1
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Marqués PS, Kammerer C. Aryl Sulfoxides: A Traceless Directing Group for Catalytic C-H Activation of Arenes. Chempluschem 2024:e202300728. [PMID: 38529705 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The transition metal-catalyzed C-H activation of arenes directed by sulfoxides represents a compelling strategy in organic synthesis, owing to its exceptional regioselectivity and high efficiency. This innovative approach stands out for its traceless character, enabling the direct functionalization of arenes, before the easy removal or conversion of the key sulfinyl moiety. Beyond their utility as a directing group, sulfoxides have proved particularly valuable to mediate as chiral auxiliaries, presenting exciting prospects for the synthesis of stereo-enriched compounds upon C-H functionalization. The versatility demonstrated by the method paves the way to different structures with potential applications ranging from medicinal chemistry to organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Simón Marqués
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 29, rue Marvig, 31055, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Kammerer
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 29, rue Marvig, 31055, Toulouse, France
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2
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Gahalawat S, Addepalli Y, Fink SP, Kasturi L, Markowitz SD, Ready JM. Enzymatic Resolution and Decarboxylative Functionalization of α-Sulfinyl Esters. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302996. [PMID: 37721804 PMCID: PMC10872298 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
α-Sulfinyl esters can be readily prepared through thiol substitution of α-bromo esters followed by oxidation to the sulfoxide. Enzymatic resolution with lipoprotein lipase provides both the unreacted esters and corresponding α-sulfinyl carboxylic acids in high yields and enantiomeric ratios. Subsequent decarboxylative halogenation, dihalogenation, trihalogenation and cross-coupling gives rise to functionalized sulfoxides. The method has been applied to the asymmetric synthesis of a potent inhibitor of 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraksha Gahalawat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 75390-9038, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Yesu Addepalli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 75390-9038, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen P Fink
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 44106, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Lakshmi Kasturi
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 44106, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sanford D Markowitz
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals of Cleveland, 44106, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph M Ready
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 75390-9038, Dallas, Texas, USA
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3
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Schmidt TA, Schumann S, Ostertag A, Sparr C. Catalyst Control over Threefold Stereogenicity: Selective Synthesis of Atropisomeric Sulfones with Stereogenic C-S Axes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202302084. [PMID: 36916136 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202302084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Catalyst control over higher-order stereogenicity addresses significantly extended stereochemical space, but selective methods to govern threefold stereogenic units remained elusive. Herein, we report the stereoselective synthesis of threefold stereogenic triptycyl sulfones with atropisomerism arising from a C(sp3)-S bond. An oxidation of a stereodynamic thioether controlled by a chiral phosphoric acid catalyst allowed to selectively access enantioenriched triptycyl sulfoxides. The ensuing enantiospecific and diastereoselective catalytic oxidation to a threefold stereogenic sulfone provided overall control over the stereogenic C-S axis. All three stereoisomers were addressable with enantio- and diastereodivergence and a stereoselectivity of up to (-sc):(+sc):(ap)=94:6:<1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanno A Schmidt
- University of Basel: Universitat Basel, Department of Chemistry, SWITZERLAND
| | - Stephan Schumann
- University of Basel: Universitat Basel, Department of Chemistry, SWITZERLAND
| | - Andreas Ostertag
- University of Basel: Universitat Basel, Department of Chemistry, SWITZERLAND
| | - Christof Sparr
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, SWITZERLAND
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4
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Tomkiel AM, Czajkowska-Szczykowska D, Olchowik-Grabarek E, Rárová L, Sękowski S, Morzycki JW. A Study on the Chemistry and Biological Activity of 26-Sulfur Analogs of Diosgenin: Synthesis of 26-Thiodiosgenin S-Mono- and Dioxides, and Their Alkyl Derivatives. Molecules 2022; 28. [PMID: 36615383 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A chemoselective procedure for MCPBA oxidation of 26-thiodiosgenin to corresponding sulfoxides and sulfone was elaborated. An unusual equilibration of sulfoxides in solution was observed. Moreover, α-alkylation of sulfoxide and sulfone was investigated. Finally, the biological activity of obtained compounds was examined.
