1
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Alvarez-Montoya A, Gillions JP, Winfrey L, Hawker RR, Singh K, Ortu F, Fu Y, Li Y, Pulis AP. B(C 6F 5) 3-Catalyzed Dehydrogenation of Pyrrolidines to Form Pyrroles. ACS Catal 2024; 14:4856-4864. [PMID: 38601781 PMCID: PMC11002826 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c05444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Pyrroles are important N-heterocycles found in medicines and materials. The formation of pyrroles from widely accessible pyrrolidines is a potentially attractive strategy but is an underdeveloped approach due to the sensitivity of pyrroles to the oxidative conditions required to achieve such a transformation. Herein, we report a catalytic approach that employs commercially available B(C6F5)3 in an operationally simple procedure that allows pyrrolidines to serve as direct synthons for pyrroles. Mechanistic studies have revealed insights into borane-catalyzed dehydrogenative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Winfrey
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
| | - Rebecca R. Hawker
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
| | - Kuldip Singh
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
| | - Fabrizio Ortu
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
| | - Yukang Fu
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University
of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University
of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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2
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Elsherbeni S, Melen RL, Pulis AP, Morrill LC. Accessing Highly Substituted Indoles via B(C 6F 5) 3-Catalyzed Secondary Alkyl Group Transfer. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4244-4248. [PMID: 38389441 PMCID: PMC10949240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a synthetic method to access a range of highly substituted indoles via the B(C6F5)3-catalyzed transfer of 2° alkyl groups from amines. The transition-metal-free catalytic approach has been demonstrated across a broad range of indoles and amine 2° alkyl donors, including various substituents on both reacting components, to access useful C(3)-alkylated indole products. The alkyl transfer process can be performed using Schlenk line techniques in combination with commercially available B(C6F5)3·nH2O and solvents, which obviates the requirement for specialized equipment (e.g., glovebox).
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma
A. Elsherbeni
- Cardiff
Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K.
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Rebecca L. Melen
- Cardiff
Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, U.K.
| | | | - Louis C. Morrill
- Cardiff
Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K.
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3
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Winfrey L, Yun L, Passeri G, Suntharalingam K, Pulis AP. H 2 O ⋅ B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 -Catalyzed para-Alkylation of Anilines with Alkenes Applied to Late-Stage Functionalization of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303130. [PMID: 38224207 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Anilines are core motifs in a variety of important molecules including medicines, materials and agrochemicals. We report a straightforward procedure that allows access to new chemical space of anilines via their para-C-H alkylation. The method utilizes commercially available catalytic H2 O ⋅ B(C6 F5 )3 and is highly selective for para-C-alkylation (over N-alkylation and ortho-C-alkylation) of anilines, with a wide scope in both the aniline substrates and alkene coupling partners. Readily available alkenes are used, and include new classes of alkene for the first time. The mild reaction conditions have allowed the procedure to be applied to the late-stage-functionalization of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including fenamic acids and diclofenac. The formed novel NSAID derivatives display improved anti-inflammatory properties over the parent NSAID structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Winfrey
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Yun
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Ginevra Passeri
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexander P Pulis
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
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4
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Basak S, Winfrey L, Kustiana BA, Melen RL, Morrill LC, Pulis AP. Electron deficient borane-mediated hydride abstraction in amines: stoichiometric and catalytic processes. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:3720-3737. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00531b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Borane mediated hydride abstraction of amines efficiently generates useful iminium salts. This review explores this fascinating reactivity and discusses how the iminium intermediates are utilised in a variety of stoichiometric and catalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Basak
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
| | - Laura Winfrey
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leicester
- Leicester
- UK
| | - Betty A. Kustiana
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
| | - Rebecca L. Melen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
| | - Louis C. Morrill
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
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5
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Basak S, Alvarez-Montoya A, Winfrey L, Melen RL, Morrill LC, Pulis AP. B(C 6F 5) 3-Catalyzed Direct C3 Alkylation of Indoles and Oxindoles. ACS Catal 2020; 10:4835-4840. [PMID: 32596025 PMCID: PMC7311048 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
direct C3 alkylation of indoles and oxindoles is a challenging
transformation, and only a few direct methods exist. Utilizing the
underexplored ability of triaryl boranes to mediate the heterolytic
cleavage of α-nitrogen C–H bonds in amines, we have developed
a catalytic approach for the direct C3 alkylation of a wide range
of indoles and oxindoles using amine-based alkylating agents. We also
employed this borane-catalyzed strategy in an alkylation-ring opening
cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Basak
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Alvarez-Montoya
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Winfrey
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L. Melen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Louis C. Morrill
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander P. Pulis
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
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6
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Yan J, Pulis AP, Perry GJP, Procter DJ. Metal‐Free Synthesis of Benzothiophenes by Twofold C−H Functionalization: Direct Access to Materials‐Oriented Heteroaromatics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15675-15679. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Yan
