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Mandal S, Phukan KP, Basumatary J, Roy BG. Metal-Free Visible-Light Catalytic Deoxygenation of Azaaryl N-Oxides: Harnessing Photons for Efficient Greener Synthesis. Chem Asian J 2024:e202400147. [PMID: 38577789 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Regio- and chemo-selective functionalization of electron deficient azaarenes often required their transformations to corresponding N-oxides and subsequent removal of oxygen after functionalization to get back the desired substituted azaarenes. An efficient metal-free visible-light photo-redox catalytic deoxygenation of N-oxides of azaheterocyclic compounds has been developed using acridinium based organo-photocatalyst in blue LED light. High efficiency and mildness of this methodology has been demonstrated through higher deoxygenation yield of wide variety of azaheterocyclic N-oxides with reactive functional groups. Robustness of the photocatalytic reduction has been demonstrated through easy scaling-up of the reaction to gram level without much change in the reaction yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Biswajit Gopal Roy
- Sikkim University, Chemistry, 6th Mile, Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, Gangtok, INDIA
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2
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Strader ME, Wright RM, Pezner AK, Nuttall MF, Aichelman HE, Davies SW. Intersection of coral molecular responses to a localized mortality event and ex situ deoxygenation. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11275. [PMID: 38654712 PMCID: PMC11036075 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In July 2016, East Bank of Flower Garden Banks (FGB) National Marine Sanctuary experienced a localized mortality event (LME) of multiple invertebrate species that ultimately led to reductions in coral cover. Abiotic data taken directly after the event suggested that acute deoxygenation contributed to the mortality. Despite the large impact of this event on the coral community, there was no direct evidence that this LME was driven by acute deoxygenation, and thus we explored whether gene expression responses of corals to the LME would indicate what abiotic factors may have contributed to the LME. Gene expression of affected and unaffected corals sampled during the mortality event revealed evidence of the physiological consequences of the LME on coral hosts and their algal symbionts from two congeneric species (Orbicella franksi and Orbicella faveolata). Affected colonies of both species differentially regulated genes involved in mitochondrial regulation and oxidative stress. To further test the hypothesis that deoxygenation led to the LME, we measured coral host and algal symbiont gene expression in response to ex situ experimental deoxygenation (control = 6.9 ± 0.08 mg L-1, anoxic = 0.083 ± 0.017 mg L-1) in healthy O. faveolata colonies from the FGB. However, this deoxygenation experiment revealed divergent gene expression patterns compared to the corals sampled during the LME and was more similar to a generalized coral environmental stress response. It is therefore likely that while the LME was connected to low oxygen, it was a series of interconnected stressors that elicited the unique gene expression responses observed here. These in situ and ex situ data highlight how field responses to stressors are unique from those in controlled laboratory conditions, and that the complexities of deoxygenation events in the field likely arise from interactions between multiple environmental factors simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E. Strader
- Department of BiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Rachel M. Wright
- Department of Biological SciencesSouthern Methodist UniversityDallasTexasUSA
| | | | | | | | - Sarah W. Davies
- Department of BiologyBoston UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
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3
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Espinosa Ferao A. Deoxygenation of Oxiranes by λ 3 σ 3 -Phosphorus Reagents: A Computational, Mechanistic, and Stereochemical Study. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300474. [PMID: 37782574 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The deoxygenation of parent and substituted oxiranes by λ3 σ3 -phosphorus reagents has been explored in detail, therefore unveiling mechanistic aspects as well as regio- and stereochemical consequences. Attack to a ring C atom is almost always preferred over one-step deoxygenation by direct P-to-O attack. In most cases a carbene transfer occurs as first step, leading to a phosphorane and a carbonyl unit that thereafter react in the usual Wittig fashion via the corresponding λ5 σ5 -1,2-oxaphosphetane intermediate. Betaines rarely constitute true minima after the first C-attack to oxiranes, at least in the gas-phase. Use of the heavier derivatives AsMe3 and SbMe3 as oxirane deoxygenating reagents was also mechanistically studied. The thermodynamic tendency of λ3 σ3 -phosphorus reagents to act as oxygen (O-attack) or carbene acceptors (C-attack) was theoretically studied by means of the thermodynamic oxygen-transfer potential (TOP) and the newly defined thermodynamic carbene-transfer potential (TCP) parameters, that were explored in a wider context together with many other acceptor centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30071, Murcia, Spain
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4
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Chonat S, Fields E, Baratz H, Watt A, Pochron M, Dixon S, Tonda M, Brown C, Archer D. Voxelotor improves red blood cell functionality in children with sickle cell anaemia: An ancillary study of the HOPE-KIDS 1 trial. EJHaem 2024; 5:125-130. [PMID: 38406531 PMCID: PMC10887232 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sickle haemoglobin (HbS) polymerisation perturbs red blood cell (RBC) rheology and drives sickle cell disease (SCD) pathophysiology. Voxelotor is an HbS polymerisation inhibitor that increases haemoglobin (Hb)-oxygen affinity. METHODS/RESULTS In this 48-week, prospective, single-centre translational study, 10 children aged 4-11 years with SCD were treated with voxelotor. Improvements in RBC deformability were observed using osmotic/oxygen gradient ektacytometry, with increases in minimal and maximal elongation index and reductions in point of sickling. Increased Hb and reduced markers of haemolysis were also observed. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that voxelotor treatment is associated with reduced RBC sickling and haemolysis in children with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheesh Chonat
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Department of PediatricsAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Earl Fields
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Department of PediatricsAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Hannah Baratz
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Department of PediatricsAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Amanda Watt
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Department of PediatricsAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | | | | | | | - Clark Brown
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Department of PediatricsAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Present address:
Pfizer IncNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - David Archer
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Department of PediatricsAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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5
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Abstract
Fine-scale currents, O(1-100 km, days-months), are actively involved in the transport and transformation of biogeochemical tracers in the ocean. However, their overall impact on large-scale biogeochemical cycling on the timescale of years remains poorly understood due to the multiscale nature of the problem. Here, we summarize these impacts and critically review current estimates. We examine how eddy fluxes and upscale connections enter into the large-scale balance of biogeochemical tracers. We show that the overall contribution of eddy fluxes to primary production and carbon export may not be as large as it is for oxygen ventilation. We highlight the importance of fine scales to low-frequency natural variability through upscale connections and show that they may also buffer the negative effects of climate change on the functioning of biogeochemical cycles. Significant interdisciplinary efforts are needed to properly account for the cross-scale effects of fine scales on biogeochemical cycles in climate projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Lévy
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Analyses Numériques de l'Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (LOCEAN-IPSL), CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France;
| | - Damien Couespel
- Norwegian Research Centre (NORCE), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Clément Haëck
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Analyses Numériques de l'Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (LOCEAN-IPSL), CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France;
| | - M G Keerthi
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Analyses Numériques de l'Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (LOCEAN-IPSL), CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France;
| | - Inès Mangolte
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Analyses Numériques de l'Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (LOCEAN-IPSL), CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France;
| | - Channing J Prend
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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Deutsch C, Penn JL, Lucey N. Climate, Oxygen, and the Future of Marine Biodiversity. Ann Rev Mar Sci 2024; 16:217-245. [PMID: 37708422 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-040323-095231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The ocean enabled the diversification of life on Earth by adding O2 to the atmosphere, yet marine species remain most subject to O2 limitation. Human industrialization is intensifying the aerobic challenges to marine ecosystems by depleting the ocean's O2 inventory through the global addition of heat and local addition of nutrients. Historical observations reveal an ∼2% decline in upper-ocean O2 and accelerating reports of coastal mass mortality events. The dynamic balance of O2 supply and demand provides a unifying framework for understanding these phenomena across scales from the global ocean to individual organisms. Using this framework, we synthesize recent advances in forecasting O2 loss and its impacts on marine biogeography, biodiversity, and biogeochemistry. We also highlight three outstanding uncertainties: how long-term global climate change intensifies ocean weather events in which simultaneous heat and hypoxia create metabolic storms, how differential species O2 sensitivities alter the structure of ecological communities, and how global O2 loss intersects with coastal eutrophication. Projecting these interacting impacts on future marine ecosystems requires integration of climate dynamics, biogeochemistry, physiology, and ecology, evaluated with an eye on Earth history. Reducing global and local impacts of warming and O2 loss will be essential if humankind is to preserve the health and biodiversity of the future ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Deutsch
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA;
- High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Justin L Penn
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA;
| | - Noelle Lucey
- High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancón, Panama
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7
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Ramachandran PV, Alawaed AA, Singh A. Titanium-Mediated Reduction of Carboxamides to Amines with Borane-Ammonia. Molecules 2023; 28:4575. [PMID: 37375131 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the successful titanium tetrachloride-catalyzed reduction of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and nitriles with borane-ammonia was extended to the reduction (deoxygenation) of a variety of aromatic and aliphatic pri-, sec- and tert-carboxamides, by changing the stoichiometry of the catalyst and reductant. The corresponding amines were isolated in good to excellent yields, following a simple acid-base workup.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdulkhaliq A Alawaed
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Aman Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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8
