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Imato K, Hino T, Kaneda N, Imae I, Shida N, Inagi S, Ooyama Y. Wireless Electrochemical Gel Actuators. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305067. [PMID: 37858925 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Soft actuators generate motion in response to external stimuli and are indispensable for soft robots, particularly future miniature robots with complex structure and motion. Similarly to conventional hard robots, electricity is suitable for the stimulation. However, previous electrochemical soft actuators require a tethered connection to a power supply, limiting their size, structure, and motion. Here, wireless electrochemical soft actuators composed of hydrogels and driven by bipolar electrochemistry are reported. Viologen, which dimerizes by one-electron reduction and dissociates by one-electron oxidation, is incorporated in the side chains of the gel networks and works as a reversible cross-link. Wireless and reversible electrochemical actuation of the hydrogels, i.e., muscle-like shrinking and swelling, is demonstrated at microscopic and even macroscopic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Imato
- Applied Chemistry Program Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Taichi Hino
- Applied Chemistry Program Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Naoki Kaneda
- Applied Chemistry Program Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Ichiro Imae
- Applied Chemistry Program Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Naoki Shida
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yousuke Ooyama
- Applied Chemistry Program Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
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2
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Guo T, He B, Mu R, Li J, Sun C, Wang R, Zhang G, Sheng W, Yu B, Li B. Electrochemically Mediated Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization by ppm of Cu II/Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:2664-2671. [PMID: 38253013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is one of the most widely used methods for modifying surfaces with functional polymer films and has received considerable attention in recent years. Here, we report an electrochemically mediated surface-initiated ATRP to graft polymer brushes onto solid substrates catalyzed by ppm amounts of CuII/TPMA in water/MeOH solution. We systematically investigated the type and concentrations of copper/ligand and applied potentials correlated to the polymerization kinetics and polymer brush thickness. Gradient polymer brushes and various types of polymer brushes are prepared. Block copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt (PSPMA) (poly(HEMA-b-SPMA)) with ultralow ppm eATRP indicates the remarkable preservation of chain end functionality and a pronounced "living" characteristic feature of ppm-level eATRP in aqueous solution for surface polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Baoluo He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Rong Mu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Chufeng Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guorui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wenbo Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing, Yantai, Shandong 264000, China
| | - Bo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing, Yantai, Shandong 264000, China
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3
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Flejszar M, Ślusarczyk K, Chmielarz P, Wolski K, Isse AA, Gennaro A, Wytrwal-Sarna M, Oszajca M. Working electrode geometry effect: A new concept for fabrication of patterned polymer brushes via SI-seATRP at ambient conditions. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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4
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Chen H, Anderson JL, Anand RK. Electropolymerization of Pyrrole-Based Ionic Liquids on Selected Wireless Bipolar Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:18087-18096. [PMID: 35417143 PMCID: PMC10578151 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c25230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes an electropolymerization-based on-chip valving system, accomplished by electrosynthesis of conductive polymeric ionic liquid (CPIL) films at selected points within an array of bipolar electrodes (BPEs), in which each of these wireless electrodes spans an IL-aqueous phase boundary. The low viscosity and high hydrophobicity of the CPIL precursor allow it to be patterned by established microfluidic methods. This advancement has the potential to impact microscale analysis because it allows on-demand creation of solid CPIL microstructures at locations specified by microfluidics, phase boundaries, and electrode potentials. To achieve this outcome, an imidazolium-based IL was functionalized with a pyrrole moiety, and the viscosity was tuned by choosing the appropriate counterion to form a CPIL with the desired viscosity, hydrophobicity, and oxidation potential. This monomer species was then introduced into a microfluidic device, which was prefilled with an aqueous buffer solution. The device comprised many parallel microchannels lined with nanoliter-scale chambers. BPEs interconnected the channels such that the BPE tips were each aligned to a chamber opening. The electrodes contacting the outermost channels were connected directly to a power supply and functioned as driving electrodes. The CPIL displaced the buffer in the channels and established a phase boundary at the opening of each chamber, thereby digitizing the aqueous phase. Finally, an alternating square waveform (under mode 1) was applied for 5 min to yield immobilized polymer films at a location defined by the BPE poles. In total, three modes were developed and three corresponding polymer film patterns were formed. Under mode 2, a DC power supply was used to achieve a dissymmetrical polymer film pattern, and, under mode 3, a regional polymer film pattern was formed under an AC potential with a DC offset. Our preliminary results demonstrate that the generated polymer films are immobile and sufficiently thick to seal the chambers at room temperature over the duration of our observation window (50 min), and this seal is maintained even at elevated temperatures that induce partial evaporation of the chamber contents. A key point is that this method is compatible with a preceding step─dielectrophoretic capture of single melanoma cells within the nanoliter-scale chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Jared L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Robbyn K. Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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5
