the 21st century, are gaining a momentum. Especially in the field of synthetic organic chemistry, a broad variety of biocatalysts are being applied in an increasing number of processes running at up to industrial scale. In addition to the advantages of employing enzymes under environmentally friendly reaction conditions, synthetic chemists are recognizing the value of enzymes connected to the exquisite selectivity of these natural (or engineered) catalysts. The use of hydrolases in enantioselective protocols paved the way to the application of enzymes in asymmetric synthesis, in particular in the context of biocatalytic (dynamic) kinetic resolutions. After two decades of impressive development, the field is now mature to propose a panel of catalytically diverse enzymes for (i) stereoselective reactions with prochiral compounds, such as double bond reduction and bond forming reactions, (ii) formal enantioselective replacement of one of two enantiotopic groups of prochiral substrates, as well as (iii) atroposelective reactions with noncentrally chiral compounds. In this review, the major enzymatic strategies broadly applicable in the asymmetric synthesis of optically pure chiral compounds are presented, with a focus on the reactions developed within the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Hall
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth - University of Graz Austria
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30
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Shakunthala K, Srivastava AK, Babu GN, Keesara S, Pal S. Nickel(II) complexes with N,O‐donor thiopseudourea ligands: Syntheses, structures, and catalytic applications in Kumada–Corriu cross‐coupling reactions. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - G. Narendra Babu
- School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Srinivas Keesara
- School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Samudranil Pal
- School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad Hyderabad 500046 India
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31
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Einsiedler M, Jamieson CS, Maskeri MA, Houk KN, Gulder TAM. Fungal Dioxygenase AsqJ Is Promiscuous and Bimodal: Substrate-Directed Formation of Quinolones versus Quinazolinones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8297-8302. [PMID: 33411393 PMCID: PMC8049060 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202017086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that the FeII/α‐ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase AsqJ induces a skeletal rearrangement in viridicatin biosynthesis in Aspergillus nidulans, generating a quinolone scaffold from benzo[1,4]diazepine‐2,5‐dione substrates. We report that AsqJ catalyzes an additional, entirely different reaction, simply by a change in substituent in the benzodiazepinedione substrate. This new mechanism is established by substrate screening, application of functional probes, and computational analysis. AsqJ excises H2CO from the heterocyclic ring structure of suitable benzo[1,4]diazepine‐2,5‐dione substrates to generate quinazolinones. This novel AsqJ catalysis pathway is governed by a single substituent within the complex substrate. This unique substrate‐directed reactivity of AsqJ enables the targeted biocatalytic generation of either quinolones or quinazolinones, two alkaloid frameworks of exceptional biomedical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Einsiedler
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Chair of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cooper S Jamieson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Mark A Maskeri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Tobias A M Gulder
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Chair of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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32
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Einsiedler M, Jamieson CS, Maskeri MA, Houk KN, Gulder TAM. Fungal Dioxygenase AsqJ Is Promiscuous and Bimodal: Substrate‐Directed Formation of Quinolones versus Quinazolinones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202017086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Einsiedler
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Chair of Technical Biochemistry Technical University of Dresden Bergstraße 66 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Cooper S. Jamieson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Mark A. Maskeri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Kendall N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Tobias A. M. Gulder
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Chair of Technical Biochemistry Technical University of Dresden Bergstraße 66 01069 Dresden Germany
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33
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Liu J, Liu A, Hu Y. Enzymatic dimerization in the biosynthetic pathway of microbial natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1469-1505. [PMID: 33404031 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00063a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to August 2020The dramatic increase in the identification of dimeric natural products generated by microorganisms and plants has played a significant role in drug discovery. The biosynthetic pathways of these products feature inherent dimerization reactions, which are valuable for biosynthetic applications and chemical transformations. The extraordinary mechanisms of the dimerization of secondary metabolites should advance our understanding of the uncommon chemical rules for natural product biosynthesis, which will, in turn, accelerate the discovery of dimeric reactions and molecules in nature and provide promising strategies for the total synthesis of natural products through dimerization. This review focuses on the enzymes involved in the dimerization in the biosynthetic pathway of microbial natural products, with an emphasis on cytochrome P450s, laccases, and intermolecular [4 + 2] cyclases, along with other atypical enzymes. The identification, characterization, and catalytic landscapes of these enzymes are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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34
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Niederer KA, Gilmartin PH, Kozlowski MC. Oxidative Photocatalytic Homo- and Cross-Coupling of Phenols: Nonenzymatic, Catalytic Method for Coupling Tyrosine. ACS Catal 2020; 10:14615-14623. [PMID: 33927912 PMCID: PMC8078885 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative photocatalytic method for phenol-phenol homo-coupling and cross-coupling is described and isolated yields of 16-97% are obtained. Measured oxidation potentials and computed nucleophilicity parameters support a mechanism of nucleophilic attack of one partner onto the oxidized neutral radical form of the other partner. Understanding of this model permitted development of cross-coupling reactions between nucleophilic phenols/arenes and easily oxidized phenols with high selectivity and efficiency. A highlight of this method is that one equivalent of each coupling partner is utilized. Building on these findings, a non-enzymatic, catalytic method for coupling tyrosine was also developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Niederer
