1
|
Ma WY, Leone M, Derat E, Retailleau P, Reddy CR, Neuville L, Masson G. Photocatalytic Asymmetric Acyl Radical Truce-Smiles Rearrangement for the Synthesis of Enantioenriched α-Aryl Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408154. [PMID: 38887967 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The radical Truce-Smiles rearrangement is a straightforward strategy for incorporating aryl groups into organic molecules for which asymmetric processes remains rare. By employing a readily available and non-expensive chiral auxiliary, we developed a highly efficient asymmetric photocatalytic acyl and alkyl radical Truce-Smiles rearrangement of α-substituted acrylamides using tetrabutylammonium decatungstate (TBADT) as a hydrogen atom-transfer photocatalyst, along with aldehydes or C-H containing precursors. The rearranged products exhibited excellent diastereoselectivities (7 : 1 to >98 : 2 d.r.) and chiral auxiliary was easily removed. Mechanistic studies allowed understanding the transformation in which density functional theory (DFT) calculations provided insights into the stereochemistry-determining step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yang Ma
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Matteo Leone
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Etienne Derat
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Chada Raji Reddy
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry CSIR-, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Luc Neuville
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- HitCat, Seqens-CNRS joint laboratory, Seqens'lab, 8 rue de Rouen, 78440, Porcheville, France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- HitCat, Seqens-CNRS joint laboratory, Seqens'lab, 8 rue de Rouen, 78440, Porcheville, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu M, Wang QL, Huang H, Mao G, Deng GJ. General Defluoroalkylation of Trifluoromethylarenes with Both Electron-Donating and -Withdrawing Alkenes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:12591-12609. [PMID: 39141011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The incorporation of gem-difluoromethylene units into organic molecules remains a formidable challenge. Conventional methodologies for constructing aryldifluoromethyl derivatives relied on the use of high-functional fluorinating regents under harsh conditions. Herein, we report general and efficient photoredox catalytic systems for defluoroalkylation of readily available trifluoromethylarenes through selective C-F cleavage to deliver gem-difluoromethyl radicals which proceed through reductive addition to both electron-donating and withdrawing alkenes under transition-metal free conditions. Mechanistic studies reveal that thiol serves as both photocatalyst and HAT reagent under visible light irradiation. This synergistic photocatalysis and HAT catalysis protocol exhibits ample and salient features such as high chemo- and regioselectivity, broad substrate scope, amenable gram-scale synthesis and late-stage modification of bioactive molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Qiao-Lin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Huawen Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Guojiang Mao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guo-Jun Deng
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lan L, Xu K, Zeng C. The merger of electro-reduction and hydrogen bonding activation for a radical Smiles rearrangement. Chem Sci 2024; 15:13459-13465. [PMID: 39183920 PMCID: PMC11339951 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02821j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The reductive activation of chemical bonds at less negative potentials provides a foundation for high functional group tolerance and selectivity, and it is one of the central topics in organic electrosynthesis. Along this line, we report the design of a dual-activation mode by merging electro-reduction with hydrogen bonding activation. As a proof of principle, the reduction potential of N-phenylpropiolamide was shifted positively by 218 mV. Enabled by this strategy, the radical Smiles rearrangement of N-arylpropiolamides without external radical precursors and prefunctionalization steps was accomplished. [DBU][HOAc], a readily accessible ionic liquid, was exploited for the first time both as a hydrogen bonding donor and as a supporting electrolyte.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Lan
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Kun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Chengchu Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang F, Zhang G, Zhou Q, Bian T, Zhou L, Zhang Z. Hybrid Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Carboamination of Conjugated Dienes: Synthesis of Functionalized Pyrrolidines via Selective Trifluoromethylarene Defluorination. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38808763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The incorporation of difluoromethylene groups into aza-heterocycles represents a compelling yet underexplored avenue in contemporary chemical research. In this study, we unveil a hybrid palladium-catalyzed intramolecular gem-difluoroalkylamination of conjugated dienes, providing a versatile approach to the synthesis of diverse functionalized pyrrolidines. Noteworthy features include mild reaction conditions and a remarkable tolerance toward various functional groups. Additionally, the use of alkyl iodides as electrophiles facilitates the generation of the corresponding alkylamination products. Control experiments support a proposed hybrid palladium-catalyzed radical-polar crossover pathway, offering insights into the underlying chemical processes governing this transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Guocong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Qixin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Tiancen Bian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822-2217, United States
