1
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Latendresse TP, Litak NP, Zeng JS, Zheng SL, Betley TA. High-Spin [Fe I3] Cluster Capable of Pnictogen Atom Capture. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:25578-25588. [PMID: 39231366 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Using a new hexanucleating anildophosphine ligand tBuLH3 (1,3,5-C6H9(NHC6H3-5-F-2-P(tBu)2)3), the all-monovalent [FeI3] compound (tBuL)Fe3 (1) was isolated and characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, SQUID magnetometry, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The molecular structure of 1 reveals very close Fe-Fe distances of 2.3825(7), 2.4146(8), and 2.3913(8) Å which results in significant Fe-Fe interactions and a maximum high-spin S = 9/2 spin state as determined by SQUID magnetometry and further supported by quantum chemical calculations. Compound 1 mediates the multielectron, oxidative atom transfer from inorganic azide ([Bu4N][N3]), cyanate (Na[NCO]), and phosphonate (Na(dioxane)2.5[PCO]) to afford the [Fe3]-nitrido (N3-) and [Fe3]-phosphido (P3-) pnictides, (tBuL)Fe3(μ3-N) (2) and [(tBuL)Fe3(μ3-P)(CO)]- (3), respectively. Compounds 1-3 exhibit rich electrochemical behavior with three (for 1), four (for 2) and five (for 3) distinct redox events being observed in the cyclic voltammograms of these compounds. Finally, the all-monovalent 1 and the formally FeII/FeII/FeI compound 3, were investigated by alternating current (ac) SQUID magnetometry, revealing slow magnetic relaxation in both compounds, with 3 being found to be a unique example of a [Fe3]-phosphido single-molecule magnet having an energy barrier relaxation reversal of U = 30.7(6) cm-1 in the absence of an external magnetic field. This study demonstrates the utility of an all low-valent polynuclear cluster to perform multielectron redox chemistry and exemplifies the redox flexibility and unique physical properties that are present in the corresponding midvalent oxidation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor P Latendresse
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Nicholas P Litak
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Joy S Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Shao-Liang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Theodore A Betley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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2
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Gonzalez AG, Gonzalez F, De Leon E, Birkhoff KM, Yruegas S, Chen H, Shoshani MM. Synthesis and characterization of NiAl-hydride heterometallics: perturbing electron density within Al-H-Ni subunits. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39189397 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01786b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Heterometallic hydride complexes are of growing interest due to their potential to contribute to highly active insertion-based catalysis; however, methods to modulate electron density within this class of molecules are underexplored. Addition of ancillary ligands to heterotrimetallic NiAl2H2 species (1) results in the formation of heterobimetallic NiAl-hydride complexes with varying phosphine donors (2-(L)2). Incorporation of sigma donating ancillary ligands of increasing strength led to contractions of the Ni-Al distances correlated to a strengthening of a back donation interaction to the Al-H sigma antibonding orbital, most prominently present in 2-(PMe3)2. Demethylation of the aryl ether from 2-(PMe3)2 provides access to a novel anionic nickel-aluminum complex (3) with a maintained bridged hydride moiety between Ni and Al. Increased negative charge in complex 3 results in an elongation of the Ni-Al interaction. Combined crystallographic, spectroscopic, and computational studies support a 3-center interaction within the Al-H-Ni subunits and were used to map the degree of Ni-H character of the series within the Al-H-Ni bonding continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleida G Gonzalez
- School of Integrated Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, 78520, USA
| | - Fernando Gonzalez
- School of Integrated Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, 78520, USA
| | - Edgardo De Leon
- School of Integrated Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, 78520, USA
| | | | - Sam Yruegas
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, USA
| | - Haoyuan Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas, 78539, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, 75275, USA.
| | - Manar M Shoshani
- School of Integrated Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, 78520, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA.
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3
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Osei MK, Mirzaei S, Mirzaei MS, Valles A, Hernández Sánchez R. Reversible dioxygen uptake at [Cu 4] clusters. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5327-5332. [PMID: 38577358 PMCID: PMC10988628 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06390a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Dioxygen binding solely through non-covalent interactions is rare. In living systems, dioxygen transport takes place via iron or copper-containing biological cofactors. Specifically, a reversible covalent interaction is established when O2 binds to the mono or polynuclear metal center. However, O2 stabilization in the absence of covalent bond formation is challenging and rarely observed. Here, we demonstrate a unique example of reversible non-covalent binding of dioxygen within the cavity of a well-defined synthetic all-Cu(i) tetracopper cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasseh Kusi Osei
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University 6100 Main St. Houston Texas USA
| | - Saber Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University 6100 Main St. Houston Texas USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Ave. Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - M Saeed Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University 6100 Main St. Houston Texas USA
| | - Agustin Valles
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University 6100 Main St. Houston Texas USA
| | - Raúl Hernández Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University 6100 Main St. Houston Texas USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Ave. Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
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4
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Jori N, Keener M, Rajeshkumar T, Scopelliti R, Maron L, Mazzanti M. Dinitrogen cleavage by a dinuclear uranium(iii) complex. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13485-13494. [PMID: 38033909 PMCID: PMC10686047 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05253b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the role of multimetallic cooperativity and of alkali ion-binding in the second coordination sphere is important for the design of complexes that can promote dinitrogen (N2) cleavage and functionalization. Herein, we compare the reaction products and mechanism of N2 reduction of the previously reported K2-bound dinuclear uranium(iii) complex, [K2{[UIII(OSi(OtBu)3)3]2(μ-O)}], B, with those of the analogous dinuclear uranium(iii) complexes, [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][K{UIII(OSi(OtBu)3)3}2(μ-O)], 1, and [K(2.2.2-cryptand)]2[{UIII(OSi(OtBu)3)3}2(μ-O)], 2, where one or two K+ ions have been removed from the second coordination sphere by addition of 2.2.2-cryptand. In this study, we found that the complete removal of the K+ ions from the inner coordination sphere leads to an enhanced reducing ability, as confirmed by cyclic voltammetry studies, of the resulting complex 2, and yields two new species upon N2 addition, namely the U(iii)/U(iv) complex, [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][{UIII(OSi(OtBu)3)3}(μ-O){UIV(OSi(OtBu)3)3}], 3, and the N2 cleavage product, the bis-nitride, terminal-oxo complex, [K(2.2.2-cryptand)]2[{UV(OSi(OtBu)3)3}(μ-N)2{UVI(OSi(OtBu)3)2(κ-O)}], 4. We propose that the formation of these two products involves a tetranuclear uranium-N2 intermediate that can only form in the absence of coordinated alkali ions, resulting in a six-electron transfer and cleavage of N2, demonstrating the possibility of a three-electron transfer from U(iii) to N2. These results give an insight into the relationship between alkali ion binding modes, multimetallic cooperativity and reactivity, and demonstrate how these parameters can be tuned to cleave and functionalize N2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir Jori
- Insititut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Megan Keener
- Insititut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- X-Ray Diffraction and Surface Analytics Platform, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Laurent Maron
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Marinella Mazzanti
- Insititut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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5
