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Ueno H, Yamazaki Y, Okada H, Misaizu F, Kokubo K, Sakurai H. Enhanced reactivity of Li +@C 60 toward thermal [2 + 2] cycloaddition by encapsulated Li + Lewis acid. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:653-660. [PMID: 38590538 PMCID: PMC10999987 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Lithium ion-endohedral fullerene (Li+@C60), a member of the burgeoning family of ion-endohedral fullerenes, holds substantial promise for diverse applications owing to its distinctive ionic properties. Despite the high demand for precise property tuning through chemical modification, there have been only a few reports detailing synthetic protocols for the derivatization of this novel material. In this study, we report the synthesis of Li+@C60 derivatives via the thermal [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of styrene derivatives, achieving significantly higher yields of monofunctionalized Li+@C60 compared to previously reported reactions. Furthermore, by combining experimental and theoretical approaches, we clarified the range of applicable substrates for the thermal [2 + 2] cycloaddition of Li+@C60, highlighting the expanded scope of this straightforward and selective functionalization method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueno
- Creative Interdisciplinary Research Division, Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yu Yamazaki
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Fuminori Misaizu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ken Kokubo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Sakurai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Zahra FT, Saeed A, Mumtaz K, Albericio F. Tropylium Ion, an Intriguing Moiety in Organic Chemistry. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104095. [PMID: 37241836 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The tropylium ion is a non-benzenoid aromatic species that works as a catalyst. This chemical entity brings about a large number of organic transformations, such as hydroboration reactions, ring contraction, the trapping of enolates, oxidative functionalization, metathesis, insertion, acetalization, and trans-acetalization reactions. The tropylium ion also functions as a coupling reagent in synthetic reactions. This cation's versatility can be seen in its role in the synthesis of macrocyclic compounds and cage structures. Bearing a charge, the tropylium ion is more prone to nucleophilic/electrophilic reactions than neutral benzenoid equivalents. This ability enables it to assist in a variety of chemical reactions. The primary purpose of using tropylium ions in organic reactions is to replace transition metals in catalysis chemistry. It outperforms transition-metal catalysts in terms of its yield, moderate conditions, non-toxic byproducts, functional group tolerance, selectivity, and ease of handling. Furthermore, the tropylium ion is simple to synthesize in the laboratory. The current review incorporates the literature reported from 1950 to 2021; however, the last two decades have witnessed a phenomenal upsurge in the utilization of the tropylium ion in the facilitation of organic conversions. The importance of the tropylium ion as an environmentally safe catalyst in synthesis and a comprehensive summary of some important reactions catalyzed via tropylium cations are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Tuz Zahra
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Khansa Mumtaz
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Fernando Albericio
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Tanaka D, Konishi A, Yasuda M. Synthesis and Catalytic Activity of Atrane-type Hard and Soft Lewis Superacids with a Silyl, Germyl, or Stannyl Cationic Center. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3118-3123. [PMID: 34487429 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and isolation of atrane-type molecules 1E+ (E=Si, Ge, or Sn) having a cationic group 14 elemental center are reported. The cations 1E+ act as hard and soft Lewis superacids, which readily interact with various hard and soft Lewis basic substrates. The rigid atrane framework stabilizes the localized positive charge on the elemental center and assists the formation of the well-defined highly coordinated states of 1E+ . The cations were applied to the hydrodefluorination, Friedel-Crafts reaction, alkyne cyclization, and carbonyl reduction as Lewis acid catalysts. Most notably, [1Si][ClO4 ] exhibits unique chemoselectivity that depends on a solvent in the competitive reaction of silyl enol ether with a mixture of benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal and benzaldehyde. Our findings indicate the potential of hard and soft Lewis superacids in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Tallarico S, Bonacci S, Mancuso S, Costanzo P, Oliverio M, Procopio A. Quali-quantitative monitoring of chemocatalytic cellulose conversion into lactic acid by FT-NIR spectroscopy. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2021; 250:119367. [PMID: 33401184 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemocatalytic conversion of cellulose into lactic acid is a valuable alternative to simple sugar fermentation. Nevertheless, the procedures still need optimization to be translated to the industrial scale. Such translation would benefit by on-line monitoring of reaction parameters by fast, inexpensive, direct spectroscopic techniques. In this work, we propose the application of FT-NIR spectroscopy as a suitable analytical tool for monitoring the chemocatalytic conversion of cellulose into lactic acid. Comparison between different FT-NIR spectra at different reaction temperatures and times was exploited to qualitatively indicate the feasibility of the reaction. Besides, an FT-NIR prediction model was proposed for rapidly estimating the molar distribution of cellulose catalytic degradation components in the reaction mixtures. The calibration model was based on reference samples analysed by HPLC. The model was validated by an external validation set. Relevant statistical values of Ratio Performance to Deviations (RPD) referred to both calibration and external validation were obtained, thus demonstrating the potential of such analytical technique in process monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Tallarico
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università Magna Græcia di Catanzaro, Viele Europa - Campus Universitario S. Venuta - Loc, Germaneto, 88100 CZ, Italy
| | - Sonia Bonacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università Magna Græcia di Catanzaro, Viele Europa - Campus Universitario S. Venuta - Loc, Germaneto, 88100 CZ, Italy
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università Magna Græcia di Catanzaro, Viele Europa - Campus Universitario S. Venuta - Loc, Germaneto, 88100 CZ, Italy
| | - Paola Costanzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università Magna Græcia di Catanzaro, Viele Europa - Campus Universitario S. Venuta - Loc, Germaneto, 88100 CZ, Italy
| | - Manuela Oliverio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università Magna Græcia di Catanzaro, Viele Europa - Campus Universitario S. Venuta - Loc, Germaneto, 88100 CZ, Italy.