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5
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Berreur J, Diez-Varga A, Manel A, Leroux FR, Panossian A. One-step Oxidative Monofluorination of Electron-Deficient Sulfoxides to Access Highly Lewis Acidic Sulfur(VI) Cations. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202564. [PMID: 36047996 PMCID: PMC10092253 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The strongly oxidizing, powerful electrophilic fluorination reagent [FXe][OTf] is shown to effect direct oxidative monofluorination of sulfoxides. This one-step, chloride promoter-free methodology provides access to so far inaccessible, yet highly desirable strongly Lewis acidic fluorosulfoxonium cations from electron-deficient and/or sterically demanding sulfoxides that are shown to be practically unreactive towards the previously reported XeF2 /NEt4 Cl system. Experimental and density functional theory studies have been conducted to assess the Lewis acidities of the prepared sulfur(VI) cations. Preliminary results obtained with chiral sulfoxides provide early insights into the mechanism of these fluorination reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Berreur
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, LIMA, UMR 7042, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alberto Diez-Varga
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, LIMA, UMR 7042, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Augustin Manel
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, LIMA, UMR 7042, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric R Leroux
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, LIMA, UMR 7042, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Armen Panossian
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, LIMA, UMR 7042, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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6
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Skolia E, Gkizis PL, Kokotos CG. Aerobic Photocatalysis: Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200008. [PMID: 35199489 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sulfoxides constitute one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry found in numerous pharmaceuticals and natural products. Sulfoxides are usually obtained from the oxidation of the corresponding sulfides. Among various oxidants, oxygen or air are considered the greenest and most sustainable reagent. Photochemistry and photocatalysis is increasingly applied in new, as well as traditional, yet demanding, reaction, like the aerobic oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides, since photocatalysis has provided the means to access them in mild and effective ways. In this review, we will summarize the photochemical protocols that have been developed for the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides, employing air or oxygen as the oxidant. The aim of this review is to present: i) a historical overview, ii) the key mechanistic studies and proposed mechanisms and iii) categorize the different catalytic systems in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elpida Skolia
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros L Gkizis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Chistoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis 15771, Athens, Greece
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7
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Sang R, Noble A, Aggarwal VK. Chiral Benzothiophene Synthesis via Enantiospecific Coupling of Benzothiophene S-Oxides with Boronic Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25313-25317. [PMID: 34582085 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Benzothiophenes are valuable heterocycles that are widely used in medicines, agrochemicals, and materials science. Herein, we report a general method for the synthesis of enantioenriched 2,3-disubstituted benzothiophenes via a transition-metal-free C2-alkylation of benzothiophenes with boronic esters. The reactions utilize benzothiophene S-oxides in lithiation-borylations to generate intermediate arylboronate complexes, and subsequent Tf2 O-promoted S-O bond cleavage to trigger a Pummerer-type 1,2-metalate shift, which gives the coupled products with complete enantiospecificity. Primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl boronic esters and aryl boronic esters are successfully coupled with a range of C3-substituted benzothiophenes. Importantly, this transformation does not require the use of C3 directing groups, therefore it overcomes a major limitation of previously developed transition-metal-mediated C2 alkylations of benzothiophenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruocheng Sang
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Adam Noble
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Varinder K Aggarwal
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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8
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Kobayashi D, Kohmura Y, Sugiki T, Kuraoka E, Denda M, Fujiwara T, Otaka A. Peptide Cyclization Mediated by Metal-Free S-Arylation: S-Protected Cysteine Sulfoxide as an Umpolung of the Cysteine Nucleophile. Chemistry 2021; 27:14092-14099. [PMID: 34302308 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Covalent linking of side chains provides a method to produce cyclic or stapled peptides that are important in developing peptide-based drugs. A variety of crosslinking formats contribute to fixing the active conformer and prolonging its biological activity under physiological conditions. One format uses the cysteine thiol to participate in crosslinking through nucleophilic thiolate anions or thiyl radicals to form thioether and disulfide bonds. Removal of the S-protection from an S-protected Cys derivative generates the thiol, which functions as a nucleophile. S-Oxidation of a protected Cys allows the formation of a sulfoxide that operates as an umpolung electrophile. Herein, the applicability of S-p-methoxybenzyl Cys sulfoxide (Cys(MBzl)(O)) to the formation of a thioether linkage between tryptophan and Cys has been investigated. The reaction of peptides containing Cys(MBzl)(O) and Trp with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFMSA) or methanesulfonic acid (MSA) in TFA in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride (Gn ⋅ HCl) proceeded to give cyclic or stapled peptides possessing the Cys-Trp thioether linkage. In this reaction, strong acids such as TFMSA or MSA are necessary to activate the sulfoxide. Additionally, Gn ⋅ HCl plays a critical role in producing an electrophilic Cys derivative that combines with the indole by aromatic electrophilic substitution. The findings led us to conclude that the less-electrophilic Cys(MBzl)(O) serves as an acid-activated umpolung of a Cys nucleophile and is useful for S-arylation-mediated peptide cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daishiro Kobayashi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kohmura
