1
|
Chatterjee B, Mondal D, Bera S. Synthetic applications of the Cannizzaro reaction. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1376-1395. [PMID: 38919603 PMCID: PMC11196959 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The Cannizzaro reaction has emerged as a versatile synthetic tool for the construction of functionalized molecules. Dating back to the 19th century, this reaction, though initially used for the synthesis of an alcohol and acid functionality from aldehydes, has henceforth proven useful to generate diverse molecular entities using both intermolecular and intramolecular synthetic strategies. Immense applications in the synthesis of hydroxy acids and esters, heterocycles, fused carbocycles, natural products, and others with broad substrate scope have raised profound interest from methodological and synthetic standpoints. The ongoing development of reagents, solvents, and technologies for the Cannizzaro reaction reflects the broader trend in organic synthesis towards more sustainable and efficient practices. The focus of this review is to highlight some recent advances in synthetic strategies and applications of the Cannizzaro reaction towards the synthesis of potentially useful molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Nabadwip Vidyasagar College, West Bengal, India
| | - Dhananjoy Mondal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar-382030, India
| | - Smritilekha Bera
- School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar-382030, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Smith LB, Armstrong RJ, Hou J, Smith E, Sze M, Sterling AJ, Smith A, Duarte F, Donohoe TJ. Redox Reorganization: Aluminium Promoted 1,5-Hydride Shifts Allow the Controlled Synthesis of Multisubstituted Cyclohexenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307424. [PMID: 37358307 PMCID: PMC10953022 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of cyclohexenes has been achieved from easily accessible tetrahydropyrans via a tandem 1,5-hydride shift-aldol condensation. We discovered that readily available aluminium reagents, e.g. Al2 O3 or Al(Ot Bu)3 are essential for this process, promoting the 1,5-hydride shift with complete regio- and enantiospecificity (in stark contrast to results obtained under basic conditions). The mild conditions, coupled with multiple methods available to access the tetrahydropyran starting materials makes this a versatile method with exceptional functional group tolerance. A wide range of cyclohexenes (>40 examples) have been prepared, many in enantiopure form, showing our ability to selectively install a substituent at each position around the newly forged cyclohexene ring. Experimental and computational studies revealed that aluminium serves a dual role in facilitating the hydride shift, activating both the alkoxide nucleophile and the electrophilic carbonyl group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis B. Smith
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOX1 3TAOxfordUK
| | - Roly J. Armstrong
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOX1 3TAOxfordUK
- School of Natural and Environmental SciencesNewcastle UniversityNE1 7RUNewcastle Upon TyneUK
| | - Jingyan Hou
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOX1 3TAOxfordUK
| | - Edward Smith
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOX1 3TAOxfordUK
| | - Ming Sze
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOX1 3TAOxfordUK
| | | | - Alex Smith
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research CentreRG42 6EYBracknellBerkshireUK
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOX1 3TAOxfordUK
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Smith LB, Armstrong RJ, Matheau-Raven D, Donohoe TJ. Chemo- and Regioselective Synthesis of Acyl-Cyclohexenes by a Tandem Acceptorless Dehydrogenation-[1,5]-Hydride Shift Cascade. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2514-2523. [PMID: 31967814 PMCID: PMC7145340 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
An
atom-economical methodology to access substituted acyl-cyclohexenes
from pentamethylacetophenone and 1,5-diols is described. This process is catalyzed by an
iridium(I) catalyst in conjunction with a bulky electron rich phosphine
ligand (CataCXium A) which favors acceptorless dehydrogenation over
conjugate reduction to the corresponding cyclohexane. The reaction
produces water and hydrogen gas as the sole byproducts and a wide
range of functionalized acyl-cyclohexene products can be synthesized
using this method in very high yields. A series of control experiments
were carried out, which revealed that the process is initiated by
acceptorless dehydrogenation of the diol followed by a redox-neutral
cascade process, which is independent of the iridium catalyst. Deuterium