- School of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Alexander P. Pulis
- School of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Gregory J. P. Perry
- School of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - David J. Procter
- School of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
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7
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Yan J, Pulis AP, Perry GJP, Procter DJ. Metal‐Free Synthesis of Benzothiophenes by Twofold C−H Functionalization: Direct Access to Materials‐Oriented Heteroaromatics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Yan
- School of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Alexander P. Pulis
- School of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Gregory J. P. Perry
- School of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - David J. Procter
- School of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
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8
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Šiaučiulis M, Ahlsten N, Pulis AP, Procter DJ. Transition-Metal-Free Cross-Coupling of Benzothiophenes and Styrenes in a Stereoselective Synthesis of Substituted (E,Z)-1,3-Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8779-8783. [PMID: 30964596 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A transition metal-free one-pot stereoselective approach to substituted (E,Z)-1,3-dienes was developed by using an interrupted Pummerer reaction/ligand-coupling strategy. Readily available benzothiophene S-oxides, which can be conveniently prepared by oxidation of the parent benzothiophenes, undergo Pummerer coupling with styrenes. Reaction of the resultant sulfonium salts with alkyllithium/magnesium reagents generates underexploited hypervalent sulfurane intermediates that undergo selective ligand coupling, resulting in dismantling of the benzothiophene motif and the formation of decorated (E,Z)-1,3-dienes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindaugas Šiaučiulis
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Nanna Ahlsten
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company Limited, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Alexander P Pulis
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - David J Procter
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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9
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Šiaučiulis M, Ahlsten N, Pulis AP, Procter DJ. Transition‐Metal‐Free Cross‐Coupling of Benzothiophenes and Styrenes in a Stereoselective Synthesis of Substituted (
E,Z
)‐1,3‐Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nanna Ahlsten
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company Limited Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road Windlesham Surrey GU20 6PH UK
| | - Alexander P. Pulis
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - David J. Procter
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
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10
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He Z, Pulis AP, Procter DJ. The Interrupted Pummerer Reaction in a Sulfoxide‐Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of 2‐Naphthols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7813-7817. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen He
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Alexander P. Pulis
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - David J. Procter
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen He
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen He
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Alexander P. Pulis
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - David J. Procter
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Yeung
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Fabien J. T. Talbot
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth P. Howell
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander P. Pulis
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Procter
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Yang
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Alexander P. Pulis
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Gregory J. P. Perry
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - David J. Procter
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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15
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Jia T, He Q, Ruscoe RE, Pulis AP, Procter DJ. Regiodivergent Copper Catalyzed Borocyanation of 1,3-Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11305-11309. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jia
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Sichuan Normal University; Chengdu 610068 P. R. China
| | - Qiong He
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Rebecca E. Ruscoe
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Alexander P. Pulis
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - David J. Procter
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jia
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Sichuan Normal University; Chengdu 610068 P. R. China
| | - Qiong He
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Rebecca E. Ruscoe
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Alexander P. Pulis
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - David J. Procter
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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17
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Aukland MH, Talbot FJT, Fernández-Salas JA, Ball M, Pulis AP, Procter DJ. An Interrupted Pummerer/Nickel-Catalysed Cross-Coupling Sequence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miles H. Aukland
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Fabien J. T. Talbot
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | | | - Matthew Ball
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development; AstraZeneca; Silk Road Business Park Macclesfield SK10 2NA UK
| | - Alexander P. Pulis
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - David J. Procter
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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18
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Aukland MH, Talbot FJT, Fernández-Salas JA, Ball M, Pulis AP, Procter DJ. An Interrupted Pummerer/Nickel-Catalysed Cross-Coupling Sequence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9785-9789. [PMID: 29882623 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An interrupted Pummerer/nickel-catalysed cross-coupling strategy has been developed and used in the elaboration of styrenes. The operationally simple method can be carried out as a one-pot process, involves the direct formation of stable alkenyl sulfonium salt intermediates, utilises a commercially available sulfoxide, catalyst, and ligand, operates at ambient temperature, accommodates sp-, sp2 -, and sp3 -hybridised organozinc coupling partners, and delivers functionalised styrene products in high yields over two steps. An interrupted Pummerer/cyclisation approach has also been used to access carbo- and heterocyclic alkenyl sulfonium salts for cross-coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles H Aukland