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Sugiki
- Institute of Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eisuke Kuraoka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Masaya Denda
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Toshimichi Fujiwara
- Institute of Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Otaka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
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9
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Chen M, Liang Y, Dong T, Liang W, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Huang X, Kong L, Wang ZX, Peng B. Z-Selective α-Arylation of α,β-Unsaturated Nitriles via [3,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2339-2345. [PMID: 33017503 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reaction and [3, 3]-sigmatropic rearrangement are two paradigms in organic synthesis. We have merged the two types of reactions to achieve [3,3]-rearrangement of aryl sulfoxides with α,β-unsaturated nitriles. The reaction was achieved by sequentially treating both coupling partners with electrophilic activator (Tf2 O) and base, offering an effective approach to prepare synthetically versatile α-aryl α,β-unsaturated nitriles with Z-selectivity through direct α-C-H arylation of unmodified α,β-unsaturated nitriles. The control experiments and DFT calculations support a four-stage reaction sequence, including the assembly of Tf2 O activated aryl sulfoxide with α,β-unsaturated nitrile, MBH-like Lewis base addition, [3,3]-rearrangement, and E1cB-elimination. Among these stages, the Lewis base addition is diastereoselective and E1cB-elimination is cis-selective, which could account for the remarkable Z-selectivity of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Yuchen Liang
- School of Chemical Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Taotao Dong
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Weijian Liang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Yanping Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Yage Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Lichun Kong
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School of Chemical Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
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10
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Abstract
Sulfoxides are a class of organic compounds that find wide application in medicinal and organic chemistry. Several biocatalytic approaches have been developed to synthesise enantioenriched sulfoxides, mainly by exploiting oxidative enzymes. Recently, the use of reductive enzymes such as Msr and Dms has emerged as a new, alternative method to obtain enantiopure sulfoxides from racemic mixtures. In parallel, novel oxidative approaches, employing nonclassical solvents such as ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs), have been developed as greener and more sustainable biocatalytic synthetic pathways. This minireview aims highlights the recent advances made in the biocatalytic synthesis of enantioenriched sulfoxides by employing such unconventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Anselmi
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical SciencesKing's College London150 Stamford StreetLondonSE1 9NHUK
| | - Nandini Aggarwal
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical SciencesKing's College London150 Stamford StreetLondonSE1 9NHUK
| | - Thomas S. Moody
- Almac Sciences20 Seagoe Industrial EstateCraigavonBT63 5QDUK
- Arran Chemical Company LimitedUnit 1 Monksland Industrial Estate, Athlone, Co.RoscommonN37 DN24Ireland
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical SciencesKing's College London150 Stamford StreetLondonSE1 9NHUK
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11
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Tickner BJ, Ahwal F, Whitwood AC, Duckett SB. Reversible Hyperpolarization of Ketoisocaproate Using Sulfoxide-containing Polarization Transfer Catalysts. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:13-17. [PMID: 33196137 PMCID: PMC7839500 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The substrate scope of sulfoxide-containing magnetisation transfer catalysts is extended to hyperpolarize α-ketoisocaproate and α-ketoisocaproate-1-[13 C]. This is achieved by forming [Ir(H)2 (κ2 -ketoisocaproate)(N-heterocyclic carbene)(sulfoxide)] which transfers latent magnetism from p-H2 via the signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) process. The effect of polarization transfer field on the formation of enhanced 13 C magnetization is evaluated. Consequently, performing SABRE in a 0.5 μT field enabled most efficient magnetisation transfer. 13 C NMR signals for α-ketoisocaproate-1-[13 C] in methanol-d4 are up to 985-fold more intense than their traditional Boltzmann derived signal intensity (0.8 % 13 C polarisation). Single crystal X-ray diffraction reveals the formation of the novel catalyst decomposition products [Ir(μ-H)(H)2 (IMes)(SO(Ph)(Me)2 )]2 and [(Ir(H)2 (IMes)(SO(Me)2 ))2 (μ-S)] when the sulfoxides methylphenylsulfoxide and dimethylsulfoxide are used respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben. J. Tickner
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic ResonanceUniversity of York, HeslingtonYorkU.K.YO10 5NY
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of York, HeslingtonYorkU.K.YO10 5DD
- NMR Research Unit, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of OuluP.O. Box 300090014OuluFinland
| | - Fadi Ahwal
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic ResonanceUniversity of York, HeslingtonYorkU.K.YO10 5NY
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of York, HeslingtonYorkU.K.YO10 5DD
| | | | - Simon B. Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic ResonanceUniversity of York, HeslingtonYorkU.K.YO10 5NY
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of York, HeslingtonYorkU.K.YO10 5DD
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12
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Wang D, Carlton CG, Tayu M, McDouall JJW, Perry GJP, Procter DJ. Trifluoromethyl Sulfoxides: Reagents for Metal-Free C-H Trifluoromethylthiolation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15918-15922. [PMID: 32463942 PMCID: PMC7540508 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Trifluoromethyl sulfoxides are a new class of trifluoromethylthiolating reagent. The sulfoxides engage in metal-free C-H trifluoromethylthiolation with a range of (hetero)arenes. The method is also applicable to the functionalization of important compound classes, such as ligand derivatives and polyaromatics, and in the late-stage trifluoromethylthiolation of medicines and agrochemicals. The isolation and characterization of a sulfonium salt intermediate supports an interrupted Pummerer reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - C. Grace Carlton
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Masanori Tayu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
- Department of ChemistryMeiji Pharmaceutical University2-522-1 NoshioKiyoseTokyo204-8588Japan