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Diao D, Simaan AJ, Martinez A, Colomban C. Bioinspired complexes confined in well-defined capsules: getting closer to metalloenzyme functionalities. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:4288-4299. [PMID: 36946593 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06990c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Reproducing the key features offered by metalloprotein binding cavities is an attractive approach to overcome the main bottlenecks of current open artificial models (in terms of stability, efficiency and selectivity). In this context, this featured article brings together selected examples of recent developments in the field of confined bioinspired complexes with an emphasis on the emerging hemicryptophane caged ligands. In particular, we focused on (1) the strategies allowing the insulation and protection of complexes sharing similarities with metalloprotein active sites, (2) the confinement-induced improvement of catalytic efficiencies and selectivities and (3) very recent efforts that have been made toward the development of bioinspired complexes equipped with weakly binding artificial cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin Diao
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
| | - A Jalila Simaan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
| | | | - Cédric Colomban
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
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6
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De Leon E, Gonzalez F, Bauskar P, Gonzalez-Eymard S, De Los Santos D, Shoshani MM. Amplifying Reactivity of Metal Hydrides: A Heterotrimetallic NiAl 2(μ 2-H) 2 Catalyst for the Dearomatization of N-Heterocycles. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edgardo De Leon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1 W. University Blvd. Brownsville, Texas 78520, United States
| | - Fernando Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1 W. University Blvd. Brownsville, Texas 78520, United States
| | - Preetika Bauskar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1 W. University Blvd. Brownsville, Texas 78520, United States
| | - Sergio Gonzalez-Eymard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1 W. University Blvd. Brownsville, Texas 78520, United States
| | - David De Los Santos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1 W. University Blvd. Brownsville, Texas 78520, United States
| | - Manar M. Shoshani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1 W. University Blvd. Brownsville, Texas 78520, United States
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7
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Zeng J, Qiu R, Zhu J. Screening Carbon-Boron Frustrated Lewis Pairs for Small-Molecule Activation including N 2 , O 2 , CO, CO 2 , CS 2 , H 2 O and CH 4 : A Computational Study. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201236. [PMID: 36647683 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dinitrogen (N2 ) activation is particularly challenging under ambient conditions because of its large highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gap (10.8 eV) and high bond dissociation energy (945 kJ mol-1 ) of the N≡N triple bond, attracting considerable attention from both experimental and theoretical chemists. However, most effort has focused on metallic systems. In contrast, nitrogen activation by frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) has been initiated recently via theoretical calculations. Here we perform density functional theory (DFT) calculations to screen a series of experimentally viable FLPs for small-molecule activation including N2 , O2 , CO, CO2 , CS2 , H2 O and CH4 . In addition, aromaticity is found to play an important role in most of these small-molecule activation. The particularly thermodynamic stabilities of the activation products and low reaction barriers could be a step forward for the development of FLP towards small-molecule activation including N2 , inviting experimental chemists' verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China.,Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, No. 206, Guanggu 1st road, 430205, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Rulin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
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8
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Ma X, Li M, Lei M. Trinuclear Transition Metal Complexes in Catalytic Reactions. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/a22100425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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9
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Osei MK, Mirzaei S, Bogetti X, Castro E, Rahman MA, Saxena S, Hernández Sánchez R. Synthesis of Square Planar Cu
4
Clusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209529. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manasseh Kusi Osei
- Department of Chemistry Rice University 6100 Main St. Houston TX 77005 USA
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Saber Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Xiaowei Bogetti
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Edison Castro
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Mohammad Azizur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Sunil Saxena
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Raúl Hernández Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry Rice University 6100 Main St. Houston TX 77005 USA
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
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10
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Gorantla SMNVT, Karnamkkott HS, Arumugam S, Mondal S, Mondal KC. Stability and bonding of carbon(0)-iron-N 2 complexes relevant to nitrogenase co-factor: EDA-NOCV analyses. J Comput Chem 2022; 44:43-60. [PMID: 36169176 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The factors/structural features which are responsible for the binding, activation and reduction of N2 to NH3 by FeMoco of nitrogenase have not been completely understood well. Several relevant model complexes by Holland et al. and Peters et al. have been synthesized, characterized and studied by theoretical calculations. For a matter of fact, those complexes are much different than real active N2 -binding Fe-sites of FeMoco, which possesses a central C(4-) ion having an eight valence electrons as an μ6 -bridge. Here, a series of [(S3 C(0))Fe(II/I/0)-N2 ]n- complexes in different charged/spin states containing a coordinated σ- and π-donor C(0)-atom which possesses eight outer shell electrons [carbone, (Ph3 P)2 C(0); Ph3 P→C(0)←PPh3 ] and three S-donor sites (i.e. - S-Ar), have been studied by DFT, QTAIM, and EDA-NOCV calculations. The effect of the weak field ligand on Fe-centres and the subsequent N2 -binding has been studied by EDA-NOCV analysis. The role of the oxidation state of Fe and N2 -binding in different charged and spin states of the complex have been investigated by EDA-NOCV analyses. The intrinsic interaction energies of the Fe-N2 bond are in the range from -42/-35 to -67 kcal/mol in their corresponding ground states. The S3 C(0) donor set is argued here to be closer to the actual coordination environment of one of the six Fe-centres of nitrogenase. In comparison, the captivating model complexes reported by Holland et al. and Peter et al. possess a stronger π-acceptor C-ring (S2 Cring donor, π-C donor) and stronger donor set like CP3 (σ-C donor) ligands, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Selvakumar Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Sangita Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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11
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Chauhan A, Karnamkkott HS, Gorantla SMNV, Mondal KC. Dinitrogen Binding and Activation: Bonding Analyses of Stable V(III/I)-N 2-V(III/I) Complexes by the EDA-NOCV Method from the Perspective of Vanadium Nitrogenase. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:31577-31590. [PMID: 36092593 PMCID: PMC9453968 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The FeVco cofactor of nitrogenase (VFe7S8(CO3)C) is an alternative in the molybdenum (Mo)-deficient free soil living azotobacter vinelandii. The rate of N2 reduction to NH3 by FeVco is a few times higher than that by FeMoco (MoFe7S9C) at low temperature. It provides a N source in the form of ammonium ions to the soil. This biochemical NH3 synthesis is an alternative to the industrial energy-demanding production of NH3 by the Haber-Bosch process. The role of vanadium has not been clearly understood yet, which has led chemists to come up with several stable V-N2 complexes which have been isolated and characterized in the laboratory over the past three decades. Herein, we report the EDA-NOCV analyses of dinitrogen-bonded stable complexes V(III/I)-N2 (1-4) to provide deeper insights into the fundamental bonding aspects of V-N2 bond, showing the interacting orbitals and corresponding pairwise orbital interaction energies (ΔE orb(n)). The computed intrinsic interaction energy (ΔE int) of V-N2-V bonds is significantly higher than those of the previously reported Fe-N2-Fe bonds. Covalent interaction energy (ΔE orb) is more than double the electrostatic interaction energy (ΔE elstat) of V-N2-V bonds. ΔE int values of V-N2-V bonds are in the range of -172 to -204 kcal/mol. The V → N2 ← V π-backdonation is four times stronger than V ← N2 → V σ-donation. V-N2 bonds are much more covalent in nature than Fe-N2 bonds.
