1
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Li M, Zhu B, Li S, Yu R, Baryshnikov G, Li C, Sha F, Wu X, Ågren H, Xie Y, Li Q. Pd(II) and Cu(III) Complexes of Multiply Fused Pentaphyrin Isomers with Tunable Structures and NIR Absorption. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:13392-13401. [PMID: 38991459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Fused porphyrinoids have received increasing interest in light of their extended conjugation and unique coordination behavior. On the basis of our previously reported multiply fused pentaphyrin isomers 1 and 2, a novel isomer 3 has been synthesized in this work. 3 possesses a hexacyclic fused moiety with a nearly coplanar CCNN cavity involving an inverted pyrrole, which is slightly different from the CNNN ones of 1 and 2 involving an N-confused pyrrole. 1-3 possess cavities with three depronatable protons and thus they all can generate Cu(III) complexes. However, only 3Cu is stable under ambient conditions. On the other hand, 3 remains intact upon treatment with Pd(II) ions, while 1 and 2 could undergo structural rearrangement to accommodate Pd(II), affording 1Pd and 2Pd accompanied by the formation of a lactone ring and the addition of a methoxy group, respectively. Compared with the free bases, the complexes show distinct aromaticity and more intense near-infrared (NIR) absorption up to ca. 1600, 1170, and 1500 nm, respectively. The results indicate that the subtle modification of the linking modes between the pyrrolic units in the fused pentaphyrinoids is effective in modulating the coordination behavior for synthesizing complexes with tunable aromaticity and NIR absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Crystal Engineering & Technology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237 Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Crystal Engineering & Technology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237 Shanghai, China
| | - Shijun Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Crystal Engineering & Technology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237 Shanghai, China
| | - Glib Baryshnikov
- Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Chengjie Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Crystal Engineering & Technology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237 Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Sha
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Crystal Engineering & Technology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237 Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Crystal Engineering & Technology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237 Shanghai, China
| | - Hans Ågren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, Uppsala SE-75120, Sweden
| | - Yongshu Xie
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Crystal Engineering & Technology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237 Shanghai, China
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Qizhao Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Crystal Engineering & Technology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237 Shanghai, China
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2
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Jiao R, Liu N, Zong Z, Ke XS. A Triply Linked Copper(III) Dicarbacorrole Dimer. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401240. [PMID: 38632105 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
A triply linked dicarbacorrole dimer (7) was synthesized from a new meso-meso singly linked dicarbacorrole dimer precursor (6) via an oxidative fusion reaction by 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) in the presence of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH). Single crystal X-ray structure of 7 adopts a flat conformation with a length as ca. 15.946 Å and a width as 6.903 Å, which can be regarded as a short carbaporphyrinoid tape. Two coordinated Cu ions keeps the +3 oxidation state in 7, as confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). This is in sharp contrast to the Osuka's triply linked tetrapyrrolic corrole dimers, where the inner 3NH form is not stable and thus can only act as a divalent ligand. Due to the non-aromatic nature of dicarbacorrole macrocycle, the largely decreased HOMO-LUMO gap and red-shifted absorption of 7 are best ascribed to the strong electronic interaction between two dipyrromethene-type chromophores. To our knowledge, this is the first fully fused carbaporphyrinoid dimer with β-β, meso-meso, β-β triply linkages prepared to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Jiao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ningchao Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zhaohui Zong
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xian-Sheng Ke
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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3
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He H, Lee J, Zong Z, Kim J, Lynch VM, Oh J, Kim D, Sessler JL, Ke XS. A Janus carbaporphyrin pseudo-dimer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2913. [PMID: 38575609 PMCID: PMC10994945 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbaporphyrin dimers, investigated for their distinctive electronic structures and exceptional properties, have predominantly consisted of systems containing identical subunits. This study addresses the associated knowledge gap by focusing on asymmetric carbaporphyrin dimers with Janus-like characteristics. The synthesis of a Janus-type carbaporphyrin pseudo-dimer 5 is presented. It displays antiaromatic characteristics on the fused side and nonaromatic behavior on the unfused side. A newly synthesized tetraphenylene (TPE) linked bis-dibenzihomoporphyrin 8 and a previously reported dibenzo[g,p]chrysene (DBC) linked bis-dicarbacorrole 9 were prepared as controls. Comprehensive analyses, including 1H NMR spectral studies, single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses, and DFT calculations, validate the mixed character of 5. A further feature of the Janus pseudo-dimer 5 is that it may be transformed into a heterometallic complex, with one side coordinating a Cu(III) center and the other stabilizing a BODIPY complex. This disparate regiochemical reactivity underscores the potential of carbaporphyrin dimers as versatile frameworks, with electronic features and site-specific coordination chemistry controlled through asymmetry. These findings position carbaporphyrin dimers as promising candidates for advances in electronic structure studies, coordination chemistry, materials science, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodan He
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jiyeon Lee
- School of Integrated Technology, College of Computing, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Korea
| | - Zhaohui Zong
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jiwon Kim
- School of Integrated Technology, College of Computing, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Korea
- Integrated Science and Engineering Division, Underwood International College, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Korea
| | - Vincent M Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1224, USA
| | - Juwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Korea.
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1224, USA.