| | | | - Gregory J. P. Perry
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - David J. Procter
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
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13
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Acosta-Guzmán P, Mahecha-Mahecha C, Gamba-Sánchez D. Electrophilic Chlorine from Chlorosulfonium Salts: A Highly Chemoselective Reduction of Sulfoxides. Chemistry 2020; 26:10348-10354. [PMID: 32428263 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a selective late-stage deoxygenation of sulfoxides based on a novel application of chlorosulfonium salts and demonstrate a new process using these species generated in situ from sulfoxides as the source of electrophilic chlorine. The use of highly nucleophilic 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene (TMB) as the reducing agent is described for the first time and applied in the deoxygenation of simple and functionalized sulfoxides. The method is easy to handle, economic, suitable for gram-scale operations, and readily applied for poly-functionalized molecules, as demonstrated with more than 45 examples, including commercial medicines and analogues. We also report the results of competition experiments that define the more reactive sulfoxide and we present a mechanistic proposal based on substrate and product observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Acosta-Guzmán
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Bio and Organocatalysis, Chemistry Department, Universidad de los Andes, Cra 1 No. 18A-12 Q:305, Bogota, 111711, Colombia
| | - Camilo Mahecha-Mahecha
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Bio and Organocatalysis, Chemistry Department, Universidad de los Andes, Cra 1 No. 18A-12 Q:305, Bogota, 111711, Colombia
| | - Diego Gamba-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Bio and Organocatalysis, Chemistry Department, Universidad de los Andes, Cra 1 No. 18A-12 Q:305, Bogota, 111711, Colombia
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14
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Woodroofe CC, Ivanic J, Monti S, Levine RL, Swenson RE. Repurposing the Pummerer Rearrangement: Determination of Methionine Sulfoxides in Peptides. Chembiochem 2019; 21:508-516. [PMID: 31365170 PMCID: PMC7065062 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The reversible oxidation of methionine residues in proteins has emerged as a biologically important post‐translational modification. However, detection and quantitation of methionine sulfoxide in proteins is difficult. Our aim is to develop a method for specifically derivatizing methionine sulfoxide residues. We report a Pummerer rearrangement of methionine sulfoxide treated sequentially with trimethylsilyl chloride and then 2‐mercaptoimidazole or pyridine‐2‐thiol to produce a dithioacetal product. This derivative is stable to standard mass spectrometry conditions, and its formation identified oxidized methionine residues. The scope and requirements of dithioacetal formation are reported for methionine sulfoxide and model substrates. The reaction intermediates have been investigated by computational techniques and by 13C NMR spectroscopy. These provide evidence for an α‐chlorinated intermediate. The derivatization allows for detection and quantitation of methionine sulfoxide in proteins by mass spectrometry and potentially by immunochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn C Woodroofe
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Joseph Ivanic
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Sciences Group, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research operated by, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., 1011 Beasley Drive, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Sarah Monti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rodney L Levine
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rolf E Swenson
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
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15
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Šiaučiulis M, Ahlsten N, Pulis AP, Procter DJ. Transition-Metal-Free Cross-Coupling of Benzothiophenes and Styrenes in a Stereoselective Synthesis of Substituted (E,Z)-1,3-Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8779-8783. [PMID: 30964596 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A transition metal-free one-pot stereoselective approach to substituted (E,Z)-1,3-dienes was developed by using an interrupted Pummerer reaction/ligand-coupling strategy. Readily available benzothiophene S-oxides, which can be conveniently prepared by oxidation of the parent benzothiophenes, undergo Pummerer coupling with styrenes. Reaction of the resultant sulfonium salts with alkyllithium/magnesium reagents generates underexploited hypervalent sulfurane intermediates that undergo selective ligand coupling, resulting in dismantling of the benzothiophene motif and the formation of decorated (E,Z)-1,3-dienes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindaugas Šiaučiulis
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Nanna Ahlsten
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company Limited, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Alexander P Pulis
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - David J Procter
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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16
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Aukland MH, Talbot FJT, Fernández-Salas JA, Ball M, Pulis AP, Procter DJ. An Interrupted Pummerer/Nickel-Catalysed Cross-Coupling Sequence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9785-9789. [PMID: 29882623 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An interrupted Pummerer/nickel-catalysed cross-coupling strategy has been developed and used in the elaboration of styrenes. The operationally simple method can be carried out as a one-pot process, involves the direct formation of stable alkenyl sulfonium salt intermediates, utilises a commercially available sulfoxide, catalyst, and ligand, operates at ambient temperature, accommodates sp-, sp2 -, and sp3 -hybridised organozinc coupling partners, and delivers functionalised styrene products in high yields over two steps. An interrupted Pummerer/cyclisation approach has also been used to access carbo- and heterocyclic alkenyl sulfonium salts for cross-coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles H Aukland
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Fabien J T Talbot
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - Matthew Ball
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Alexander P Pulis
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - David J Procter
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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17
