1
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Sui JL, Zhong LJ, Xiong BQ, Tang KW, Liu Y. Regioselective synthesis of N-containing polycyclic compounds via radical annulation cyclization of 1,7-dienes with aldehydes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4834-4837. [PMID: 38619398 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00964a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
A convenient method for oxidant-promoted radical cascade acylation or decarbonylative alkylation of 1,7-dienes with aldehydes has been established. This method allows for the rapid construction of N-containing polycyclic skeletons in a highly regio- and stereoselective manner. This transformation provides a simple and efficient method for the preparation of a range of tetrahydro-6H-indeno[2,1-c]quinolinone derivatives by sequential formation of three new carbon-carbon bonds. Additionally, this radical cascade cyclization can selectively convert aldehydes into aroyl/primary aliphatic acyl radicals and secondary or tertiary alkyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Li Sui
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China.
| | - Long-Jin Zhong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China.
| | - Bi-Quan Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China.
| | - Ke-Wen Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China.
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China.
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2
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Giovanelli R, Lombardi L, Pedrazzani R, Monari M, Reis MC, López CS, Bertuzzi G, Bandini M. Nickel Catalyzed Carbonylation/Carboxylation Sequence via Double CO 2 Incorporation. Org Lett 2023; 25:6969-6974. [PMID: 37669466 PMCID: PMC10546374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
A carbonylation-carboxylation synthetic sequence, via double CO2 fixation, is described. The productive merger of a Ni-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling manifold, with the use of AlCl3, triggered a cascade reaction with the formation of three consecutive C-C bonds in a single operation. This strategy traces an unprecedented synthetic route to ketones under Lewis acid assisted carbon dioxide valorization. Computational insights revealed a unique double function of AlCl3, and labeling (13CO2) experiments validate the genuine incorporation of CO2 in both functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Giovanelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum − Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- Center
for Chemical Catalysis − C3, Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo
Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum
− Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lombardi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum − Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pedrazzani
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum − Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- Center
for Chemical Catalysis − C3, Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo
Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum
− Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Magda Monari
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum − Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- Center
for Chemical Catalysis − C3, Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo
Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum
− Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Castiñeira Reis
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad
de Vigo, As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos Silva López
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad
de Vigo, As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Giulio Bertuzzi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum − Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- Center
for Chemical Catalysis − C3, Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo
Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum
− Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Bandini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum − Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- Center
for Chemical Catalysis − C3, Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo
Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum
− Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
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3
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Huo LQ, Wang XH, Zhang Z, Jia Z, Peng XS, Wong HNC. Sustainable and practical formation of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds employing organo-alkali metal reagents. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1342-1362. [PMID: 36794178 PMCID: PMC9906645 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05475b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-catalysed cross-coupling reactions are amongst the most widely used methods to directly construct new bonds. In this connection, sustainable and practical protocols, especially transition metal-catalysed cross-coupling reactions, have become the focus in many aspects of synthetic chemistry due to their high efficiency and atom economy. This review summarises recent advances from 2012 to 2022 in the formation of carbon-carbon bonds and carbon-heteroatom bonds by employing organo-alkali metal reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Qiong Huo
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Synthesis, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen) Longgang District Shenzhen China
| | - Xin-Hao Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Synthesis, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen) Longgang District Shenzhen China
| | - Zhenguo Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Zhenhua Jia
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Xiao-Shui Peng
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Synthesis, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen) Longgang District Shenzhen China .,Department of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, New Territories Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Henry N. C. Wong
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Synthesis, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen)Longgang DistrictShenzhenChina,Department of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, New TerritoriesHong Kong SARChina
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4
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Labiche A, Norlöff M, Feuillastre S, Taran F, Audisio D. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Non‐Symmetrical Ureas from CO
2. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Labiche
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SCBM 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Maylis Norlöff
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SCBM 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Sophie Feuillastre
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SCBM 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Frederic Taran
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SCBM 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Davide Audisio
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SCBM 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
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5
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Hirao S, Saeki R, Takahashi T, Iwai K, Nishiwaki N, Ohga Y. Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Ketones Using Chelation-Controlled Sequential Substitution of N-Triazinylamide/Weinreb Amide by Organometallic Reagents. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:48476-48483. [PMID: 36591189 PMCID: PMC9798741 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