| | - Xian-Sheng Ke
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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4
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Yadav B, Ravikanth M. Porphyrinoid framework embedded with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: new synthetic marvels. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1932-1960. [PMID: 38376865 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02116e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The highly conjugated tetrapyrrolic porphyrin macrocycle and its contracted and expanded congeners have been extensively used for a wide range of applications across diverse research domains because of their captivating and intriguing features. Over the years, the porphyrin framework and electronic properties of porphyrinoids have been modified and tuned by replacing one or more pyrrole ring(s) with five- and six-membered heterocycles/carbacycles, and their resulting properties have been explored. In recent times, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as biphenyl, terphenyl, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene and dibenzo[g,p]chrysene, have been used to replace one or more pyrrole rings of porphyrinoids, and resulting polycyclic-aromatic-embedded porphyrinoids show unique features that differ from those of other modified porphyrinoids. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the porphyrinoid macrocyclic framework induce different π-conjugation pathways in macrocycles, exhibit variable degrees of aromaticity from nonaromatic to aromatic and antiaromatic and provide a unique ligand environment to form stable coordination and organometallic complexes in which metals show uncommon oxidation states and unusual reactivity. This review presents an overview of the synthesis, coordination chemistry, structure and properties of various porphyrinoids with an embedded PAH that have been reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
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5
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Tripathi N, Sinha A, Ravikanth M. Synthesis of Phenothiazine Embedded Heteroporphyrins. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300952. [PMID: 38055208 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of phenothiazine embedded heteroporphyrins containing one phenothiazine unit, two pyrrole rings and one heterocycle such as furan, thiophene, selenophene and tellurophene connected via four meso carbons were synthesized. The macrocycles were synthesized by condensing the phenothiazine based tripyrrane with corresponding 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)heterocycle under BF3 ⋅ OEt2 catalyzed conditions and compared the structural, spectral, and electrochemical properties with the reported phenothiazinophyrins. The studies showed that the phenothiazine embedded heteroporphyrins were nonaromatic and electronic properties were significantly altered by replacing the pyrrole ring from phenothiazinophyrin with different heterocycles. The X-ray structure of phenothiazine embedded thiaporphyrin revealed that the macrocycle was distorted with an inverted thiophene ring. Both mono-protonated and diprotonated derivatives of macrocycles were generated by the controlled addition of trifluoroacetic acid to the macrocycles. The macrocyclic protons experienced upfield/downfield shifts in protonated derivatives compared to their corresponding neutral phenothiazine embedded heteroporphyrins. However, the heterocyclic ring in both mono- and diprotonated derivatives retained its inverted conformation. The macrocycles in their neutral and protonated form exhibit nonaromatic absorption features. The studies indicated the electron rich nature of macrocycles and DFT/TD-DFT studies were carried out to justify the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Avisikta Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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6
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Cao E, Sun M. Spectral Physics of Stable Cu(III) Produced by Oxidative Addition of an Alkyl Halide. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15694. [PMID: 37958679 PMCID: PMC10648560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we theoretically investigated spectral physics on Cu(III) complexes formed by the oxidative addition of α-haloacetonitrile to ionic and neutral Cu(I) complexes, stimulated by recent experimental reports. Firstly, the electronic structures of reactants of α-haloacetonitrile and neutral Cu(I) and two kinds of products of Cu(III) complexes are visualized with the density of state (DOS) and orbital energy levels of HOMO and LUMO. The visually manifested static and dynamic polarizability as well as the first hyperpolarizability are employed to reveal the vibrational modes of the normal and resonance Raman spectra of two Cu(III) complexes. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra are not only used to identify the reactants and products but also to distinguish between two Cu(III) complexes. The charge difference density (CDD) reveals intramolecular charge transfer in electronic transitions in optical absorption spectra. The CDDs in fluorescence visually reveal electron-hole recombination. Our results promote a deeper understanding of the physical mechanism of stable Cu(III) produced by the oxidative addition of an alkyl halide.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Cao
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China;
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Mengtao Sun
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China;
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7
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Abstract
The cis and trans structural isomers of di-p-benzidithiaoctaphyrins were synthesized by adopting two different synthetic routes using readily available precursors under acid-catalyzed conditions, and the isomers were separated using basic alumina column chromatography. 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy were used to deduce the molecular structures of the macrocycles, which also helps to differentiate the cis isomer from the trans isomer. DFT studies revealed that both the cis and trans isomers adopt figure of eight conformations but exhibit clear differences in their structural features, and the trans isomer is more distorted than the cis isomer. Experimental and theoretical studies revealed that both the cis and trans isomers are nonaromatic stable macrocycles and show subtle differences in their structure, spectral and redox properties. The cis and trans isomers of di-p-benzidithiaoctaphyrin exhibit nonaromatic absorption features in the visible-NIR region, and electrochemical studies revealed their electron-rich nature. TD-DFT studies are in agreement with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vratta Grover
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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8
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Das M, Srinivasan A. Advent and features of pyriporphyrinoids: an overview of a pyridine-based porphyrin analogue. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11780-11790. [PMID: 37705415 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03139j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Pyriporphyrinoids have recently attracted a significant proliferation of attention due to their versatile characters, which stem from structural motifs in which the pyridine moiety is involved. The evolution of pyriporphyrin chemistry revealed the subtle modifications of the macrocyclic core that tweak the electronic structure as compared to the parental macrocycle. The amendment of π-electronic organization inside the core manifests exceptional photophysical and coordination properties that cover a vast range of seemingly contradictory fields. In fundamental chemistry, the pyridine unit acts as a modulator of π-conjugated porphyrinoid systems, resulting in aromaticity swapping. From the applied chemistry perspective, these macrocycles are primarily utilized as (i) sensors, (ii) NIR absorbing photoacoustic dyes, (iii) electrochemical catalysts, (iv) singlet biradicaloid generation and (v) contributors to generate metal complexes with intriguing binding modes. Surprisingly, despite their prominence, pyriporphyrinoids are inadequately investigated, while pyridine unit-embedded calixphyrin, calixpyridinopyrrole and calixpyridine are barely reported. This review article illustrates the controlled formation of specific porphyrinic scaffolds with pyridine unit(s) and diverse functionalized heterocyclic and/or carbocyclic building block(s), and demonstrates a substantial influence on the macrocyclic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Das
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India.
- Department of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - A Srinivasan
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India.
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9
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Tripathi N, Sinha A, Ravikanth M. Synthesis of stable nonaromatic phenothiazinophyrins. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6617-6623. [PMID: 37531194 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00778b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Stable and nonaromatic phenothiazinophyrins which resulted from the replacement of one of the pyrrole rings of porphyrin with a phenothiazine unit were synthesized by condensing phenothiazine based tripyrrane with aryl aldehyde and pyrrole under acid catalysed conditions. NMR studies revealed that the pyrrole ring that is across the phenothiazine unit is inverted and DFT studies also supported that the pyrrole ring inverted phenothiazinophyrins were more stable. Phenothiazinophyrins and their protonated derivatives showed panchromatic absorption features and absorbed in the visible to NIR region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Avisikta Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
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10