| | - Liejin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Zuxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822-2217, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hu Y, Hervieu C, Merino E, Nevado C. Asymmetric, Remote C(sp 3)-H Arylation via Sulfinyl-Smiles Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319158. [PMID: 38506603 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
An efficient asymmetric remote arylation of C(sp3)-H bonds under photoredox conditions is described here. The reaction features the addition radicals to a double bond followed by a site-selective radical translocation (1,n-hydrogen atom transfer) as well as a stereocontrolled aryl migration via sulfinyl-Smiles rearrangement furnishing a wide range of chiral α-arylated amides with up to >99 : 1 er. Mechanistic studies indicate that the sulfinamide group governs the stereochemistry of the product with the aryl migration being the rate determining step preceded by a kinetically favored 1,n-HAT process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Hervieu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Estíbaliz Merino
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR). Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo, Km. 9.100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Nevado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang J, Wu X, Cao Z, Zhang X, Wang X, Li J, Zhu C. E-Selective Radical Difunctionalization of Unactivated Alkynes: Preparation of Functionalized Allyl Alcohols from Aliphatic Alkynes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309022. [PMID: 38348551 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Radical difunctionalization of aliphatic alkynes provides direct access to valuable multi-substituted alkenes, but achieving a high level of chemo- and stereo-control remains a formidable challenge. Herein a novel photoredox neutral alkyne di-functionalization is reported through functional group migration followed by a radical-polar crossover and energy transfer-enabled stereoconvergent isomerization of alkenes. In this sequence, a hydroxyalkyl and an aryl group are incorporated concomitantly into an alkyne, leading to diversely functionalized E-allyl alcohols. The scope of alkynes is noteworthy, and the reaction tolerates aliphatic alkynes containing hydrogen donating C─H bonds that are prone to intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer. The protocol features broad functional group compatibility, high product diversity, and exclusive chemo- and stereoselectivity, thus providing a practical strategy for the elusive radical di-functionalization of unactivated alkynes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xinxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zhu Cao
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xie X, Li J, Li W, Li Y, Guo K, Zhu Y, Chen K. Silver-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Remote Fluorination via a Zwitterion-Promoted 1,4-Heteroaryl Migration. Org Lett 2024; 26:2228-2232. [PMID: 38457330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
A silver-catalyzed decarboxylative remote fluorination via a zwitterion-promoted 1,4-heteroaryl migration has been developed. A variety of heteroaryl-tethered benzyl fluorides have been readily synthesized with good regioselectivity under mild conditions. The zwitterion of the substrate is suggested to accelerate the 1,4-heteroaryl migration, which determines the regioselectivity of this transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weinan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Hebei Normal University for Nationalities, Chengde 067000, China
| | - Yingguang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Taylor CJ, Pomberger A, Felton KC, Grainger R, Barecka M, Chamberlain TW, Bourne RA, Johnson CN, Lapkin AA. A Brief Introduction to Chemical Reaction Optimization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3089-3126. [PMID: 36820880 PMCID: PMC10037254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
From the start of a synthetic chemist's training, experiments are conducted based on recipes from textbooks and manuscripts that achieve clean reaction outcomes, allowing the scientist to develop practical skills and some chemical intuition. This procedure is often kept long into a researcher's career, as new recipes are developed based on similar reaction protocols, and intuition-guided deviations are conducted through learning from failed experiments. However, when attempting to understand chemical systems of interest, it has been shown that model-based, algorithm-based, and miniaturized high-throughput techniques outperform human chemical intuition and achieve reaction optimization in a much more time- and material-efficient manner; this is covered in detail in this paper. As many synthetic chemists are not exposed to these techniques in undergraduate teaching, this leads to a disproportionate number of scientists that wish to optimize their reactions but are unable to use these methodologies or are simply unaware of their existence. This review highlights the basics, and the cutting-edge, of modern chemical reaction optimization as well as its relation to process scale-up and can thereby serve as a reference for inspired scientists for each of these techniques, detailing several of their respective applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Taylor
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
- Innovation Centre in Digital Molecular Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Alexander Pomberger
- Innovation Centre in Digital Molecular Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Kobi C Felton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Rachel Grainger
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Magda Barecka
- Chemical Engineering Department, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Department, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore, 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore
| | - Thomas W Chamberlain
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Richard A Bourne
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Christopher N Johnson