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Li Z, Zhang H, Yang D, Hu Z, Wang F, Zhang Z. Efficient Conversion of Lignin to Aromatics via Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis over Niobium-Doped HZSM-5. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104245. [PMID: 37241985 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A niobium-doped HZSM-5 (H[Nb]ZSM-5) was prepared by a hydrothermal synthesis method. The morphology, phase structure, composition, pore structure, and acid content of the catalyst were characterized using a series of analysis techniques such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), nitrogen adsorption-desorption, and temperature programmed desorption measurements (NH3-TPD). The H[Nb]ZSM-5 catalyst fully remained within the crystal framework and pore structure of HZSM-5. Meanwhile, introduction of niobium (V) endowed the catalyst with both Lewis acid and Bronsted acid sites. Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) of alkali lignin was carried out through a pyrolysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) at 650 °C and atmospheric pressure. The results indicated that H[Nb]ZSM-5 can efficiently and selectively convert lignin into monoaromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs), compared to the control HZSM-5. Catalyzed by H[Nb]ZSM-5, the content of MAHs and aliphatic hydrocarbons reached 43.4% and 20.8%, respectively; while under the catalysis of HZSM-5, these values were 35.5% and 3.2%, respectively. H[Nb]ZSM-5 remarkably lowered the phenol content to approximately 2.8%, which is far lower than the content (24.9%) obtained under HZSM-5 catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Deshi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhipeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Fengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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9
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Vu C, Xu B, González-Zacarías C, Shen J, Baas KPA, Choi S, Nederveen AJ, Wood JC. Sinusoidal CO 2 respiratory challenge for concurrent perfusion and cerebrovascular reactivity MRI. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1102983. [PMID: 36846345 PMCID: PMC9948030 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1102983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Deoxygenation-based dynamic susceptibility contrast (dDSC) has previously leveraged respiratory challenges to modulate blood oxygen content as an endogenous source of contrast alternative to gadolinium injection in perfusion-weighted MRI. This work proposed the use of sinusoidal modulation of end-tidal CO2 pressures (SineCO 2 ), which has previously been used to measure cerebrovascular reactivity, to induce susceptibility-weighted gradient-echo signal loss to measure brain perfusion. Methods: SineCO 2 was performed in 10 healthy volunteers (age 37 ± 11, 60% female), and tracer kinetics model was applied in the frequency domain to calculate cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume, mean transit time, and temporal delay. These perfusion estimates were compared against reference techniques, including gadolinium-based DSC, arterial spin labeling, and phase contrast. Results: Our results showed regional agreement between SineCO 2 and the clinical comparators. SineCO 2 was able to generate robust CVR maps in conjunction to baseline perfusion estimates. Discussion: Overall, this work demonstrated feasibility of using sinusoidal CO2 respiratory paradigm to simultaneously acquire both cerebral perfusion and cerebrovascular reactivity maps in one imaging sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Botian Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Clio González-Zacarías
- Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Signal and Image Processing Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Koen P. A. Baas
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Soyoung Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Signal and Image Processing Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Aart J. Nederveen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - John C. Wood
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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10
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Jane SF, Mincer JL, Lau MP, Lewis ASL, Stetler JT, Rose KC. Longer duration of seasonal stratification contributes to widespread increases in lake hypoxia and anoxia. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:1009-1023. [PMID: 36472079 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) is an important attribute of aquatic ecosystems, influencing habitat, drinking water quality, biodiversity, nutrient biogeochemistry, and greenhouse gas emissions. While average summer DO concentrations are declining in lakes across the temperate zone, much remains unknown about seasonal factors contributing to deepwater DO losses. It is unclear whether declines are related to increasing rates of seasonal DO depletion or changes in seasonal stratification that limit re-oxygenation of deep waters. Furthermore, despite the presence of important biological and ecological DO thresholds, there has been no large-scale assessment of changes in the amount of habitat crossing these thresholds, limiting the ability to understand the consequences of observed DO losses. We used a dataset from >400 widely distributed lakes to identify the drivers of DO losses and quantify the frequency and volume of lake water crossing biologically and ecologically important threshold concentrations ranging from 5 to 0.5 mg/L. Our results show that while there were no consistent changes over time in seasonal DO depletion rates, over three-quarters of lakes exhibited an increase in the duration of stratification, providing more time for seasonal deepwater DO depletion to occur. As a result, most lakes have experienced summertime increases in the amount of water below all examined thresholds in deepwater DO concentration, with increases in the proportion of the water column below thresholds ranging between 0.9% and 1.7% per decade. In the 30-day period preceding the end of stratification, increases were greater at >2.2% per decade and >70% of analyzed lakes experienced increases in the amount of oxygen-depleted water. These results indicate ongoing climate-induced increases in the duration of stratification have already contributed to reduction of habitat for many species, likely increased internal nutrient loading, and otherwise altered lake chemistry. Future warming is likely to exacerbate these trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Jane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Joshua L Mincer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Maximilian P Lau
- Interdisciplinary Environmental Research Centre, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Abigail S L Lewis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jonathan T Stetler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Kevin C Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
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11
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Nelson CE, Wegley Kelly L, Haas AF. Microbial Interactions with Dissolved Organic Matter Are Central to Coral Reef Ecosystem Function and Resilience. Ann Rev Mar Sci 2023; 15:431-460. [PMID: 36100218 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-042121-080917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To thrive in nutrient-poor waters, coral reefs must retain and recycle materials efficiently. This review centers microbial processes in facilitating the persistence and stability of coral reefs, specifically the role of these processes in transforming and recycling the dissolved organic matter (DOM) that acts as an invisible currency in reef production, nutrient exchange, and organismal interactions. The defining characteristics of coral reefs, including high productivity, balanced metabolism, high biodiversity, nutrient retention, and structural complexity, are inextricably linked to microbial processing of DOM. The composition of microbes and DOM in reefs is summarized, and the spatial and temporal dynamics of biogeochemical processes carried out by microorganisms in diverse reef habitats are explored in a variety of key reef processes, including decomposition, accretion, trophictransfer, and macronutrient recycling. Finally, we examine how widespread habitat degradation of reefs is altering these important microbe-DOM interactions, creating feedbacks that reduce reef resilience to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig E Nelson
- Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, Department of Oceanography, and Sea Grant College Program, School of Ocean and Earth Sciences and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA;
| | - Linda Wegley Kelly
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;
| | - Andreas F Haas
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Texel, The Netherlands;
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12
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Nagaraju A, Saiaede T, Eghbarieh N, Masarwa A. Photoredox-Mediated Deoxygenative Radical Additions of Aromatic Acids to Vinyl Boronic Esters and gem-Diborylalkenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202646. [PMID: 36222076 PMCID: PMC10100356 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A new method to access β-keto-gem-diborylalkanes, by direct deoxygenative radical addition of aromatic carboxylic acids to gem-dibortlalkenes, is described. The reaction proceeds under mild photoredox catalysis and involves the photochemical C-O bond activation of aromatic carboxylic acids in the presence of PPh3 . It generates an acyl radical, which further undergoes an additional reaction with gem-diborylalkenes to form an α-gem-diboryl alkyl radical intermediate, which then reduces to the corresponding anion, which after protonation, affords the β-keto-gem-diborylalkane product. Moreover, the same scenario has been extended to the vinyl boronic esters, for example, gem-(Ar, Bpin)-alkenes, and gem-(Alkyl, Bpin)-alkenes. Importantly, this protocol provides a general platform for the late-stage functionalization of bio-active and drug molecules containing a carboxylic acid group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anugula Nagaraju
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Tamer Saiaede
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Nadim Eghbarieh
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Ahmad Masarwa
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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13
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Nuhma MJ, Alias H, Tahir M, Jazie AA. Bimetallic Lanthanum-Cerium-Loaded HZSM-5 Composite for Catalytic Deoxygenation of Microalgae-Hydrolyzed Oil into Green Hydrocarbon Fuels. Molecules 2022; 27. [PMID: 36432121 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to their high lipid content, microalgae are one of the most significant sources of green hydrocarbons, which might help lessen the world's need for fossil fuels. Many zeolite-based catalysts are quickly deactivated by coke production and have a short lifetime. In this study, a bimetallic Lanthanum-Cerium (La-Ce)-modified HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst was synthesized through an impregnation method and was tested for the conversion of hydrolyzed oil into oxygen-free hydrocarbon fuels of high energy content. Initially, hydrolyzed oil (HO), the byproduct of the transesterification process, was obtained by the reaction of crude oil derived from Chlorella vulgaris microalgae and a methanol. Various catalysts were produced, screened, and evaluated for their ability to convert algal HO into hydrocarbons and other valuable compounds in a batch reactor. The performance of HZSM-5 was systematically tested in view of La-Ce loaded on conversion, yield, and selectivity. NH3-TPD analysis showed that the total acidity of the La-Ce-modified zeolites was lower than that of the pure HZSM-5 catalyst. TGA testing revealed that including the rare earth elements La and Ce in the HZSM-5 catalyst lowered the catalyst propensity for producing coke deposits. The acid sites necessary for algal HO conversion were improved by putting La and Ce into HZSM-5 zeolite at various loading percentages. The maximum hydrocarbon yield (42.963%), the highest HHV (34.362 MJ/Kg), and the highest DOD% (62.191%) were all achieved by the (7.5%La-2.5%Ce)/HZSM-5 catalyst, which was synthesized in this work. For comparison, the hydrocarbon yield for the parent HZSM-5 was 21.838%, the HHV was (33.230 MJ/Kg), and the DOD% was 44.235%. In conclusion, La and Ce-loading on the parent HZSM-5 may be responsible for the observed alterations in textural properties; nevertheless, there is no clear correlation between the physical features and the hydrocarbon yield (%). The principal effect of La and Ce modifying the parent HZSM-5 zeolite was to modify the acidic sites needed to enhance the conversion (%) of the algal HO during the catalytic deoxygenation process, which in turn raised the hydrocarbon yield (%) and increased the HHV and DOD%.