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Zhao B, Pashley-Johnson F, Jones BA, Wilson P. Aqueous electrochemically-triggered atom transfer radical polymerization. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5741-5749. [PMID: 35694359 PMCID: PMC9116290 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01832b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Simplified electrochemical atom transfer radical polymerization (seATRP) using CuII–N-propyl pyridineimine complexes (CuII(NPPI)2) is reported for the first time. In aqueous solution, using oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA), standard electrolysis conditions yield POEGMA with good control over molecular weight distribution (Đm < 1.35). Interestingly, the polymerizations are not under complete electrochemical control, as monomer conversion continues when electrolysis is halted. Alternatively, it is shown that the extent and rate of polymerization depends upon an initial period of electrolysis. Thus, it is proposed that seATRP using CuII(NPPI)2 follows an electrochemically-triggered, rather than electrochemically mediated, ATRP mechanism, which distinguishes them from other CuIIL complexes that have been previously reported in the literature. Simplified electrochemical atom transfer radical polymerization (seATRP) using CuII-pyridineimine complexes is reported and follows a previously unreported electrochemically triggered mechanism.![]()
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6
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Patterson N, Ignaszak A. Thin carbon–polypyrrole composite materials for supercapacitor electrodes by novel bipolar electrochemical setup. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Patterson
- Department of Chemistry University of New Brunswick (UNB) Fredericton New Brunswick Canada
| | - Anna Ignaszak
- Department of Chemistry University of New Brunswick (UNB) Fredericton New Brunswick Canada
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7
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Xie F, Li C, Hua X, Ma L. Biofabrication of controllable alginate hydrogel cell scaffolds based on bipolar electrochemistry. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08839115211053920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar electrochemistry successfully realized the electrodeposition of calcium alginate hydrogels in specific target areas in tissue engineering. However, the shape and quantity of three-dimensional cannot be accurately controlled. We presented a novel growth model for fabricating hydrogels based on bipolar electrochemical by patterned bipolar electrodes using photolithography. This work highlights pattern customization and quantitative control of hydrogels in cell culture platforms. Furthermore, alginate hydrogels with different heights can be controlled by adjusting the key parameters of the growth model. This strategy exhibits promising potential for cell-oriented scaffolds in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xie
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changyue Li
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hua
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ma
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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8
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9
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10
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Zhou Y, Shida N, Tomita I, Inagi S. Fabrication of Gradient and Patterned Organic Thin Films by Bipolar Electrolytic Micelle Disruption Using Redox‐Active Surfactants. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Zhou
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
| | - Naoki Shida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
| | - Ikuyoshi Tomita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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11
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Zhou Y, Shida N, Tomita I, Inagi S. Fabrication of Gradient and Patterned Organic Thin Films by Bipolar Electrolytic Micelle Disruption Using Redox-Active Surfactants. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14620-14629. [PMID: 33830611 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar electrochemistry could be regarded as a powerful approach for selective surface modification due to the beneficial feature that a wirelessly controllable potential distribution on bipolar electrodes (BPEs). Herein we report a bipolar electrolytic micelle disruption (BEMD) system for the preparation of shaped organic films. A U-shaped bipolar electrolytic system with a sigmoidal potential gradient on the BPE gave gradient-thin films including various interesting organic compounds, such as a polymerizable monomer, an organic pigment and aggregation induced emission (AIE) molecules. The gradient feature was characterized by UV-Vis absorption, thickness measurements and surface morphology analysis. Corresponding patterned films were also fabricated using a cylindrical bipolar electrolytic setup that enables site-selective application of the potential on the BPE. Such a facile BEMD approach will open a long-term perspective with respect to organic film preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Zhou
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Naoki Shida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Ikuyoshi Tomita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
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12
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Li W, Sheng W, Li B, Jordan R. Surface Grafting “Band‐Aid” for “Everyone”: Filter Paper‐Assisted Surface‐Initiated Polymerization in the Presence of Air. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry School of Science Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstr. 4 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Wenbo Sheng
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry School of Science Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstr. 4 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Bin Li