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12
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Osei MK, Mirzaei S, Bogetti X, Castro E, Rahman MA, Saxena S, Hernandez Sanchez R. Synthesis of Square Planar Cu4 Clusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manasseh Kusi Osei
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Chemistry 219 Parkman Ave 15260 Pittsburgh UNITED STATES
| | - Saber Mirzaei
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Chemistry 219 Parkman Avenue 15260 Pittsburgh UNITED STATES
| | - Xiaowei Bogetti
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Chemistry 219 Parkman Ave 15260 Pittsburgh UNITED STATES
| | - Edison Castro
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Chemistry 219 Parkman Ave 15260 Pittsburgh UNITED STATES
| | - Mohammad Azizur Rahman
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Chemistry 219 Parkman Ave 15260 Pittsburgh UNITED STATES
| | - Sunil Saxena
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Chemistry 219 Parkman Ave 15260 Pittsburgh UNITED STATES
| | - Raul Hernandez Sanchez
- Rice University Wiess School of Natural Sciences Chemistry 6100 Main St. 77005 Houston UNITED STATES
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13
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Torres JF, Oi CH, Moseley IP, El‐Sakkout N, Knight BJ, Shearer J, García‐Serres R, Zadrozny JM, Murray LJ. Dinitrogen Coordination to a High‐Spin Diiron(I/II) Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202329. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Torres
- Center for Catalysis and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Collin H. Oi
- Center for Catalysis and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Ian P. Moseley
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Nabila El‐Sakkout
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes CNRS CEA IRIG Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 17 rue des Martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Brian J. Knight
- Center for Catalysis and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Jason Shearer
- Department of Chemistry Trinity University San Antonio TX 78212 USA
| | - Ricardo García‐Serres
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes CNRS CEA IRIG Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 17 rue des Martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Joseph M. Zadrozny
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Leslie J. Murray
- Center for Catalysis and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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14
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Torres JF, Oi CH, Moseley I, El-Sakkout N, Knight BJ, Shearer J, García-Serres R, Zadrozny JM, Murray LJ. Dinitrogen Coordination to a High Spin Diiron(I/II) Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Moseley
- Colorado State University Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Nabila El-Sakkout
- Université Grenoble Alpes: Universite Grenoble Alpes Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | | | | | | | - Leslie Justin Murray
- University of Florida Department of Chemistry P.O. Box 117200 32611-7200 Gainesville UNITED STATES
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15
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Devi K, Gorantla SMNVT, Mondal KC. EDA-NOCV analysis of carbene-borylene bonded dinitrogen complexes for deeper bonding insight: A fair comparison with a metal-dinitrogen system. J Comput Chem 2022; 43:757-777. [PMID: 35289411 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Binding of dinitrogen (N2 ) to a transition metal center (M) and followed by its activation under milder conditions is no longer impossible; rather, it is routinely studied in laboratories by transition metal complexes. In contrast, binding of N2 by main group elements has been a challenge for decades, until very recently, an exotic cAAC-borylene (cAAC = cyclic alkyl(amino) carbene) species showed similar binding affinity to kinetically inert and non-polar dinitrogen (N2 ) gas under ambient conditions. Since then, N2 binding by short lived borylene species has made a captivating news in different journals for its unusual features and future prospects. Herein, we carried out different types of DFT calculations, including EDA-NOCV analysis of the relevant cAAC-boron-dinitrogen complexes and their precursors, to shed light on the deeper insight of the bonding secret (EDA-NOCV = energy decomposition analysis coupled with natural orbital for chemical valence). The hidden bonding aspects have been uncovered and are presented in details. Additionally, similar calculations have been carried out in comparison with a selected stable dinitrogen bridged-diiron(I) complex. Singlet cAAC ligand is known to be an exotic stable species which, combined with the BAr group, produces an intermediate singlet electron-deficient (cAAC)(BAr) species possessing a high lying HOMO suitable for overlapping with the high lying π*-orbital of N2 via effective π-backdonation. The BN2 interaction energy has been compared with that of the FeN2 bond. Our thorough bonding analysis might answer the unasked questions of experimental chemists about how boron compounds could mimic the transition metal of dinitrogen binding and activation, uncovering hidden bonding aspects. Importantly, Pauling repulsion energy also plays a crucial role and decides the binding efficiency in terms of intrinsic interaction energy between the boron-center and the N2 ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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Karnamkkott HS, Gorantla SMNVT, Devi K, Tiwari G, Mondal KC. Bonding and stability of dinitrogen-bonded donor base-stabilized Si(0)/Ge(0) species [(cAAC Me-Si/Ge) 2(N 2)]: EDA-NOCV analysis. RSC Adv 2022; 12:4081-4093. [PMID: 35425464 PMCID: PMC8981037 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07714g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, dinitrogen (N2) binding and its activation have been achieved by non-metal compounds like intermediate cAAC-borylene as (cAAC)2(B-Dur)2(N2) [cAAC = cyclic alkyl(amino) carbene; Dur = aryl group, 2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenyl; B-Dur = borylene]. It has attracted a lot of scientific attention from different research areas because of its future prospects as a potent species towards the metal free reduction of N2 into ammonia (NH3) under mild conditions. Two (cAAC)(B-Dur) units, each of which possesses six valence electrons around the B-centre, are shown to accept σ-donations from the N2 ligand (B ← N2). Two B-Dur further provide π-backdonations (B → N2) to a central N2 ligand to strengthen the B–N2–B bond, providing maximum stability to the compound (cAAC)2(B-Dur)2(N2) since the summation of each pair wise interaction accounted for the total stabilization energy of the molecule. (cAAC)(B-Dur) unit is isolobal to cAAC–E (E = Si, Ge) fragment. Herein, we report on the stability and bonding of cAAC–E bonded N2-complex (cAAC–E)2(N2) (1–2; Si, Ge) by NBO, QTAIM and EDA-NOCV analyses (EDA-NOCV = energy decomposition analysis coupled with natural orbital for chemical valence; QTAIM = quantum theory of atoms in molecule). Our calculation suggested that syntheses of elusive (cAAC–E)2(N2) (1–2; Si, Ge) species may be possible with cAAC ligands having bulky substitutions adjacent to the CcAAC atom by preventing the homo-dimerization of two (cAAC)(E) units which can lead to the formation of (cAAC–E)2. The formation of E
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E bond is thermodynamically more favourable (E = Si, Ge) over binding energy of N2 inbetween two cAAC–E units. Dinitrogen (N2) binding and its activation have been achieved by non-metal compounds like intermediate cAACborylene with the general formula of (cAAC)2(B-Dur)2(N2) [cAAC = cyclic alkyl(amino)carbene; Dur = aryl group, 2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenyl; B-Dur = aryl-borylene].![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha S Karnamkkott
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | | | - Kavita Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Geetika Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
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Dinitrogen Binding Relevant to FeMoco of Nitrogenase: Clear Visualization of σ‐Donation and π‐Backdonation from Deformation Electron Densities around Carbon/Silicon‐Iron Site. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Gorantla SMNVT, Chandra Mondal K. Estimations of Fe0/−1–N2 interaction energies of iron(0)-dicarbene and its reduced analogue by EDA-NOCV analyses: crucial steps in dinitrogen activation under mild conditions. RSC Adv 2022; 12:3465-3475. [PMID: 35425364 PMCID: PMC8979315 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08348a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal complexes containing low valence iron atoms are often experimentally observed to bind with the dinitrogen (N2) molecule. This phenomenon has attracted the attention of industrialists, chemists and bio-chemists since these N2-bonded iron complexes can produce ammonia under suitable chemical or electrochemical conditions. The higher binding affinity of the Fe-atom towards N2 is a bit ‘mysterious’ compared to that of the other first row transition metal atoms. Fine powders of α-Fe0 are even part of industrial ammonia production (Haber–Bosch process) which operates at high temperature and high pressure. Herein, we report the EDA-NOCV analyses of the previously reported dinitrogen-bonded neutral molecular complex (cAACR)2Fe0–N2 (1) and mono-anionic complex (cAACR)2Fe−1–N2 (2) to give deeper insight of the Fe–N2 interacting orbitals and corresponding pairwise intrinsic interaction energies (cAACR = cyclic alkyl(amino) carbene; R = Dipp or Me). The Fe0 atom of 1 prefers to accept electron densities from N2via σ-donation while the comparatively electron rich Fe−1 centre of 2 donates electron densities to N2via π-backdonation. However, major stability due to the formation of an Fe–N2 bond arises due to Fe → N2 π-backdonation in both 1 and 2. The cAACR ligands act as a charge reservoir around the Fe centre. The electron densities drift away from cAAC ligands during the binding of N2 molecules mostly via π-backdonation. EDA-NOCV analysis suggests that N2 is a stronger π-acceptor rather than a σ-donor. The stable Fe–N2 bond of stable complex should have a sufficiently high interaction energy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kartik Chandra Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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19
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Gorantla SMVT, Mondal KC. EDA-NOCV Calculation for Efficient N 2 Binding to the Reduced Ni 3S 8 Complex: Estimation of Ni-N 2 Intrinsic Interaction Energies. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:33389-33397. [PMID: 34926888 PMCID: PMC8674922 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The binding of the dinitrogen molecule to the metal center is the first and crucial step toward dinitrogen activation. Favorable interaction energies are desired by chemists and biochemists to study model complexes in the laboratory. An electrochemically reduced form of a previously isolated sulfur-bridged Ni3S8 complex is inferred to bind N2 at multiple Ni centers, and this bonded N2 undergoes reductive protonation to produce hydrazine (N2H4) as the product in the presence of a proton donor. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analysis have been carried out to shed light on the nature of N2 binding to an anionic trinuclear Ni3S8 complex. Additionally, energy decomposition analysis with the combination of natural orbital for chemical valence (EDA-NOCV) analysis has been performed to estimate the pairwise interaction energies between the Ni center and the N2 molecule under experimental conditions.