N-(2,4-Dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazinyl)amide was found to exhibit similar behavior to N-methoxy-N-methylamide (Weinreb amide) but higher reactivity for nucleophilic substitution by organometallic reagents. Triazinylamide suppresses overaddition, leading to the formation of a tertiary alcohol by the chelating ability of the triazinyl and carbonyl groups. Ureas possessing both triazinylamino and methoxy(methyl)amino groups underwent sequential nucleophilic substitution with different organometallic reagents, which furnished unsymmetrical ketones without any detectable tertiary alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Hirao
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Oita University, 700 Dannoharu, Oita 870-1192, Japan
| | - Rumi Saeki
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Oita University, 700 Dannoharu, Oita 870-1192, Japan
| | - Toru Takahashi
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Oita University, 700 Dannoharu, Oita 870-1192, Japan
| | - Kento Iwai
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
- Research
Center for Molecular Design, Kochi University
of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
| | - Nagatoshi Nishiwaki
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
- Research
Center for Molecular Design, Kochi University
of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ohga
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Oita University, 700 Dannoharu, Oita 870-1192, Japan
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6
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Brégent T, Ivanova MV, Poisson T, Jubault P, Legros J. Continuous‐Flow Divergent Lithiation of 2,3‐Dihalopyridines: Deprotolithiation versus Halogen Dance. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202286. [PMID: 36200571 PMCID: PMC10092453 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We describe herein the first halogen dance (HD) in continuous flow on 2-chloro-3-bromopyridine by selectively trapping a (pyridin-4-yl)lithium species that is known to undergo the halogen-dance process. In addition, this lithiated intermediate was trapped at lower temperature before the HD occurs. The HD process was extended to fluoro-iodopyridines by using various electrophiles to afford 28 examples with yields ranging from 42 to 97 % with very short residence times. Finally, scale up of the reaction was demonstrated, affording a promising space-time yield (STY) of 4.2 kg.h-1 .L-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Brégent
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
| | - Maria V. Ivanova
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
| | - Thomas Poisson
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
- Institut Universitaire de France 1 rue Descartes 75231 Paris France
| | - Philippe Jubault
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
| | - Julien Legros
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
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7
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Reynolds JE, Acosta AC, Kang S, Li S, Lipton AS, Bowden ME, Myllenbeck NR, Schneemann A, Leick N, Bhandarkar A, Reed C, Horton RD, Gennett T, Wood BC, Allendorf MD, Stavila V. Teaching an Old Reagent New Tricks: Synthesis, Unusual Reactivity, and Solution Dynamics of Borohydride Grignard Compounds. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Reynolds
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Austin C. Acosta
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - ShinYoung Kang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Sichi Li
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Andrew S. Lipton
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Mark E. Bowden
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Nicholas R. Myllenbeck
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Andreas Schneemann
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Noemi Leick
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver W Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Austin Bhandarkar
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Christopher Reed
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Robert D. Horton
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Thomas Gennett
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver W Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Brandon C. Wood
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Mark D. Allendorf
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Vitalie Stavila
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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8
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Cuccu F, De Luca L, Delogu F, Colacino E, Solin N, Mocci R, Porcheddu A. Mechanochemistry: New Tools to Navigate the Uncharted Territory of "Impossible" Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200362. [PMID: 35867602 PMCID: PMC9542358 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical transformations have made chemists enter unknown territories, forcing a different chemistry perspective. While questioning or revisiting familiar concepts belonging to solution chemistry, mechanochemistry has broken new ground, especially in the panorama of organic synthesis. Not only does it foster new "thinking outside the box", but it also has opened new reaction paths, allowing to overcome the weaknesses of traditional chemistry exactly where the use of well-established solution-based methodologies rules out progress. In this Review, the reader is introduced to an intriguing research subject not yet fully explored and waiting for improved understanding. Indeed, the study is mainly focused on organic transformations that, although impossible in solution, become possible under mechanochemical processing conditions, simultaneously entailing innovation and expanding the chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cuccu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lidia De Luca
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Delogu
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Chimica e dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Niclas Solin
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Electronic and Photonic Materials (EFM), Building Fysikhuset, Room M319, Campus, Valla, Sweden
| | - Rita Mocci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Porcheddu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
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9
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Shan C, Xu J, Cao L, Liang C, Cheng R, Yao X, Sun M, Ye J. Rapid Synthesis of α-Chiral Piperidines via a Highly Diastereoselective Continuous Flow Protocol. Org Lett 2022; 24:3205-3210. [PMID: 35451304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A practical continuous flow protocol has been developed using readily accessible N-(tert-butylsulfinyl)-bromoimine and Grignard reagents, providing various functionalized piperidines (34 examples) in superior results (typically >80% yield and with >90:10 dr) within minutes. The high-performance scale-up is smoothly carried out, and efficient synthesis of the drug precursor further showcases its utility. This flow process offers rapid and scalable access to enantioenriched α-substituted piperidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shan
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jinping Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liming Cao
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chaoming Liang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruihua Cheng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiantong Yao
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Maolin Sun
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinxing Ye