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Bera M, Kaur S, Keshari K, Santra A, Moonshiram D, Paria S. Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization of Copper(III) Complexes and Subsequent One-Electron Oxidation Reaction and Reactivity Studies. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5387-5399. [PMID: 36972560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The formation of Cu(III) species are often invoked as the key intermediate in Cu-catalyzed organic transformation reactions. In this study, we synthesized Cu(II) (1) and Cu(III) (3) complexes supported by a bisamidate-bisalkoxide ligand consisting of an ortho-phenylenediamine (o-PDA) scaffold and characterized them through an array of spectroscopic techniques, including UV-visible, electron paramagnetic resonance, X-ray crystallography, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The Cu-N/O bond distances in 3 are ∼0.1 Å reduced compared to 1, implying a significant increase in 3's overall effective nuclear charge. Further, a Cu(III) complex (4) of a bisamidate-bisalkoxide ligand containing a trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine moiety exhibits nearly identical Cu-N/O bond distances to that of 3, inferring that the redox-active o-PDA backbone is not oxidized upon one-electron oxidation of the Cu(II) complex (1). In addition, a considerable difference in the 1s → 4p and 1s → 3d transition energy was observed in the X-ray absorption near-edge structure data of 3 vs 1, which is typical for the metal-centered oxidation process. Electrochemical measurements of the Cu(II) complex (1) in acetonitrile exhibited two consecutive redox couples at -0.9 and 0.4 V vs the Fc+/Fc reference electrode. One-electron oxidation reaction of 3 further resulted in the formation of a ligand-oxidized Cu complex (3a), which was characterized in depth. Reactivity studies of species 3 and 3a were explored toward the activation of the C-H/O-H bonds. A bond dissociation free energy (BDFE) value of ∼69 kcal/mol was estimated for the O-H bond of the Cu(II) complex formed upon transfer of hydrogen atom to 3. The study represents a thorough spectroscopic characterization of high-valent Cu complexes and sheds light on the PCET reactivity studies of Cu(III) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Simarjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Kritika Keshari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Aakash Santra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Dooshaye Moonshiram
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sayantan Paria
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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11
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Liu L, Zhang F, Xu L, Zhou M, Yin B, Tanaka T, Osuka A, Song J. m-Benziporphyrin(1.1.0.0)s as a Rare Example of Ring-Contracted Carbaporphyrins with Metal-Coordination Ability: Distorted Coordination Structures and Small HOMO-LUMO Gaps. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203517. [PMID: 36479740 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
m-Benziporphyrin(1.1.0.0) and m-pyreniporphyrin(1.1.0.0) were prepared as ring-contracted carbaporphyrins. While m-Benziporphyrin(1.1.0.0) was unstable, m-pyreniporphyrin(1.1.0.0) was fairly stable. Both of their PdII complexes showed distorted coordination structures with extremely short Pd-C bonds. As compared with the reported m-benziporphyrin PdII complexes, these PdII complexes showed considerably small HOMO-LUMO gaps, despite their smaller molecular size. PdII metalation of the m-pyreniporphyrin(1.1.0.0) dimer gave the corresponding PdII complex, which showed similar distorted coordination and a smaller HOMO-LUMO gap. Finally, PdII metalation of a pyrene-sharing formal p-benziporphyrin(1.1.1.1) dimer gave a nonaromatic PdII dimer, which rearranged to an aromatic PdII complex upon treatment with alumina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Ministry of Educational of China Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Fenni Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Ministry of Educational of China Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Ling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Ministry of Educational of China Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Mingbo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Ministry of Educational of China Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Bangshao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Ministry of Educational of China Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Ministry of Educational of China Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Song
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Ministry of Educational of China Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
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12
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Samala S, Lee JH, Park Y, Hong SJ, Jo H, Hwang H, Jung YM, Ok KM, Sessler JL, Lee CH. One Carbon Ring Expansion of Bipyrrole to Bipyridine Enables Access to a π-Extended, Non-innocent, Corrole-like Ligand. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203009. [PMID: 36464650 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
A π-extended, diaza-triphenylene embedded, mono-anionic corrole analogue and its NiII complex were synthesized from a diaza-triphenylene precursor, which was obtained from a double one-carbon insertion into a naphthobipyrrole diester. Following conversion to the corresponding activated diol and acid-catalyzed condensation with pyrrole, subsequent reaction with pentafluorobenzaldehyde afforded mono-anionic, π-extended bipyricorrole-like macrocycle. Attempted NiII insertion with Ni(OAc)2 ⋅ 4H2 O resulted an ESR active, NiII bipyricorrole radical complex, which was converted to a stable cationic NiII complex upon treatment with [(Et3 O)+ (SbCl6 )- ]. Both complexes were characterized by 1 H and 13 C NMR, UV/Vis spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The NiII bipyricorrole radical complex is converted to a cationic NiII complex by single-electron reduction using cobaltocene. Both the cationic NiII complex and the radical NiII complex exhibited ligand-centered redox behavior, whereas the NiII remains in the +2 oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Samala
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun-chon, 24341, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun-chon, 24341, Korea
| | - Yeonju Park
- Kangwon Radiation Convergence Research Support Center of Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI)
| | - Seong-Jin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun-chon, 24341, Korea
| | - Hongil Jo
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Hyonseok Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun-chon, 24341, Korea
| | - Young Mee Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun-chon, 24341, Korea
| | - Kang Min Ok
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Chang-Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun-chon, 24341, Korea
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13
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He H, Lee S, Liu N, Zhang X, Wang Y, Lynch VM, Kim D, Sessler JL, Ke XS. Cyclic Carbaporphyrin Arrays. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3047-3054. [PMID: 36693015 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Two cyclic carbaporphyrin arrays (trimer 6 and tetramer 7) were synthesized from a dibrominated carbaporphyrin precursor (5) via a one-pot Yamamoto-type coupling. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that 6 and 7 contain three and four covalently linked carbaporphyrin (formally dicarbacorrole) units, respectively. Trimer 6 adopts a roughly planar conformation and tetramer 7 adopts an up-and-down zig-zag conformation. Both 6 and 7 contain a [n]cyclo-meta-phenylene ([n]CMP) core, namely, [6]- and [8]CMP for 6 and 7, respectively. Transient absorption (TA) anisotropy and pump-power-dependent excited-state decay studies provided evidence for excitation energy transfer (EET) within both trimer 6 and tetramer 7. The exciton energy hopping (EEH) times were estimated to be 18 and 35 ps for 6 and 7, respectively, as inferred from pump-power-dependent TA measurements. Since the center-to-center distances between adjacent carbaporphyrin units are similar in 6 and 7, the different EEH times are attributed to differences in the orientation of the transition dipoles in these two congeneric arrays. The orientation factor κ2, the key parameter defining the Förster resonance energy transfer efficiency, was calculated to be 2.15 and 1.03 for 6 and 7, respectively, a finding that supports the shorter excitation energy hopping time seen in the case of trimer 6. To our knowledge, this is the first time that covalently linked cyclic carbaporphyrin arrays were synthesized using a single carbaporphyrin as the starting point and that EET between carbaporphyrin subunits constrained within a well-defined polycyclic framework has been correlated with structural differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodan He
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Seokwon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ningchao Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Vincent M Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Xian-Sheng Ke
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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14
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Organometallic Chemistry within the Structured Environment Provided by the Macrocyclic Cores of Carbaporphyrins and Related Systems. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031496. [PMID: 36771158 PMCID: PMC9920839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique environment within the core of carbaporphyrinoid systems provides a platform to explore unusual organometallic chemistry. The ability of these structures to form stable organometallic derivatives was first demonstrated for N-confused porphyrins but many other carbaporphyrin-type systems were subsequently shown to exhibit similar or complementary properties. Metalation commonly occurs with catalytically active transition metal cations and the resulting derivatives exhibit widely different physical, chemical and spectroscopic properties and range from strongly aromatic to nonaromatic and antiaromatic species. Metalation may trigger unusual, highly selective, oxidation reactions. Alkyl group migration has been observed within the cavity of metalated carbaporphyrins, and in some cases ring contraction of the carbocyclic subunit takes place. Over the past thirty years, studies in this area have led to multiple synthetic routes to carbaporphyrinoid ligands and remarkable organometallic chemistry has been reported. An overview of this important area is presented.