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19014, United States
| | - Philip H Gilmartin
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19014, United States
| | - Marisa C Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19014, United States
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35
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Ghosh MK, Rout N. Aryl‐Aryl Cross‐Coupling with Hypervalent Iodine Reagents: Aryl Group Transfer Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Ghosh
- TCG Lifesciences Private Limited Block BN, Plot 7 Salt Lake city, Kolkata 700091 West Bengal India
| | - Nilendri Rout
- TCG Lifesciences Private Limited Block BN, Plot 7 Salt Lake city, Kolkata 700091 West Bengal India
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36
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Hüttel W, Müller M. Regio- and stereoselective intermolecular phenol coupling enzymes in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 38:1011-1043. [PMID: 33196733 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00010h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2005 to 2020Phenol coupling is a key reaction in the biosynthesis of important biopolymers such as lignin and melanin and of a plethora of biarylic secondary metabolites. The reaction usually leads to several different regioisomeric products due to the delocalization of a radical in the reaction intermediates. If axial chirality is involved, stereoisomeric products are obtained provided no external factor influences the selectivity. Hence, in non-enzymatic organic synthesis it is notoriously difficult to control the selectivity of the reaction, in particular if the coupling is intermolecular. From biosynthesis, it is known that especially fungi, plants, and bacteria produce biarylic compounds regio- and stereoselectively. Nonetheless, the involved enzymes long evaded discovery. First progress was made in the late 1990s; however, the breakthrough came only with the genomic era and, in particular, in the last few years the number of relevant publications has dramatically increased. The discoveries reviewed in this article reveal a remarkable diversity of enzymes that catalyze oxidative intermolecular phenol coupling, including various classes of laccases, cytochrome P450 enzymes, and heme peroxidases. Particularly in the case of laccases, the catalytic systems are often complex and additional proteins, substrates, or reaction conditions have a strong influence on activity and regio- and atroposelectivity. Although the field of (selective) enzymatic phenol coupling is still in its infancy, the diversity of enzymes identified recently could make it easier to select suitable candidates for biotechnological development and to approach this challenging reaction through biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Hüttel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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37
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Yadav L, Tiwari MK, Shyamlal BRK, Chaudhary S. Organocatalyst in Direct C( sp2)-H Arylation of Unactivated Arenes: [1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-piperazine]-Catalyzed Inter-/ Intra-molecular C-H Bond Activation. J Org Chem 2020; 85:8121-8141. [PMID: 32438807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the identification of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperazine as a new, cost-effective, highly efficient organocatalyst, which promotes both inter- and intra-molecular direct C(sp2)-H arylations of unactivated arenes in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide. While the inter-molecular C-H arylation of unactivated benzenes with aryl halides (Ar-X; X = I, Br, Cl) toward biaryl syntheses underwent smoothly in the presence of only 10 mol % organocatalyst, the intra-molecular C-H arylation catalytic system composed of 40 mol % each of the catalyst and the additive (4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP)). The novel catalyst was also able to perform both inter- and intra-molecular direct arylations simultaneously in a single pot. The mechanistic studies confirmed the involvement of aryl radical anions and proceeded via a single-electron-transfer (SET) mechanism. The large substrate scope, high functional group tolerance, competition experiments, gram-scale synthesis, and kinetic studies further highlight the importance and versatile nature of the methodology as well as the compatibility of the new catalyst. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on any organocatalyst that reported detailed investigations of both inter- and intra-molecular direct C(sp2)-H arylations of unactivated arenes in a single representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Yadav
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Mohit K Tiwari
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Bharti Rajesh Kumar Shyamlal
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, India
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38
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González-Montiel GA, Kaweesa EN, Feau N, Hamelin RC, Stone JK, Loesgen S. Chemical, Bioactivity, and Biosynthetic Screening of Epiphytic Fungus Zasmidium pseudotsugae. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102358. [PMID: 32438585 PMCID: PMC7287617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first secondary metabolite, 8,8′-bijuglone, obtained from pure cultures of the slow growing Douglas fir- (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) foliage-associated fungus Zasmidium pseudotsugae. The quinone was characterized using extensive LC/MS and NMR-based spectroscopic methods. 8,8′-Bijuglone exhibited moderate antibiotic activity against Gram-positive pathogens and weak cytotoxic activity in the NCI-60 cell line panel and in our in-house human colon carcinoma (HCT-116) cell line. An analysis of the fungal genome sequence to assess its metabolic potential was implemented using the bioinformatic tool antiSMASH. In total, 36 putative biosynthetic gene clusters were found with a majority encoding for polyketides (17), followed by non-ribosomal peptides (14), terpenes (2), ribosomal peptides (1), and compounds with mixed biosynthetic origin (2). This study demonstrates that foliage associated fungi of conifers produce antimicrobial metabolites and suggests this guild of fungi may present a rich source of novel molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth N. Kaweesa
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (G.A.G.-M.); (E.N.K.)