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Nuhma MJ, Alias H, Tahir M, Jazie AA. Catalytic Deoxygenation of Hydrolyzed Oil of Chlorella Vulgaris Microalgae over Lanthanum-Embedded HZSM-5 Zeolite Catalyst to Produce Bio-Fuels. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196527. [PMID: 36235064 PMCID: PMC9570545 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae is one of the most important sources of green hydrocarbons because it contains a high percentage of lipids and is likely to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Several zeolite-based catalysts have a short lifetime due to coke-formation deactivation. In this study, a lanthanum-modified HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst for the conversion of crude oil into non-oxygenated compounds (hydrocarbons) and oxygenated compounds has been investigated. The crude oil of Chlorella Vulgaris microalgae was extracted using Soxhlet and converted into hydrolyzed oil (HO) through a transesterification reaction. The experiments were conducted in a batch reactor (300 °C, 1000 rpm, 7 bar of N2, the catalyst to the algal HO ratio of 15% (wt.%) and 6 h). The results were organized into three groups: product yield, chemical composition, and carbon number distribution. The liquid products were investigated, including their elemental composition, higher heating value (HHV), atomic ratios of O/C and H/C, and degree of deoxygenation (DOD%). The loading of lanthanum into HZSM-5 zeolite with different loading percentages enhanced the acid sites needed for the algal HO conversion. Among all the synthesized catalysts, 10%La/HZSM-5 produced the highest conversion of the algal HO, the highest yield of hydrocarbons, the highest HHV, and the highest DOD%; those were 100%, 36.88%, 34.16 MJ/kg, and 56.11%, respectively. The enhanced catalytic conversion was due to the presence of lanthanum, which alters the active sites for the desired reactions of catalytic deoxygenation. The main effect of the modification of the parent HZSM-5 zeolite with lanthanum led to adjusting the acidic sites needed to increase the conversion (%) of the algal HO in the catalytic deoxygenation process and thus increase the hydrocarbon yield (%), which in turn led to an increase in the HHV and DOD%. The proposed La-based zeolite composite is promising for different energy applications due to its unique benefits compared to other expensive and less-stable catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Jawad Nuhma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah City 999048, Iraq
| | - Hajar Alias
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (H.A.); (M.T.); Tel.: +60-19-0385-5571 (H.A.); +97-15-0996-1678 (M.T.)
| | - Muhammad Tahir
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (H.A.); (M.T.); Tel.: +60-19-0385-5571 (H.A.); +97-15-0996-1678 (M.T.)
| | - Ali A. Jazie
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah City 999048, Iraq
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15
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Yuan X, Lee K, Bender MT, Schmidt JR, Choi K. Mechanistic Differences between Electrochemical Hydrogenation and Hydrogenolysis of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and Their pH Dependence. ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202200952. [PMID: 35731931 PMCID: PMC9542785 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis are two important reactions for electrochemical reductive valorization of biomass-derived oxygenates such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). In general, hydrogenolysis (which combines hydrogenation and deoxygenation) is more challenging than hydrogenation (which does not involve the cleavage of carbon-oxygen bonds). Thus, identifying factors and conditions that can promote hydrogenolysis is of great interest for reductive valorization of biomass-derived oxygenates. For the electrochemical reduction of HMF and its derivatives, it is known that aldehyde hydrogenation is not a part of aldehyde hydrogenolysis but rather a competing reaction; however, no atomic-level understanding is currently available to explain their electrochemical mechanistic differences. In this study, combined experimental and computational investigations were performed using Cu electrodes to elucidate the key mechanistic differences between electrochemical hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of HMF. The results revealed that hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of HMF involve the formation of different surface-adsorbed intermediates via different reduction mechanisms and that lowering the pH promoted the formation of the intermediates required for aldehyde and alcohol hydrogenolysis. This study for the first time explains the origins of the experimentally observed pH-dependent selectivities for hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis and offers a new mechanistic foundation upon which rational strategies to control electrochemical hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yuan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA
| | - Kwanpyung Lee
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA
| | - Michael T. Bender
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA
| | - J. R. Schmidt
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA
| | - Kyoung‐Shin Choi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA
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16
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Noisette F, Pansch C, Wall M, Wahl M, Hurd CL. Role of hydrodynamics in shaping chemical habitats and modulating the responses of coastal benthic systems to ocean global change. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:3812-3829. [PMID: 35298052 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine coastal zones are highly productive, and dominated by engineer species (e.g. macrophytes, molluscs, corals) that modify the chemistry of their surrounding seawater via their metabolism, causing substantial fluctuations in oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon, pH, and nutrients. The magnitude of these biologically driven chemical fluctuations is regulated by hydrodynamics, can exceed values predicted for the future open ocean, and creates chemical patchiness in subtidal areas at various spatial (µm to meters) and temporal (minutes to months) scales. Although the role of hydrodynamics is well explored for planktonic communities, its influence as a crucial driver of benthic organism and community functioning is poorly addressed, particularly in the context of ocean global change. Hydrodynamics can directly modulate organismal physiological activity or indirectly influence an organism's performance by modifying its habitat. This review addresses recent developments in (i) the influence of hydrodynamics on the biological activity of engineer species, (ii) the description of chemical habitats resulting from the interaction between hydrodynamics and biological activity, (iii) the role of these chemical habitat as refugia against ocean acidification and deoxygenation, and (iv) how species living in such chemical habitats may respond to ocean global change. Recommendations are provided to integrate the effect of hydrodynamics and environmental fluctuations in future research, to better predict the responses of coastal benthic ecosystems to ongoing ocean global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Noisette
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Christian Pansch
- Department of Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Åbo, Finland
| | - Marlene Wall
- Department of Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
- Bentho-Pelagic Processes, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Martin Wahl
- Department of Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
| | - Catriona L Hurd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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17
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Zhang FL, Li B, Houk KN, Wang YF. Application of the Spin-Center Shift in Organic Synthesis. JACS Au 2022; 2:1032-1042. [PMID: 35647602 PMCID: PMC9131482 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Spin-center shift (SCS) is a radical process involving 1,2-radical translocation along with a two-electron ionic movement, such as elimination of an adjacent leaving group. Such a process was initially observed in some important biochemical transformations, and the unique property has also attracted considerable interest in synthetic chemistry. Experimental, kinetic, as well as computational studies have been performed, and a series of useful radical transformations have been developed and applied in organic synthesis based on SCS processes in the last 20 years. This Perspective is an overview of radical transformations involving the SCS mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Lian Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yi-Feng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Ishikawa H, Yamaguchi S, Nakata A, Nakajima K, Yamazoe S, Yamasaki J, Mizugaki T, Mitsudome T. Phosphorus-Alloying as a Powerful Method for Designing Highly Active and Durable Metal Nanoparticle Catalysts for the Deoxygenation of Sulfoxides: Ligand and Ensemble Effects of Phosphorus. JACS Au 2022; 2:419-427. [PMID: 35252991 PMCID: PMC8889554 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The modification of metal nanoparticles (NPs) by incorporating additional metals is a key technique for developing novel catalysts. However, the effects of incorporating nonmetals into metal NPs have not been widely explored, particularly in the field of organic synthesis. In this study, we demonstrate that phosphorus (P)-alloying significantly increases the activity of precious metal NPs for the deoxygenation of sulfoxides into sulfides. In particular, ruthenium phosphide NPs exhibit an excellent catalytic activity and high durability against sulfur-poisoning, outperforming conventional catalysts. Various sulfoxides, including drug intermediates, were deoxygenated to sulfides with excellent yields. Detailed investigations into the structure-activity relationship revealed that P-alloying plays a dual role: it establishes a ligand effect on the electron transfer from Ru to P, facilitating the production of active hydrogen species, and has an ensemble effect on the formation of the Ru-P bond, preventing strong coordination with sulfide products. These effects combine to increase the catalytic performance of ruthenium phosphide NPs. These results demonstrate that P-alloying is an efficient method to improve the metal NP catalysis for diverse organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Ishikawa
- Department
of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Sho Yamaguchi
- Department
of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ayako Nakata
- First-Principles
Simulation Group, Nano-Theory Field, International Center for Materials
Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National
Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan
Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 333-0012, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakajima
- Institute
for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamazoe
- Department
of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Jun Yamasaki
- Research
Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy, Osaka University, 7-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Tomoo Mizugaki
- Department
of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Innovative
Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary
Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takato Mitsudome
- Department
of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan
Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 333-0012, Japan
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19
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Shumeiko B, Kubička D. Semi-Batch Hydrotreatment of Lignin-Derived Phenolic Compounds over Raney-Ni with a Continuous Regeneration of the H-Donor Solvent. ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202102099. [PMID: 34784446 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lignin can be converted into useful precursors of fuels and fine chemicals by thermochemical conversion followed by catalytic hydrogenation using metal catalysts at severe reaction conditions. Thus, mild hydrogenation would significantly improve the sustainability of lignin valorization. Here, hydrogenation of phenols, alkylphenols, and methoxyphenols was achieved at mild reaction conditions (70 °C and atmospheric pressure) via H-transfer hydrogenation over Raney-Ni catalyst in 2-propanol and 2-butanol solvents. The transfer hydrogenation was feasible at the mild conditions, but the complexity of the reactant greatly decreased or even completely suppressed its reactivity. The position of the functional group (o-, m-, p-position) had a great effect on the reactivity of phenols. Moreover, 2-butanol enhanced the conversion of phenols in comparison with 2-propanol. When comparing classic hydrogenation with H-transfer hydrogenation in presence of external H2 , it was found that external H2 not only regenerated H-donor solvent and ensured stable performance but also increased conversion of phenols and alkylphenols. On the other hand, the absence of external H2 boosted the conversion of methoxy phenols. Finally, phenols extracted from a pyrolysis oil aqueous phase were hydrogenated. The conversion of phenols was greatly affected by competitive adsorption of different compounds present in the reaction mixture. External H2 promoted hydrogenation of the complex reaction mixture and prevented condensation of the reactive species in contrast to the H-transfer hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Shumeiko