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15
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Chitranshi S, Adinarayana B, Das M, Anila S, Suresh CH, Srinivasan A. Rh(I) and Organo-Rh(III) Complexes of meso-Triarylbiphenylcorrole. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:336-341. [PMID: 36534817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rhodium complexes of biphenylcorrole are reported, and the molecular structures of the complexes are unambiguously confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The adj-CCNN core of the dicarbacorrole efficiently stabilizes a rhodium metal ion in its two different oxidation states. It is pertinent to point out that the Rh(I) metal complex attains square-planar geometry while organo-Rh(III) forms an octahedral complex. Furthermore, density functional theory studies corroborate the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangya Chitranshi
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - B Adinarayana
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Mainak Das
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Sebastian Anila
- Inorganic & Theoretical Chemistry Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Cherumuttathu H Suresh
- Inorganic & Theoretical Chemistry Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India
| | - A Srinivasan
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
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16
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Ipe RM, Nag P, Mori S, Nambiar AP, Vennapusa SR, Gokulnath S. Synthesis, Structure, and Optical Properties of a Bis-Macrocycle Derived from a Highly Emissive 1,3,6,8-Tetra(1 H-pyrrol-2-yl)pyrene. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15022-15030. [PMID: 36321998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A tetra-functionalized pyrene precursor 4b is prepared using the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of 1,3,6,8-tetrabromopyrene with N-Boc-2-pyrroleboronic acid. 4b displayed a blue emission with a high quantum yield (ϕF = 0.89). 4b is subjected to [3 + 2] Lewis acid-catalyzed condensation with 2,2'-bithiophene-dialcohol 5, affording a planar bis-N2S2 internally linked with pyrene. The single-crystal X-ray structure of bis-N2S2 revealed a planar conformation with all of the pyrrolic nitrogens and thiophenic sulfurs pointing toward the macrocyclic core. Further, the reduction of bis-N2S2 was attempted in the presence of Zn/NH4Cl at room temperature in CHCl3. A sharp color change from pink to brown was observed presumably due to the formation of its reduced congener bis-N2S2-2H. However, the reduced species was found to revert back to its oxidized form over a period of 25 min in CHCl3. Density functional theory (DFT) studies reveal that the two monocyclic halves of bis-N2S2-2H exhibit differences in aromaticity depending on amino and imino pyrroles present inside each individual core. Such a conversion was also monitored by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectral studies, and the exact composition of bis-N2S2-2H was confirmed by High-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis. Experimental and theoretical studies reveal a weak aromatic character of bis-N2S2 due to the absence of global conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Mariam Ipe
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695-551, India
| | - Probal Nag
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695-551, India
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Division of Material Science, Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Anjana P Nambiar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695-551, India
| | - Sivaranjana Reddy Vennapusa
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695-551, India
| | - Sabapathi Gokulnath
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695-551, India
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17
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Sinha A, Ravikanth M. Synthesis of Doubly Fused Phenothiazine-Embedded Dithiasapphyrins. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15837-15844. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avisikta Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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18
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Zhang Q, Tong S, Wang MX. Unraveling the Chemistry of High Valent Arylcopper Compounds and Their Roles in Copper-Catalyzed Arene C-H Bond Transformations Using Synthetic Macrocycles. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2796-2810. [PMID: 35994690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent decades have witnessed a resurgence of the study of copper-catalyzed organic reactions. As the surrogate of noble metal catalysts, copper salts have been shown to exhibit remarkable versatility in activating various C-H bonds enabling the construction of diverse carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Advantageously, copper salts are also naturally abundant, inexpensive, and less toxic in comparison to precious metals. Despite significant developments in synthesis, the mechanism of copper catalysis remains elusive. Hypothetical pathways such as the two-electron Cu(III)/Cu(I) and Cu(II)/Cu(0) catalytic cycles and the one-electron Cu(II)/Cu(I) catalytic cycle have been invoked to diagram C-H bond transformations because of the formidable challenges to isolate and characterize transient high valent organocopper intermediates. In fact, organocopper chemistry has been dominated for a long time by the acknowledged nucleophilic organocopper(I) compounds. Since the beginning of the new millennium, we have been systematically studying the supramolecular chemistry of heteracalix[n]aromatics. Owing to the ease of their synthesis and selective functionalizations, self-tunable conformation and cavity structures resulting from the interplay of heteroatoms with aromatic subunits, and outstanding properties in molecular recognition and self-assembly, heteracalix[n]aromatics have become a class of privileged synthetic macrocyclic hosts. Our journey to the chemistry of high valent organocopper compounds started with a serendipitous discovery of the facile formation of a stable organocopper compound, which contains astonishingly a Ph-Cu(III) σ-bond under very mild aerobic conditions. When we examined routinely the effect of the macrocyclic structures on noncovalent complexation properties, titration of tetraazacalix[1]arene[3]pyridine with Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O resulted in the precipitation of dark-purple crystals of phenylcopper(III) diperchlorate. Our curiosity about the transformation of an arene C-H bond into an Ar-Cu(III) bond prompted us to conduct an in-depth investigation of the reaction of macrocyclic arenes with copper(II) salts, leading to the isolation of arylcopper(II) compounds which are unprecedented and the missing link in organocopper chemistry. With structurally well-defined organometallics in hand, we have explored extensively the reactivities of both arylcopper(II) and arylcopper(III) compounds, demonstrating their versatility and uniqueness in chemical synthesis. Novel and fascinating arene C-H transformations under copper catalysis have been developed. Using acquired high valent arylcopper compounds as molecular probes, and employing the functionalizations of tetraazacalix[1]arene[3]pyridines as model reactions, we have revealed the diverse mechanisms of copper-promoted arene C-H bond reactions. Elusive reaction pathways of some copper-catalyzed C-X bond activations have also been unraveled. In the meantime, we have also witnessed pleasingly the rapid development of field with the advent of new high valent organocopper compounds. Without any doubt, studies of the synthesis, reactivity, and catalysis of high valent organocopper compounds have been reshaping the field of organocopper chemistry. This Account summarizes our endeavors to explore the chemistry of structurally well-defined arylcopper(II) and arylcopper(III) compounds and the mechanisms of copper-catalyzed arene C-H and C-X bond transformations. We hope this Account will inspire chemists to study thoroughly the fundamentals and the cutting-edge catalysis of high valent organocopper compounds advancing and redefining the discipline of organocopper chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Qing Hua Yuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuo Tong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Qing Hua Yuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mei-Xiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Qing Hua Yuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
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19
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Szyszko B. Phenanthrene‐Embedded Carbaporphyrinoids and Related Systems: From Ligands to Cages and Molecular Switches. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Szyszko
- University of Wroclaw: Uniwersytet Wroclawski Chemistry 14 F. Joliot-Curie 14 50383 Wroclaw POLAND
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20
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Tiwari S, Sengupta R, Panda KN, Ravikanth M. Doubly Fused Unsymmetrical Calixdicarbahexaphyrins. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6870-6876. [PMID: 35486713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three novel doubly fused unsymmetrical calixdicarbahexaphyrins were synthesized by mild acid-catalyzed (4+2) condensation of dicarbatetrapyrrane with dipyrroethene diol followed by oxidation. The condensation formed doubly fused calixdicarbahexaphyrins instead of π-conjugated dicarbahexaphyrins, due to the unusual fusion of the pyrrole N with the α-carbon of the adjacent pyrrole ring to form a tripentacyclic ring and one usual fusion of the pyrrole N with the adjacent phenylene C to form a fused moiety containing two pentacycles and one hexacycle ring. Both fusions occurred on one side of the macrocycle, making the macrocycles unsymmetric. The crystal structure obtained for one of the macrocycles exhibited a saddle-shaped structure with two benzene rings and four pyrrole rings connected via two ethylene and four methene meso-carbon atoms. The crystal structure also revealed unusual fusions in the macrocyclic framework and the presence of one sp3 carbon that disrupts the π-electron delocalization. 1H, 1H-1H COSY, NOESY, 13C, and HMBC NMR techniques were used to characterize the macrocycles. The absorption spectra of the macrocycles showed one intense sharp band at ∼485 nm along with a shoulder in the lower-energy region, suggesting its non-aromatic nature. Electrochemical studies indicated their electron rich nature, and DFT/TD-DFT studies corroborated the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Rima Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - K N Panda
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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21
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Abstract
The polyaromatic hydrocarbon containing expanded porphyrins, bis-(fluorene)-embedded hexaphyrins, were synthesized by condensing fluorene-based tripyrrane with pentafluorobenzaldehyde in CH2Cl2 in the presence of 1 equiv of BF3·OEt2 under an inert atmosphere followed by oxidation with DDQ in open air at room temperature. The reaction worked only when 1 equiv of BF3·OEt2 was added to the reaction mixture under concentrated reaction conditions. The bis-(fluorene)-embedded macrocycles were characterized and studied by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), absorption, electrochemical, and density functional theory (DFT)/time-dependent (TD)-DFT techniques. In 1H NMR, the hexaphyrins showed a few broad unresolved resonances at room temperature, but the NMR spectra were well-resolved at lower temperatures, indicating that the hexaphyrins were very flexible. The DFT-optimized structures indicated that the two fluorene units at the crossing point of the figure-eight loop makes an angle of ∼79.73° with each other, the fluorene moieties maintained their own planarity, and one of the fluorene moieties was not involved in conjugation with the rest of the macrocycle. The absorption spectra of hexaphyrins showed one intense sharp band in the higher energy region and a broad band in the lower energy region. The electrochemical studies indicated that expanded hexaphyrins are relatively electron-rich and showed three easier oxidations and one reduction. The DFT/TD-DFT studies are in agreement with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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22
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Abstract
Unprecedented nonaromatic stable phenothiazine-embedded porphyrinoids were synthesized by incorporating phenothiazine subunits into the hexaphyrin framework. The crystal structure revealed that the macrocycle adopted a twisted conformation wherein the phenothiazine units maintained their planarity, which was an impediment in π-delocalization throughout the macrocyclic core. The macrocycles exhibited distinct absorption bands in the visible-near-infrared region, and electrochemical studies indicated their electron-rich nature. Theoretical studies were consistent with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avisikta Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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23
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Kupietz K, Białek MJ, Szyszko B, Sarwa A, Latos-Grazynski L. Phenanthrene cyclocarbonylation – Core post-synthetic modification of phenanthriporphyrin. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00437b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The unique [Fe(CO)5]-induced cyclocarbonylation of the phenanthriporphyrin's core is an intriguing example of a post-synthetic core modification of the macrocycle. The reaction involves the activation of C(22)−H and C(25)−H bonds,...