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Nicolas Feau
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1ZA, Canada;
| | - Richard C. Hamelin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1ZA, Canada;
- Faculté de Foresterie et Géomatique, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Jeffrey K. Stone
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Sandra Loesgen
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (G.A.G.-M.); (E.N.K.)
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +904-201-8437
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39
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Gilmartin PH, Kozlowski MC. Vanadium-Catalyzed Oxidative Intramolecular Coupling of Tethered Phenols: Formation of Phenol-Dienone Products. Org Lett 2020; 22:2914-2919. [PMID: 32227903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A mild and efficient method for the vanadium-catalyzed intramolecular coupling of tethered free phenols is described. The corresponding phenol-dienone products are prepared directly in good yields with low catalyst loadings. Electronically diverse tethered phenol precursors are well tolerated, and the catalytic method was effectively applied as the key step in syntheses of three natural products and a synthetically useful morphinan alkaloid precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip H Gilmartin
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Marisa C Kozlowski
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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40
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Fäseke VC, Raps FC, Sparr C. Polyketide Cyclizations for the Synthesis of Polyaromatics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6975-6983. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent C. Fäseke
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Felix C. Raps
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Christof Sparr
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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41
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Fäseke VC, Raps FC, Sparr C. Polyketide Cyclizations for the Synthesis of Polyaromatics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent C. Fäseke
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Felix C. Raps
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Christof Sparr
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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42
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Paniak TJ, Kozlowski MC. Aerobic Catalyzed Oxidative Cross-Coupling of N, N-Disubstituted Anilines and Aminonaphthalenes with Phenols and Naphthols. Org Lett 2020; 22:1765-1770. [PMID: 32049541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The cross-coupling of N,N-dialkyl aniline and aminonaphthalenes with phenols and naphthols using a Cr-salen catalyst under aerobic conditions was developed. Notably, air serves as an effective oxidant affording products in high selectivity. Initial mechanistic studies suggest an outer-sphere oxidation of the aniline/aminonaphthalene partner, followed by nucleophilic attack of the phenol/naphthol. Single products were observed in most cases, whereas mixtures of C-C and C-O coupled products arose from reactions involving aminonapthalene and sterically unencumbered phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Paniak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Marisa C Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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43
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Cardullo N, Barresi V, Muccilli V, Spampinato G, D’Amico M, Condorelli DF, Tringali C. Synthesis of Bisphenol Neolignans Inspired by Honokiol as Antiproliferative Agents. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030733. [PMID: 32046220 PMCID: PMC7037512 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Honokiol (2) is a natural bisphenol neolignan showing a variety of biological properties, including antitumor activity. Some studies pointed out 2 as a potential anticancer agent in view of its antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activity towards tumor cells. As a further contribution to these studies, we report here the synthesis of a small library of bisphenol neolignans inspired by honokiol and the evaluation of their antiproliferative activity. The natural lead was hence subjected to simple chemical modifications to obtain the derivatives 3–9; further neolignans (12a-c, 13a-c, 14a-c, and 15a) were synthesized employing the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction, thus obtaining bisphenols with a substitution pattern different from honokiol. These compounds and the natural lead were subjected to antiproliferative assay towards HCT-116, HT-29, and PC3 tumor cell lines. Six of the neolignans show GI50 values lower than those of 2 towards all cell lines. Compounds 14a, 14c, and 15a are the most effective antiproliferative agents, with GI50 in the range of 3.6–19.1 µM, in some cases it is lower than those of the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil. Flow cytometry experiments performed on these neolignans showed that the inhibition of proliferation is mainly due to an apoptotic process. These results indicate that the structural modification of honokiol may open the way to obtaining antitumor neolignans more potent than the natural lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Cardullo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (N.C.); Tel.: +39-095-7385025 (C.T.)
| | - Vincenza Barresi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (V.B.); (G.S.); (M.D.); (D.F.C.)
| | - Vera Muccilli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giorgia Spampinato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (V.B.); (G.S.); (M.D.); (D.F.C.)
| | - Morgana D’Amico
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (V.B.); (G.S.); (M.D.); (D.F.C.)
| | - Daniele Filippo Condorelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (V.B.); (G.S.); (M.D.); (D.F.C.)
| | - Corrado Tringali
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (N.C.); Tel.: +39-095-7385025 (C.T.)