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.,School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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10
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Kestemont JP, Frost JR, Jacq J, Pasau P, Perl F, Brown J, Tissot M. Scale-Up and Optimization of a Continuous Flow Carboxylation of N-Boc-4,4-difluoropiperidine Using s-BuLi in THF. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jérôme Jacq
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Avenue de l’industrie, 1420 Braine l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pasau
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Avenue de l’industrie, 1420 Braine l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Perl
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Avenue de l’industrie, 1420 Braine l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Julien Brown
- UCB, 216 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, United Kingdom
| | - Matthieu Tissot
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Avenue de l’industrie, 1420 Braine l’Alleud, Belgium
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11
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You Y, Kanna W, Takano H, Hayashi H, Maeda S, Mita T. Electrochemical Dearomative Dicarboxylation of Heterocycles with Highly Negative Reduction Potentials. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3685-3695. [PMID: 35189683 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The dearomative dicarboxylation of stable heteroaromatics using CO2 is highly challenging but represents a very powerful method for producing synthetically useful dicarboxylic acids, which can potentially be employed as intermediates of biologically active molecules such as natural products and drug leads. However, these types of transformations are still underdeveloped, and concise methodologies with high efficiency (e.g., high yield and high selectivity for dicarboxylations) have not been reported. We herein describe a new electrochemical protocol using the CO2 radical anion (E1/2 of CO2 = -2.2 V in DMF and -2.3 V in CH3CN vs SCE) that produces unprecedented trans-oriented 2,3-dicarboxylic acids from N-Ac-, Boc-, and Ph-protected indoles that exhibit highly negative reduction potentials (-2.50 to -2.94 V). On the basis of the calculated reduction potentials, N-protected indoles with reduction potentials up to -3 V smoothly undergo the desired dicarboxylation. Other heteroaromatics, including benzofuran, benzothiophene, electron-deficient furans, thiophenes, 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran, and N-Boc-pyrazole, also exhibit reduction potentials more positive than -3 V and served as effective substrates for such dicarboxylations. The dicarboxylated products thus obtained can be derivatized into useful synthetic intermediates for biologically active compounds in few steps. We also show how the dearomative monocarboxylation can be achieved selectively by choice of the electrolyte, solvent, and protic additive; this strategy was then applied to the synthesis of an octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid (Oic) derivative, which is a useful proline analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong You
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Wataru Kanna
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takano
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.,Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mita
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
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12
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Colas K, V. D. dos Santos AC, Kohlhepp SV, Mendoza A. Direct Addition of Grignard Reagents to Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids Enabled by Bulky
turbo
‐Organomagnesium Anilides. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104053. [PMID: 35084063 PMCID: PMC9306512 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of ketones through addition of organometallic reagents to aliphatic carboxylic acids is a straightforward strategy that is limited to organolithium reagents. More desirable Grignard reagents can be activated and controlled with a bulky aniline‐derived turbo‐Hauser base. This operationally simple procedure allows the straightforward preparation of a variety of aliphatic and perfluoroalkyl ketones alike from functionalized alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl Grignard reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Colas
- Dept. of Organic Chemistry Stockholm University Arrhenius Laboratory 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Stefanie V. Kohlhepp
- Dept. of Organic Chemistry Stockholm University Arrhenius Laboratory 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Abraham Mendoza
- Dept. of Organic Chemistry Stockholm University Arrhenius Laboratory 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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13
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Pfennig VS, Villella RC, Nikodemus J, Bolm C. Mechanochemical Grignard Reactions with Gaseous CO
2
and Sodium Methyl Carbonate**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S. Pfennig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Romina C. Villella
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Julia Nikodemus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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14
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Shan C, Cao L, Yang J, Cheng R, Yao X, Liang C, Sun M, Ye J. Construction of an α-chiral pyrrolidine library with a rapid and scalable continuous flow protocol. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00145d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cost-efficient development of an α-chiral pyrrolidine library is achieved via a rapid continuous flow protocol under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shan
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liming Cao
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiasheng Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ruihua Cheng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiantong Yao
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chaoming Liang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Maolin Sun
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinxing Ye
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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15
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Pfennig V, Villella R, Nikodemus J, Bolm C. Mechanochemical Grignard Reactions with Gaseous CO2 and Sodium Methyl Carbonate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202116514. [PMID: 34942056 PMCID: PMC9306648 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot three-step protocol for the preparation of Grignard reagents from organobromides in a ball mill and their subsequent reactions with gaseous carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) or sodium methyl carbonate providing aryl and alkyl carboxylic acids in up to 82% yield is reported. Noteworthy are the short reaction times and the significantly reduced solvent amounts [2.0 equiv. for liquid assisted grinding (LAG) conditions]. Unexpectedly, aryl bromides with methoxy substituents lead to symmetric ketones as major products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Pfennig
- RWTH Aachen: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Romina Villella
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Julia Nikodemus
- RWTH Aachen: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Carsten Bolm
- RWTH Aachen, Institut f�r Organische Chemie, Landoltweg 1, 52056, Aachen, GERMANY
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16