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20
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Gorantla SMVT, Mondal KC. Estimations of Fe-N 2 Intrinsic Interaction Energies of Iron-Sulfur/Nitrogen-Carbon Sites: A Deeper Bonding Insight by EDA-NOCV Analysis of a Model Complex of the Nitrogenase Cofactor. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:33932-33942. [PMID: 34926940 PMCID: PMC8675039 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The MoFe7S9C1- unit of the nitrogenase cofactor (FeMoco) attracts chemists and biochemists due to its unusual ability to bind aerial dinitrogen (N2) at ambient condition and catalytically convert it into ammonia (NH3). The mode of N2 binding and its reaction pathways are yet not clear. An important conclusion has been made based on the very recent synthesis and isolation of model Fe(I/0)-complexes with sulfur-donor ligands under the cleavage of one Fe-S bond followed by binding of N2 at the Fe(0) center. These complexes are structurally relevant to the nitrogenase cofactor (MoFe7S9C1-). Herein, we report the EDA-NOCV analyses and NICS calculations of the dinitrogen-bonded dianionic complex Fe0-N2 (1) (having a CAr ← Fe π-bond) and monoanionic complex FeI-N2 (2) (having a CAr-Fe σ-bond) to provide a deeper insight into the Fe-N2 interacting orbitals and corresponding pairwise interaction energies (EDA-NOCV = energy decomposition analysis coupled with natural orbital for chemical valence; NICS = nucleus-independent chemical shifts). The orbital interaction in the Fe-N2 bond is significantly larger than Coulombic interactions, with major pairwise contributions coming from d(Fe) orbitals to the empty π* orbitals of N2 (three Fe → N2). ΔE int values are in the range of -61 to -77 kcal mol-1. Very interestingly, NICS calculations have been carried out for the fragments before and after binding of the N2 molecule. The computed σ- and π-aromaticity values are attributed to the position of the Fe atoms, oxidation states of Fe centers, and Fe-C bond lengths of these two complexes.
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Partial synthetic models of FeMoco with sulfide and carbyne ligands: Effect of interstitial atom in nitrogenase active site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2109241118. [PMID: 34857636 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109241118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-fixing organisms perform dinitrogen reduction to ammonia at an Fe-M (M = Mo, Fe, or V) cofactor (FeMco) of nitrogenase. FeMco displays eight metal centers bridged by sulfides and a carbide having the MFe7S8C cluster composition. The role of the carbide ligand, a unique motif in protein active sites, remains poorly understood. Toward addressing how the carbon bridge affects the physical and chemical properties of the cluster, we isolated synthetic models of subsite MFe3S3C displaying sulfides and a chelating carbyne ligand. We developed synthetic protocols for structurally related clusters, [Tp*M'Fe3S3X]n-, where M' = Mo or W, the bridging ligand X = CR, N, NR, S, and Tp* = Tris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)hydroborate, to study the effects of the identity of the heterometal and the bridging X group on structure and electrochemistry. While the nature of M' results in minor changes, the chelating, μ3-bridging carbyne has a large impact on reduction potentials, being up to 1 V more reducing compared to nonchelating N and S analogs.