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Fabien J T Talbot
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - Matthew Ball
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Alexander P Pulis
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - David J Procter
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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19
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He Z, Shrives HJ, Fernández-Salas JA, Abengózar A, Neufeld J, Yang K, Pulis AP, Procter DJ. Synthesis of C2 Substituted Benzothiophenes via an Interrupted Pummerer/[3,3]-Sigmatropic/1,2-Migration Cascade of Benzothiophene S
-Oxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen He
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Harry J. Shrives
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | | | - Alberto Abengózar
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Jessica Neufeld
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Kevin Yang
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Alexander P. Pulis
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - David J. Procter
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
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20
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He Z, Shrives HJ, Fernández-Salas JA, Abengózar A, Neufeld J, Yang K, Pulis AP, Procter DJ. Synthesis of C2 Substituted Benzothiophenes via an Interrupted Pummerer/[3,3]-Sigmatropic/1,2-Migration Cascade of Benzothiophene S
-Oxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen He
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Harry J. Shrives
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | | | - Alberto Abengózar
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Jessica Neufeld
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Kevin Yang
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Alexander P. Pulis
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - David J. Procter
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
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21
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Fernández-Salas JA, Pulis AP, Procter DJ. Metal-free C-H thioarylation of arenes using sulfoxides: a direct, general diaryl sulfide synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:12364-12367. [PMID: 27722278 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07627k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metal-free C-H thioarylation of arenes and heteroarenes using methyl sulfoxides constitutes a general protocol for the synthesis of high value diaryl sulfides. The coupling of arenes and heteroarenes with in situ activated sulfoxides is regioselective, uses readily available starting materials, is operationally simple, and tolerates a wide range of functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander P Pulis
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - David J Procter
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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22
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Šiaučiulis M, Sapmaz S, Pulis AP, Procter DJ. Dual vicinal functionalisation of heterocycles via an interrupted Pummerer coupling/[3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement cascade. Chem Sci 2017; 9:754-759. [PMID: 29629145 PMCID: PMC5870476 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04723a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A dual vicinal functionalisation cascade involving the union of heterocycles and allyl sulfoxides is described. In particular, the approach provides efficient one-step access to biologically relevant and synthetically important C3 thio, C2 carbo substituted indoles. The reaction operates under mild, metal free conditions and without directing groups, via an interrupted Pummerer coupling of activated allyl sulfoxides, generating allyl heteroaryl sulfonium salts that are predisposed to a charge accelerated [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindaugas Šiaučiulis
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Rd , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK .
| | - Selma Sapmaz
- Lilly Research Laboratories , Eli Lilly and Company Limited , Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road , Windlesham , Surrey GU20 6PH , UK
| | - Alexander P Pulis
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Rd , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK .
| | - David J Procter
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Rd , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK .
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23
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Pulis AP, Varela A, Citti C, Songara P, Leonori D, Aggarwal VK. Asymmetric Synthesis of Tertiary Alcohols and Thiols via Nonstabilized Tertiary α-Oxy- and α-Thio-Substituted Organolithium Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10835-10839. [PMID: 28783238 PMCID: PMC5601220 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nonstabilized α-O-substituted tertiary organolithium species are difficult to generate, and the α-S-substituted analogues are configurationally unstable. We now report that they can both be generated easily and trapped with a range of electrophiles with high enantioselectivity, providing ready access to a range of enantioenriched tertiary alcohols and thiols. The configurational stability of the α-S-organolithium species was enhanced by using a less coordinating solvent and short reaction times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Pulis
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Ana Varela
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | - Cinzia Citti
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | - Pradip Songara
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | - Daniele Leonori
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
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Pulis AP, Varela A, Citti C, Songara P, Leonori D, Aggarwal VK. Asymmetric Synthesis of Tertiary Alcohols and Thiols via Nonstabilized Tertiary α-Oxy- and α-Thio-Substituted Organolithium Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Pulis
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Ana Varela
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Cinzia Citti
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Pradip Songara
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Daniele Leonori
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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Abstract
We describe the first one-pot borylation/Suzuki-Miyaura sp2-sp3 cross-coupling between readily available aryl (pseudo)halides and activated alkyl chlorides. This method streamlines the synthesis of diaryl methanes, α-aryl carbonyls and allyl aryl compounds, substructures that are commonly found in life changing drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Whitaker
- Concept Life Sciences, Frith Knoll Road, Chapel-en-le-Frith, High Peak, SK23 0PG, UK.