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Das M, Adinarayana B, Srinivasan A. Recent Advances in the Design and Syntheses of Porphyrinoids by Embedding Higher Analogues of Arene and Pyridine Units. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:35204-35212. [PMID: 34984253 PMCID: PMC8717398 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to enthralling applications in various fields and augmenting fundamental wisdom, π-conjugated macrocycles in general and porphyrin systems in particular are constantly explored. Subtle modifications of porphyrin structure can amend the rudimentary properties. Pursuing innovative properties provides impetus to underpin arene or pyridine moiety embedded porphyrin derivatives. There have been several reviews related to arene incorporated carbaporphyrinoids; however, recent developments of porphyrin analogues by introducing higher analogues of arenes and pyridine units are not adequately inspected. This mini-review mainly focuses on biphenyl, bipyridine, terphenyl, and mixed arene pyridine embedded porphyrin analogues and their coordination chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Das
- Department
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - B. Adinarayana
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 7TA, United
Kingdom
| | - A. Srinivasan
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute
of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
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Giri D, Yadav B, Sinha A, Ravikanth M. Synthesis of Stable Nonaromatic Fluorenonephyrin Macrocycle. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Giri
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology BombayAc Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Bharti Yadav
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology BombayAc Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Avisikta Sinha
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology BombayAc Powai Mumbai 400076 India
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26
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Liu H, Shen Q. Well-defined organometallic Copper(III) complexes: Preparation, characterization and reactivity. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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27
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Sinha A, Kumar A, Ravikanth M. Bis‐
(Dibenzothiophene) Embedded Hexaphyrins: Synthesis, Structure and Properties. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Avisikta Sinha
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
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Neo-Porphyrinoids: New Members of the Porphyrinoid Family. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2021; 379:26. [PMID: 34009495 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The four pyrrole rings and four meso carbons of tetrapyrrolic porphyrins can be arranged in different ways and the resulting porphyrin isomers exhibit very distinct electronic properties. The extensive research carried out on the porphyrins over the years has revealed that porphyrin can have several possible isomers and some of these have been identified and synthesized. Among the porphyrin isomers synthesized so far, porphycene and N-confused porphyrins have been investigated extensively whereas the other porphyrin isomers such as hemiporphycene, corrphycene and isoporphycene remain underdeveloped because of synthetic difficulties and their inherently unstable nature. Neoporphyrinoids are new members of the porphyrinoid family that were discovered serendipitously in 2011. Neoporphyrinoids are structural analogues of porphyrinoids with a confused pyrrole nitrogen linked to a meso carbon or the adjacent pyrrole carbon. Thus, neoporphyrinoids have an unusual structure in which pyrrole N is a part of a porphyrinoid framework and the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen participate in macrocyclic conjugation. It's been a decade since the discovery and different types of neoporphyrinoids, including regular, contracted and expanded neoporphyrinoids, have been synthesized by rational synthetic methodologies and their spectral, structural, aromatic and coordination properties have been studied. There is huge scope to develop different synthetic routes to produce new types of stable neoporphyrinoids to study their properties and potential applications. This article presents a brief overview of the synthesis, structure and properties of the neoporphyrinoids reported in this decade.