labeling studies established that the key step of this cascade involves
a novel base-mediated [1,5]-hydride shift. The cyclohexenyl ketone
products could readily be cleaved under mildly acidic conditions to
access a range of valuable substituted cyclohexene derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis B Smith
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Roly J Armstrong
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Matheau-Raven
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Donohoe
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang MX, Xu Z, Lu T, Yin J, Liu SH. A Visible-Light-Induced Strategy To Construct Osmanaphthalynes, Osmaanthracyne, and Osmaphenanthryne. Chemistry 2018; 24:14891-14895. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 P. R. China
| | - Tao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 P. R. China
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 P. R. China
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou 350002 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu J, Liu N, Yue Y, Wang Y, Chen K, Zhang J, Zhao S, Zhuo K. Practical Synthesis of Chromeno[2,3-b]indole Skeleton via an Aldehyde Group Insertion/Aromatization Strategy. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:401-404. [PMID: 28111933 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of chromeno[2,3-b]indole from simple starting materials remains a demanding process. Herein, 2-bromoindole undergoes nucleophilic attack from salicylaldehyde, followed by intramolecular insertion of an aldehyde group and aromatization to generate the desired chromeno[2,3-b]indoles. Moreover, various functional groups were tolerated and a gram-scale synthesis of the product could be achieved under the optimized condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Na Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Yue
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Kaige Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Shufang Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Kelei Zhuo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Eccleshare L, Lozada-Rodríguez L, Cooper P, Burroughs L, Ritchie J, Lewis W, Woodward S. Diversification of ortho-Fused Cycloocta-2,5-dien-1-one Cores and Eight- to Six-Ring Conversion by σ Bond C-C Cleavage. Chemistry 2016; 22:12542-7. [PMID: 27452351 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sequential treatment of 2-C6 H4 Br(CHO) with LiC≡CR(1) (R(1) =SiMe3 , tBu), nBuLi, CuBr⋅SMe2 and HC≡CCHClR(2) [R(2) =Ph, 4-CF3 Ph, 3-CNPh, 4-(MeO2 C)Ph] at -50 °C leads to formation of an intermediate carbanion (Z)-1,2-C6 H4 {CA (=O)C≡CB R(1) }{CH=CH(CH(-) )R(2) } (4). Low temperatures (-50 °C) favour attack at CB leading to kinetic formation of 6,8-bicycles containing non-classical C-carbanion enolates (5). Higher temperatures (-10 °C to ambient) and electron-deficient R(2) favour retro σ-bond C-C cleavage regenerating 4, which subsequently closes on CA providing 6,6-bicyclic alkoxides (6). Computational modelling (CBS-QB3) indicated that both pathways are viable and of similar energies. Reaction of 6 with H(+) gave 1,2-dihydronaphthalen-1-ols, or under dehydrating conditions, 2-aryl-1-alkynylnaphthlenes. Enolates 5 react in situ with: H2 O, D2 O, I2 , allylbromide, S2 Me2 , CO2 and lead to the expected C-E derivatives (E=H, D, I, allyl, SMe, CO2 H) in 49-64 % yield directly from intermediate 5. The parents (E=H; R(1) =SiMe3 , tBu; R(2) =Ph) are versatile starting materials for NaBH4 and Grignard C=O additions, desilylation (when R(1) =SiMe) and oxime formation. The latter allows formation of 6,9-bicyclics via Beckmann rearrangement. The 6,8-ring iodides are suitable Suzuki precursors for Pd-catalysed C-C coupling (81-87 %), whereas the carboxylic acids readily form amides under T3P® conditions (71-95 %).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Eccleshare
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | - Phillippa Cooper
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Laurence Burroughs
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - John Ritchie
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - William Lewis
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Simon Woodward
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li Y, Feng C, Shi H, Xu X. Diastereoselective Synthesis of 3,4-Benzomorphan Derivatives via Tandem [5 + 1]/Hemiaminalization of (2-Aminoaryl)divinyl Ketones. Org Lett 2016; 18:324-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Chengjie Feng
- Department
of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department
of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xianxiu Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| |
Collapse
|