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Alexei A Lapkin
- Innovation Centre in Digital Molecular Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhen G, Zeng G, Jiang K, Wang F, Cao X, Yin B. Visible-Light-Induced Diradical-Mediated ipso-Cyclization towards Double Dearomative [2+2]-Cycloaddition or Smiles-Type Rearrangement. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203217. [PMID: 36460618 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
When mono-radical ipso-cyclization of aryl sulfonamides tend to undergo Smiles-type rearrangement through aromatization-driven C-S bond cleavage, diradical-mediated cyclization must perform in a distinct reaction pathway. It is interesting meanwhile challenging to tune the rate of C-S bond cleavage to achieve a chemically divergent reaction of (hetero) aryl sulfonamides in a visible-light induced energy transfer (EnT) reaction pathway involving diradical species. Herein a chemically divergent reaction based on the designed indole-tethered (hetero)arylsulfonamides is reported which involves a diradical-mediated ipso-cyclization and a controllable cleavage of an inherent C-S bond. The combined experimental and computational results have revealed that the cleavage of the C-S bond in these substrates can be controlled by tuning the heteroaryl moieties: a) If the (hetero)aryl is thienyl, furyl, phenanthryl, etc., the radical coupling of double dearomative diradicals (DDDR) precedes over C-S bond cleavage to afford cyclobutene fused indolines by double dearomative [2+2]-cycloaddition; b) if the (hetero)aryl is phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, indolyl etc., the cleavage of C-S bond in DDDR is favored over radical coupling to afford biaryl products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangjin Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Guohui Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Furong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Biaolin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cole KP, Douglas JJ, Hammerstad T, Stephenson CRJ. Visible-Light Photocatalysis Academic–Industrial Collaboration Retrospective: Shared Learning and Impact Analysis. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P. Cole
- Synthetic Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - James J. Douglas
- Synthetic Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Travis Hammerstad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Corey R. J. Stephenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Di Filippo M, Baumann M. Carbene-controlled regioselectivity in photochemical cascades. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2930-2934. [PMID: 36745509 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00122a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A highly regioselective route to complex carbocyclic scaffolds through a continuous photochemical process is reported. Crucially, we uncovered that ortho substitutents on the right-hand aryl ring are placed away from a transient carbene species which induces the exclusive regioselectivity observed. By varying the non-symmetrically substituted aryl moiety, we demonstrate how the product outcome favors cyclobutenes for electron-poor and neutral substituents and cycloheptatrienes for more electron-rich systems. Additionally, a photochemically induced rearrangement was uncovered for highly electron-rich substrates that ultimately generates complex hydroperoxides. Overall, this facile one-step process is fast and high yielding and demonstrates the power of photochemistry towards the exploration of new chemical space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Di Filippo
- University College Dublin, School of Chemistry, Science Centre South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Marcus Baumann
- University College Dublin, School of Chemistry, Science Centre South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang Y, Liu L, Fang WH, Shen L, Chen X. Theoretical Exploration of Energy Transfer and Single Electron Transfer Mechanisms to Understand the Generation of Triplet Nitrene and the C(sp 3)-H Amidation with Photocatalysts. JACS AU 2022; 2:2596-2606. [PMID: 36465545 PMCID: PMC9709952 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic explorations and kinetic evaluations were performed based on electronic structure calculations at the CASPT2//CASSCF level of theory, the Fermi's golden rule combined with the Dexter model, and the Marcus theory to unveil the key factors regulating the processes of photocatalytic C(sp3)-H amidation starting from the newly emerged nitrene precursor of hydroxamates. The highly reactive nitrene was found to be generated efficiently via a triplet-triplet energy transfer process and to be benefited from the advantages of hydroxamates with long-range charge-transfer (CT) excitation from the N-centered lone pair to the 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl group. The properties of the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) state of photocatalysts, the functionalization of chemical moieties for substrates involved in the charge-transfer (CT) excitation, such as the electron-withdrawing trifluoromethyl group, and the energetic levels of singlet and triplet reaction pathways may regulate the reaction yield of C(sp3)-H amidation. Kinetic evaluations show that the triplet-triplet energy transfer is the main driving force of the reaction rather than the single electron transfer process. The effects of electronic coupling, molecular rigidity, and excitation energies on the energy transfer efficiency were further discussed. Finally, we investigated the inverted behavior of single-electron transfer, which is correlated unfavorably to the catalytic efficiency and amidation reaction. All theoretical explorations allow us to better understand the generation of nitrene with visible-light photocatalysts, to expand highly efficient substrate sources, and to broaden our scope of available photosensitizers for various cross-coupling reactions and the construction of N-heterocycles.