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Kremsmair A, Hess A, Heinz B, Knochel P. Regioselective Magnesiations and Zincations of Aromatics and Heterocycles Triggered by Lewis Acids. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103269. [PMID: 34704653 PMCID: PMC9300163 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mixed TMP‐bases (TMP=2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidyl), such as TMPMgCl ⋅ LiCl, TMP2Mg ⋅ 2LiCl, TMPZnCl ⋅ LiCl and TMP2Zn ⋅ 2LiCl, are outstanding reagents for the metalation of functionalized aromatics and heterocycles. In the presence of Lewis acids, such as BF3 ⋅ OEt2 or MgCl2, the metalation scope of such bases was dramatically increased, and regioselectivity switches were achieved in the presence or absence of these Lewis acids. Furthermore, highly reactive lithium bases, such as TMPLi or Cy2NLi, are also compatible with various Lewis acids, such as MgCl2 ⋅ 2LiCl, ZnCl2 ⋅ 2LiCl or CuCN ⋅ 2LiCl. Performing such metalations in continuous flow using commercial setups permitted practical and convenient reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kremsmair
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemie und Pharmazie, GERMANY
| | - Andreas Hess
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemie und Pharmazie, GERMANY
| | - Benjamin Heinz
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemie und Pharamzie, GERMANY
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Department of Chemistry, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, GERMANY
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17
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Telescoped lithiation, C-arylation and methoxylation in flow-batch hybrid toward the synthesis of canagliflozin. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Knochel P, Djukanovic D, Heinz B, Mandrelli F, Mostarda S, Filipponi P, Martin B. Continuous Flow Acylation of (Hetero)aryllithiums with Polyfunctional N,N-Dimethylamides and Tetramethylurea in Toluene. Chemistry 2021; 27:13977-13981. [PMID: 34387898 PMCID: PMC8519161 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The continuous flow reaction of various aryl or heteroaryl bromides in toluene in the presence of THF (1.0 equiv) with sec -BuLi (1.1 equiv) provided at 25 °C within 40 sec the corresponding aryllithiums which were acylated with various functionalized N,N-dimethylamides including easily enolizable amides at -20 °C within 27 sec, producing highly functionalized ketones in 48-90% yield (36 examples). This method was well suited for the preparation of α-chiral ketones such as naproxene and ibuprofen derived ketones with 99% ee . A one-pot stepwise bis-addition of two different lithium organometallics to 1,1,3,3-tetramethyurea (TMU) provided unsymmetrical ketones in 69-79% yield (9 examples).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Department of Chemistry, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, GERMANY
| | - Dimitrije Djukanovic
- Ludwig Maximillians University Munich: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Benjamin Heinz
- Ludwig Maximillians University Munich: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemistry, GERMANY
| | | | - Serena Mostarda
- Novartis Pharma Schweiz AG, Chemical Development, SWITZERLAND
| | - Paolo Filipponi
- Novartis Pharma Schweiz AG, Chemical Development, SWITZERLAND
| | - Benjamin Martin
- Novartis Pharma Schweiz AG, Chemical Development, SWITZERLAND
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19
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Quan Y, Yu R, Zhu J, Guan A, Lv X, Yang C, Li S, Wu J, Zheng G. Efficient carboxylation of styrene and carbon dioxide by single-atomic copper electrocatalyst. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 601:378-384. [PMID: 34087598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.05.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrocarboxylation of olefins with carbon dioxide (CO2) is a potential approach to produce carboxylates as synthetic intermediates of polymer and pharmaceuticals. Nonetheless, due to the intrinsic inertness of CO2 at ambient conditions, the electrocarboxylation efficiency has been quite limited, typically with high applied potentials and low current densities. In this work, we demonstrate that nitrogen-coordinated single-atomic copper sites on carbon framework (Cu/NC) served as an excellent electrocatalyst for electrocarboxylation of styrene with CO2. The Cu/NC catalyst allowed to efficiently activate CO2, followed by nucleophilic attack to carboxylate styrene to produce phenylsuccinic acid, thus leading the reaction toward the CO2 activation pathway. The enhanced CO2 activation capability enabled increased selectivity and activity for electrocarboxylation of styrene. The Faradaic efficiency of electrocarboxylation was 92%, suggesting most of the activated CO2 proceeded to react with styrene rather than direct reduction to CO or CH4. The electrocarboxylation exhibited almost 100% product selectivity toward phenylsuccinic acid, with a high partial current density of 58 mA·cm-2 at -2.2 V (vs. Ag/AgI), corresponding to an outstanding production rate of 216 mg·cm-2·h-1, substantially exceeding previously reported works. Our work suggests an exciting perspective in electrocarboxylation of olefins by rational design of CO2 activation electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueli Quan
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ruohan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiexin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Anxiang Guan
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ximeng Lv
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Si Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Gengfeng Zheng
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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20
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Gambacorta G, Sharley JS, Baxendale IR. A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1181-1312. [PMID: 34136010 PMCID: PMC8182698 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic physical properties, which includes being able to perform as volatile liquids at room and biological temperatures, fragrance ingredients/intermediates make ideal candidates for continuous-flow manufacturing. This review highlights the potential crossover between a multibillion dollar industry and the flourishing sub-field of flow chemistry evolving within the discipline of organic synthesis. This is illustrated through selected examples of industrially important transformations specific to the fragrances and flavours industry and by highlighting the advantages of conducting these transformations by using a flow approach. This review is designed to be a compendium of techniques and apparatus already published in the chemical and engineering literature which would constitute a known solution or inspiration for commonly encountered procedures in the manufacture of fragrance and flavour chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gambacorta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - James S Sharley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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21
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Lima F, Meisenbach M, Schenkel B, Sedelmeier J. Continuous flow as an enabling technology: a fast and versatile entry to functionalized glyoxal derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2420-2424. [PMID: 33646230 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00288k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We herein report two complementary strategies employing organolithium chemistry for the synthesis of glyoxal derivatives. Micro-mixer technology allows for the generation of unstable organometallic intermediates and their instantaneous in-line quenching with esters as electrophiles. Selective mono-addition was observed via putative stabilized tetrahedral intermediates. Advantages offered by flow chemistry technologies facilitate direct and efficient access to masked 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds while mitigating undesired by-product formation. These two approaches enable the production of advanced and valuable synthetic building blocks for heterocyclic chemistry with throughputs of grams per minute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Lima