- Department of Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Technická 5 166, 28, Czech Republic
| | - David Kubička
- Department of Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Technická 5 166, 28, Czech Republic
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20
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Abstract
Organic matter (OM) plays a significant role in the formation of oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) and associated biogeochemical cycling. OM supply processes to the OMZ include physical transport, particle formation, and sinking as well as active transport by migrating zooplankton and nekton. In addition to the availability of oxygen and other electron acceptors, the remineralization rate of OM is controlled by its biochemical quality. Enhanced microbial respiration of OM can induce anoxic microzones in an otherwise oxygenated water column. Reduced OM degradation under low-oxygen conditions, on the other hand, may increase the CO2 storage time in the ocean. Understanding the interdependencies between OM and oxygen cycling is of high relevance for an ocean facing deoxygenation as a consequence of global warming. In this review, we describe OM fluxes into and cycling within two large OMZs associated with eastern boundary upwelling systems that differ greatly in the extent of oxygen loss: the highly oxygen-depleted OMZ in the tropical South Pacific and the moderately hypoxic OMZ in the tropical North Atlantic. We summarize new findings from a large German collaborative research project, Collaborative Research Center 754 (SFB 754), and identify knowledge gaps and future research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Engel
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Rainer Kiko
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Marcus Dengler
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
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21
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Jilbert T, Gustafsson BG, Veldhuijzen S, Reed DC, van Helmond NAGM, Hermans M, Slomp CP. Iron-Phosphorus Feedbacks Drive Multidecadal Oscillations in Baltic Sea Hypoxia. Geophys Res Lett 2021; 48:e2021GL095908. [PMID: 35860449 PMCID: PMC9285756 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl095908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia has occurred intermittently in the Baltic Sea since the establishment of brackish-water conditions at ∼8,000 years B.P., principally as recurrent hypoxic events during the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) and the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA). Sedimentary phosphorus release has been implicated as a key driver of these events, but previous paleoenvironmental reconstructions have lacked the sampling resolution to investigate feedbacks in past iron-phosphorus cycling on short timescales. Here we employ Laser Ablation (LA)-ICP-MS scanning of sediment cores to generate ultra-high resolution geochemical records of past hypoxic events. We show that in-phase multidecadal oscillations in hypoxia intensity and iron-phosphorus cycling occurred throughout these events. Using a box model, we demonstrate that such oscillations were likely driven by instabilities in the dynamics of iron-phosphorus cycling under preindustrial phosphorus loads, and modulated by external climate forcing. Oscillatory behavior could complicate the recovery from hypoxia during future trajectories of external loading reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Jilbert
- Aquatic Biogeochemistry Research Unit (ABRU)Ecosystems and Environment Research ProgramFaculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Tvärminne Zoological StationUniversity of HelsinkiHankoFinland
- Department of Geosciences and GeographyEnvironmental Geochemistry GroupFaculty of ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Earth Sciences (Geochemistry)Faculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bo G. Gustafsson
- Tvärminne Zoological StationUniversity of HelsinkiHankoFinland
- Baltic Nest InstituteBaltic Sea CentreStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Simon Veldhuijzen
- Department of Earth Sciences (Geochemistry)Faculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Daniel C. Reed
- Department of Earth Sciences (Geochemistry)Faculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Fisheries & Oceans CanadaBedford Institute of OceanographyDartmouthNSCanada
| | - Niels A. G. M. van Helmond
- Department of Earth Sciences (Geochemistry)Faculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Martijn Hermans
- Aquatic Biogeochemistry Research Unit (ABRU)Ecosystems and Environment Research ProgramFaculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Geosciences and GeographyEnvironmental Geochemistry GroupFaculty of ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Earth Sciences (Geochemistry)Faculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Caroline P. Slomp
- Department of Earth Sciences (Geochemistry)Faculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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22
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Meyer‐Gutbrod E, Kui L, Miller R, Nishimoto M, Snook L, Love M. Moving on up: Vertical distribution shifts in rocky reef fish species during climate-driven decline in dissolved oxygen from 1995 to 2009. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:6280-6293. [PMID: 34529330 PMCID: PMC9290838 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change has resulted in warming temperatures and reduced oxygen concentrations in the global oceans. Much remains unknown on the impacts of reduced oxygen concentrations on the biology and distribution of marine fishes. In the Southern California Channel Islands, visual fish surveys were conducted frequently in a manned submersible at three rocky reefs between 1995 and 2009. This area is characterized by a steep bathymetric gradient, with the surveyed sites Anacapa Passage, Footprint and Piggy Bank corresponding to depths near 50, 150 and 300 m. Poisson models were developed for each fish species observed consistently in this network of rocky reefs to determine the impact of depth and year on fish peak distribution. The interaction of depth and year was significant in 23 fish types, with 19 of the modelled peak distributions shifting to a shallower depth over the surveyed time period. Across the 23 fish types, the peak distribution shoaled at an average rate of 8.7 m of vertical depth per decade. Many of the species included in the study, including California sheephead, copper rockfish and blue rockfish, are targeted by commercial and recreational fisheries. CalCOFI hydrographic samples are used to demonstrate significant declines in dissolved oxygen at stations near the survey sites which are forced by a combination of natural multidecadal oscillations and anthropogenic climate change. This study demonstrates in situ fish depth distribution shifts over a 15-year period concurrent with oxygen decline. Climate-driven distribution shifts in response to deoxygenation have important implications for fisheries management, including habitat reduction, habitat compression, novel trophic dynamics and reduced body condition. Continued efforts to predict the formation and severity of hypoxic zones and their impact on fisheries dynamics will be essential to guiding effective placement of protected areas and fisheries regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Meyer‐Gutbrod
- School of the Earth, Ocean and EnvironmentUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSCUSA
| | - Li Kui
- Marine Science InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCAUSA
| | - Robert Miller
- Marine Science InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCAUSA
| | - Mary Nishimoto
- Marine Science InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCAUSA
| | - Linda Snook
- Marine Science InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCAUSA
| | - Milton Love
- Marine Science InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCAUSA
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23
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McKeown DJ, McNeil CJ, Brotherton EJ, Simmonds MJ, Kavanagh JJ. Severe acute hypoxia impairs recovery of voluntary muscle activation after sustained submaximal elbow flexion. J Physiol 2021; 599:5379-5395. [PMID: 34761807 DOI: 10.1113/jp281897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine how severe acute hypoxia alters neural mechanisms during, and following, a sustained fatiguing contraction. Fifteen participants (25 ± 3.2 years, six female) were exposed to a sham condition and a hypoxia condition where they performed a 10 min elbow flexor contraction at 20% of maximal torque. For hypoxia, peripheral blood oxygen saturation ( S p O 2 ) was titrated to 80% over a 15 min period and maintained for 2 h. Maximal voluntary contraction torque, EMG root mean square, voluntary activation, rating of perceived muscle fatigue, and corticospinal excitability (motor-evoked potential) and inhibition (silent period duration) were then assessed before, during and for 6 min after the fatiguing contraction. No hypoxia-related effects were identified for neuromuscular variables during the fatigue task. However, for recovery, voluntary activation assessed by motor point stimulation of biceps brachii was lower for hypoxia than sham at 4 min (sham: 89% ± 7%; hypoxia: 80% ± 12%; P = 0.023) and 6 min (sham: 90% ± 7%; hypoxia: 78% ± 11%; P = 0.040). Similarly, voluntary activation (P = 0.01) and motor-evoked potential area (P = 0.002) in response to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex were 10% and 11% lower during recovery for hypoxia compared to sham, respectively. Although an S p O 2 of 80% did not affect neural activity during the fatiguing task, motor cortical output and corticospinal excitability were reduced during recovery in the hypoxic environment. This was probably due to hypoxia-related mechanisms involving supraspinal motor circuits. KEY POINTS: Acute hypoxia has been shown to impair voluntary activation of muscle and alter the excitability of the corticospinal motor pathway during exercise. However, little is known about how hypoxia alters the recovery of the motor system after performing fatiguing exercise. Here we assessed hypoxia-related responses of motor pathways both during active contractions and during recovery from active contractions, with transcranial magnetic stimulation and motor point stimulation of the biceps brachii. Fatiguing exercise caused reductions in voluntary activation, which was exacerbated during recovery from a 10 min sustained elbow flexion in a hypoxic environment. These results suggest that reductions in blood oxygen concentration impair the ability of motor pathways in the CNS to recover from fatiguing exercise, which is probably due to hypoxia-induced mechanisms that reduce output from the motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J McKeown
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris J McNeil
- Integrated Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emily J Brotherton
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael J Simmonds
- Biorheology Research Laboratory, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Justin J Kavanagh