- Physik Department TUM-Technische Universität München James-Franck-Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Rainer Jordan
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry School of Science Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstr. 4 01069 Dresden Germany
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13
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Li W, Sheng W, Li B, Jordan R. Surface Grafting "Band-Aid" for "Everyone": Filter Paper-Assisted Surface-Initiated Polymerization in the Presence of Air. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13621-13625. [PMID: 33751767 PMCID: PMC8252564 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report herein a facile and generalized approach to the modification of solid surfaces with polymer brushes under ambient conditions: filter paper-assisted surface-initiated Cu0 -mediated controlled radical polymerization (PSI-CuCRP). The polymerization solution wetted filter paper is sandwiched between a copper plate and an initiator-modified substrate, which allows the creation of a surface-initiated polymerization (SIP) "band-aid" so that everyone can perform the surface grafting selectively with good control over the quality of the polymer brushes employing low concentration and microliter amounts of the monomer solution. The versatility of this method is demonstrated by grafting different homo-, block-, and multicomponent polymer brushes by using the same activation system and reaction conditions, the polymerization process can be precisely controlled to yield uniform polymers and show high chain-end functionality which is exemplified by in situ tetra-copolymerization. The combination of photolithography and paper cutting enables to prepare arbitrary three-dimensional patterned polymer brushes on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Chair of Macromolecular ChemistryFaculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistrySchool of ScienceTechnische Universität DresdenMommsenstr. 401069DresdenGermany
| | - Wenbo Sheng
- Chair of Macromolecular ChemistryFaculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistrySchool of ScienceTechnische Universität DresdenMommsenstr. 401069DresdenGermany
| | - Bin Li
- Physik DepartmentTUM-Technische Universität MünchenJames-Franck-Straße 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Rainer Jordan
- Chair of Macromolecular ChemistryFaculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistrySchool of ScienceTechnische Universität DresdenMommsenstr. 401069DresdenGermany
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14
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Tu C, Zhou T, Deng L, Gao C. Fabrication of poly(
PEGMA
) surface with controllable thickness gradient and its mediation on the gradient adhesion of cells. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Tu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Tong Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Liwen Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
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15
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16
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Isse AA, Gennaro A. Electrochemistry for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2203-2222. [PMID: 33750023 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) is the most powerful and most employed technology of Controlled Radical Polymerization (CRP) to produce polymers with well-defined architecture, that is, composition, topology, and functionality. Several hundreds of papers are published every year on ATRP processes, mainly based on empiric experimental procedures. Electrochemistry powerfully entered in the field of ATRP about 10 years ago, providing important contributions both to the further development of the process and to a better understanding of its mechanism. Five main issues took advantage of electrochemistry and/or its synergism with ATRP: i) understanding the mechanism of ATRP activation; ii) determination of thermodynamic parameters; iii) determination of activation and deactivation rate constants; iv) the SARA ATRP vs SET-LRP dispute: the role of Cu0 ; v) electrochemically-mediated ATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdirisak Ahmed Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences-University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1-35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Armando Gennaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences-University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1-35131, Padova, Italy
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17
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Xie Z, Gan T, Fang L, Zhou X. Recent progress in creating complex and multiplexed surface-grafted macromolecular architectures. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:8736-8759. [PMID: 32969442 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01043j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface-grafted macromolecules, including polymers, DNA, peptides, etc., are versatile modifications to tailor the interfacial functions in a wide range of fields. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the most recent progress in engineering surface-grafted chains for the creation of complex and multiplexed surface architectures over micro- to macro-scopic areas. A brief introduction to surface grafting is given first. Then the fabrication of complex surface architectures is summarized with a focus on controlled chain conformations, grafting densities and three-dimensional structures. Furthermore, recent advances are highlighted for the generation of multiplexed arrays with designed chemical composition in both horizontal and vertical dimensions. The applications of such complicated macromolecular architectures are then briefly discussed. Finally, some perspective outlooks for future studies and challenges are suggested. We hope that this review will be helpful to those just entering this field and those in the field requiring quick access to useful reference information about the progress in the properties, processing, performance, and applications of functional surface-grafted architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Xingangxi Road No. 135, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Tiansheng Gan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Lvye Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Xingangxi Road No. 135, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, P. R. China.