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Barattucci A, Aversa MC, Mancuso A, Salerno TMG, Bonaccorsi P. Transient Sulfenic Acids in the Synthesis of Biologically Relevant Products. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051030. [PMID: 29702582 PMCID: PMC6099585 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfenic acids as small molecules are too unstable to be isolated and their transient nature offers the possibility to involve them in concerted processes that lead to the obtainment of functional groups such as sulfoxides, sulfones, and disulfides. All these functions are present in a number of natural and synthetic drugs and can represent structural motives inducing biologically relevant properties. In this small review the generation and reactions of sulfenic acid bearing naturally occurring residues are described. Carbohydrate and aminoacid-derived sulfenic acids have been used in concerted addition with triple bonds to obtain alliin derivatives and thiosugars in enantiomerically pure form. Glycoconjugates with sulfinyl, sulfonyl, and disulfane functional groups and pyridine-derived disulfides have been obtained from bis- and tris-sulfinyl precursors of sulfenic acids. Small families of such compounds have been subjected to preliminary biological tests. Starting from the evidence that the control of molecular architecture and the presence of suitable functional groups can play a significant role on the exhibition of biological properties, apoptotic effects on malignant cells by glycoconjugates and inhibitory activity against the important human pathogen S. aureus by pyrimidine-derived disulfides have been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Barattucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Biologiche Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, 98166 Messina ME, Italy.
| | - Maria Chiara Aversa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Biologiche Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, 98166 Messina ME, Italy.
| | - Aurora Mancuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Biologiche Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, 98166 Messina ME, Italy.
| | - Tania Maria Grazia Salerno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Biologiche Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, 98166 Messina ME, Italy.
| | - Paola Bonaccorsi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Biologiche Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, 98166 Messina ME, Italy.
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18
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Dherbassy Q, Djukic JP, Wencel-Delord J, Colobert F. Two Stereoinduction Events in One C-H Activation Step: A Route towards Terphenyl Ligands with Two Atropisomeric Axes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4668-4672. [PMID: 29450952 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Herein we disclose the synthesis of original chiral scaffolds-ortho-orientated terphenyls presenting two atropisomeric Ar-Ar axes. These unusual structures were built up by using the C-H activation approach, and remarkably, both chiral axes were controlled with excellent stereoselectivity in a single transformation. During the reaction, not only does atroposelective functionalization of a biaryl precursor occur to establish one stereogenic axis, but an unprecedented atropo-stereoselective C-H arylation also takes place to generate the second stereogenic element. These enantiomerically pure ortho-terphenyls show an original tridimensional structure and thus constitute a unique foundation for building up a library of enantiomerically pure bidentate ligands, such as the new ligands S/N-Biax and diphosphine BiaxPhos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Dherbassy
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université de Strasbourg/Université de haute Alsace, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Djukic
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg (UMR 7177), Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67070, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Joanna Wencel-Delord
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université de Strasbourg/Université de haute Alsace, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Françoise Colobert
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université de Strasbourg/Université de haute Alsace, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, France
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19
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Nikitina LE, Kiselev SV, Startseva VA, Bodrov AV, Azizova ZR, Shipina OT, Fedyunina IV, Boichuk SV, Lodochnikova OA, Klochkov VV, Galiullina LF, Khaliullina AV. Sulfur-Containing Monoterpenoids as Potential Antithrombotic Drugs: Research in the Molecular Mechanism of Coagulation Activity Using Pinanyl Sulfoxide as an Example. Front Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29515444 PMCID: PMC5825891 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we present the synthesis of enantiomerically pure sulfoxide and study the influence of this compound on hemostasis. Detailed NMR studies and molecular dynamics simulations using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) membrane models indicated that the bicyclic fragment of sulfoxide was embedded into the SDS micelle whereas the -SO(CH2)2OH fragment remained on the surface of the micelle and was in contact with the solvent. We also found that the pro-coagulative activity of sulfoxide was due to its ability to inhibit platelet activation and inhibited the catalytic activity of phospholipid surface which was involved in formation of coagulation clotting factor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya E Nikitina
- Department of General and Organic Chemistry, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia.,Medical Physics Department, Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Sergei V Kiselev
- Department of General and Organic Chemistry, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Valeriya A Startseva
- Department of General and Organic Chemistry, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Andrei V Bodrov
- Department of General and Organic Chemistry, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Zulfiya R Azizova
- Department of General and Organic Chemistry, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Olga T Shipina
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Compounds, Kazan National Research Technological University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Inna V Fedyunina
- Department of General and Organic Chemistry, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Sergei V Boichuk
- Department of General and Organic Chemistry, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Olga A Lodochnikova
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Klochkov
- Medical Physics Department, Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Leisan F Galiullina
- Medical Physics Department, Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Aliya V Khaliullina
- Department of General and Organic Chemistry, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia.,Medical Physics Department, Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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20