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang J, Liu F, Zeng LH, Li S, Chen Z, Wu J. Accessing chiral sulfones bearing quaternary carbon stereocenters via photoinduced radical sulfur dioxide insertion and Truce-Smiles rearrangement. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7081. [PMID: 36400779 PMCID: PMC9674831 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34836-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
From the viewpoint of synthetic accessibility and functional group compatibility, photoredox-catalyzed sulfur dioxide insertion strategy enables in situ generation of functionalized sulfonyl radicals from easily accessible starting materials under mild conditions, thereby conferring broader application potential. Here we present two complementary photoinduced sulfur dioxide insertion systems to trigger radical asymmetric Truce-Smiles rearrangements for preparing a variety of chiral sulfones that bear a quaternary carbon stereocenter. This protocol features broad substrate scope and excellent stereospecificity. Aside from scalability, the introduction of a quaternary carbon stereocenter at position β to bioactive molecule-derived sulfones further demonstrates the practicality and potential of this methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiapian Huang
- grid.440657.40000 0004 1762 5832School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering &Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000 China
| | - Fei Liu
- grid.440657.40000 0004 1762 5832School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering &Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000 China
| | - Ling-Hui Zeng
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XSchool of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015 China
| | - Shaoyu Li
- grid.440657.40000 0004 1762 5832School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering &Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000 China
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XSchool of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015 China
| | - Jie Wu
- grid.440657.40000 0004 1762 5832School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering &Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000 China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.462338.80000 0004 0605 6769School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007 China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang C, Yang M, Qiu Y, Song M, Wang H, Yang M, Xie W, Wu J, Ye S. Alkoxysulfonyl radical species: acquisition and transformation towards sulfonate esters through electrochemistry. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11785-11791. [PMID: 36320920 PMCID: PMC9580505 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04027a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfonyl radical mediated processes have been considered as a powerful strategy for the construction of sulfonyl compounds. However, an efficient and high atom-economical radical approach to the synthesis of sulfonate esters is still rare, owing to the limited tactics to achieve alkoxysulfonyl radicals. Herein, an electrochemical anodic oxidation of inorganic sulfites with alcohols is developed to afford alkoxysulfonyl radical species, which are utilized in subsequent alkene difunctionalization to provide various sulfonate esters. This transformation features excellent chemoselectivity and broad functional group tolerance. This new discovery presents the potential prospect for the construction of sulfonate esters, and enriches the electrochemical reaction type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University 1139 Shifu Avenue Taizhou 318000 China
| | - Man Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University 1139 Shifu Avenue Taizhou 318000 China
| | - Yanjie Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University 1139 Shifu Avenue Taizhou 318000 China
| | - Meijun Song
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University 1139 Shifu Avenue Taizhou 318000 China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University 1139 Shifu Avenue Taizhou 318000 China
| | - Min Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University 1139 Shifu Avenue Taizhou 318000 China
| | - Wenlin Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan 411201 China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University 1139 Shifu Avenue Taizhou 318000 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453007 China
| | - Shengqing Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University 1139 Shifu Avenue Taizhou 318000 China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Aal E Ali RS, Zhou Y, Gong K, Jiang X. Parallel photoreactor development with enhanced photon efficiency and reproducibility based on laws of optics. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
16
|
Wright SE, Bandar JS. A Base-Promoted Reductive Coupling Platform for the Divergent Defluorofunctionalization of Trifluoromethylarenes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13032-13038. [PMID: 35833781 PMCID: PMC9817215 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a trifluoromethylarene reductive coupling method that dramatically expands the scope of difluorobenzylic substructures accessible via C-F bond functionalization. Catalytic quantities of a Lewis base, combined with a disilane reagent in formamide solvent, promotes the replacement of a single trifluoromethyl fluorine atom with a silylated hemiaminal functional group. The reaction proceeds through a difluorobenzyl silane intermediate that can also be isolated. Together, these defluorinated products are shown to provide rapid access to over 20 unique difluoroalkylarene scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn E. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Bandar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shi Z, Li Y, Li N, Wang WZ, Lu HK, Yan H, Yuan Y, Zhu J, Ye KY. Electrochemical Migratory Cyclization of N-Acylsulfonamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206058. [PMID: 35606293 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Benzoxathiazine dioxide, as a bioisostere of the clinically widely used diazoxide, exhibits interesting biological activity. However, limited success has been achieved in terms of its concise and direct synthesis. We report herein a facile electrochemical migratory cyclization of N-acylsulfonamides to access a diverse array of benzoxathiazine dioxides. The inclusion of electrochemistry is crucial for realizing such a novel transformation, which is substantiated both by the experiments and density-functional-theory calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Shi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Wei-Zhen Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Hao-Kuan Lu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Allen AR, Poon JF, McAtee RC, Watson NB, Pratt DA, Stephenson CR. Mechanism of Visible Light-Mediated Alkene Aminoarylation with Arylsulfonylacetamides. ACS Catal 2022; 12:8511-8526. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R. Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jia-Fei Poon
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Pvt. Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rory C. McAtee
- Department of Chemistry, Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nicholas B. Watson
- Department of Chemistry, Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Derek A. Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Pvt. Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Corey R.J. Stephenson
- Department of Chemistry, Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shi Z, Li Y, Li N, Wang W, Lu H, Yan H, Yuan Y, Zhu J, Ye K. Electrochemical Migratory Cyclization of
N
‐Acylsulfonamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Shi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Wei‐Zhen Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Hao‐Kuan Lu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Hong Yan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ke‐Yin Ye
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li X, Shui Y, Shen P, Wang YP, Zhang C, Feng C. A novel type of radical-addition-induced β-fragmentation and ensuing remote functionalization. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
21
|
Zhang D, Gao X, Min QQ, Gu Y, Berthon G, Zhang X. Coupling of Heteroaryl Halides with Chlorodifluoroacetamides and Chlorodifluoroacetate by Nickel Catalysis. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200642. [PMID: 35238111 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of heteroaryl halides with chlorodifluoroacetamides and chlorodifluoroacetate has been developed. The combination of NiCl2 ⋅ DME with 4,4'-diNon-bpy, co-ligand PPh3 , and additive LiCl renders the catalytic system efficient for the synthesis of medicinal interest heteroaryldifluoroacetamides. The application of the method leads to short and highly efficient synthesis of biologically active molecules, providing a facile route for applications in medicinal chemistry and agrochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Qiao Min
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yucheng Gu
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Guillaume Berthon
- Syngenta Japan K.K., 21F, Office Tower X, 1-8-10. Harumi, Chuo, Tokyo, 104-6021, Japan
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
He C, Zhang K, Wang DN, Wang M, Niu Y, Duan XH, Liu L. Visible-Light-Induced Alkylarylation of Unactivated Alkenes via Radical Addition/Truce-Smiles Rearrangement Cascade. Org Lett 2022; 24:2767-2771. [PMID: 35377660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We disclosed a visible-light-induced alkylarylation reaction of unactivated alkenes via a metal-free radical addition/aryl translocation cascade sequence. Distal olefinic sulfonate was designed as a unique molecular scaffold allowing for a domino process to synthesize valuable alkylarylated alcohols in good yields with excellent diastereoselectivity, featuring mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope, and excellent functional group tolerance. The mechanism investigation suggests that a visible-light-induced radical chain process dominates the cascade transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chonglong He
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Keyuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Dan-Ning Wang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yuejie Niu
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xin-Hua Duan
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Le Liu
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Radical aryl migrations are powerful techniques to forge new bonds in aromatic compounds. The growing popularity of photoredox catalysis has led to an influx of novel strategies to initiate and control aryl migration starting from widely available radical precursors. This review encapsulates progress in radical aryl migration enabled by photochemical methods─particularly photoredox catalysis─since 2015. Special attention is paid to descriptions of scope, mechanism, and synthetic applications of each method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R. Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Efrey A. Noten
- Department of Chemistry, Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Corey R. J. Stephenson
- Department of Chemistry, Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tao X, Ni S, Kong L, Wang Y, Pan Y. Radical boron migration of allylboronic esters. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1946-1950. [PMID: 35308850 PMCID: PMC8848984 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06760e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A photocatalyzed 1,3-boron shift of allylboronic esters is reported. The atom-switch acrobatics proceeds via cascade 1,2-boron migrations and Smiles type rearrangement to furnish a variety of terminally functionalized alkyl boronates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shengyang Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lingyu Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang Y, Lai GW, Nie LJ, He Q, Lin MJ, Chi R, Lu DL, Fan X. Organocatalytic difluorobenzylation of 1,2-diketones via mild cleavage of carbon–carbon bonds. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01645h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Difluoroacetophenones (DFAPs) are developed as a class of novel and practical reagents for organocatalytic difluorobenzylation reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Wei Lai