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18
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19
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De Bon F, Marenzi S, Isse AA, Durante C, Gennaro A. Electrochemically Mediated Aqueous Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of
N
,
N
‐Dimethylacrylamide. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Bon
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
- Present address: Department of Chemical Engineering University of Coimbra Rua Silvio Lima, Polo II 3030-790 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Sofia Marenzi
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Abdirisak A. Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Christian Durante
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Armando Gennaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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20
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Zhou YN, Li JJ, Wu YY, Luo ZH. Role of External Field in Polymerization: Mechanism and Kinetics. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2950-3048. [PMID: 32083844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed an increasing interest in developing advanced polymerization techniques subjected to external fields. Various physical modulations, such as temperature, light, electricity, magnetic field, ultrasound, and microwave irradiation, are noninvasive means, having superb but distinct abilities to regulate polymerizations in terms of process intensification and spatial and temporal controls. Gas as an emerging regulator plays a distinctive role in controlling polymerization and resembles a physical regulator in some cases. This review provides a systematic overview of seven types of external-field-regulated polymerizations, ranging from chain-growth to step-growth polymerization. A detailed account of the relevant mechanism and kinetics is provided to better understand the role of each external field in polymerization. In addition, given the crucial role of modeling and simulation in mechanisms and kinetics investigation, an overview of model construction and typical numerical methods used in this field as well as highlights of the interaction between experiment and simulation toward kinetics in the existing systems are given. At the end, limitations and future perspectives for this field are critically discussed. This state-of-the-art research progress not only provides the fundamental principles underlying external-field-regulated polymerizations but also stimulates new development of advanced polymerization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Jin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Yang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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21
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De Bon F, Ribeiro DCM, Abreu CMR, Rebelo RAC, Isse AA, Serra AC, Gennaro A, Matyjaszewski K, Coelho JFJ. Under pressure: electrochemically-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl chloride. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00995d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemically mediated ATRP (eATRP) of vinyl chloride (VC), a less activated monomer, was successfully achieved. It is the first report on eATRP of a gaseous monomer under pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Bon
- University of Coimbra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering
- Materials and Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II
| | - Diana C. M. Ribeiro
- University of Coimbra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering
- Materials and Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II
| | - Carlos M. R. Abreu
- University of Coimbra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering
- Materials and Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II
| | - Rafael A. C. Rebelo
- University of Coimbra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering
- Materials and Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II
| | - Abdirisak A. Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Arménio C. Serra
- University of Coimbra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering
- Materials and Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II
| | - Armando Gennaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | | | - Jorge F. J. Coelho
- University of Coimbra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering
- Materials and Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II
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22
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Shida N, Inagi S. Bipolar electrochemistry in synergy with electrophoresis: electric field-driven electrosynthesis of anisotropic polymeric materials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14327-14336. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic effect of bipolar electrochemistry and electrophoresis enables facile access to various anisotropic functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama 226-8502
- Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama 226-8502
- Japan
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23
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Mocny P, Klok HA. Complex polymer topologies and polymer—nanoparticle hybrid films prepared via surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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24
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Martinez MR, Sobieski J, Lorandi F, Fantin M, Dadashi-Silab S, Xie G, Olszewski M, Pan X, Ribelli TG, Matyjaszewski K. Understanding the Relationship between Catalytic Activity and Termination in photoATRP: Synthesis of Linear and Bottlebrush Polyacrylates. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Julian Sobieski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Guojun Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mateusz Olszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xiangcheng Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Thomas G. Ribelli
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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25