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29
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Sinha A, Ravikanth M. Synthesis and Properties of Dibenzothiophene Embedded Heteroporphyrins. J Org Chem 2021; 86:6100-6110. [PMID: 33876633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of new stable dibenzothiophene embedded heteroporphyrins were synthesized in 6-7% yields by condensing 1 equiv of dibenzothiophene-based tripyrrane with 1 equiv of four different diols, 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)heterocycles (furan, thiophene, selenophene, and tellurophene), under mild acid-catalyzed conditions in CH2Cl2. The formation of dibenzothiophene embedded heteroporphyrins was confirmed by high-resolution mass spectrometry and thoroughly characterized by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, absorption, electrochemical, and density functional theory/time-dependent density functional theory (DFT/TD-DFT) studies. The NMR studies indicated that the macrocycles were nonaromatic in nature. The electronic properties of the macrocycles were significantly altered as the heterocycle of the macrocycles was varied from furan to thiophene, selenophene, and tellurophene, as reflected clearly in the spectral and electrochemical properties. The macrocycles exhibited a sharp band in the region of 420-440 nm and a relatively broad absorption band(s) in the higher wavelength region of 550-800 nm. The oxa analogue was considerably blue-shifted as compared to the other macrocycles, whereas the tellura analogue exhibited relatively broadened and red-shifted absorption bands. Upon protonation of these macrocycles, the resulting diprotonated species displayed bathochromically shifted absorption bands, which were extended to the NIR region. DFT studies revealed that the macrocycles were highly distorted and strained and exhibited half chair conformation with restricted π-conjugation and confirmed their nonaromatic nature due to the lack of planarity of the macrocycle. TD-DFT studies were in agreement with the experimental spectral and electrochemical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avisikta Sinha
- Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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30
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Hong JH, Aslam AS, Cho B, Ko MS, Kim Y, Heo J, Cho DG. Carbaporphyrin Dimers That Bear a Rigid Naphthalene Motif as an Internal Strap. Org Lett 2021; 23:1846-1850. [PMID: 33577339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The first fully connected aromatic carbaporphyrin dimer (6) and its bis-Pd complex (6-Pd2) that bear a rigid naphthalene motif as an internal strap were synthesized. These dimers consisted of two aromatic carbaporphyrins that shared a naphthalene motif. The π-electron conjugation of the obtained macrocycles was proposed to have two separated local 22 π-electron pathways and a 34 π-electron pathway. Their weak aromaticity was fully supported by 1H NMR spectroscopy, NICS values, ACID calculations, and ICSS plots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ho Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Inharo 100, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Adil S Aslam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Inharo 100, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomhee Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Inharo 100, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sung Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Inharo 100, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daehakro 99, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungseok Heo
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daehakro 99, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Inharo 100, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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31
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Abstract
Synthesis and studies of first examples of nonaromatic doubly fused fluorene embedded heterosapphyrins and their intermediate macrocycles, monofused fluorene embedded hetero calixsapphyrins are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Yadav
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai 400076
- India
| | - Prosenjit Isar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai 400076
- India
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32
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Grover N, Emandi G, Twamley B, Khurana B, Sol V, Senge MO. Synthesis and Structure of meso-Substituted Dibenzihomoporphyrins. European J Org Chem 2020; 2020:6489-6496. [PMID: 33328793 PMCID: PMC7702178 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bench-stable meso-substituted di(p/m-benzi)homoporphyrins were synthesized through acid-catalyzed condensation of dipyrrole derivatives with aryl aldehydes. The insertion of a 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethene (TPE) or but-2-ene-2,3-diyldibenzene unit in the porphyrin framework results in the formation of dibenzihomoporphyrins, merging the features of hydrocarbons and porphyrins. Single crystal X-ray analyses established the non-planar structure of these molecules, with the phenylene rings out of the mean plane, as defined by the dipyrromethene moiety and the two meso-carbon atoms. Spectroscopic and structural investigations show that the macrocycles exhibit characteristics of both TPE or but-2-ene-2,3-diyldibenzene and dipyrromethene units indicating the non-aromatic characteristics of the compounds synthesized. Additionally, the dibenzihomoporphyrins were found to generate singlet oxygen, potentially allowing their use as photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Grover
- School of ChemistryThe University of DublinTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Ganapathi Emandi
- School of ChemistryThe University of DublinTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of ChemistryTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Bhavya Khurana
- Medicinal ChemistryTrinity Translational Medicine InstituteThe University of Dublin, St James's HospitalDublin 8Ireland
- Laboratoire PEIRENE, EA 7500Université de Limoges87000LimogesFrance
| | - Vincent Sol
- Laboratoire PEIRENE, EA 7500Université de Limoges87000LimogesFrance
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Medicinal ChemistryTrinity Translational Medicine InstituteThe University of Dublin, St James's HospitalDublin 8Ireland
- Technical University of MunichInstitute for Advanced Study (TUM‐IAS)Lichtenbergstrasse 2a85748GarchingGermany
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33
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Duval M, Blons C, Mallet-Ladeira S, Delcroix D, Magna L, Olivier-Bourbigou H, Sosa Carrizo ED, Miqueu K, Amgoune A, Szalóki G, Bourissou D. Cu-Catalyzed P-C bond formation/cleavage: straightforward synthesis/ring-expansion of strained cyclic phosphoniums. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:13100-13109. [PMID: 32930272 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03059g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Upon reaction with copper(i), peri-halo naphthyl phosphines readily form peri-bridged naphthyl phosphonium salts. The reaction works with alkyl, aryl and amino substituents at phosphorus, with iodine, bromine and chlorine as a halogen. It proceeds under mild conditions and is quantitative, despite the strain associated with the resulting 4-membered ring structure and the naphthalene framework. The transformation is amenable to catalysis. Under optimized conditions, the peri-iodo naphthyl phosphine 1-I is converted into the corresponding peri-bridged naphthyl phosphonium salt 2b in only 5 minutes at room temperature using 1 mol% of CuI. Based on DFT calculations, the reaction is proposed to involve a Cu(i)/Cu(iii) cycle made of P-coordination, C-X oxidative addition and P-C reductive elimination. This copper-catalyzed route gives a general and efficient access to peri-bridged naphthyl phosphonium salts for the first time. Reactivity studies could thus be initiated and the possibility to insert gold into the strained P-C bond was demonstrated. It leads to (P,C)-cyclometallated gold(iii) complexes. According to experimental observations and DFT calculations, two mechanistic pathways are operating: (i) direct oxidative addition of the strained P-C bond to gold,(ii) backward-formation of the peri-halo naphthyl phosphine (by C-P oxidative addition to copper followed by C-X reductive elimination), copper to gold exchange and oxidative addition of the C-X bond to gold. Detailed analysis of the reaction profiles computed theoretically gives more insight into the influence of the nature of the solvent and halogen atom, and provides rationale for the very different behaviour of copper and gold in this chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryne Duval
- CNRS/Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France.
| | - Charlie Blons
- CNRS/Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France.
| | - Sonia Mallet-Ladeira
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (FR 2599), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Damien Delcroix
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-Point de l'Echangeur de Solaize BP3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Lionel Magna
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-Point de l'Echangeur de Solaize BP3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | | | - E Daiann Sosa Carrizo
- CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM, UMR 5254), Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, France.
| | - Karinne Miqueu
- CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM, UMR 5254), Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, France.
| | - Abderrahmane Amgoune
- CNRS/Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France.
| | - György Szalóki
- CNRS/Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France.
| | - Didier Bourissou
- CNRS/Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France.