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Pulis AP, Yeung K, Procter DJ. Enantioselective copper catalysed, direct functionalisation of allenes via allyl copper intermediates. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5240-5247. [PMID: 28959423 PMCID: PMC5605774 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01968h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We explore the breadth of the copper catalysed functionalisation of allenes, which enables efficient access to enantioenriched, densely functionalised molecules.
The direct functionalisation of allenes under copper catalysis enables efficient access to enantioenriched, densely functionalised molecules. In this review we explore the breadth and depth of a versatile reaction manifold, which involves the element-cupration of allenes to generate allyl copper intermediates that are subsequently coupled with diverse arrays of electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Pulis
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Rd , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK . ;
| | - Kay Yeung
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Rd , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK . ;
| | - David J Procter
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Rd , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK . ;
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Shrives HJ, Fernández-Salas JA, Hedtke C, Pulis AP, Procter DJ. Regioselective synthesis of C3 alkylated and arylated benzothiophenes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14801. [PMID: 28317882 PMCID: PMC5364387 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzothiophenes are heterocyclic constituents of important molecules relevant to society, including those with the potential to meet modern medical challenges. The construction of molecules would be vastly more efficient if carbon-hydrogen bonds, found in all organic molecules, can be directly converted into carbon-carbon bonds. In the case of elaborating benzothiophenes, functionalization of carbon-hydrogen bonds at carbon-number 3 (C3) is markedly more demanding than at C2 due to issues of regioselectivity (C3 versus C2), and the requirement of high temperatures, precious metals and the installation of superfluous directing groups. Herein, we demonstrate that synthetically unexplored but readily accessible benzothiophene S-oxides serve as novel precursors for C3-functionalized benzothiophenes. Employing an interrupted Pummerer reaction to capture and then deliver phenol and silane coupling partners, we have discovered a directing group-free method that delivers C3-arylated and -alkylated benzothiophenes with complete regioselectivity, under metal-free and mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry J. Shrives
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - Christin Hedtke
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Alexander P. Pulis
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - David J. Procter
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Yeung K, Ruscoe RE, Rae J, Pulis AP, Procter DJ. Enantioselective Generation of Adjacent Stereocenters in a Copper-Catalyzed Three-Component Coupling of Imines, Allenes, and Diboranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11912-6. [PMID: 27539673 PMCID: PMC5103189 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A highly enantio- and diastereoselective copper-catalyzed three-component coupling affords the first general synthesis of homoallylic amines bearing adjacent stereocenters from achiral starting materials. The method utilizes a commercially available NHC ligand and copper source, operates at ambient temperature, couples readily available simple imines, allenes, and diboranes, and yields high-value homoallylic amines that exhibit versatile amino, alkenyl, and boryl units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Yeung
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Rebecca E Ruscoe
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - James Rae
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Alexander P Pulis
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - David J Procter
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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Yeung K, Ruscoe RE, Rae J, Pulis AP, Procter DJ. Enantioselective Generation of Adjacent Stereocenters in a Copper-Catalyzed Three-Component Coupling of Imines, Allenes, and Diboranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kay Yeung
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Rebecca E. Ruscoe
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - James Rae
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Alexander P. Pulis
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - David J. Procter
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
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Pulis AP, Procter DJ. C-H Coupling Reactions Directed by Sulfoxides: Teaching an Old Functional Group New Tricks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9842-60. [PMID: 27409984 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Sulfoxides are classical functional groups for directing the stoichiometric metalation and functionalization of C-H bonds. In recent times, sulfoxides have been given a new lease on life owing to the development of modern synthetic methods that have arisen because of their unique reactivity. They have recently been used in catalytic C-H activation proceeding via coordination of an internal sulfoxide to a metal or through the action of an external sulfoxide ligand. Furthermore, sulfoxides are able to capture nucleophiles and electrophiles to give sulfonium salts, which subsequently enable the formation of C-C bonds at the expense of C-H bonds. This Review summarizes a renaissance period in the application of sulfoxides arising from their versatility in directing C-H functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Pulis
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - David J Procter
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Pulis
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - David J. Procter
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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32
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Courtemanche MA, Pulis AP, Rochette É, Légaré MA, Stephan DW, Fontaine FG. Intramolecular B/N frustrated Lewis pairs and the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:9797-800. [PMID: 25994329 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03072b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The FLP species 1-BR2-2-NMe2-C6H4 (R = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2, 2,4,5-Me3C6H2) reacts with H2 in sequential hydrogen activation and protodeborylation reactions to give (1-BH2-2-NMe2-C6H4)2. While reacts with H2/CO2 to give formyl, acetal and methoxy-derivatives, reacts with H2/CO2 to give C6H4(NMe2)(B(2,4,5-Me3C6H2)O)2CH2. The mechanism of CO2 reduction is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Courtemanche
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec (Québec), Canada, G1V 0A6.