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Ashikari Y, Saito K, Nokami T, Yoshida JI, Nagaki A. Oxo-Thiolation of Cationically Polymerizable Alkenes Using Flow Microreactors. Chemistry 2019; 25:15239-15243. [PMID: 31414708 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the cationic oxo-thiolation of polymerizable alkenes by using highly reactive cationic species generated by anodic oxidation. These highly reactive cations were able to activate alkenes before their polymerization. Fast mixing in flow microreactors effectively controlled chemoselectivity, enabling higher reaction temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ashikari
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kodai Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Toshiki Nokami
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology and Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Yoshida
- National Institute of Technology, Suzuka College, Shiroko-cho, Suzuka, Mie, 510-0294, Japan
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
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26
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Wu T, Lankshear ER, Downard AJ. Simultaneous Electro‐Click and Electrochemically Mediated Polymerization Reactions for One‐Pot Grafting from a Controlled Density of Anchor Sites. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- School of Physical and Chemical SciencesUniversity of Canterbury Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Ethan R. Lankshear
- School of Physical and Chemical SciencesUniversity of Canterbury Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Alison J. Downard
- School of Physical and Chemical SciencesUniversity of Canterbury Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
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27
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Shida N, Zhou Y, Inagi S. Bipolar Electrochemistry: A Powerful Tool for Electrifying Functional Material Synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2598-2608. [PMID: 31436076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis is a powerful method for the synthesis of organic, inorganic, and polymeric materials based on electron-transfer-driven reactions at the substrate/electrode interface. The use of electricity for synthetic reactions without the need for hazardous chemical oxidants and reductants is recognized as a green and sustainable method. Other advantages include control of the reaction selectivity by tuning the electrode potentials. A different mode for driving electrochemical reactions has recently been proposed, in which bipolar electrodes (BPEs) are available as wireless electrodes that undergo anodic and cathodic reactions simultaneously. Bipolar electrochemistry is an old technology that has recently garnered renewed attention because of the interesting features of BPEs: (i) the wireless nature of a BPE is useful for sensors and material synthesis; (ii) the gradient potential distribution on BPEs is a powerful tool for the preparation of gradient surfaces and materials; and (iii) electrophoresis is available for effective electrolysis. In addition to these unique features, a BPE system only requires a small amount of supporting electrolyte in principle, whereas a large amount of electrolyte is necessary in conventional electrochemistry. Hence, bipolar electrochemistry is an inherently green and sustainable chemical process for the synthesis of materials. In this Account, recent progress in bipolar electrochemistry for the electrosynthesis of functional materials is summarized. The wireless nature of BPEs was utilized for symmetry breaking to produce anisotropic materials based on the site-selective modification of conductive objects by electrodeposition and electropolymerization. Potential gradients on a BPE interface have been successfully used as controllable templates to form molecular or polymeric gradient materials, which are potentially applicable for high throughput analytical equipment or as biomimetic materials. The electric field necessary to drive BPEs is also potentially useful to induce the directed migration of charged species. The synergetic effects of electrophoresis and electrolysis were also successfully demonstrated to obtain various functional materials. These features of bipolar electrochemistry and the various combinations of techniques have the potential to change the methodologies of material synthesis. Furthermore, the fundamental principle of bipolar electrochemistry infers that very small amounts of supporting electrolyte are necessary for an electrode system, which is expected to lead new methods of sustainable organic electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yaqian Zhou
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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28
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Shida N, Nishiyama H, Tomita I, Inagi S. Layer-by-layer Multilayered Film Formation on Gradient Polyelectrolyte Brush Prepared by Bipolar Electrochemistry. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nishiyama
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
| | - Ikuyoshi Tomita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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29
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Sun Y, Lathwal S, Wang Y, Fu L, Olszewski M, Fantin M, Enciso AE, Szczepaniak G, Das S, Matyjaszewski K. Preparation of Well-Defined Polymers and DNA-Polymer Bioconjugates via Small-Volume eATRP in the Presence of Air. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:603-609. [PMID: 35619358 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An aqueous electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP) was performed in a small volume solution (75 μL) deposited on a screen-printed electrode (SPE). The reaction was open to air, thanks to the use of glucose oxidase (GOx) as an oxygen scavenger. Well-defined poly(2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl acrylate) (PMSEA), poly(oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEOMA), and corresponding DNA-polymer biohybrids were synthesized by the small-volume eATRP at room temperature. The reactions were simplified and polymerization rates increased by the application of the enzyme deoxygenating system and the compact electrochemical setup. Importantly, the volume of polymerization mixture was lowered to microliters, which not only decreases the cost for each reaction, but can also be potentially implemented in combinatorial chemistry and electrode-array configurations for high-throughput systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sushil Lathwal