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Willberg C, Zentgraf K, Behringer M. The Effect of Lower-Body Blood Flow Restriction on Static and Perturbated Stable Stand in Young, Healthy Adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:756230. [PMID: 34744667 PMCID: PMC8570169 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.756230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscular fatigue can affect postural control processes by impacting on the neuromuscular and somatosensory system. It is assumed that this leads to an increased risk of injury, especially in sports such as alpine skiing that expose the body to strong and rapidly changing external forces. In this context, posture constraints and contraction-related muscular pressure may lead to muscular deoxygenation. This study investigates whether these constraints and pressure affect static and dynamic postural control. To simulate impaired blood flow in sports within a laboratory task, oxygen saturation was manipulated locally by using an inflatable cuff to induce blood flow restriction (BFR). Twenty-three subjects were asked to stand on a perturbatable platform used to assess postural-related movements. Using a 2 × 2 within-subject design, each participant performed postural control tasks both with and without BFR. BFR resulted in lower oxygenation of the m. quadriceps femoris (p = 0.024) and was associated with a significantly lower time to exhaustion (TTE) compared to the non-restricted condition [F(1,19) = 16.22, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.46]. Perturbation resulted in a significantly increased TTE [F(1,19) = 7.28, p = 0.014, ηp2 = 0.277]. There were no significant effects on static and dynamic postural control within the saturation conditions. The present data indicate that BFR conditions leads to deoxygenation and a reduced TTE. Postural control and the ability to regain stability after perturbation were not affected within this investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Willberg
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Movement Sciences and Training in Sports, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Karen Zentgraf
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Movement Sciences and Training in Sports, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Behringer
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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25
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Li H, Guo D, Ulumuddin N, Jaegers NR, Sun J, Peng B, McEwen JS, Hu J, Wang Y. Elucidating the Cooperative Roles of Water and Lewis Acid-Base Pairs in Cascade C-C Coupling and Self- Deoxygenation Reactions. JACS Au 2021; 1:1471-1487. [PMID: 34604856 PMCID: PMC8479772 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water plays pivotal roles in tailoring reaction pathways in many important reactions, including cascade C-C bond formation and oxygen elimination. Herein, a kinetic study combined with complementary analyses (DRIFTS, isotopic study, 1H solid-state magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed to elucidate the roles of water in cascade acetone-to-isobutene reactions on a Zn x Zr y O z mixed metal oxide with balanced Lewis acid-base pairs. Our results reveal that the reaction follows the acetone-diacetone alcohol-isobutene pathway. Isobutene is produced through an intramolecular rearrangement of the eight-membered ring intermediate formed via the adsorption of diacetone alcohol on the Lewis acid-base pairs in the presence of cofed water. OH adspecies, formed by the dissociative adsorption of water on the catalyst surface, were found to distort diacetone alcohol's hydroxyl functional group toward its carbonyl functional group and facilitate the intramolecular rearrangement of diacetone alcohol to form isobutene. In the absence of water, diacetone alcohol binds strongly to the Lewis acid site, e.g., at a Zr4+ site, via its carbonyl functional group, leading to its dramatic structural distortion and further dehydration reaction to form mesityl oxide as well as subsequent polymerization reactions and the formation of coke. The present results provide insights into the cooperative roles of water and Lewis acid-base pairs in catalytic upgrading of biomass to fuels and chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houqian Li
- The
Gene & Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Dezhou Guo
- The
Gene & Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Nisa Ulumuddin
- The
Gene & Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Nicholas R. Jaegers
- The
Gene & Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Institute
for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Junming Sun
- The
Gene & Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Bo Peng
- Institute
for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jean-Sabin McEwen
- The
Gene & Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Institute
for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State
University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Department
of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington
State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Jianzhi Hu
- The
Gene & Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Institute
for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yong Wang
- The
Gene & Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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26
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Tian X, Karl TA, Reiter S, Yakubov S, de Vivie‐Riedle R, König B, Barham JP. Electro-mediated PhotoRedox Catalysis for Selective C(sp 3 )-O Cleavages of Phosphinated Alcohols to Carbanions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20817-20825. [PMID: 34165861 PMCID: PMC8518744 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel example of electro-mediated photoredox catalysis (e-PRC) in the reductive cleavage of C(sp3 )-O bonds of phosphinated alcohols to alkyl carbanions. As well as deoxygenations, olefinations are reported which are E-selective and can be made Z-selective in a tandem reduction/photosensitization process where both steps are photoelectrochemically promoted. Spectroscopy, computation, and catalyst structural variations reveal that our new naphthalene monoimide-type catalyst allows for an intimate dispersive precomplexation of its radical anion form with the phosphinate substrate, facilitating a reactivity-determining C(sp3 )-O cleavage. Surprisingly and in contrast to previously reported photoexcited radical anion chemistries, our conditions tolerate aryl chlorides/bromides and do not give rise to Birch-type reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Tobias A. Karl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | | | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | | | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
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27
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Filipe-Ribeiro L, Rodrigues S, Nunes FM, Cosme F. Reducing the Negative Effect on White Wine Chromatic Characteristics Due to the Oxygen Exposure during Transportation by the Deoxygenation Process. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092023. [PMID: 34574133 PMCID: PMC8468983 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In white wine production, a great effort is made to avoid extensive contact with oxygen, which might adversely affect color and aroma. In this work, the impact of bulk transportation on white wine oxygen uptake and the effect of deoxygenation on white wine dissolved oxygen levels, as well on the phenolic composition and chromatic characteristics of white wines stored for nine months, were studied. Transportation increased the white wine dissolved oxygen content (117 and 181% in the wines studied) that increased the free sulfur dioxide loss during storage. Moreover, deoxygenation of white wines reduced the increase in the yellow color of white wines during storage, probably related to the higher levels of free sulfur dioxide that remain in these wines during storage. Furthermore, the amount of wine phenolics also have a decisive influence on wine color characteristics evolution, with increased levels of total phenolic compounds increasing the variation in the b *(measure of yellowness) values of the wines after nine months of storage. Results show the negative impact of bulk transportation on white wine color characteristics; however, wine deoxygenation is a good practice to minimize those aspects, preserving color characteristics.
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Madhavachary R, Mallik R, Ramachary DB. Organocatalytic Enantiospecific Total Synthesis of Butenolides. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144320. [PMID: 34299595 PMCID: PMC8306825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologically important, chiral natural products of butenolides, (−)-blastmycinolactol, (+)-blastmycinone, (−)-NFX-2, (+)-antimycinone, lipid metabolites, (+)-ancepsenolide, (+)-homoancepsenolide, mosquito larvicidal butenolide and their analogues were synthesized in very good yields in a sequential one-pot manner by using an organocatalytic reductive coupling and palladium-mediated reductive deoxygenation or organocatalytic reductive coupling and silica-mediated reductive deamination as the key steps.
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29
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Thorwart T, Roth D, Greb L. Bis(pertrifluoromethylcatecholato)silane: Extreme Lewis Acidity Broadens the Catalytic Portfolio of Silicon. Chemistry 2021; 27:10422-10427. [PMID: 33852170 PMCID: PMC8361710 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Given its earth abundance, silicon is ideal for constructing Lewis acids of use in catalysis or materials science. Neutral silanes were limited to moderate Lewis acidity, until halogenated catecholato ligands provoked a significant boost. However, catalytic applications of bis(perhalocatecholato)silanes were suffering from very poor solubility and unknown deactivation pathways. In this work, the novel per(trifluoromethyl)catechol, H2 catCF3 , and adducts of its silicon complex Si(catCF3 )2 (1) are described. According to the computed fluoride ion affinity, 1 ranks among the strongest neutral Lewis acids currently accessible in the condensed phase. The improved robustness and affinity of 1 enable deoxygenations of aldehydes, ketones, amides, or phosphine oxides, and a carbonyl-olefin metathesis. All those transformations have never been catalyzed by a neutral silane. Attempts to obtain donor-free 1 attest to the extreme Lewis acidity by stabilizing adducts with even the weakest donors, such as benzophenone or hexaethyl disiloxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddäus Thorwart
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Roth
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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30
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Melo JA, de Sá MS, Moral A, Bimbela F, Gandía LM, Wisniewski A. Renewable Hydrocarbon Production from Waste Cottonseed Oil Pyrolysis and Catalytic Upgrading of Vapors with Mo-Co and Mo-Ni Catalysts Supported on γ-Al 2O 3. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11071659. [PMID: 34202517 PMCID: PMC8306218 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the production of renewable hydrocarbons was explored by the means of waste cottonseed oil (WCSO) micropyrolysis at 500 °C. Catalytic upgrading of the pyrolysis vapors was studied using α-Al2O3, γ-Al2O3, Mo-Co/γ-Al2O3, and Mo-Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalysts. The oxygen removal efficiency was much lower in non-catalytic pyrolysis (18.0%), whilst γ-Al2O3 yielded a very high oxygen removal efficiency (91.8%), similar to that obtained with Mo-Co/γ-Al2O3 (92.8%) and higher than that attained with Mo-Ni/γ-Al2O3 (82.0%). Higher conversion yields into total renewable hydrocarbons were obtained with Mo-Co/γ-Al2O3 (61.9 wt.%) in comparison to Mo-Ni/γ-Al2O3 (46.6%). GC/MS analyses showed a relative chemical composition of 31.3, 86.4, and 92.6% of total renewable hydrocarbons and 58.7, 7.2, and 4.2% of oxygenated compounds for non-catalytic bio-oil (BOWCSO), BOMoNi and BOMoCo, respectively. The renewable hydrocarbons that were derived from BOMoNi and BOMoCo were mainly composed by olefins (35.3 and 33.4%), aromatics (31.4 and 28.9%), and paraffins (13.8 and 25.7%). The results revealed the catalysts' effectiveness in FFA decarbonylation and decarboxylation, as evidenced by significant changes in the van Krevelen space, with the lowest O/C ratio values for BOMoCo and BOMoNi (O/C = 0-0.10) in relation to the BOWCSO (O/C = 0.10-0.20), and by a decrease in the presence of oxygenated compounds in the catalytic bio-oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Alves Melo
- Petroleum and Energy from Biomass Research Group (PEB), Federal University of Sergipe, UFS, São Cristóvão 49100 000, SE, Brazil; (J.A.M.); (M.S.d.S.)
| | - Mirele Santana de Sá
- Petroleum and Energy from Biomass Research Group (PEB), Federal University of Sergipe, UFS, São Cristóvão 49100 000, SE, Brazil; (J.A.M.); (M.S.d.S.)
| | - Ainara Moral
- Grupo de Reactores Químicos y Procesos para la Valorización de Recursos Renovables, Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics (INAMAT2), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (A.M.); (F.B.); (L.M.G.)
| | - Fernando Bimbela
- Grupo de Reactores Químicos y Procesos para la Valorización de Recursos Renovables, Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics (INAMAT2), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (A.M.); (F.B.); (L.M.G.)
| | - Luis M. Gandía
- Grupo de Reactores Químicos y Procesos para la Valorización de Recursos Renovables, Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics (INAMAT2), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (A.M.); (F.B.); (L.M.G.)