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34
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Berlicka A, Stanowska J, Białek MJ, Ślepokura K, Latos-Grażyński L. Dicarba[26]hexaporphyrinoids(1.1.1.1.1.1) with an Embedded Cyclopentene Moiety-Conformational Switching. Chemistry 2020; 26:12322-12327. [PMID: 32633431 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of cyclopentene fragments into a skeleton of parental [26]hexaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1.1) afforded extended carbaporphyrinoids: 31,34-dicarbahexa[26]chlorin and its derivatives: the first externally substituted by ethoxy and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzylidene groups and the second one formed by selective oxidation of one cyclopentene ring. Macrocycles adopt dumbbell-shaped conformations with two meso hydrogen atoms located inside the macrocyclic cavity. Protonation of 31,34-dicarba[26]hexachlorins provided dications existing in dumbbell-shaped and rectangular conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Berlicka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Justyna Stanowska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał J Białek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ślepokura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
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35
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Szyszko B, Latos-Grażyński L. Expanded Carbaporphyrinoids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16874-16901. [PMID: 31825555 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This Review outlines the progress in the field of synthetic expanded carbaporphyrinoids. The evolution of this topic is demonstrated with expanded porphyrin-inspired systems with a variety of incorporated entities that introduce one or more carbon atoms into the cavity. The discussion starts with platyrins-the macrocycles that were identified as parent molecules of not only the expanded carbaporphyrinoids, but the carbaporphyrinoid class in general. After historic considerations, the plethora of expanded porphyrin-like macrocycles containing N-confused or neo-confused pyrrole motifs and different carbocyclic subunits are presented. Special emphasis is given to applications of expanded carbaporphyrinoids in different areas, including organometallic chemistry, switching systems, or aromaticity, concluding with the demonstration of a covalent cage based on an expanded carbaporphyrinoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Szyszko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Szyszko
- Department of Chemistry University of Wrocław 14 F. Joliot-Curie St. 50-383 Wrocław Polen
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37
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Liu Y, Resch SG, Klawitter I, Cutsail GE, Demeshko S, Dechert S, Kühn FE, DeBeer S, Meyer F. An Adaptable N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Macrocycle Hosting Copper in Three Oxidation States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Stefan G. Resch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Iris Klawitter
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - George E. Cutsail
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Sebastian Dechert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Fritz E. Kühn
- Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Franc Meyer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
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38
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Liu Y, Resch SG, Klawitter I, Cutsail GE, Demeshko S, Dechert S, Kühn FE, DeBeer S, Meyer F. An Adaptable N-Heterocyclic Carbene Macrocycle Hosting Copper in Three Oxidation States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5696-5705. [PMID: 31769151 PMCID: PMC7154638 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A neutral hybrid macrocycle with two trans-positioned N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and two pyridine donors hosts copper in three oxidation states (+I-+III) in a series of structurally characterized complexes (1-3). Redox interconversion of [LCu]+/2+/3+ is electrochemically (quasi)reversible and occurs at moderate potentials (E1/2 =-0.45 V and +0.82 V (vs. Fc/Fc+ )). A linear CNHC -Cu-CNHC arrangement and hemilability of the two pyridine donors allows the ligand to adapt to the different stereoelectronic and coordination requirements of CuI versus CuII /CuIII . Analytical methods such as NMR, UV/Vis, IR, electron paramagnetic resonance, and Cu Kβ high-energy-resolution fluorescence detection X-ray absorption spectroscopies, as well as DFT calculations, give insight into the geometric and electronic structures of the complexes. The XAS signatures of 1-3 are textbook examples for CuI , CuII , and CuIII species. Facile 2-electron interconversion combined with the exposure of two basic pyridine N sites in the reduced CuI form suggest that [LCu]+/2+/3+ may operate in catalysis via coupled 2 e- /2 H+ transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Stefan G. Resch
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Iris Klawitter
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - George E. Cutsail
- Department of Inorganic SpectroscopyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstrasse 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Sebastian Dechert
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Fritz E. Kühn
- Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstrasse 485748Garching bei MünchenGermany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Department of Inorganic SpectroscopyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstrasse 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Franc Meyer
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
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39
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Sinha A, Sengupta R, Kumar A, Ravikanth M. Dibenzofuran/Dibenzothiophene-Embedded Dithia-bis(calix)-sapphyrins. J Org Chem 2020; 85:2180-2189. [PMID: 31902211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of first examples of dibenzofuran (DBF)/dibenzothiophene (DBT)-embedded dithia-bis(calix)-sapphyrins were synthesized by condensing 1 equiv of dibenzofuran/dibenzothiophene-based tripyrrane with 1 equiv of [2,2'-bithiophene]-5,5'-diylbis(aryl)methanol under mild acid-catalyzed conditions in CH2Cl2 followed by oxidation with DDQ (2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone) and alumina column chromatographic purification afforded new dithia-bis(calix)-sapphyrins with two meso-sp3 carbons in 5-7% yields. The DBF/DBT-embedded dithia-bis(calix)-sapphyrins were characterized by HRMS (high-resolution mass spectrometry), 1H and 13C NMR, 1H-1H COSY, 1H-1H NOESY, 1H-13C HSQC, and 1H-13C HMBC spectroscopy, absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and density functional theory (DFT) studies. The macrocycles showed one broad absorption band at ∼553 nm with a shoulder peak at the higher energy side along with a sharp intense band at ∼415 nm. However, the protonated dithia-bis(calix)-sapphyrins showed large bathochromic shifts in the absorption bands, indicating that the electronic properties of dithia-bis(calix)-sapphyrins were altered significantly upon protonation of dithia-bis(calix)-sapphyrins. The electrochemical study indicated that dithia-bis(calix)-sapphyrins are relatively easier to reduce but difficult to oxidize. The DFT studies revealed that macrocycles adopt a highly folded half-chair conformation due to the disruption of conjugation of the macrocycle because of the presence of two sp3 meso-carbons. The DFT studies also support the significant bathochromic shifts observed for protonated dithia-bis(calix)-sapphyrins macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avisikta Sinha
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Rima Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
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40
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Laxman K, Kumar A, Ravikanth M. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon‐/Heterocycle‐Embedded Porphyrinoids. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kandala Laxman
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
- IITB-Monash Research AcademyIndian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
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41
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Szyszko B, Dróżdż D, Sarwa A, Mucha SG, Białońska A, Białek MJ, Matczyszyn K, Latos-Grażyński L. An exocyclic π-system extension of the phenanthriporphyrin framework: towards azaaceneporphyrinoids. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00436g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An exocyclic π-extension of phenanthriporphyrin reduces the macrocyclic antiaromaticity of the formed expanded carbaporphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Szyszko
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Wrocław
- 50-383 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Damian Dróżdż
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Wrocław
- 50-383 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Aleksandra Sarwa
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Wrocław
- 50-383 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Sebastian G. Mucha
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb
- UMR5221
- University of Montpellier – CNRS
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Agata Białońska
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Wrocław
- 50-383 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Michał J. Białek
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Wrocław
- 50-383 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
- 50-370 Wrocław
- Poland
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42
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Chitranshi S, Adinarayana B, Das M, Cha WY, Kim D, Srinivasan A. Bis-4,4'-biphenyl Ring Embedded Octaphyrin with Three Distinct Conformational Structures. Chemistry 2019; 25:12911-12915. [PMID: 31410896 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Three distinct conformational structures of carbaoctaphyrins were prepared by incorporating bis-4,4'-biphenyl units in the macrocyclic core. The free-base form adopts a figure-eight conformation, whereas the protonation triggers a conformational change with a pyrrole ring inversion and acquires an open-framework structure. The insertion of bis-RhI metal ion in the macrocyclic core affords a singly twisted conformational structure. Furthermore, the local aromaticity in the bis-4,4'-biphenyl ring dominates the overall macrocyclic aromaticity in all three forms, and thus adopts nonaromatic characteristics. These results are supported by spectral as well as theoretical studies, and they are unambiguously confirmed by X-ray crystal analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangya Chitranshi
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - B Adinarayana
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Mainak Das
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Won-Young Cha