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Liye Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mateusz Olszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Alan E. Enciso
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Subha Das
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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30
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Towards scale-up of electrochemically-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization: Use of a stainless-steel reactor as both cathode and reaction vessel. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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31
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Zhang C, Wang L, Jia D, Yan J, Li H. Microfluidically mediated atom-transfer radical polymerization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7554-7557. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04061g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidically mediated atom-transfer radical polymerization can be used to fabricate polymer brushes with a controlled gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengtao Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
| | - Luxiang Wang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
| | - Dianzeng Jia
- Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
| | - Junfeng Yan
- Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
| | - Hongyi Li
- Qualification of Products Supervision & Inspection Institute
- Xinjiang Autonomous Region
- Urumqi 830011
- China
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32
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Thermo-responsive polysulfone membranes with good anti-fouling property modified by grafting random copolymers via surface-initiated eATRP. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Mei S, Li CY. Terraced and Smooth Gradient Polymer Brushes via a Polymer Single-Crystal Assisted Grafting-To Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15758-15761. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201809915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Mei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Christopher Y. Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
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34
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Mei S, Li CY. Terraced and Smooth Gradient Polymer Brushes via a Polymer Single-Crystal Assisted Grafting-To Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201809915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Mei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Christopher Y. Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
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35
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Ribelli TG, Lorandi F, Fantin M, Matyjaszewski K. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Billion Times More Active Catalysts and New Initiation Systems. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800616. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Ribelli
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
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36
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Ino K, Matsumoto T, Taira N, Kumagai T, Nashimoto Y, Shiku H. Hydrogel electrodeposition based on bipolar electrochemistry. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2425-2432. [PMID: 29978172 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00465j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar electrochemistry has attracted great interest for applications based on sensing, electrografting, and electrodeposition, because the technique enables electrochemical reactions to be induced at multiple bipolar electrodes (BPEs) with only a single power supply. However, there are only a few reports on the biofabrication of hydrogels using BPEs. In this study, we applied bipolar electrochemistry to achieve the electrodeposition of calcium-alginate hydrogels at specified target areas, which is possible because of the use of water electrolysis to obtain acidification at the anodic pole. This scheme was used to successfully fabricate an array of hydrogel deposits at a BPE array. In addition, hydrogels were successfully fabricated either at only the target BPEs or only the target areas of BPEs by repositioning the driving electrodes. Furthermore, a hydrogel was drawn on a large BPE as a canvas by using small driving electrodes. As a demonstration of the electrodeposited hydrogels for bioapplications, mammal cells were cultured in the hydrogels. Because the amount and shape of the hydrogel deposits can be controlled by using the bipolar system, the system we developed can be used for biosensors and cell culture platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
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37
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Yeow J, Chapman R, Gormley AJ, Boyer C. Up in the air: oxygen tolerance in controlled/living radical polymerisation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4357-4387. [PMID: 29718038 PMCID: PMC9857479 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00587c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The requirement for deoxygenation in controlled/living radical polymerisation (CLRP) places significant limitations on its widespread implementation by necessitating the use of large reaction volumes, sealed reaction vessels as well as requiring access to specialised equipment such as a glove box and/or inert gas source. As a result, in recent years there has been intense interest in developing strategies for overcoming the effects of oxygen inhibition in CLRP and therefore remove the necessity for deoxygenation. In this review, we highlight several strategies for achieving oxygen tolerant CLRP including: "polymerising through" oxygen, enzyme mediated deoxygenation and the continuous regeneration of a redox-active catalyst. In order to provide further clarity to the field, we also establish some basic parameters for evaluating the degree of "oxygen tolerance" that can be achieved using a given oxygen scrubbing strategy. Finally, we propose some applications that could most benefit from the implementation of oxygen tolerant CLRP and provide a perspective on the future direction of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Robert Chapman
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Adam J. Gormley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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38