| | - Alberto Wisniewski
- Petroleum and Energy from Biomass Research Group (PEB), Federal University of Sergipe, UFS, São Cristóvão 49100 000, SE, Brazil; (J.A.M.); (M.S.d.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Lecroq W, Schleinitz J, Billoue M, Perfetto A, Gaumont AC, Lalevée J, Ciofini I, Grimaud L, Lakhdar S. Metal-Free Deoxygenation of Amine N-Oxides: Synthetic and Mechanistic Studies. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1237-1242. [PMID: 33971075 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report herein an unprecedented combination of light and P(III)/P(V) redox cycling for the efficient deoxygenation of aromatic amine N-oxides. Moreover, we discovered that a large variety of aliphatic amine N-oxides can easily be deoxygenated by using only phenylsilane. These practically simple approaches proceed well under metal-free conditions, tolerate many functionalities and are highly chemoselective. Combined experimental and computational studies enabled a deep understanding of factors controlling the reactivity of both aromatic and aliphatic amine N-oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Lecroq
- Normandie Univ., LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6, Boulevard Maréchal Juin, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Jules Schleinitz
- Laboratoire des biomolécules, LBM, Département de chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Mallaury Billoue
- Normandie Univ., LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6, Boulevard Maréchal Juin, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Anna Perfetto
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS) Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Annie-Claude Gaumont
- Normandie Univ., LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6, Boulevard Maréchal Juin, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, 68100, Mulhouse, France
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS) Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Grimaud
- Laboratoire des biomolécules, LBM, Département de chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sami Lakhdar
- Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 09, France
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Arumugam M, Goh CK, Zainal Z, Triwahyono S, Lee AF, Wilson K, Taufiq-Yap YH. Hierarchical HZSM-5 for Catalytic Cracking of Oleic Acid to Biofuels. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11030747. [PMID: 33809677 PMCID: PMC8002341 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Solid acid catalyzed cracking of waste oil-derived fatty acids is an attractive route to hydrocarbon fuels. HZSM-5 is an effective acid catalyst for fatty acid cracking; however, its microporous nature is susceptible to rapid deactivation by coking. We report the synthesis and application of hierarchical HZSM-5 (h-HZSM-5) in which silanization of pre-crystallized zeolite seeds is employed to introduce mesoporosity during the aggregation of growing crystallites. The resulting h-HZSM-5 comprises a disordered array of fused 10–20 nm crystallites and mesopores with a mean diameter of 13 nm, which maintain the high surface area and acidity of a conventional HZSM-5. Mesopores increase the yield of diesel range hydrocarbons obtained from oleic acid deoxygenation from ~20% to 65%, attributed to improved acid site accessibility within the hierarchical network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahashanon Arumugam
- Catalysis Science and Technology Research Centre (PutraCat), Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.A.); (C.K.G.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Chee Keong Goh
- Catalysis Science and Technology Research Centre (PutraCat), Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.A.); (C.K.G.); (Z.Z.)
- School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic, 9 Woodlands Ave 9, Singapore 738964, Singapore
| | - Zulkarnain Zainal
- Catalysis Science and Technology Research Centre (PutraCat), Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.A.); (C.K.G.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Sugeng Triwahyono
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Adam F. Lee
- Centre for Applied Materials & Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
| | - Karen Wilson
- Centre for Applied Materials & Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
- Correspondence: (K.W.); (Y.H.T.-Y.); Tel.: +61-(03)-9925-2122 (K.W.); +603-7967-6954 (Y.H.T.-Y.)
| | - Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap
- Catalysis Science and Technology Research Centre (PutraCat), Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.A.); (C.K.G.); (Z.Z.)
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,Kota Kinabalu 88300, Sabah, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (K.W.); (Y.H.T.-Y.); Tel.: +61-(03)-9925-2122 (K.W.); +603-7967-6954 (Y.H.T.-Y.)
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Schuster A, Strehlow BW, Eckford-Soper L, McAllen R, Canfield DE. Effects of Seasonal Anoxia on the Microbial Community Structure in Demosponges in a Marine Lake in Lough Hyne, Ireland. mSphere 2021; 6:e00991-20. [PMID: 33536324 DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00991-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is expanding marine oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), while anthropogenic nutrient input depletes oxygen concentrations locally. The effects of deoxygenation on animals are generally detrimental; however, some sponges (Porifera) exhibit hypoxic and anoxic tolerance through currently unknown mechanisms. Sponges harbor highly specific microbiomes, which can include microbes with anaerobic capabilities. Sponge-microbe symbioses must also have persisted through multiple anoxic/hypoxic periods throughout Earth's history. Since sponges lack key components of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway responsible for hypoxic responses in other animals, it was hypothesized that sponge tolerance to deoxygenation may be facilitated by its microbiome. To test this hypothesis, we determined the microbial composition of sponge species tolerating seasonal anoxia and hypoxia in situ in a semienclosed marine lake, using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. We discovered a high degree of cryptic diversity among sponge species tolerating seasonal deoxygenation, including at least nine encrusting species of the orders Axinellida and Poecilosclerida. Despite significant changes in microbial community structure in the water, sponge microbiomes were species specific and remarkably stable under varied oxygen conditions, which was further explored for Eurypon spp. 2 and Hymeraphia stellifera However, some symbiont sharing occurred under anoxia. At least three symbiont combinations, all including large populations of Thaumarchaeota, corresponded with deoxygenation tolerance, and some combinations were shared between some distantly related hosts. We propose hypothetical host-symbiont interactions following deoxygenation that could confer deoxygenation tolerance.IMPORTANCE The oceans have an uncertain future due to anthropogenic stressors and an uncertain past that is becoming clearer with advances in biogeochemistry. Both past and future oceans were, or will be, deoxygenated in comparison to present conditions. Studying how sponges and their associated microbes tolerate deoxygenation provides insights into future marine ecosystems. Moreover, sponges form the earliest branch of the animal evolutionary tree, and they likely resemble some of the first animals. We determined the effects of variable environmental oxygen concentrations on the microbial communities of several demosponge species during seasonal anoxia in the field. Our results indicate that anoxic tolerance in some sponges may depend on their symbionts, but anoxic tolerance was not universal in sponges. Therefore, some sponge species could likely outcompete benthic organisms like corals in future, reduced-oxygen ecosystems. Our results support the molecular evidence that sponges and other animals have a Neoproterozoic origin and that animal evolution was not limited by low-oxygen conditions.
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Jiang H, Lu R, Luo X, Si X, Xu J, Lu F. Molybdenum-Catalyzed Deoxygenation Coupling of Lignin-Derived Alcohols for Functionalized Bibenzyl Chemicals. Chemistry 2021; 27:1292-1296. [PMID: 32929787 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With the growing demand for sustainability and reducing CO2 footprint, lignocellulosic biomass has attracted much attention as a renewable, carbon-neutral and low-cost feedstock for the production of chemicals and fuels. To realize efficient utilization of biomass resource, it is essential to selectively alter the high degree of oxygen functionality of biomass-derivates. Herein, we introduced a novel procedure to transform renewable lignin-derived alcohols to various functionalized bibenzyl chemicals. This strategy relied on a short deoxygenation coupling pathway with economical molybdenum catalyst. A well-designed H-donor experiment was performed to investigate the mechanism of this Mo-catalyzed process. It was proven that benzyl carbon-radical was the most possible intermediate to form the bibenzyl products. It was also discovered that the para methoxy and phenolic hydroxyl groups could stabilize the corresponding radical intermediates and then facilitate to selectively obtain bibenzyl products. Our research provides a promising application to produce functionalized aromatics from biomass-derived materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Rui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Si
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Fang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
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35
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Kaewmeesri R, Nonkumwong J, Witoon T, Laosiripojana N, Faungnawakij K. Effect of Water and Glycerol in Deoxygenation of Coconut Oil over Bimetallic NiCo/SAPO-11 Nanocatalyst under N 2 Atmosphere. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:nano10122548. [PMID: 33352929 PMCID: PMC7767142 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic deoxygenation of coconut oil was performed in a continuous-flow reactor over bimetallic NiCo/silicoaluminophosphate-11 (SAPO-11) nanocatalysts for hydrocarbon fuel production. The conversion and product distribution were investigated over NiCo/SAPO-11 with different applied co-reactants, i.e., water (H2O) or glycerol solution, performed under nitrogen (N2) atmosphere. The hydrogen-containing co-reactants were proposed here as in-situ hydrogen sources for the deoxygenation, while the reaction tests under hydrogen (H2) atmosphere were also applied as a reference set of experiments. The results showed that applying co-reactants to the reaction enhanced the oil conversion as the following order: N2 (no co-reactant) < N2 (H2O) < N2 (aqueous glycerol) < H2 (reference). The main products formed under the existence of H2O or glycerol solution were free fatty acids (FFAs) and their corresponding Cn−1 alkanes. The addition of H2O aids the triglyceride breakdown into FFAs, whereas the glycerol acts as hydrogen donor which is favourable to initiate hydrogenolysis of triglycerides, causing higher amount of FFAs than the former case. Consequently, those FFAs can be deoxygenated via decarbonylation/decarboxylation to their corresponding Cn−1 alkanes, showing the promising capability of the NiCo/SAPO-11 to produce hydrocarbon fuels even in the absence of external H2 source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungnapa Kaewmeesri
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment (JGSEE), King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand; (R.K.); (N.L.)