| | - Antonio Procopio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università Magna Græcia di Catanzaro, Viele Europa - Campus Universitario S. Venuta - Loc, Germaneto, 88100 CZ, Italy
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Lavanya G, Magesh CJ, Venkatapathy K, Perumal PT, Prema S. Design, synthesis, spectral characterization and molecular docking studies of novel pyranoquinolinyl dihydropyridine carboxylates as potential antibacterial agents including Vibrio cholerae with minimal cytotoxity towards fibroblast cell line (L-929). Bioorg Chem 2021; 107:104582. [PMID: 33450547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Novel pyranoquinolinyl dihydropyridine carboxylate (PDC) derivatives were designed by incorporating the multi-drug resistance modulating effects of 1,4 dihydropyridines along with potential antibacterial activity of quinolines in the molecular design. The designed PDC derivatives were synthesized by multi-step synthesis involving Michael addition, reduction followed by inverse electro demand Diels-Alder reaction to produce pyranoquinolinyl dihydropyridine carboxylates in good yields. All the PDC derivatives were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, Mass spectral and CHN analysis. The Quinolinyl dihydropyridine carboxylate derivatives were evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion method. Molecular docking studies revealed that the exo diethyl 4-(4aR,5S,10bR)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2H-pyrano[3,2-c]quinolin-8-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate diastereomer (5c) forms four hydrogen bonds with the cell wall protein of vibrio cholerae in comparison to the endo diethyl 4-((4aR,5R,10bR)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2H-pyrano[3,2-c]quinolin-8-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate diastereomer (4c) which forms two hydrogen bonds with the cell wall protein of vibrio cholerae and hence leading to better anchorage, enhanced gold score and relatively good antibacterial activity for the exo PDC derivatives. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the active compounds was evaluated by macro dilution method. The mechanism of antibacterial action of the PDC derivatives was investigated by SEM studies. The cytotoxicity of PDC derivatives were evaluated against fibroblast cells (L-929).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lavanya
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Arignar Anna Govt. Arts and Science College Cheyyar, Tamilnadu, India
| | - C J Magesh
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Arignar Anna Govt. Arts and Science College Cheyyar, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - K Venkatapathy
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Arignar Anna Govt. Arts and Science College Cheyyar, Tamilnadu, India
| | - P T Perumal
- Department of Chemistry, B.S Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Vandalur, Chennai, India
| | - S Prema
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Arignar Anna Govt. Arts and Science College Cheyyar, Tamilnadu, India
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Yadav A, Kanoo P. Metal-Organic Frameworks as Platform for Lewis-Acid-Catalyzed Organic Transformations. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:3531-3551. [PMID: 31509343 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are highly promising Lewis acid catalysts; they either inherently possess Lewis acid sites (LASs) on it or the LASs can be generated through various post-synthetic methods, the later can be performed in MOFs in a trivial fashion. MOFs are suitable platform for catalysis because of its highly crystalline and porous nature. Moreover, with recent advancements, thermal and chemical stability is not a problem with many MOFs. In this Minireview, an enormous versatility of MOFs, in terms of their microporosity/mesoporosity, size/shape selectivity, chirality, pore size, etc., has been highlighted. These are advantageous for designing and performing various targeted organic transformations. Although, many organic transformations catalyzed by MOFs with LASs have been reported in the recent past. In this Minireview, we have restricted ourselves to four important organic reactions: (i) cyanosilylation, (ii) Diels-Alder reaction, (iii) C-H activation, and (iv) CO2 -addition. The discussion focuses mostly on the recent reports (42 examples).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh, 123031, Haryana, India
| | - Prakash Kanoo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh, 123031, Haryana, India
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Nardi M, Bonacci S, De Luca G, Maiuolo J, Oliverio M, Sindona G, Procopio A. Biomimetic synthesis and antioxidant evaluation of 3,4-DHPEA-EDA [2-(3,4-hydroxyphenyl) ethyl (3S,4E)-4-formyl-3-(2-oxoethyl)hex-4-enoate]. Food Chem 2014; 162:89-93. [PMID: 24874361 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds present in extra virgin olive oil have attracted considerable recent attention. Many of them, show specific anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities. In this work we describe the biomimetic synthesis of 3,4-DHPEA-EDA [2-(3,4-hydroxyphenyl) ethyl (3S,4E)-4-formyl-3-(2-oxoethyl)hex-4-enoate], starting from natural demethyloleuropein present in olive tissues. A comparison between 3,4-DHPEA-EDA (6) and oleuropein (1), oleuropein aglycone (4) and hydroxytyrosol ORACFL values was undertaken.
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