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Abstract
This review summarizes recent developments in photocatalyzed carbon-sulfur bond formation. General concepts, synthetic strategies and the substrate scope of reactions yielding thiols, disulfides, sulfoxides, sulfones and other organosulfur compounds are discussed together with the proposed mechanistic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wimmer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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21
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Abstract
The selective, metal-free generation of α-carbonyl cations from simple internal alkynes was accomplished by the addition of a sulfoxide to a densely substituted vinyl cation. The high reactivity of the α-carbonyl cations was found to efficiently induce hydrogen and even carbon shift reactions with unusual selecivities. Complex compounds with highly congested tertiary and all-carbon-substituted quartenary carbon centers can thus be accessed in a single step from simple precursors. Mechanistic analysis strongly supports the intermediacy of the title compounds and provides a simple predictive scheme for the migratory aptitude of different substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Stopka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Meike Niggemann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nuno Maulide
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Singh AK, Tiwari V, Mishra KB, Gupta S, Kandasamy J. Urea-hydrogen peroxide prompted the selective and controlled oxidation of thioglycosides into sulfoxides and sulfones. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1139-1144. [PMID: 28684993 PMCID: PMC5480342 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A practical method for the selective and controlled oxidation of thioglycosides to corresponding glycosyl sulfoxides and sulfones is reported using urea-hydrogen peroxide (UHP). A wide range of glycosyl sulfoxides are selectively achieved using 1.5 equiv of UHP at 60 °C while corresponding sulfones are achieved using 2.5 equiv of UHP at 80 °C in acetic acid. Remarkably, oxidation susceptible olefin functional groups were found to be stable during the oxidation of sulfide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Varsha Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Kunj Bihari Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Surabhi Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Jeyakumar Kandasamy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
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23
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Kaldre D, Maryasin B, Kaiser D, Gajsek O, González L, Maulide N. An Asymmetric Redox Arylation: Chirality Transfer from Sulfur to Carbon through a Sulfonium [3,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2212-2215. [PMID: 28097797 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A general, asymmetric redox arylation of ynamides and thioalkynes with chiral sulfoxides is reported. This is the first example of a general 1,4-chirality transfer from sulfur to a carbon stereocenter through a sulfonium [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement. This reaction delivers α-arylated thioesters and amides under mild conditions in an atom-economical manner. The products are formed in high yields with enantiomeric ratios up to 99.5:0.5. Quantum chemical calculations suggest a mechanism for the chirality transfer from sulfur to carbon and explain the experimentally observed correlation of the enantioselectivity with both the catalyst and the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dainis Kaldre
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Boris Maryasin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Kaiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Gajsek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nuno Maulide
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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24
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Jiang T, Quan X, Zhu C, Andersson PG, Bäckvall JE. Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Synthesis of α-Acetoxylated Enones from Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5824-8. [PMID: 27060476 PMCID: PMC5021131 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a palladium-catalyzed oxidative functionalization of alkynes to generate α-acetoxylated enones in one step. A range of functional groups are well-tolerated in this reaction. Mechanistic studies, including the use of (18) O-labeled DMSO, revealed that the ketone oxygen atom in the product originates from DMSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Jiang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xu Quan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Can Zhu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pher G Andersson
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-E Bäckvall
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
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25
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Abstract
The utility of sulfoxides in a diverse range of transformations in the field of carbohydrate chemistry has seen rapid growth since the first introduction of a sulfoxide as a glycosyl donor in 1989. Sulfoxides have since developed into more than just anomeric leaving groups, and today have multiple roles in glycosylation reactions. These include as activators for thioglycosides, hemiacetals, and glycals, and as precursors to glycosyl triflates, which are essential for stereoselective β-mannoside synthesis, and bicyclic sulfonium ions that facilitate the stereoselective synthesis of α-glycosides. In this review we highlight the mechanistic investigations undertaken in this area, often outlining strategies employed to differentiate between multiple proposed reaction pathways, and how the conclusions of these investigations have and continue to inform upon the development of more efficient transformations in sulfoxide-based carbohydrate synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Fascione
- York Structural Biology Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington Road, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Robin Brabham
- York Structural Biology Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington Road, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - W Bruce Turnbull
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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26
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Lang X, Zhao J, Chen X. Visible-Light-Induced Photoredox Catalysis of Dye-Sensitized Titanium Dioxide: Selective Aerobic Oxidation of Organic Sulfides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4697-700. [PMID: 26969891 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