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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22
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Chen Q, Xia S, Wang Y, Luo G, Shang H, Wang K. Continuous synthesis of
1‐ethoxy
‐2,3‐difluoro‐4‐iodo‐benzene in a microreactor system and the Gaussian and
computational fluid dynamics
simulations. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Siting Xia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Yujun Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Guangsheng Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Hongyong Shang
- Shijiazhuang Chengzhi Yonghua Display Material Co., Ltd Shijiazhuang China
| | - Kui Wang
- Shijiazhuang Chengzhi Yonghua Display Material Co., Ltd Shijiazhuang China
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23
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Nicewicz DA, O’Brien CJ. Milled Dry Ice as a C1 Source for the Carboxylation of Aryl Halides. Synlett 2021; 32:814-816. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1384-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe use of carbon dioxide as a C1 chemical feedstock remains an active field of research. Here we showcase the use of milled dry ice as a method to promote the availability of CO2 in a reaction solution, permitting practical synthesis of arylcarboxylic acids. Notably, the use of milled dry ice produces marked increases in yields relative to those obtained with gaseous CO2, as previously reported in the literature.
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24
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Abstract
Flow chemistry is a widely explored technology whose intrinsic features both facilitate and provide reproducible access to a broad range of chemical processes that are otherwise inefficient or problematic. At its core, a flow chemistry module is a stable set of conditions - traditionally thought of as an externally applied means of activation/control (e.g. heat or light) - through which reagents are passed. In an attempt to simplify the teaching and dissemination of this field, we envisioned that the key advantages of the technique, such as reproducibility and the correlation between reaction time and position within the reactor, allow for the redefinition of a flow module to a more synthetically relevant one based on the overall induced effect. We suggest a rethinking of the approach to flow modules, distributing them in two subclasses: transformers and generators, which can be described respectively as a set of conditions for either performing a specific transformation or for generating a reactive intermediate. The chemistry achieved by transformers and generators is (ideally) independent of the substrate introduced, meaning that they must be robust to small adjustments necessary for the adaptation to different starting materials and reagents while ensuring the same chemical outcome. These redefined modules can be used for single-step reactions or in multistep processes, where modules can be connected to each other in reconfigurable combinations to create chemical assembly systems (CAS) targeting compounds and libraries sharing structural cores. With this tutorial review, we provide a guide to the overall approach to flow chemistry, discussing the key parameters for the design of transformers and generators as well as the development of chemical assembly systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Guidi
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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25
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Knochel P, Harenberg JH, Weidmann N. Continuous-Flow Reactions Mediated by Main Group Organometallics. Synlett 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1706536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe generation of reactive organometallic reagents in batch is often complicated by the low thermal stability of these important synthetic intermediates and can require low reaction temperatures and special reaction conditions. However, the use of continuous-flow setups and microreactors has led to a revolution in this field. In this short review, an overview is given of recent advances in this area, with a focus on the main group organometallics of Li, Na, and K.
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26
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Ang NWJ, Oliveira JCA, Ackermann L. Electroreductive Cobalt-Catalyzed Carboxylation: Cross-Electrophile Electrocoupling with Atmospheric CO 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12842-12847. [PMID: 32329560 PMCID: PMC7496797 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The chemical use of CO2 as an inexpensive, nontoxic C1 synthon is of utmost topical interest in the context of carbon capture and utilization (CCU). We present the merger of cobalt catalysis and electrochemical synthesis for mild catalytic carboxylations of allylic chlorides with CO2 . Styrylacetic acid derivatives were obtained with moderate to good yields and good functional group tolerance. The thus-obtained products are useful as versatile synthons of γ-arylbutyrolactones. Cyclic voltammetry and in operando kinetic analysis were performed to provide mechanistic insights into the electrocatalytic carboxylation with CO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate W. J. Ang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - João C. A. Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
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27
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Ang NWJ, Oliveira JCA, Ackermann L. Elektro‐reduktive Cobalt‐katalysierte Carboxylierung: Kreuzelektrophile Elektrokupplung mit atmosphärischem CO
2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nate W. J. Ang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - João C. A. Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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28
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Orsy G, Fülöp F, Mándity IM. N-Acetylation of Amines in Continuous-Flow with Acetonitrile-No Need for Hazardous and Toxic Carboxylic Acid Derivatives. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081985. [PMID: 32340371 PMCID: PMC7221708 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A continuous-flow acetylation reaction was developed, applying cheap and safe reagent, acetonitrile as acetylation agent and alumina as catalyst. The method developed utilizes milder reagent than those used conventionally. The reaction was tested on various aromatic and aliphatic amines with good conversion. The catalyst showed excellent reusability and a scale-up was also carried out. Furthermore, a drug substance (paracetamol) was also synthesized with good conversion and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Orsy
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
- MTA TTK Lendület Artificial Transporter Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudosok krt. 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
- Research Group of Stereochemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (I.M.M.); Tel.: +36-1-3826-616 (I.M.M.)
| | - István M. Mándity
- MTA TTK Lendület Artificial Transporter Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudosok krt. 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre u. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (I.M.M.); Tel.: +36-1-3826-616 (I.M.M.)