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Bae DY, Lee G, Lee E. Fixation of Dinitrogen at an Asymmetric Binuclear Titanium Complex. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:12813-12822. [PMID: 34492761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A new type of dititanium dinitrogen complex supported by a triphenolamine (TPA) ligand is reported. Analysis by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and Raman and NMR spectroscopy reveals different coordination geometries for the two titanium centers. Hence, coordination of TPA and a nitrogen ligand results in trigonal-bipyramidal geometry, while an octahedral titanium center is obtained upon additional coordination of an ethoxide generated upon C-O bond cleavage in a diethyl ether solvent molecule. The titanium complex successfully generates ammonia in the presence of an excess amount of PCy3HI and KC8 in 154% yield (per titanium atom). A titanium complex with a bulkier TPA does not form a dinitrogen complex, and mononuclear titanium dinitrogen complexes were not accessible, presumably because of the high tendency of early transition metals to form binuclear dinitrogen complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Young Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gunhee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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23
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Francisco MAS, Fantuzzi F, Cardozo TM, Esteves PM, Engels B, Oliveira RR. Taming the Antiferromagnetic Beast: Computational Design of Ultrashort Mn-Mn Bonds Stabilized by N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:12126-12136. [PMID: 34114702 PMCID: PMC8456913 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of complexes featuring low-valent, multiply bonded metal centers is an exciting field with several potential applications. In this work, we describe the design principles and extensive computational investigation of new organometallic platforms featuring the elusive manganese-manganese bond stabilized by experimentally realized N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). By using DFT computations benchmarked against multireference calculations, as well as MO- and VB-based bonding analyses, we could disentangle the various electronic and structural effects contributing to the thermodynamic and kinetic stability, as well as the experimental feasibility, of the systems. In particular, we explored the nature of the metal-carbene interaction and the role of the ancillary η6 coordination to the generation of Mn2 systems featuring ultrashort metal-metal bonds, closed-shell singlet multiplicities, and positive adiabatic singlet-triplet gaps. Our analysis identifies two distinct classes of viable synthetic targets, whose electrostructural properties are thoroughly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A. S. Francisco
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroAv. Athos da Silveira Ramos 14921941909Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgEmil-Fischer-Straße 4297074WürzburgGermany
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Thiago M. Cardozo
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroAv. Athos da Silveira Ramos 14921941909Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Pierre M. Esteves
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroAv. Athos da Silveira Ramos 14921941909Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgEmil-Fischer-Straße 4297074WürzburgGermany
| | - Ricardo R. Oliveira
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroAv. Athos da Silveira Ramos 14921941909Rio de JaneiroBrazil
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Jori N, Barluzzi L, Douair I, Maron L, Fadaei-Tirani F, Z Ivković I, Mazzanti M. Stepwise Reduction of Dinitrogen by a Uranium-Potassium Complex Yielding a U(VI)/U(IV) Tetranitride Cluster. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11225-11234. [PMID: 34269064 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multimetallic cooperativity is believed to play a key role in the cleavage of dinitrogen to nitrides (N3-), but the mechanism remains ambiguous due to the lack of isolated intermediates. Herein, we report the reduction of the complex [K2{[UV(OSi(OtBu)3)3]2(μ-O)(μ-η2:η2-N2)}], B, with KC8, yielding the tetranuclear tetranitride cluster [K6{(OSi(OtBu)3)2UIV}3{(OSi(OtBu)3)2UVI}(μ4-N)3(μ3-N)(μ3-O)2], 1, a novel example of N2 cleavage to nitride by a diuranium complex. The structure of complex 1 is remarkable, as it contains a unique uranium center bound by four nitrides and provides the second example of a trans-N═UVI═N core analogue of UO22+. Experimental and computational studies indicate that the formation of the U(IV)/U(VI) tetrauranium cluster occurs via successive one-electron transfers from potassium to the bound N24- ligand in complex B, resulting in N2 cleavage and the formation of the putative diuranium(V) bis-nitride [K4{[UV(OSi(OtBu)3)3]2(μ-O)(μ-N)2}], X. Additionally, cooperative potassium binding to the U-bound N24- ligand facilitates dinitrogen cleavage during electron transfer. The nucleophilic nitrides in both complexes are easily functionalized by protons to yield ammonia in 93-97% yield and with excess 13CO to yield K13CN and KN13CO. The structures of two tetranuclear U(IV)/U(V) bis- and mononitride clusters isolated from the reaction with CO demonstrate that the nitride moieties are replaced by oxides without disrupting the tetranuclear structure, but ultimately leading to valence redistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir Jori
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luciano Barluzzi
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Iskander Douair
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ivica Z Ivković
- Laboratory for Quantum Magnetism, Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marinella Mazzanti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Dong S, Zhu J. Predicting Dinitrogen Activation via Transition-Metal-Involved [4+2] Cycloaddition Reaction. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:1626-1633. [PMID: 33939877 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As the strongest triple bond in nature, the N≡N triple bond activation has always been a challenging project in chemistry. On the other hand, since the award of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1950, the Diels-Alder reaction has served as a powerful and widely applied tool in the synthesis of natural products and new materials. However, the application of the Diels-Alder reaction to dinitrogen activation remains less developed. Here we first demonstrate that a transition-metal-involved [4+2] Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction could be used to activate dinitrogen without an additional reductant by density functional theory calculations. Further study reveals that such a dinitrogen activation by 1-metalla-1,3-dienes screened out from a series of transition metal complexes (38 species) according to the effects of metal center, ligand, and substituents can become favorable both thermodynamically (with an exergonicity of 28.2 kcal mol-1 ) and kinetically (with an activation energy as low as 13.8 kcal mol-1 ). Our findings highlight an important application of the Diels-Alder reaction in dinitrogen activation, inviting experimental chemists' verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
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26
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Forrest SJK, Schluschaß B, Yuzik-Klimova EY, Schneider S. Nitrogen Fixation via Splitting into Nitrido Complexes. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6522-6587. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J. K. Forrest
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bastian Schluschaß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Sven Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Wang Q, Brooks SH, Liu T, Tomson NC. Tuning metal-metal interactions for cooperative small molecule activation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2839-2853. [PMID: 33624638 PMCID: PMC8274379 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07721f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cluster complexes have attracted interest for decades due to their promise of drawing analogies to metallic surfaces and metalloenzyme active sites, but only recently have chemists started to develop ligand scaffolds that are specifically designed to support multinuclear transition metal cores. Such ligands not only hold multiple metal centers in close proximity but also allow for fine-tuning of their electronic structures and surrounding steric environments. This Feature Article highlights ligand designs that allow for cooperative small molecule activation at cluster complexes, with a particular focus on complexes that contain metal-metal bonds. Two useful ligand-design elements have emerged from this work: a degree of geometric flexibility, which allows for novel small molecule activation modes, and the use of redox-active ligands to provide electronic flexibility to the cluster core. The authors have incorporated these factors into a unique class of dinucleating macrocycles (nPDI2). Redox-active fragments in nPDI2 mimic the weak-overlap covalent bonding that is characteristic of M-M interactions, and aliphatic linkers in the ligand backbone provide geometric flexibility, allowing for interconversion between a range of geometries as the dinuclear core responds to the requirements of various small molecule substrates. The union of these design elements appears to be a powerful combination for analogizing critical aspects of heterogeneous and metalloenzyme catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuran Wang
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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28
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Masero F, Perrin MA, Dey S, Mougel V. Dinitrogen Fixation: Rationalizing Strategies Utilizing Molecular Complexes. Chemistry 2021; 27:3892-3928. [PMID: 32914919 PMCID: PMC7986120 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dinitrogen (N2 ) is the most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere, but its inertness hinders its use as a nitrogen source in the biosphere and in industry. Efficient catalysts are hence required to ov. ercome the high kinetic barriers associated to N2 transformation. In that respect, molecular complexes have demonstrated strong potential to mediate N2 functionalization reactions under mild conditions while providing a straightforward understanding of the reaction mechanisms. This Review emphasizes the strategies for N2 reduction and functionalization using molecular transition metal and actinide complexes according to their proposed reaction mechanisms, distinguishing complexes inducing cleavage of the N≡N bond before (dissociative mechanism) or concomitantly with functionalization (associative mechanism). We present here the main examples of stoichiometric and catalytic N2 functionalization reactions following these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Masero
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir Prelog Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Marie A. Perrin
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir Prelog Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Subal Dey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir Prelog Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Victor Mougel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir Prelog Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
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29
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Ghosh AC, Duboc C, Gennari M. Synergy between metals for small molecule activation: Enzymes and bio-inspired complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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30
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Buratto WR, Ferreira RB, Catalano VJ, García-Serres R, Murray LJ. Cleavage of cluster iron-sulfide bonds in cyclophane-coordinated Fe nS m complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:816-821. [PMID: 33393563 PMCID: PMC7880558 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03805a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of the tri(μ-sulfido)triiron(iii) tris(β-diketiminate) cyclophane complex, Fe3S3LEt/Me (1), or of the di(μ-sulfido)diiron(iii) complex Fe2S2HLEt/Me (5), with the related tri(bromide)triiron(ii) complex Fe3Br3LEt/Me (2) results in electron and ligand redistribution to yield the mixed-ligand multiiron complexes, including Fe3Br2SLEt/Me (3) and Fe2Br2SHLEt/Me (4). The cleavage and redistribution observed in these complexes is reminiscent of necessary Fe-S bond cleavage for substrate activation in nitrogenase enzymes, and provides a new perspective on the lability of Fe-S bonds in FeS clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Buratto
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA.