TiO2 photoredox catalysis has recently attracted much interest for use in performing challenging organic transformations under mild reaction conditions. However, the reaction scheme is hampered by the fact that TiO2 can only be excited by UV light of wavelengths λ shorter than 385 nm. One promising strategy to overcome this issue is to anchor an organic, preferably metal-free dye onto the surface of TiO2. Importantly, we observed that the introduction of a catalytic amount of the redox mediator TEMPO [(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl] ensured the stability of the anchored dye, alizarin red S, thereby resulting in the selective oxidation of organic sulfides with O2. This result affirms the essential role of the redox mediator in enabling the organic transformations by visible-light photoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Lang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jincai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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27
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Abstract
The Brønsted acid-mediated reaction of unactivated alkynes with aryl sulfoxides leads to simultaneous hydration and intermolecular C-C bond formation. This solvent- and metal-free transformation directly delivers α-arylated carbonyl compounds as the products of a formal hydrative arylation in an atom-economical manner. The products bear useful synthetic handles for further functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kaiser
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luís F Veiros
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Maulide
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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28
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Cowper P, Jin Y, Turton MD, Kociok-Köhn G, Lewis SE. Azulenesulfonium Salts: Accessible, Stable, and Versatile Reagents for Cross-Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2564-8. [PMID: 26806850 PMCID: PMC4755203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Azulenesulfonium salts may be readily prepared from the corresponding azulenes by an SE Ar reaction. These azulene sulfonium salts are bench-stable species that may be employed as pseudohalides for cross-coupling. Specifically, their application in Suzuki-Miyaura reactions has been demonstrated with a diverse selection of coupling partners. These azulenesulfonium salts possess significant advantages in comparison with the corresponding azulenyl halides, which are known to be unstable and difficult to prepare in pure form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cowper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Yu Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Gabriele Kociok-Köhn
- Chemical Characterisation and Analysis Facility, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Simon E Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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29
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Tomanová P, Šturala J, Buděšínský M, Cibulka R. A Click Chemistry Approach towards Flavin-Cyclodextrin Conjugates-Bioinspired Sulfoxidation Catalysts. Molecules 2015; 20:19837-48. [PMID: 26556319 PMCID: PMC6331787 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201119667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A click chemistry approach based on the reaction between alkynylflavins and mono(6-azido-6-deoxy)-β-cyclodextrin has proven to be a useful tool for the synthesis of flavin-cyclodextrin conjugates studied as monooxygenase mimics in enantioselective sulfoxidations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Tomanová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Šturala
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Radek Cibulka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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30
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Abstract
1. Incubation of beagle hepatic cytosol, under conditions promoting phenylalanine hydroxylase activity, led to the formation of the sulfoxide derivatives of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine, N-acetyl-S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine, S-methyl-L-cysteine and N-acetyl-S-methyl-L-cysteine. Thiodiglycolic acid was not a substrate. Enzyme kinetic parameters (Km, Vmax) were derived indicating S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine had the greatest clearance; no enantioselective preference was observed for this S-oxygenation reaction. 2. Following oral administration of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine to beagle dogs, the parent substance and its sulfoxide were the only compounds identified in the plasma. Pharmacokinetic data have been obtained indicating that the small amount of sulfoxide formed persisted within the body for longer than the parent material, but that the majority of the ingested dose remained in the administered sulfide form. 3. The sulfide moiety within the muco-regulatory drug, S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine, is thought to be vital as it acts as a free radical scavenger, resulting in the inactive sulfoxide. Additional extensive enyzme-mediated sulfoxidation would decrease the amount of active sulfide available. In the dog this appears to not be an issue, signalling possible exploitation for therapeutic benefit in treating airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen C Mitchell
- b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Computational and Systems Medicine , Imperial College London , South Kensington , London , UK , and
| | - Glyn B Steventon
- c Department of Biochemistry and Physiology , University of Surrey, School of Biosciences and Medicine , Guildford , Surrey , UK
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31
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Yoshida K, Osuka A. Observation of Diastereomeric Interconversions of β-Sulfinylsubporphyrins as Evidence for Bowl Inversion. Chemistry 2015; 21:11727-34. [PMID: 26095053 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
B-Methoxy β-(4-methoxyphenylsulfinyl)subporphyrin and B-phenyl β-(4-methoxyphenylsulfinyl)subporphyrin were synthesized by oxidation of the corresponding β-sulfanylsubporphyrins with m-chloroperbenzoic acid and were separated into diastereomers, respectively. B-Methoxy subporphyrin diastereomers were interconverted to each other in methanol or ethanol, whereas such interconversion was not observed for B-phenyl subporphyrin diastereomers even at high temperature. Diastereomeric interconversions of B-methoxy subporphyrins were dramatically accelerated by addition of trifluoroacetic acid. These results suggest that the diastereomeric interconversions of B-methoxy subporphyrins, namely, their bowl inversions, proceed via a mechanism involving protonation-induced generation of subporphyrin borenium cations followed by nucleophilic attacks by alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 75-753-3970
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 75-753-3970.