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29
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Menges-Flanagan G, Deitmann E, Gössl L, Hofmann C, Löb P. Scalable Continuous Synthesis of Grignard Reagents from in Situ-Activated Magnesium Metal. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Deitmann
- Fraunhofer IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
- Hochschule Emden Leer, Constantiaplatz 4, 26723 Emden, Germany
| | - Lars Gössl
- Fraunhofer IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
- Hochschule Darmstadt, Stephanstrasse 7, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Löb
- Fraunhofer IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Zhao
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601CNRS-Université de Paris, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales 45 Rue des Saints-Pères FR-75006 Paris France
| | - Laurent Micouin
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601CNRS-Université de Paris, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales 45 Rue des Saints-Pères FR-75006 Paris France
| | - Riccardo Piccardi
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601CNRS-Université de Paris, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales 45 Rue des Saints-Pères FR-75006 Paris France
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31
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Colas K, Dos Santos ACVD, Mendoza A. i-Pr 2NMgCl·LiCl Enables the Synthesis of Ketones by Direct Addition of Grignard Reagents to Carboxylate Anions. Org Lett 2019; 21:7908-7913. [PMID: 31513423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The direct preparation of ketones from carboxylate anions is greatly limited by the required use of organolithium reagents or activated acyl sources that need to be independently prepared. Herein, a specific magnesium amide additive is used to activate and control the addition of more tolerant Grignard reagents to carboxylate anions. This strategy enables the modular synthesis of ketones from CO2 and the preparation of isotopically labeled pharmaceutical building blocks in a single operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Colas
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Stockholm University , Arrhenius Laboratory , 106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - A Catarina V D Dos Santos
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Stockholm University , Arrhenius Laboratory , 106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Abraham Mendoza
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Stockholm University , Arrhenius Laboratory , 106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
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32
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Lee H, Kim H, Kim D. From
p
‐Xylene to Ibuprofen in Flow: Three‐Step Synthesis by a Unified Sequence of Chemoselective C−H Metalations. Chemistry 2019; 25:11641-11645. [PMID: 31338883 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyune‐Jea Lee
- Centre for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis Department of Chemical Engineering POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology) Pohang 790-784 South Korea
| | - Heejin Kim
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Korea University Seoul 02841 South Korea
| | - Dong‐Pyo Kim
- Centre for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis Department of Chemical Engineering POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology) Pohang 790-784 South Korea
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33
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Nagaki A. Recent topics of functionalized organolithiums using flow microreactor chemistry. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Fichera L, Li-Destri G, Ruffino R, Messina GML, Tuccitto N. Reactive nanomessengers for artificial chemical communication. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:16223-16229. [PMID: 31298236 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02631b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Artificial chemical communication is an emerging field of study driven by the need of exchanging information in delicate environments where standard procedures based on electromagnetic waves cannot be used. A non-synchronized artificial chemical communication system, based on a new modulation technique, namely reaction shift keying (RSK), is presented. The RSK implies that the quenchers are injected into the transmitter, the chemical messenger reacts and a chemically modified messenger travels towards the receiver. Encoding of "0" is obtained by means of the emission of a messenger that reaches the receiver once chemically modified. To encode the value "1", the messenger is not subjected to chemical reaction. Fluorescent carbon nanoparticle molecular messengers that exploit the reaction with Cu(ii) ions for signal modulation were synthesized. A prototypal RSK modulated chemical communication system is developed, from simulations of the communication platform to an operating prototypal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fichera
- Laboratory for Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnology (LAMSUN), Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania and CSGI, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Li-Destri
- Laboratory for Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnology (LAMSUN), Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania and CSGI, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
| | - Roberta Ruffino
- Laboratory for Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnology (LAMSUN), Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania and CSGI, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
| | - Grazia Maria Lucia Messina
- Laboratory for Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnology (LAMSUN), Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania and CSGI, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
| | - Nunzio Tuccitto
- Laboratory for Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnology (LAMSUN), Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania and CSGI, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
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35
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Zhang CT, Zhu R, Wang Z, Ma B, Zajac A, Smiglak M, Xia CN, Castle S, Wang WL. Continuous flow synthesis of diaryl ketones by coupling of aryl Grignard reagents with acyl chlorides under mild conditions in the ecofriendly solvent 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. RSC Adv 2019; 9:2199-2204. [PMID: 35516141 PMCID: PMC9059842 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07447j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient continuous flow sequential synthesis of diaryl ketones was achieved by coupling of aryl Grignard reagents with acyl chlorides in the bio-derived “green” solvent 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) under mild reaction conditions (ambient temperature, 1 hour), allowing a safe and on-demand generation of 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propionitrile with a productivity of 3.16 g hour−1. Continuous flow method for parallel synthesis of diaryl ketones using commercially available reagents.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Tao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
| | - Rui Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
| | - Zheng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
| | - Bing Ma
- Hybrid-Chem Technologies
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Adrian Zajac
- Poznan Science and Technology Park
- Adam Mickiewicz University Foundation
- Poznan
- Poland
| | - Marcin Smiglak
- Poznan Science and Technology Park
- Adam Mickiewicz University Foundation
- Poznan
- Poland
| | | | - Steven L. Castle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Brigham Young University
- Provo
- USA
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
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36
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Akwi FM, Watts P. Continuous flow chemistry: where are we now? Recent applications, challenges and limitations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:13894-13928. [PMID: 30483683 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07427e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A general outlook of the changing face of chemical synthesis is provided in this article through recent applications of continuous flow processing in both industry and academia. The benefits, major challenges and limitations associated with the use of this mode of processing are also given due attention as an attempt to put into perspective the current position of continuous flow processing, either as an alternative or potential combinatory technology for batch processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith M Akwi
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa.