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44
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Jiang J, Du L, Ding Y. Aryl-Aryl Bond Formation by Ullmann Reaction: From Mechanistic Aspects to Catalyst. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x15666181031111117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Aryl-aryl bond formation is one of the most important tools in modern organic synthesis.
Therefore, there is a high level of interest to develop green, effective reaction system to obtain biaryls.
This review summarized the recent advances in the metal-catalyzed Ullmann reaction in which
the aryl-aryl bond was formed directly. Furthermore, different types of catalytic mechanisms, especially
the surface reaction, have been summarized to help the design of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiang
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liyong Du
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuqiang Ding
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
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45
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Duell ER, Milzarek TM, El Omari M, Linares-Otoya LJ, Schäberle TF, König GM, Gulder TAM. Identification, cloning, expression and functional interrogation of the biosynthetic pathway of the polychlorinated triphenyls ambigol A–C from Fischerella ambigua 108b. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00707b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthetic pathway to the ambigols A–C from Fischerella ambigua 108b has been identified, cloned, heterologously expressed and functionally studied, including in-depth analysis of the biaryl coupling biochemistry in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke R. Duell
- Biosystems Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM)
- Technical University of Munich
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - Tobias M. Milzarek
- Biosystems Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM)
- Technical University of Munich
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - Mustafa El Omari
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology
- University of Bonn
- 53115 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Luis J. Linares-Otoya
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology
- Justus Liebig University of Giessen
- 35392 Giessen
- Germany
- Department of Bioresources
| | - Till F. Schäberle
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology
- Justus Liebig University of Giessen
- 35392 Giessen
- Germany
- Department of Bioresources
| | | | - Tobias A. M. Gulder
- Biosystems Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM)
- Technical University of Munich
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
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46
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Wang W, Chen S, Guisasola Cal E, Martínez Moro M, Moya S, Coy E, Wang C, Hamon JR, Astruc D. ZIF-8-based vs. ZIF-8-derived Au and Pd nanoparticles as efficient catalysts for the Ullmann homocoupling reaction. Inorg Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi00831a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
On comparing ZIF-8-based and ZIF-8-derived gold and palladium nanocatalysts, they were found to be very efficient for the optimized Ullmann coupling of iodoarenes in DMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wang
- ISM
- UMR CNRS 5255
- Université de Bordeaux
- Talence 33405 Cedex
- France
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials
- Anhui University
- Hefei
- China
| | | | - Marta Martínez Moro
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology Lab
- CIC biomaGUNE
- 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
| | - Sergio Moya
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology Lab
- CIC biomaGUNE
- 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
| | - Emerson Coy
- NanoBioMedical Centre
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- 61-614 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Changlong Wang
- ISM
- UMR CNRS 5255
- Université de Bordeaux
- Talence 33405 Cedex
- France
| | - Jean-René Hamon
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques
- UMR CNRS 6226
- Université de Rennes 1
- 35042 Rennes Cedex
- France
| | - Didier Astruc
- ISM
- UMR CNRS 5255
- Université de Bordeaux
- Talence 33405 Cedex
- France
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47
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Menezes JC, Diederich MF. Natural dimers of coumarin, chalcones, and resveratrol and the link between structure and pharmacology. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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48
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Atroposelective synthesis of tetra-ortho-substituted biaryls by catalyst-controlled non-canonical polyketide cyclizations. Nat Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-019-0345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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49
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Biological evaluation of molecules of the azaBINOL class as antiviral agents: Inhibition of HIV-1 RNase H activity by 7-isopropoxy-8-(naphth-1-yl)quinoline. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3595-3604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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50
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Bach T, Truchan N, Jandl C, Pöthig A, Breitenlechner S. Access to Biphenyls by Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of Phenyl Carbamates and Phenols. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2019. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1611482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative cross-coupling of phenols (3 equiv) to various substituted phenyl N,N-diethylcarbamates was explored with a variety of substrates. Pd(OAc)2 was employed as the catalyst (20 mol%) and K2S2O8 as the stoichiometric oxidant in trifluoroacetic acid as the solvent (50 °C, 2 h). Carbamates without or with a substituent on the phenyl ring (Me, Ph, Cl, OMe) underwent the reaction unless the phenyl substituent was too strongly electron withdrawing (CN). Cross-coupling occurred exclusively in the ortho position relative to the carbamate group. The regioselectivity at the phenol (ortho or para to hydroxy) was mainly determined by steric factors. Yields up to 60–70% were achieved for specific carbamate/phenol combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München
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