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Jeeranan Nonkumwong
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Thongthai Witoon
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
- Research Network of NANOTEC-KU on NanoCatalysts and NanoMaterials for Sustainable Energy and Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Navadol Laosiripojana
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment (JGSEE), King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand; (R.K.); (N.L.)
| | - Kajornsak Faungnawakij
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
- Research Network of NANOTEC-KU on NanoCatalysts and NanoMaterials for Sustainable Energy and Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2-564-7100 (ext. 6638); Fax: +66-2-564-6981
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36
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Xia Q, Jin X, Zhang G, Liu M, Wang J, Li Y, Fang T, Ding J, Zhang D, Meng K, Chen X, Yang C. Catalytic Deoxygenation of Xylitol to Renewable Chemicals: Advances on Catalyst Design and Mechanistic Studies. CHEM REC 2020; 21:133-148. [PMID: 33180367 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Xylitol is commonly known as one of the top platform intermediates for biomass conversion. Catalytic deoxygenation of xylitol provides an atomic and energetic efficient way to produce a variety of renewable chemicals including ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, lactic acid and 1,4-anhydroxylitol. Despite a few initial attempts in converting xylitol into those products, improving catalyst selectivity towards C-O and C-C cleavage reactions remains a grand challenge in this area. To our best knowledge, there is lack of comprehensive review to summarize the most recent advances on catalyst design and mechanisms in deoxygenation of xylitol, offering important perspective into future development of xylitol transformation technologies. Therefore, in this mini-review, we have critically discussed the conversion routes involved in xylitol deoxygenation over solid catalyst materials, the nanostructures of supported metal catalysts for C-H, C-C and C-O bond cleavage reactions, and mechanistic investigation for xylitol conversion. The outcome of this work provides new insights into rational design of effective deoxygenation catalyst materials for upgrading of xylitol and future process development in converting hemicellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of, Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, No. 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266580, China
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of, Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, No. 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266580, China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of, Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, No. 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266580, China
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of, Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, No. 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266580, China
| | - Jinyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of, Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, No. 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266580, China
| | - Yushan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of, Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, No. 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266580, China
| | - Tianqi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of, Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, No. 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266580, China
| | - Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of, Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, No. 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266580, China
| | - Dongpei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of, Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, No. 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266580, China
| | - Kexin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of, Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, No. 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266580, China
| | - Xiaobo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of, Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, No. 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266580, China
| | - Chaohe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of, Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, No. 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266580, China
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37
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Abstract
The use of carbon monoxide as a direct reducing agent for the deoxygenation of terminal and internal epoxides to the respective olefins is presented. This reaction is homogeneously catalyzed by a carbonyl pincer-iridium(I) complex in combination with a Lewis acid co-catalyst to achieve a pre-activation of the epoxide substrate, as well as the elimination of CO2 from a γ-2-iridabutyrolactone intermediate. Especially terminal alkyl epoxides react smoothly and without significant isomerization to the internal olefins under CO atmosphere in benzene or toluene at 80-120 °C. Detailed investigations reveal a substrate-dependent change in the mechanism for the epoxide C-O bond activation between an oxidative addition under retention of the configuration and an SN 2 reaction that leads to an inversion of the configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Maulbetsch
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Eva Jürgens
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Doris Kunz
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
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38
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Herrador JMH, Fratczak J, Tišler Z, de Paz Carmona H, Velvarská R. Oxalic Acid as a Hydrogen Donor for the Hydrodesulfurization of Gas Oil and Deoxygenation of Rapeseed Oil Using Phonolite-Based Catalysts. Molecules 2020; 25:E3732. [PMID: 32824192 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of renewable local raw materials to produce fuels is an important step toward optimal environmentally friendly energy consumption. In addition, the use of these sources together with fossil fuels paves the way to an easier transition from fossil to renewable fuels. The use of simple organic acids as hydrogen donors is another alternative way to produce fuel. The present work reports the use of oxalic acid as a hydrogen donor for the catalytic hydrodesulfurization of atmospheric gas oil and the deoxygenation of rapeseed oil at 350 °C. For this process, one commercial NiW/SiO2-Al2O3 solid and two NiW/modified phonolite catalysts were used, namely Ni (5%) W (10%)/phonolite treated with HCl, and Ni (5%) W (10%)/phonolite treated with oxalic acid. The fresh phonolite catalysts were characterized by Hg porosimetry and N2 physisorption, ammonia temperature programmed desorption (NH3-TPD), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The sulfided metal phonolite catalysts were characterized by XRD and XRF. Hydrodesulfurization led to a decrease in sulfur content from 1 to 0.5 wt% for the phonolite catalysts and to 0.8 wt% when the commercial catalyst was used. Deoxygenation led to the production of 15 and 65 wt% paraffin for phonolite and commercial solids, respectively. The results demonstrate the potential of using oxalic acid as a hydrogen donor in hydrotreating reactions.
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39
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Acosta-Guzmán P, Mahecha-Mahecha C, Gamba-Sánchez D. Electrophilic Chlorine from Chlorosulfonium Salts: A Highly Chemoselective Reduction of Sulfoxides. Chemistry 2020; 26:10348-10354. [PMID: 32428263 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a selective late-stage deoxygenation of sulfoxides based on a novel application of chlorosulfonium salts and demonstrate a new process using these species generated in situ from sulfoxides as the source of electrophilic chlorine. The use of highly nucleophilic 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene (TMB) as the reducing agent is described for the first time and applied in the deoxygenation of simple and functionalized sulfoxides. The method is easy to handle, economic, suitable for gram-scale operations, and readily applied for poly-functionalized molecules, as demonstrated with more than 45 examples, including commercial medicines and analogues. We also report the results of competition experiments that define the more reactive sulfoxide and we present a mechanistic proposal based on substrate and product observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Acosta-Guzmán
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Bio and Organocatalysis, Chemistry Department, Universidad de los Andes, Cra 1 No. 18A-12 Q:305, Bogota, 111711, Colombia
| | - Camilo Mahecha-Mahecha
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Bio and Organocatalysis, Chemistry Department, Universidad de los Andes, Cra 1 No. 18A-12 Q:305, Bogota, 111711, Colombia
| | - Diego Gamba-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Bio and Organocatalysis, Chemistry Department, Universidad de los Andes, Cra 1 No. 18A-12 Q:305, Bogota, 111711, Colombia
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40
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Priecel P, Kubička D, Vázquez-Zavala A, Antonio de Los Reyes J, Pouzar M, Čapek L. Alternative Preparation of Improved NiMo-Alumina Deoxygenation Catalysts. Front Chem 2020; 8:216. [PMID: 32322571 PMCID: PMC7157445 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation deals with NiMo-alumina hydrotreating catalysts effective in the deoxygenation of rapeseed oil. The main goal was to compare catalyst structure and their deoxygenation performance and to link these parameters to reveal important structural information regarding the catalyst's intended use. Catalysts were prepared from different precursors (nickel acetate tetrahydrate/molybdenyl acetylacetonate in ethanol and water vs. nickel nitrate hexahydrate/ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate in water), which resulted in their contrasting structural arrangement. These changes were characterized by elemental composition determination, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, temperature programmed reduction by hydrogen, nitrogen physisorption at 77 K, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, and deoxygenation of rapeseed oil. The critical aspect of high oxygen elimination was a homogeneous dispersion of NiO and MoO3 phases on the support. It subsequently led to the effective transformation of the oxide form of a catalyst to its active sulfide form well-dispersed on the support. On the other hand, the formation of bulk MoO3 resulted in the separate bulk phase and lower extent of sulfidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Priecel
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czechia.,Unipetrol Centre for Research and Education, Litvínov, Czechia
| | - David Kubička
- Department of Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Armando Vázquez-Zavala
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos e Hidraulica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Antonio de Los Reyes
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos e Hidraulica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miroslav Pouzar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czechia
| | - Libor Čapek
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czechia
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41
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Abstract
We have demonstrated B2 pin2 as superior deoxidizing agent for the reductive deoxygenation of quinol derivatives under basic conditions. A wide range of highly functionalized phenols were obtained in good yields including a complex drug molecule, which revealed the high functional group tolerance of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.,Jurong Ningwu New Material Development Co., Ltd., Zhenjiang, 212405, China
| | - Yin Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Zhibin Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Jimin Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
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42
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Wu J, Bär RM, Guo L, Noble A, Aggarwal VK. Photoinduced Deoxygenative Borylations of Aliphatic Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18830-18834. [PMID: 31613033 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A photochemical method for converting aliphatic alcohols into boronic esters is described. Preactivation of the alcohol as a 2-iodophenyl-thionocarbonate enables a novel Barton-McCombie-type radical deoxygenation that proceeds efficiently with visible light irradiation and without the requirement for a photocatalyst, a radical initiator, or tin or silicon hydrides. The resultant alkyl radical is intercepted by bis(catecholato)diboron, furnishing boronic esters from a diverse range of structurally complex alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wu
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Robin M Bär
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Lin Guo
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Adam Noble
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Varinder K Aggarwal
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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43