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37
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Seo H, Nguyen LV, Jamison TF. Using Carbon Dioxide as a Building Block in Continuous Flow Synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyowon Seo
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Long V. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Timothy F. Jamison
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 USA
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38
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Marion KC, Wooke Z, Pohl NLB. Synthesis of protected glucose derivatives from levoglucosan by development of common carbohydrate protecting group reactions under continuous flow conditions. Carbohydr Res 2018; 468:23-29. [PMID: 30121415 PMCID: PMC6615043 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Common carbohydrate protecting group reactions under continuous flow processes are reported in the context of producing partially-protected glucose building blocks from levoglucosan. Benzyl ether protection was demonstrated without the use of NaH using barium oxide, which, however, pointed to the need for forms of this catalyst not as susceptible to close packing under flow. Acylation conditions were developed under continuous flow in acetonitrile and avoiding pyridine. Ring-opening the derivatized levoglucosan with propanethiol was also demonstrated producing S-alkyl 2,4-di-O-benzyl-glucopyranoside building block in 2 rather than 12 steps in increased overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keevan C Marion
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Zachary Wooke
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States.
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39
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Freese T, Lücke AL, Namyslo JC, Nieger M, Schmidt A. Heterocycle Syntheses with Anionic N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Ring Transformations of Sydnone Imine Anions. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyll Freese
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Clausthal University of Technology; Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Ana-Luiza Lücke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Clausthal University of Technology; Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Jan C. Namyslo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Clausthal University of Technology; Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; P.O Box 55 00014 University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Clausthal University of Technology; Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
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40
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Pedersen MJ, Born S, Neuenschwander U, Skovby T, Mealy MJ, Kiil S, Dam-Johansen K, Jensen KF. Optimization of Grignard Addition to Esters: Kinetic and Mechanistic Study of Model Phthalide Using Flow Chemistry. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Pedersen
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Oddenvej 182, 4500 Nykøbing Sjælland, Denmark
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stephen Born
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ulrich Neuenschwander
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tommy Skovby
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Oddenvej 182, 4500 Nykøbing Sjælland, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Kiil
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kim Dam-Johansen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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41
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Shen X, Gong H, Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Lin J, Chen M. Unsymmetrical difunctionalization of cyclooctadiene under continuous flow conditions: expanding the scope of ring opening metathesis polymerization. Chem Sci 2018; 9:1846-1853. [PMID: 29675230 PMCID: PMC5890785 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04580h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionalized cyclooctenes (FCOEs) are important monomers in ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Herein, a new library of disubstituted FCOEs bearing adjacent heteroatoms were synthesized and applied in ROMP. To address the issues associated with the handling of the reactive thienyl chloride intermediate, a two-step continuous flow method has been developed to prepare 5-thio-6-chlorocyclooctene compounds from abundant cyclooctadiene starting materials. These newly synthesized FCOE monomers were subsequently polymerized through ROMP, giving rise to a range of functionalized polymers with high molecular weights. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the thermal properties of these polymers could be fine-tuned by changing the functional groups in the FCOE monomers. We expect that this functionalization-polymerization strategy will enable the preparation of a range of polymeric materials with complex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers , Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China . ; http://chenmaofudan.wixsite.com/polymao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource , Ministry Education , School of Chemical Science and Technology , Yunnan University , Kunming , 650091 , China
| | - Honghong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers , Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China . ; http://chenmaofudan.wixsite.com/polymao
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers , Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China . ; http://chenmaofudan.wixsite.com/polymao
| | - Yucheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers , Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China . ; http://chenmaofudan.wixsite.com/polymao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource , Ministry Education , School of Chemical Science and Technology , Yunnan University , Kunming , 650091 , China
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource , Ministry Education , School of Chemical Science and Technology , Yunnan University , Kunming , 650091 , China
| | - Mao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers , Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China . ; http://chenmaofudan.wixsite.com/polymao
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42
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Giraudeau P, Felpin FX. Flow reactors integrated with in-line monitoring using benchtop NMR spectroscopy. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00083b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The state-of-the-art flow reactors integrated with in-line benchtop NMR are thoroughly discussed with highlights on the strengths and weaknesses of this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Giraudeau
- UFR des Sciences et des Techniques
- CNRS UMR 6230
- CEISAM
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
| | - François-Xavier Felpin