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for, Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for, Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - A Srinivasan
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
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43
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Kupietz K, Białek MJ, Hassa K, Białońska A, Latos-Grażyński L. Oxygenation of Phenanthriporphyrin and Copper(III) Phenanthriporphyrin: An Efficient Route to Phenanthribilinones. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:12446-12456. [PMID: 31454233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Photooxidation of copper(III) 5,6-dimethoxyphenathriporphyrin and copper(III) 5,6-dioxophenanthriporphyrin, which contain phenanthrene or dioxophenathrene moieties built into the macrocyclic frameworks, resulted in the regioselective cleavage that afforded organometallic copper(III) complexes of open-chain phenanthribilinone-type acyclic ligands terminated by carbonyl groups. The copper(III) coordinates two carbon atoms of phenantherene (dioxophenanthrene) and two nitrogen atoms of pyrrole and pyrrolone units, preserving the donor sets of the paternal complexes. The primary dioxygen attack is located at the meso carbon atom adjacent to the phenanthrene moiety. Demetalation of copper(III) 21-benzoyl-phenanthribilin-1-one and copper(III) 21-benzoyl-dioxophenanthribilin-1-one yielded mainly two diastereomers [15Z, 20E] and [15Z, 20Z], which differ in the configurations at two Cα-Cmeso double bonds. The regioselectivity of the cleavage, detected in the course of experimental studies, has been substantiated by DFT investigations. The regioselective cleavage of 5,6-dimethoxyphenanthriporphyrin in reaction with basic iron(III) acetate was detected, providing the synthetically efficient methodology to produce 21-benzoyl-dioxophenanthribilin-1-one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kupietz
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wrocław , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Michał J Białek
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wrocław , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Karolina Hassa
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wrocław , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Agata Białońska
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wrocław , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
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44
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Kumar A, Thorat KG, Ravikanth M. Synthesis and Studies of Strained Fluorenophyrins. J Org Chem 2019; 84:10321-10327. [PMID: 31331168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New examples of polyaromatic hydrocarbons embedded porphyrinoids named fluorenophyrins, which are fluorene-embedded porphyrins, have been readily synthesized starting with commercially available fluorene as a key precursor over a sequence of four simple synthetic steps. These new fluorenophyrin macrocycles were characterized and studied by high-resolution mass spectrometry, one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and absorption spectroscopies, electrochemical techniques, and density functional theory calculations. The studies indicated that the fluorenophyrins are nonaromatic, and π-conjugation in macrocycles was limited due to nonplanar arrangement of a fluorene moiety with the rest of the macrocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Kishor G Thorat
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
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45
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Kshatriya R, Jejurkar VP, Saha S. Advances in The Catalytic Synthesis of Triarylmethanes (TRAMs). European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajpratap Kshatriya
- Department of Dyestuff Technology; Institute of Chemical Technology; 400019 Mumbai, N. P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai India
| | - Valmik P. Jejurkar
- Department of Dyestuff Technology; Institute of Chemical Technology; 400019 Mumbai, N. P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai India
| | - Satyajit Saha
- Department of Dyestuff Technology; Institute of Chemical Technology; 400019 Mumbai, N. P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai India
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Das M, Adinarayana B, Murugavel M, Nayak S, Srinivasan A. Di-( m- m- m)terphenyl-Embedded Decaphyrin and Its Bis-Rh(I) Complex. Org Lett 2019; 21:2867-2871. [PMID: 30958682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new rectangular-shaped carbadecaphyrin was successfully synthesized by introducing a terphenylene unit ( m- m- m) in the macrocyclic core. The terphenylene moiety offers an open framework with multiple binding pockets to stabilize two Rh(I) ions in the core. The photophysical and structural studies reveal the non-aromatic character of the ligand and its bis-Rh(I) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Das
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI , Bhubaneswar 752050 , Odisha , India
| | - B Adinarayana
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI , Bhubaneswar 752050 , Odisha , India
| | - M Murugavel
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI , Bhubaneswar 752050 , Odisha , India
| | - Subhashree Nayak
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI , Bhubaneswar 752050 , Odisha , India
| | - A Srinivasan
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI , Bhubaneswar 752050 , Odisha , India
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Adinarayana B, Das M, Suresh CH, Srinivasan A. Homocarbaporphyrinoids: The m-o-m and p-o-p Terphenyl Embedded Expanded Porphyrin Analogues and Their Rh I Complexes. Chemistry 2019; 25:4683-4687. [PMID: 30715756 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Stable homocarbaporphyrinoids were successfully synthesized by incorporating the m-o-m and p-o-p terphenyl units into the porphyrin core. The distinct bonding modes of terphenyl in the macrocycle generated two structural isomers with two and four carbon atoms in the macrocyclic environment. The core was utilized to stabilize the RhI ion. The spectral and structural analyses revealed that the restricted (m-o-m) and allowed (p-o-p) conjugation in the macrocyclic core provide overall non-aromatic characteristics both to the free bases and their complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Adinarayana
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Mainak Das
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Cherumuttathu H Suresh
- Inorganic & Theoretical Chemistry Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695019, Kerala, India
| | - A Srinivasan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
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48
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Kupietz K, Białek MJ, Białońska A, Szyszko B, Latos-Grażyński L. Organocopper(III) Phenanthriporphyrin-Exocyclic Transformations. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:1451-1461. [PMID: 30600994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
5,6-Dimethoxyphenanthriporphyrin 1 and 5,6-dioxophenanthriporphyrin 2 act as suitable organometallic ligands for copper(III), adopting trianionic [CCNN] coordination cores. Under oxidizing conditions, in the presence of methanol, copper(III) phenanthriporphyrin 1-Cu undergoes transformation to copper(III) phenanthriporphodimethene with methoxy substituents attached to two trans meso positions. Addition of acids to 1-Cu yields two isomeric copper(III) isophenanthriporphyrins protonated on one of the meso carbon atoms. Protonation of copper(III) 5,6-dioxophenanthriporphyrin 2-Cu yields the aromatic diprotonated complex 2-Cu-H22+. In the presence of HBF4 2-Cu undergoes borylation at the carbonyl oxygen atoms, forming an aromatic exocyclic boron(III) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kupietz
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wrocław , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Michał J Białek
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wrocław , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Agata Białońska
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wrocław , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Bartosz Szyszko
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wrocław , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
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49
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Pandeeti O, Bijigiri SK, Panda PK. One-pot synthesis of benzotripyrrole derivatives from 1 H-pyrroles. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04700j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Benzotripyrroles were synthesized in one step from functionalized pyrroles and computational studies reveal the reactivity of the pyrroles and stability of the benzotripyrroles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obaiah Pandeeti
- School of Chemistry
- University of Hyderabad
- Hyderabad 500046
- India
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50
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Ke XS, Kim T, He Q, Lynch VM, Kim D, Sessler JL. Three-Dimensional Fully Conjugated Carbaporphyrin Cage. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16455-16459. [PMID: 30452259 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A fully conjugated three-dimensional (3D) expanded carbaporphyrin (2) was prepared in a one-pot procedure that involves a [2+4] condensation reaction between a dibenzo[ g, p]chrysene-bearing tetrapyrrole precursor (1) and pentafluorobenzaldehyde, followed by oxidation. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that 2 possesses a cage-like structure consisting of four dipyrromethenes and two bridging dibenzo[ g, p]chrysene units. As prepared, 2 is nonaromatic as inferred from UV-vis-NIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy and a near-zero (-1.75) nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) value. In contrast, after protonation with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), the cage gains global aromatic character as inferred from the large negative NICS value (-11.63) and diatropic ring current observed in the anisotropy of the induced current density (ACID) plot, as well as the ca. 8-fold increase in the excited state lifetime. In addition, the size of the cavity increases to ca. 143 Å3 upon protonation as deduced from a single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. To our knowledge, this is the largest carbaporphyrin prepared to date and the first with a fully conjugated 3D cage structure whose size and electronic features may be tuned through protonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Sheng Ke
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712-1224 , United States
| | - Taeyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Korea
| | - Qing He
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712-1224 , United States
| | - Vincent M Lynch
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712-1224 , United States
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Korea
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712-1224 , United States
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