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Racine ML, Dinenno FA. Reduced deformability contributes to impaired deoxygenation-induced ATP release from red blood cells of older adult humans. J Physiol 2019; 597:4503-4519. [PMID: 31310005 DOI: 10.1113/jp278338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Red blood cells (RBCs) release ATP in response to deoxygenation, which can increase blood flow to help match oxygen supply with tissue metabolic demand. This release of ATP is impaired in RBCs from older adults, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In this study, improving RBC deformability in older adults restored deoxygenation-induced ATP release, whereas decreasing RBC deformability in young adults reduced ATP release to the level of that of older adults. In contrast, treating RBCs with a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor did not affect ATP release in either age group, possibly due to intact intracellular signalling downstream of deoxygenation as indicated by preserved cAMP and ATP release responses to pharmacological Gi protein activation in RBCs from older adults. These findings are the first to demonstrate that the age-related decrease in RBC deformability is a primary mechanism of impaired deoxygenation-induced ATP release, which may have implications for treating impaired vascular control with advancing age. ABSTRACT In response to haemoglobin deoxygenation, red blood cells (RBCs) release ATP, which binds to endothelial purinergic receptors and stimulates vasodilatation. This ATP release is impaired in RBCs from older vs. young adults, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Using isolated RBCs from young (24 ± 1 years) and older (65 ± 2 years) adults, we tested the hypothesis that age-related changes in RBC deformability (Study 1) and cAMP signalling (Study 2) contribute to the impairment. RBC ATP release during normoxia ( P O 2 ∼112 mmHg) and hypoxia ( P O 2 ∼20 mmHg) was quantified with the luciferin-luciferase technique following RBC incubation with Y-27632 (Rho-kinase inhibitor to increase deformability), diamide (cell-stiffening agent), cilostazol (phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor), or vehicle control. The mean change in RBC ATP release from normoxia to hypoxia in control conditions was significantly impaired in older vs. young (∼50% vs. ∼120%; P < 0.05). RBC deformability was also lower in older vs. young as indicated by a higher RBC transit time (RCTT) measured by blood filtrometry (RCTT: 8.541 ± 0.050 vs. 8.234 ± 0.098 a.u., respectively; P < 0.05). Y-27632 improved RBC deformability (RCTT: 8.228 ± 0.083) and ATP release (111.7 ± 17.2%) in older and diamide decreased RBC deformability (RCTT: 8.955 ± 0.114) and ATP release (67.4 ± 11.8%) in young (P < 0.05), abolishing the age group differences (P > 0.05). Cilostazol did not change ATP release in either age group (P > 0.05), and RBC cAMP and ATP release to pharmacological Gi protein activation was similar in both groups (P > 0.05). We conclude that decreased RBC deformability is a primary contributor to age-related impairments in RBC ATP release, which may have implications for impaired vascular control with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Racine
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Frank A Dinenno
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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44
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Abstract
Two different approaches for the deoxygenative radical borylation of secondary and tertiary alcohols are presented. These transformations either proceed through a metal‐free silyl‐radical‐mediated pathway or utilize visible‐light photoredox catalysis. Readily available xanthates or methyl oxalates are used as radical precursors. The reactions show broad substrate scope and high functional‐group tolerance, and are conducted under mild and practical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian W Friese
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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45
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Yu Q, Zhang Z, Yin Z, Kong S, Yang Z, Chen J, Zhang J. [Effect of Cu-Ce/ γ-Al 2O 3 catalyst on bio-oil production by hydrothermal deoxygenation of stearic acid]. Se Pu 2019; 37:454-461. [PMID: 30977351 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2018.10032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the hydrothermal deoxygenation of organic acids as well as to reduce the cost, we prepared a Cu-Ce/γ-Al2O3 catalyst to study the hydrothermal deoxygenation of stearic acid in the absence of H2. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area and X-ray diffraction pattern suggest that both CuO and CeO2 exist in the Cu-Ce/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. The crystals of Cu-Ce/γ-Al2O3 were more stable compared with those of the Cu/γ-Al2O3 catalyst after 12 h of hydrothermal liquefaction at 300℃, thereby indicating a better thermal stability of the former. The presence of Cu-Ce/γ-Al2O3 catalyst could greatly improve the conversion of stearic acid (94.71%) and the yield of hydrocarbon (81.41%). A preliminary analysis of the mechanism suggests that decarboxylation is the main step in the deoxygenation during the hydrothermal liquefaction of stearic acid. The addition of Cu/γ-Al2O3 and Cu-Ce/γ-Al2O3 decreased the yield of n-heptadecane and increased the yield of n-octadecane. Besides, the yields of n-paraffins increased drastically from 0.45% to 49.72% along the series from n-nonane to n-hexadecane. Thus, the cracking reactions could be improved in the presence of Cu-Ce/γ-Al2O3, suggesting that it is an efficient deoxygenation catalyst in the hydrothermal liquefaction of organic acid. In addition, the Cu-Ce/γ-Al2O3 catalyst could help in removing the carbonyl groups, and this effectively reduced the amounts of aldehydes and ketones in the bio-oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Zuhao Zhang
- Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Zhaosen Yin
- Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | | | - Ziheng Yang
- Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Datang Environment Industry Group Co. Ltd., Beijing 100098, China
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46
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Kantarli IC, Stefanidis SD, Kalogiannis KG, Lappas AA. Utilisation of poultry industry wastes for liquid biofuel production via thermal and catalytic fast pyrolysis. Waste Manag Res 2019; 37:157-167. [PMID: 30249165 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x18799870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the potential of poultry wastes to be used as feedstock in non-catalytic and catalytic fast pyrolysis processes, which is a continuation of our previous research on their conversion into biofuel via slow pyrolysis and hydrothermal conversion. Both poultry meal and poultry litter were examined, initially in a fixed bed bench-scale reactor using ZSM-5 and MgO as catalysts. Pyrolysis of poultry meal yielded high amounts of bio-oil, while pyrolysis of poultry litter yielded high amounts of solid residue owing to its high ash content. MgO was found to be more effective for the deoxygenation of bio-oil and reduction of undesirable compounds, by converting mainly the acids in the pyrolysis vapours of poultry meal into aliphatic hydrocarbons. ZSM-5 favoured the formation of both aromatic compounds and undesirable nitrogenous compounds. Overall, all bio-oil samples from the pyrolysis of poultry wastes contained relatively high amounts of nitrogen compared with bio-oils from lignocellulosic biomass, ca. 9 wt.% in the case of poultry meal and ca. 5-8 wt.% in the case of poultry litter. This was attributed to the high nitrogen content of the poultry wastes, unlike that of lignocellulosic biomass. Poultry meal yielded the highest amount of bio-oil and was selected as optimum feedstock to be scaled-up in a semi-pilot scale fluidised bed biomass pyrolysis unit with the ZSM-5 catalyst. Pyrolysis in the fluidised bed reactor was more efficient for deoxygenation of the bio-oil vapours, as evidenced from the lower oxygen content of the bio-oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Cem Kantarli
- 1 Ege University, Ataturk Medical Technology Vocational Training School, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Stylianos D Stefanidis
- 2 Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos G Kalogiannis
- 2 Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angelos A Lappas
- 2 Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
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47
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Han JB, Guo A, Tang XY. Alkylation of Allyl/Alkenyl Sulfones by Deoxygenation of Alkoxyl Radicals. Chemistry 2019; 25:2989-2994. [PMID: 30624002 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A challenging deoxygenation of alkoxyl radicals from readily accessible alcohol derivatives was developed, affording facile synthesis of functionalized alkenes with good functional group tolerance under mild reaction conditions. Because alkoxyl radicals can easily undergo β-fragmentations or hydrogen abstractions, this new strategy for deoxygenation of alkoxyl radicals is highly valuable. Moreover, mechanistic studies revealed that the electron-neutral phosphine acts as the deoxygenation reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Bin Han
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Ao Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Ying Tang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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48
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Abstract
We report a general, practical, and scalable means of preparing deuterated aldehydes from aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids with D2 O as an inexpensive deuterium source. The use of Ph3 P as an O-atom transfer reagent can facilitate the deoxygenation of aromatic acids, while Ph2 POEt is a better O-atom transfer reagent for aliphatic acids. The highly precise deoxygenation of complex carboxylic acids makes this protocol promising for late-stage deoxygenative deuteration of natural product derivatives and pharmaceutical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiang-Ai Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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49
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Krüger J, Eisenhut F, Skidin D, Lehmann T, Ryndyk DA, Cuniberti G, García F, Alonso JM, Guitián E, Pérez D, Peña D, Trinquier G, Malrieu JP, Moresco F, Joachim C. Electronic Resonances and Gap Stabilization of Higher Acenes on a Gold Surface. ACS Nano 2018; 12:8506-8511. [PMID: 30059612 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b04046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis provides a powerful method for the generation of long acene molecules, making possible the detailed investigation of the electronic properties of single higher acenes on a surface. By means of scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy combined with theoretical considerations, we discuss the polyradical character of the ground state of higher acenes as a function of the number of linearly fused benzene rings. We present energy and spatial mapping of the tunneling resonances of hexacene, heptacene, and decacene, and discuss the role of molecular orbitals in the observed tunneling conductance maps. We show that the energy gap between the first electronic tunneling resonances below and above the Fermi energy stabilizes to a finite value, determined by a first diradical electronic perturbative contribution to the polyacene electronic ground state. Up to decacene, the main contributor to the ground state of acenes remains the lowest-energy closed-shell electronic configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus Krüger
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials , TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden , TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Frank Eisenhut
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials , TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden , TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Dmitry Skidin
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials , TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden , TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Thomas Lehmann
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials , TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Dmitry A Ryndyk
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials , TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science (BCCMS) , Universität Bremen , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials , TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden , TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS) , TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Fátima García
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 - Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - José M Alonso
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 - Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Enrique Guitián
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 - Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 - Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 - Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Georges Trinquier
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, IRSAMC-CNRS-UMR5626 , Université Paul-Sabatier (Toulouse III) , 31062 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Jean-Paul Malrieu
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, IRSAMC-CNRS-UMR5626 , Université Paul-Sabatier (Toulouse III) , 31062 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Francesca Moresco
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials , TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden , TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Christian Joachim
- Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurale (CEMES), UPR 8011 CNRS , Nanosciences Group & MANA Satellite , 29 Rue J. Marvig , P.O. Box 94347, 31055 Toulouse , France
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50
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Tsunekawa R, Hanaya K, Higashibayashi S, Sugai T. Synthesis of fisetin and 2',4',6'-trihydroxydihyrochalcone 4'-O-β-neohesperidoside based on site-selective deacetylation and deoxygenation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1316-1322. [PMID: 29699439 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1467263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fisetin and 2',4',6'-trihydroxydihyrochalcone 4'-O-β-neohesperidoside were synthesized from commercially available quercetin and naringin in five steps. The key steps are site-selective deacetylation and subsequent deoxygenation. The target molecules were obtained in 37% and 23% yields from the starting materials, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kengo Hanaya
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , Keio University , Tokyo , Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Sugai
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , Keio University , Tokyo , Japan
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