- UFR des Sciences et des Techniques
- CNRS UMR 6230
- CEISAM
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
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43
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Britton J, Jamison TF. The assembly and use of continuous flow systems for chemical synthesis. Nat Protoc 2017; 12:2423-2446. [PMID: 29072707 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The adoption of and opportunities in continuous flow synthesis ('flow chemistry') have increased significantly over the past several years. Continuous flow systems provide improved reaction safety and accelerated reaction kinetics, and have synthesised several active pharmaceutical ingredients in automated reconfigurable systems. Although continuous flow platforms are commercially available, systems constructed 'in-lab' provide researchers with a flexible, versatile, and cost-effective alternative. Herein, we describe the assembly and use of a modular continuous flow apparatus from readily available and affordable parts in as little as 30 min. Once assembled, the synthesis of a sulfonamide by reacting 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride with dibenzylamine in a single reactor coil with an in-line quench is presented. This example reaction offers the opportunity to learn several important skills including reactor construction, charging of a back-pressure regulator, assembly of stainless-steel syringes, assembly of a continuous flow system with multiple junctions, and yield determination. From our extensive experience of single-step and multistep continuous flow synthesis, we also describe solutions to commonly encountered technical problems such as precipitation of solids ('clogging') and reactor failure. Following this protocol, a nonspecialist can assemble a continuous flow system from reactor coils, syringes, pumps, in-line liquid-liquid separators, drying columns, back-pressure regulators, static mixers, and packed-bed reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Britton
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy F Jamison
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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44
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Metternich JB, Artiukhin DG, Holland MC, von Bremen-Kühne M, Neugebauer J, Gilmour R. Photocatalytic E → Z Isomerization of Polarized Alkenes Inspired by the Visual Cycle: Mechanistic Dichotomy and Origin of Selectivity. J Org Chem 2017; 82:9955-9977. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan B. Metternich
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Denis G. Artiukhin
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mareike C. Holland
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Maximilian von Bremen-Kühne
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Neugebauer
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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45
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Plutschack MB, Pieber B, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry ∥. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11796-11893. [PMID: 28570059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1020] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask. Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions. This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow. Until recently, however, the question, "Should we do this in flow?" has merely been an afterthought. This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Plutschack
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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46
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Lummiss JA, Morse PD, Beingessner RL, Jamison TF. Towards More Efficient, Greener Syntheses through Flow Chemistry. CHEM REC 2017; 17:667-680. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin A.M. Lummiss
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA, 02139 USA
| | - Peter D. Morse
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA, 02139 USA
| | - Rachel L. Beingessner
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA, 02139 USA
| | - Timothy F. Jamison
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA, 02139 USA
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47
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Kockmann N, Thenée P, Fleischer-Trebes C, Laudadio G, Noël T. Safety assessment in development and operation of modular continuous-flow processes. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00021a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Improved safety is one of the main drivers for microreactor application in chemical process development and small-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Kockmann
- Laboratory of Equipment Design
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering
- TU Dortmund
- Germany
| | | | | | - Gabriele Laudadio
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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48
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Seo H, Katcher MH, Jamison TF. Photoredox activation of carbon dioxide for amino acid synthesis in continuous flow. Nat Chem 2016; 9:453-456. [PMID: 28430203 PMCID: PMC5407320 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although carbon dioxide (CO2) is highly abundant, its low reactivity has limited its use in chemical synthesis. In particular, methods for carbon–carbon bond formation generally rely on two-electron mechanisms for CO2 activation and require highly activated reaction partners. Alternatively, radical pathways accessed via photoredox catalysis could provide new reactivity under milder conditions. Here we demonstrate the direct coupling of CO2 and amines via the single-electron reduction of CO2 for the photoredox-catalyzed, continuous flow synthesis of α-amino acids. By leveraging advantages for utilizing gases and photochemistry in flow, a commercially available organic photoredox catalyst effects the selective α-carboxylation of amines bearing various functional groups and heterocycles. Preliminary mechanistic studies support CO2 activation and carbon–carbon bond formation via single-electron pathways, and we expect that this strategy will inspire new perspectives on using this feedstock chemical in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyowon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Matthew H Katcher
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Timothy F Jamison
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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49
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Carboxylative Coupling of Chloromethyl(hetero)arenes with Allyltrimethoxysilane Catalyzed by Palladium Nanoparticles. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Direct conversion of cinnamate esters into β,β-disubstituted ketones mediated by cyano-magnesio cuprates. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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