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Rochette É, Courtemanche MA, Pulis AP, Bi W, Fontaine FG. Ambiphilic Frustrated Lewis Pair Exhibiting High Robustness and Reversible Water Activation: Towards the Metal-Free Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide. Molecules 2015; 20:11902-14. [PMID: 26132911 PMCID: PMC6331835 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200711902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and structural characterization of a phenylene-bridged Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP) having a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TMP) as the Lewis base and a 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (BBN) as the Lewis acid is reported. This FLP exhibits unique robustness towards the products of carbon dioxide hydrogenation. The compound shows reversible splitting of water, formic acid and methanol while no reaction is observed in the presence of excess formaldehyde. The molecule is incredibly robust, showing little sign of degradation after heating at 80 °C in benzene with 10 equiv. of formic acid for 24 h. The robustness of the system could be exploited in the design of metal-free catalysts for the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Étienne Rochette
- Department of Chemistry, Centre de Catalyse et Chimie Verte (C3V), Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Marc-André Courtemanche
- Department of Chemistry, Centre de Catalyse et Chimie Verte (C3V), Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Alexander P Pulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Wenhua Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Centre de Catalyse et Chimie Verte (C3V), Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Frédéric-Georges Fontaine
- Department of Chemistry, Centre de Catalyse et Chimie Verte (C3V), Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Pulis AP, Fackler P, Aggarwal VK. Short stereoselective synthesis of the Phytophthora universal mating hormone α1 using lithiation/borylation reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4382-5. [PMID: 24634275 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The universal mating hormone α 1 of the virulent plant pathogen Phytophthora has been synthesized in 12 steps and 28 % overall yield. Key CC bond-forming steps involved the use of two lithiation/borylation reactions to couple together enantioenriched building blocks, one of which also set up the stereochemistry of the tertiary alcohol at C11. Detailed analysis showed that the diastereomeric purity of the target molecule was >91 %, the highest obtained to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Pulis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS (UK) http://www.bris.ac.uk/chemistry/research/organic/aggarwal-group
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35
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Roesner S, Brown CA, Mohiti M, Pulis AP, Rasappan R, Blair DJ, Essafi S, Leonori D, Aggarwal VK. Stereospecific conversion of alcohols into pinacol boronic esters using lithiation–borylation methodology with pinacolborane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:4053-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00993b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of primary and secondary pinacol boronic esters via lithiation–borylation of carbamates and benzoates with pinacolborane is described.
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36
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Pulis AP, Blair DJ, Torres E, Aggarwal VK. Synthesis of Enantioenriched Tertiary Boronic Esters by the Lithiation/Borylation of Secondary Alkyl Benzoates. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:16054-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja409100y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Pulis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s
Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Blair
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s
Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Torres
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s
Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Varinder K. Aggarwal
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s
Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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37
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Partridge BM, Chausset-Boissarie L, Burns M, Pulis AP, Aggarwal VK. Enantioselective Synthesis and Cross-Coupling of Tertiary Propargylic Boronic Esters Using Lithiation-Borylation of Propargylic Carbamates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Partridge BM, Chausset-Boissarie L, Burns M, Pulis AP, Aggarwal VK. Enantioselective synthesis and cross-coupling of tertiary propargylic boronic esters using lithiation-borylation of propargylic carbamates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11795-9. [PMID: 23076714 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Partridge
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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39
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Pulis AP, Aggarwal VK. Correction to Synthesis of Enantioenriched Tertiary Boronic Esters from Secondary Allylic Carbamates. Application to the Synthesis of C30 Botryococcene. J Am Chem Soc 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ja304872j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Pulis AP, Aggarwal VK. Synthesis of Enantioenriched Tertiary Boronic Esters from Secondary Allylic Carbamates. Application to the Synthesis of C30 Botryococcene. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:7570-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ja303022d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Pulis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol,
BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Varinder K. Aggarwal
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol,
BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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