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Dadashi-Silab S, Matyjaszewski K. Temporal Control in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Using Zerovalent Metals. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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39
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Mitsudo K, Kurimoto Y, Yoshioka K, Suga S. Miniaturization and Combinatorial Approach in Organic Electrochemistry. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5985-5999. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Mitsudo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuji Kurimoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yoshioka
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Seiji Suga
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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40
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Sang W, Yan Q. Electro-Controlled Living Cationic Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4907-4911. [PMID: 29508512 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cationic polymerizations have long been industrialized; however, stimulus-regulated cationic polymerization remains to be developed. An electrochemically controlled living cationic polymerization is presented for the first time. In the presence of external potential and organic-based electrocatalyst, a series of monomers can be polymerized under a cationic chain-transfer mechanism. The resulting polymers exhibit well-defined molecular mass, narrow dispersity, and good chain-end fidelity. By controlling the external potential to switch the electrocatalyst between its oxidized and reduced states, ON/OFF polymerization can be achieved. This method is a versatile way to a large range of monomers, including vinyl ether-type and p-substituted styrene-type monomers. Given the sustainability feature and broad interest of electrochemical synthetic techniques, we envisaged that this method would lead a new direction of external regulated living ionic polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qiang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers; Department of Macromolecular Engineering; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Qiang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers; Department of Macromolecular Engineering; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
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42
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Peterson BM, Lin S, Fors BP. Electrochemically Controlled Cationic Polymerization of Vinyl Ethers. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:2076-2079. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Song Lin
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Brett P. Fors
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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43
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Oseland EE, Ayres ZJ, Basile A, Haddleton DM, Wilson P, Unwin PR. Surface patterning of polyacrylamide gel using scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM). Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:9929-32. [PMID: 27430961 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05153g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy is introduced as a new tool for the synthesis and deposition of polymers on SAM-functionalised Au surfaces. The deposition of poly(N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide) is shown to be enhanced through the electrochemical generation of activating Cu(i)Cl/Me6TREN catalyst. Initiation of the polymerisation reaction is most likely due to in situ generation of reactive oxygen species following oxygen reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Oseland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Zoë J Ayres
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Andrew Basile
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. and Deakin University, Burwood Campus, Institute for Frontier Materials, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - David M Haddleton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Paul Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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44
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Pan X, Fantin M, Yuan F, Matyjaszewski K. Externally controlled atom transfer radical polymerization. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5457-5490. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00259b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ATRP can be externally controlled by electrical current, light, mechanical forces and various chemical reducing agents. The mechanistic aspects and preparation of polymers with complex functional architectures and their applications are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangcheng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Fang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
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Shanmugam S, Matyjaszewski K. Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization: State-of-the-Art in 2017. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2018-1284.ch001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Dadashi-Silab S, Pan X, Matyjaszewski K. Photoinduced Iron-Catalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization with ppm Levels of Iron Catalyst under Blue Light Irradiation. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh 15213, Pennsylvania United States
| | - Xiangcheng Pan
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh 15213, Pennsylvania United States
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh 15213, Pennsylvania United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Chmielarz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; Rzeszow University of Technology; Al. Powstańców Warszawy 6 35-959 Rzeszow Poland
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Chmielarz P, Fantin M, Park S, Isse AA, Gennaro A, Magenau AJ, Sobkowiak A, Matyjaszewski K. Electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP). Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Shanmugam S, Xu J, Boyer C. Photocontrolled Living Polymerization Systems with Reversible Deactivations through Electron and Energy Transfer. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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