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31
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Jiang H, Lu R, Luo X, Si X, Xu J, Lu F. Molybdenum-Catalyzed Deoxygenation Coupling of Lignin-Derived Alcohols for Functionalized Bibenzyl Chemicals. Chemistry 2021; 27:1292-1296. [PMID: 32929787 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With the growing demand for sustainability and reducing CO2 footprint, lignocellulosic biomass has attracted much attention as a renewable, carbon-neutral and low-cost feedstock for the production of chemicals and fuels. To realize efficient utilization of biomass resource, it is essential to selectively alter the high degree of oxygen functionality of biomass-derivates. Herein, we introduced a novel procedure to transform renewable lignin-derived alcohols to various functionalized bibenzyl chemicals. This strategy relied on a short deoxygenation coupling pathway with economical molybdenum catalyst. A well-designed H-donor experiment was performed to investigate the mechanism of this Mo-catalyzed process. It was proven that benzyl carbon-radical was the most possible intermediate to form the bibenzyl products. It was also discovered that the para methoxy and phenolic hydroxyl groups could stabilize the corresponding radical intermediates and then facilitate to selectively obtain bibenzyl products. Our research provides a promising application to produce functionalized aromatics from biomass-derived materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Rui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Si
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Fang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
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32
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Casey KC, Appiah JK, Robinson JR. Low-Symmetry β-Diketimine Aryloxide Rare-Earth Complexes: Flexible, Reactive, and Selective. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14827-14837. [PMID: 32986427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of a new low-symmetry β-diketimine featuring a pendant amino(methyl)phenol donor and its corresponding heteroleptic rare-earth (RE) complexes. This includes the first structurally characterized examples of alcoholysis and insertion from an isolated REIII amide in a β-diketimine framework. The flexible methylene linkage leads to REIII complexes with tunable dynamic solution behavior that defines their stoichiometric and catalytic reactivity. The addition of a strong neutral donor ligand, tricyclohexylphosphine oxide, suppresses a prevalent catalyst degradation pathway (base-promoted elimination) and dramatically enhances the catalyst performance in the stereospecific ring-opening polymerization of rac-β-butyrolactone. Our results further demonstrate the importance of ligand reorganization in the stoichiometric and catalytic activity of REIII ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry C Casey
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Jude K Appiah
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Jerome R Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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33
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Saha P, Amanullah S, Dey A. Electrocatalytic Reduction of Nitrogen to Hydrazine Using a Trinuclear Nickel Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17312-17317. [PMID: 33006899 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation and reduction of N2 have been a major challenge to chemists and the focus since now has mostly been on the synthesis of NH3. Alternatively, reduction of N2 to hydrazine is desirable because hydrazine is an excellent energy vector that can release the stored energy very conveniently without the need for catalysts. To date, only one molecular catalyst has been reported to be able to reduce N2 to hydrazine chemically. A trinuclear T-shaped nickel thiolate molecular complex has been designed to activate dinitrogen. The electrochemically generated all Ni(I) state of this molecule can reduce N2 in the presence of PhOH as a proton donor. Hydrazine is detected as the only nitrogen-containing product of the reaction, along with gaseous H2. The complex reported here is selective for the 4e-/4H+ reduction of nitrogen to hydrazine with a minor overpotential of ∼300 mV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Saha
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Sk Amanullah
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhishek Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India
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34
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Shoshani MM, Agapie T. Ligand architecture for triangular metal complexes: a high oxidation state Ni 3 cluster with proximal metal arrangement. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11279-11282. [PMID: 32832943 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03816d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new multidentate tetraanionic ligand platform for supporting trinuclear transition metal clusters has been developed. Two trisphenoxide phosphinimide ligands bind three Ni centers in a triangular arrangement. The phosphinimide donors bridge in μ3 fashion and the phenoxides complete a pseudo-square planar coordination sphere around each metal center. Electrochemical studies reveal two pseudo-reversible oxidation events at notably low potentials (-0.80 V and +0.05 V). The one electron oxidized species was characterized structurally, and it is assigned as a NiIII-containing cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar M Shoshani
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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35
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Reiners M, Baabe D, Münster K, Zaretzke MK, Freytag M, Jones PG, Coppel Y, Bontemps S, Rosal ID, Maron L, Walter MD. NH 3 formation from N 2 and H 2 mediated by molecular tri-iron complexes. Nat Chem 2020; 12:740-746. [PMID: 32601410 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Living systems carry out the reduction of N2 to ammonia (NH3) through a series of protonation and electron transfer steps under ambient conditions using the enzyme nitrogenase. In the chemical industry, the Haber-Bosch process hydrogenates N2 but requires high temperatures and pressures. Both processes rely on iron-based catalysts, but molecular iron complexes that promote the formation of NH3 on addition of H2 to N2 have remained difficult to devise. Here, we isolate the tri(iron)bis(nitrido) complex [(Cp'Fe)3(μ3-N)2] (in which Cp' = η5-1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2), which is prepared by reduction of [Cp'Fe(μ-I)]2 under an N2 atmosphere and comprises three iron centres bridged by two μ3-nitrido ligands. In solution, this complex reacts with H2 at ambient temperature (22 °C) and low pressure (1 or 4 bar) to form NH3. In the solid state, it is converted into the tri(iron)bis(imido) species, [(Cp'Fe)3(μ3-NH)2], by addition of H2 (10 bar) through an unusual solid-gas, single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation. In solution, [(Cp'Fe)3(μ3-NH)2] further reacts with H2 or H+ to form NH3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Reiners
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dirk Baabe
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Katharina Münster
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marc-Kevin Zaretzke
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Freytag
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter G Jones
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Yannick Coppel
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Bontemps
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, Toulouse, France
| | - Iker Del Rosal
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-UPS-LPCNO and CNRS-LPCNO, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-UPS-LPCNO and CNRS-LPCNO, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc D Walter
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Braunschweig, Germany.