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Abstract
A new approach for the fully chemoselective α-arylation of amides is presented. By means of electrophilic amide activation, aryl groups can be regioselectively introduced α- to amides, even in the presence of esters and alkyl ketones. Mechanistic studies reveal key reaction intermediates and emphasize a remarkably subtle base effect in this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany)
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Barl NM, Sansiaume-Dagousset E, Karaghiosoff K, Knochel P. Full functionalization of the 7-azaindole scaffold by selective metalation and sulfoxide/magnesium exchange. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10093-6. [PMID: 23897626 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201303490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Filling positions: 7-Azaindoles are important targets in the pharmaceutical industry. All five carbon positions of the azaindole ring system can be functionalized in a predictable manner starting from the appropriately substituted azaindole 1 by directed metalation and halogen/magnesium and sulfoxide/magnesium exchange. The products are fully substituted azaindoles of type 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja M Barl
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München (Germany)
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Fascione MA, Adshead SJ, Mandal PK, Kilner CA, Leach AG, Turnbull WB. Mechanistic studies on a sulfoxide transfer reaction mediated by diphenyl sulfoxide/triflic anhydride. Chemistry 2012; 18:2987-97. [PMID: 22294491 PMCID: PMC3743163 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sulfoxides are frequently used in organic synthesis as chiral auxiliaries and reagents to mediate a wide variety of chemical transformations. For example, diphenyl sulfoxide and triflic anhydride can be used to activate a wide range of glycosyl donors including hemiacetals, glycals and thioglycosides. In this way, an alcohol, enol or sulfide is converted into a good leaving group for subsequent reaction with an acceptor alcohol. However, reaction of diphenyl sulfoxide and triflic anhydride with oxathiane-based thioglycosides, and other oxathianes, leads to a different process in which the thioglycoside is oxidised to a sulfoxide. This unexpected oxidation reaction is very stereoselective and proceeds under anhydrous conditions in which the diphenyl sulfoxide acts both as oxidant and as the source of the oxygen atom. Isotopic labelling experiments support a reaction mechanism that involves the formation of oxodisulfonium (S-O-S) dication intermediates. These intermediates undergo oxygen-exchange reactions with other sulfoxides and also allow interconversion of axial and equatorial sulfoxides in oxathiane rings. The reversibility of the oxygen-exchange reaction suggests that the stereochemical outcome of the oxidation reaction may be under thermodynamic control, which potentially presents a novel strategy for the stereoselective synthesis of sulfoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Fascione
- School of Chemistry, University of LeedsLeeds, LS2 9 JT (UK), Fax: (+44) 1133436565 E-mail:
| | - Sophie J Adshead
- School of Chemistry, University of LeedsLeeds, LS2 9 JT (UK), Fax: (+44) 1133436565 E-mail:
| | - Pintu K Mandal
- School of Chemistry, University of LeedsLeeds, LS2 9 JT (UK), Fax: (+44) 1133436565 E-mail:
| | - Colin A Kilner
- School of Chemistry, University of LeedsLeeds, LS2 9 JT (UK), Fax: (+44) 1133436565 E-mail:
| | - Andrew G Leach
- AstraZenecaAlderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TF (UK)
| | - W Bruce Turnbull
- School of Chemistry, University of LeedsLeeds, LS2 9 JT (UK), Fax: (+44) 1133436565 E-mail:
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