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36
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Barriopedro P, Caballo J, Mena M, Pérez-Redondo A, Yélamos C. Successive Protonation and Methylation of Bridging Imido and Nitrido Ligands at Titanium Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:7631-7643. [PMID: 32396009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of nitrido complexes [{Ti(η5-C5Me5)(μ-NH)}3(μ3-N)] (1) and [{Ti(η5-C5Me5)}4(μ3-N)4] (2) with electrophilic reagents ROTf (R = H, Me; OTf = OSO2CF3) in different molar ratios have allowed the structural characterization of a series of titanium intermediates en route to the formation of the ammonium salts [NR4]OTf and [NR4][Ti(η5-C5Me5)(OTf)4]. The treatment of the trinuclear imido-nitrido complex 1 with 5.5 equiv of triflic acid in toluene at room temperature led to the dinuclear complex [Ti2(η5-C5Me5)2(μ-N)(NH3)(μ-O2SOCF3)2(OTf)] (3) and [NH4]OTf. Compound 3, along with the ammonium salts [NMe4]OTf and [NMe4][Ti(η5-C5Me5)(OTf)4] (5), was also obtained in the reaction of 1 with 8 equiv of methyl triflate in toluene at 100 °C. The trinuclear complex [Ti3(η5-C5Me5)3(μ-N)(μ-NH)2(μ-O2SOCF3)(OTf)] (4), an intermediate in the formation of 3, was isolated in the treatment of 1 with 4 equiv of MeOTf, although compound 4 was prepared in better yield by treatment of 1 with Me3SiOTf (2 equiv). Addition of a large excess of MeOTf or HOTf reagents to solutions of 3 resulted in the clean formation of ammonium salts [NR4][Ti(η5-C5Me5)(OTf)4] (R = Me (5), H (6)). Treatment of the tetranuclear nitrido complex [{Ti(η5-C5Me5)}4(μ3-N)4] (2) with 1 equiv of ROTf in toluene afforded the precipitation of the ionic compounds [{Ti(η5-C5Me5)}4(μ3-N)3(μ3-NR)][OTf] (R = H (8), Me (9)), while a large excess of HOTf led to the formation of [{Ti(η5-C5Me5)}4(μ3-N)3(μ3-NH)][Ti(η5-C5Me5)(OTf)4(NH3)] (10) by rupture of a fraction of tetranuclear molecules. Complex 2 reacted with 1 equiv of [M(η5-C5H5)(CO)3H] (M = Mo, Cr) via hydrogenation of one nitrido ligand to give the molecular derivative [{Ti(η5-C5Me5)}4(μ3-N)3(μ3-NH)] (11) and [{M(η5-C5H5)(CO)3}2], while a second 1 equiv of [M(η5-C5H5)(CO)3H] produced the ionic compounds [{Ti(η5-C5Me5)}4(μ3-N)2(μ3-NH)2][M(η5-C5H5)(CO)3] (M = Mo (12), Cr (13)) by protonation of another nitrido group. The X-ray crystal structures of 3-5, 9, 10, and 13 were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Barriopedro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Caballo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Mena
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Pérez-Redondo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Yélamos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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37
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Eaton MC, Knight BJ, Catalano VJ, Murray LJ. Evaluating Metal Ion Identity on Catalytic Silylation of Dinitrogen Using a Series of Trimetallic Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020; 2020:1519-1524. [PMID: 33071629 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201901335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We report catalytic silylation of dinitrogen to tris(trimethylsilyl)amine by a series of trinuclear first row transition metal complexes (M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) housed in our tris(β-diketiminate) cyclophane (L 3- ). Yields are expectedly dependent on metal ion type ranging from 14 to 199 equiv NH4 +/complex after protonolysis for the Mn to Co congeners, respectively. For the series of complexes, the number of turnovers trend observed is Co > Fe > Cr > Ni > Mn, consistent with prior reports of greater efficacy of Co over Fe in other ligand systems for this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Eaton
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA)
| | - Brian J Knight
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA)
| | | | - Leslie J Murray
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA)
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38
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Toniolo D, Scopelliti R, Zivkovic I, Mazzanti M. Assembly of High-Spin [Fe 3] Clusters by Ligand-Based Multielectron Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7301-7305. [PMID: 32248681 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The hexanuclear [Na12Fe6(tris-cyclo-salophen)2(THF)14], 1-THF, and the trinuclear [Na6Fe3(tris-cyclo-salophen)(py)9], 1-py, Fe(II) clusters can be easily assembled in one step from the ligand-based reduction of the [FeII(salophen)(THF)] complex. These complexes consist of triangular cores where three Fe(II) ions are held together, within range of bonding interaction, by the hexa-amide, hexaphenolate macrocyclic ligand tris-cyclo-salophen12-. The tris-cyclo-salophen12- ligand is perfectly suited for binding three Fe(II) centers at short distances, allowing for strong magnetic coupling between the Fe(II) centers. The macrocyclic ligand is generated by the reductive coupling of the imino groups of three salophen ligands, resulting in three new C-C bonds. The six electrons stored in the ligand become available for the reduction of carbon dioxide with selective formation of carbonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Toniolo
- Insititut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Insititut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ivica Zivkovic
- Laboratory for Quantum Magnetism, Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marinella Mazzanti
- Insititut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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39
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Liu T, Gau MR, Tomson NC. Mimicking the Constrained Geometry of a Nitrogen-Fixation Intermediate. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8142-8146. [PMID: 32203663 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Both biological and industrial nitrogen reduction catalysts activate N2 at multinuclear binding sites with constrained Fe-Fe distances. This contrasts with molecular diiron systems, which routinely form linear N2 bridges to minimize steric interactions. Model compounds that capture the salient geometric features of N2 binding by the nitrogenase enzymes and Mittasch catalysts would contribute to understanding their high N2-reduction activity. It is shown in the present study that use of a geometrically flexible, dinucleating macrocycle allows for the formation of a bridging N2 ligand with an unusual Fe-CtN2-Fe angle of 150° (CtN2 = centroid of N2), a geometry that approximates the α-N2 binding mode on Fe(111) surfaces that precedes N2 bond cleavage. The cavity size of the macrocycle prevents the formation of a linear Fe-N2-Fe unit and leads to orbital interactions that are distinct from those available to the linear configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchang Liu
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Michael R Gau
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Neil C Tomson
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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40
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Shima T, Yang J, Luo G, Luo Y, Hou Z. Dinitrogen Activation and Hydrogenation by C5Me4SiMe3-Ligated Di- and Trinuclear Chromium Hydride Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9007-9016. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Shima
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jimin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
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41
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Cha J, Kwon H, Song H, Lee E. Dinitrogen activation by a penta-pyridyl molybdenum complex. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:12945-12949. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02692a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new dinitrogen (N2) molybdenum(0) complex supported exclusively by pyridine ligands was synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Cha
- Department of Chemistry
- Pohang University of Science and Technology
- 37673 Pohang
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunchul Kwon
- Department of Chemistry
- Pohang University of Science and Technology
- 37673 Pohang
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Song
- Department of Chemistry
- Pohang University of Science and Technology
- 37673 Pohang
- Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Pohang University of Science and Technology
- 37673 Pohang
- Republic of Korea
- Division of Advanced Materials Science
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42
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Tanaka H, Hitaoka S, Umehara K, Yoshizawa K, Kuwata S. Mechanistic Study on Catalytic Disproportionation of Hydrazine by a Protic Pincer‐Type Iron Complex through Proton‐Coupled Electron Transfer. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201901135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Tanaka
- School of Liberal Arts and Sciences Daido University Minami-ku Nagoya 457‐8530 Japan
| | - Seiji Hitaoka
- Institute of Materials Chemistry and Engineering Kyushu University Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819‐0395 Japan
| | - Kazuki Umehara
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2‐12‐1 E4‐1 O‐Okayama Meguro‐ku Tokyo 152‐8552 Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute of Materials Chemistry and Engineering Kyushu University Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819‐0395 Japan
| | - Shigeki Kuwata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2‐12‐1 E4‐1 O‐Okayama Meguro‐ku Tokyo 152‐8552 Japan
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43
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Buscagan TM, Rees DC. Rethinking the Nitrogenase Mechanism: Activating the Active Site. JOULE 2019; 3:2662-2678. [PMID: 32864580 PMCID: PMC7451245 DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metalloenzymes called nitrogenases (N2ases) harness the reactivity of transition metals to reduce N2 to NH3. Specifically, N2ases feature a multimetallic active site, called a cofactor, which binds and reduces N2. The seven Fe centers and one additional metal center (Mo, V, or Fe) that make up the cofactor are all potential substrate binding sites. Unraveling the mechanism by which the cofactor binds N2 and reduces N2 to NH3 represents a multifaceted challenge because cofactor activation is required for N2 binding and functionalization to NH3. Despite decades of fascinating contributions, the nature of N2 binding to the active site and the structure of the activated cofactor remain unknown. Herein, we discuss the challenges associated with N2 reduction and how transition metal complexes facilitate N2 functionalization by coordinating N2. We also review the activation and/or reaction mechanisms reported for small molecule catalysts and the Haber-Bosch catalyst and discuss their potential relevance to biological N2 fixation. Finally, we survey what is known about the mechanism of N2ase and highlight recent X-ray crystallographic studies supporting Fe-S bond cleavage at the active site to generate reactive Fe centers as a potential, underexplored route for cofactor activation. We propose that structural rearrangements, beyond electron and proton transfers, are key in generating the catalytically active state(s) of the cofactor. Understanding the mechanism of activation will be key to understanding N2 binding and reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trixia M. Buscagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
| | - Douglas C. Rees
- to whom correspondence concerning the manuscript may be addressed, , telephone: 1-626-395-8393
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44
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Zhang S, Wang Q, Thierer LM, Weberg AB, Gau MR, Carroll PJ, Tomson NC. Tuning Metal-Metal Interactions through Reversible Ligand Folding in a Series of Dinuclear Iron Complexes. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:12234-12244. [PMID: 31448589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A dinucleating macrocyclic ligand with two redox-active, pyridyldiimine components was shown to undergo reversible ligand folding to accommodate various substitution patterns, metal ion spin states, and degrees of Fe-Fe bonding within the cluster. An unfolded-ligand geometry with a rectangular Fe2(μ-Cl)2 core and an Fe-Fe distance of 3.3262(5) Å served as a direct precursor to two different folded-ligand complexes. Chemical reduction in the presence of PPh3 resulted in a diamagnetic, folded ligand complex with an Fe-Fe bonding interaction (dFe-Fe = 2.7096(17) Å) between two intermediate spin (SFe = 1) Fe(II) centers. Ligand folding was also induced through anion exchange on the unfolded-ligand species, producing a complex with three PhS- ligands and a temperature-dependent Fe-Fe distance. In this latter example, the weak ligand field of the thiolate ligands led to a product with weakly coupled, high-spin Fe(II) ions (SFe = 2; J = -50.1 cm-1) that form a bonding interaction in the ground state and a nonbonding interaction in the excited state(s), as determined by SQUID magnetometry and variable temperature crystallography. Finally, both folded-ligand complexes were shown to reform an unfolded-ligand geometry through convergent syntheses of a complex with an Fe-Fe bonded Fe2(μ-SPh)2 core (dFe-Fe = 2.7320(11) Å). Experimentally validated DFT calculations were used to investigate the electronic structures of all species as a way to understand the origin of Fe-Fe bonding interactions, the extent of ligand reduction, and the nature of the spin systems that result from multiple, weakly interacting spin centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoguang Zhang
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Qiuran Wang
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Laura M Thierer
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Alexander B Weberg
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Michael R Gau
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Patrick J Carroll
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Neil C Tomson
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
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Connor GP, Mercado BQ, Lant HMC, Mayer JM, Holland PL. Chemical Oxidation of a Coordinated PNP-Pincer Ligand Forms Unexpected Re–Nitroxide Complexes with Reversal of Nitride Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:10791-10801. [PMID: 31389243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gannon P. Connor
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Brandon Q. Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Hannah M. C. Lant
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - James M. Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Patrick L. Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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Hong DH, Knight BJ, Catalano VJ, Murray LJ. Isolation of chloride- and hydride-bridged tri-iron and -zinc clusters in a tris(β-oxo-δ-diimine) cyclophane ligand. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:9570-9575. [PMID: 31012886 PMCID: PMC6610688 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00799g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A cyclophane ligand (H6L) bearing three β-oxo-δ-diimine arms and the corresponding tri-iron and -zinc complexes in which the metal ions are bridged by either chlorides, viz. Fe3Cl3(H3L) (1) and Zn3Cl3(H3L) (2), or hydrides, viz. Fe3H3(H3L) (3), Zn3H3(H3L) (4), were synthesized and characterized. 1 adopts a chair-shaped C3v-symmetric [Fe3(μ-Cl)3]3+ cluster wherein only one hemisphere of the ligand is metallated and the other three ketoimine sites remain protonated as evidenced by single crystal X-ray diffraction and vibrational and NMR spectroscopic analyses. 3 and 4 were synthesized by substitution of the bridging chlorides in 1 and 2 using KBEt3H and are accessed with retention of the three protonated ketoimine sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Ho Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA.
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47
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Bartholomew AK, Juda CE, Nessralla JN, Lin B, Wang SG, Chen YS, Betley TA. Ligand-Based Control of Single-Site vs. Multi-Site Reactivity by a Trichromium Cluster. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5687-5691. [PMID: 30828957 PMCID: PMC6494472 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The trichromium cluster (tbs L)Cr3 (thf) ([tbs L]6- =[1,3,5-C6 H9 (NC6 H4 -o-NSit BuMe2 )3 ]6- ) exhibits steric- and solvation-controlled reactivity with organic azides to form three distinct products: reaction of (tbs L)Cr3 (thf) with benzyl azide forms a symmetrized bridging imido complex (tbs L)Cr3 (μ3 -NBn); reaction with mesityl azide in benzene affords a terminally bound imido complex (tbs L)Cr3 (μ1 -NMes); whereas the reaction with mesityl azide in THF leads to terminal N-atom excision from the azide to yield the nitride complex (tbs L)Cr3 (μ3 -N). The reactivity of this complex demonstrates the ability of the cluster-templating ligand to produce a well-defined polynuclear transition metal cluster that can access distinct single-site and cooperative reactivity controlled by either substrate steric demands or reaction media.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristin E. Juda
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
| | - Jonathon N. Nessralla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Benjamin Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
| | - SuYin Grass Wang
- ChemMatCARS Beamline, The University of Chicago, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, Illinois 60429 (USA)
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS Beamline, The University of Chicago, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, Illinois 60429 (USA)
| | - Theodore A. Betley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
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48
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Bartholomew AK, Juda CE, Nessralla JN, Lin B, Wang SG, Chen Y, Betley TA. Ligand‐Based Control of Single‐Site vs. Multi‐Site Reactivity by a Trichromium Cluster. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristin E. Juda
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | | | - Benjamin Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - SuYin Grass Wang
- ChemMatCARS Beamline The University of Chicago Advanced Photon Source Argonne IL 60429 USA
| | - Yu‐Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS Beamline The University of Chicago Advanced Photon Source Argonne IL 60429 USA
| | - Theodore A. Betley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
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Bhutto SM, Holland PL. Dinitrogen Activation and Functionalization using β-Diketiminate Iron Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019; 2019:1861-1869. [PMID: 31213945 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Iron catalysts are adept at breaking the N-N bond of N2, as exemplified by the iron-catalyzed Haber-Bosch process and the iron-containing clusters at the active sites of nitrogenase enzymes. This Minireview summarizes recent work that has identified a well-characterized set of multi-iron complexes that are capable of breaking and functionalizing N2, and are amenable to detailed mechanistic studies. We discuss the redox balancing, the potential intermediates during N2 activation, the variation of alkali metal reductant, the reversibility of N2 cleavage, and the formation of N-H and N-C bonds from N2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Bhutto
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Patrick L Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Zhu J. Rational Design of a Carbon‐Boron Frustrated Lewis Pair for Metal‐free Dinitrogen Activation. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1413-1417. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), andCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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