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Long-Jun Nie
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Qifang He
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Juan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Rong Chi
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Liang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Radical and Ionic Mechanisms in Rearrangements of o-Tolyl Aryl Ethers and Amines Initiated by the Grubbs-Stoltz Reagent, Et 3SiH/KO tBu. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226879. [PMID: 34833971 PMCID: PMC8619283 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rearrangements of o-tolyl aryl ethers, amines, and sulfides with the Grubbs–Stoltz reagent (Et3SiH + KOtBu) were recently announced, in which the ethers were converted to o-hydroxydiarylmethanes, while the (o-tol)(Ar)NH amines were transformed into dihydroacridines. Radical mechanisms were proposed, based on prior evidence for triethylsilyl radicals in this reagent system. A detailed computational investigation of the rearrangements of the aryl tolyl ethers now instead supports an anionic Truce–Smiles rearrangement, where the initial benzyl anion can be formed by either of two pathways: (i) direct deprotonation of the tolyl methyl group under basic conditions or (ii) electron transfer to an initially formed benzyl radical. By contrast, the rearrangements of o-tolyl aryl amines depend on the nature of the amine. Secondary amines undergo deprotonation of the N-H followed by a radical rearrangement, to form dihydroacridines, while tertiary amines form both dihydroacridines and diarylmethanes through radical and/or anionic pathways. Overall, this study highlights the competition between the reactive intermediates formed by the Et3SiH/KOtBu system.
Collapse
|
27
|
Chu XQ, Ge D, Cui YY, Shen ZL, Li CJ. Desulfonylation via Radical Process: Recent Developments in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12548-12680. [PMID: 34387465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As the "chemical chameleon", sulfonyl-containing compounds and their variants have been merged with various types of reactions for the efficient construction of diverse molecular architectures by taking advantage of their incredible reactive flexibility. Currently, their involvement in radical transformations, in which the sulfonyl group typically acts as a leaving group via selective C-S, N-S, O-S, S-S, and Se-S bond cleavage/functionalization, has facilitated new bond formation strategies which are complementary to classical two-electron cross-couplings via organometallic or ionic intermediates. Considering the great influence and synthetic potential of these novel avenues, we summarize recent advances in this rapidly expanding area by discussing the reaction designs, substrate scopes, mechanistic studies, and their limitations, outlining the state-of-the-art processes involved in radical-mediated desulfonylation and related transformations. With a specific emphasis on their synthetic applications, we believe this review will be useful for medicinal and synthetic organic chemists who are interested in radical chemistry and radical-mediated desulfonylation in particular.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qiang Chu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Danhua Ge
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yan-Ying Cui
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhi-Liang Shen
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Oh H, Ryou B, Park J, Kim M, Choi JH, Park CM. Synthesis of Bicyclic N-Heterocycles via Photoredox Cycloaddition of Imino-Alkynes and Imino-Alkenes. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonji Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Bokyeong Ryou
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Jinhwi Park
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Minju Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Cheol-Min Park
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wu X, Ma Z, Feng T, Zhu C. Radical-mediated rearrangements: past, present, and future. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11577-11613. [PMID: 34661216 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00529d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Rearrangement reactions, one of the most significant transformations in organic chemistry, play an irreplaceable role in improving synthetic efficiency and molecular complexity. Concomitant cleavage and reconstruction of chemical bonds can display the great artistry and the glamour of synthetic chemistry. Over the past century, ionic rearrangement reactions, in particular those involving cationic pathways, have represented most of the research. Alongside the renaissance of radical chemistry, radical-mediated rearrangements have recently seen a rapid increase of attention from the chemical community. Many new radical rearrangements that extensively reveal the migratory behaviour of functional groups have been unveiled in the last decade. This Review provides a comprehensive perspective on the area from the past to present achievements, and brings up the prospects that may inspire colleagues to develop more useful synthetic tools based on radical rearrangements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Zhigang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Tingting Feng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Chen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China. .,Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Whalley DM, Seayad J, Greaney MF. Truce–Smiles Rearrangements by Strain Release: Harnessing Primary Alkyl Radicals for Metal‐Free Arylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Whalley
- School of Chemistry The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences 8 Biomedical Grove Neuros, #07-01 138665 Singapore
| | - Jayasree Seayad
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences 8 Biomedical Grove Neuros, #07-01 138665 Singapore
| | - Michael F. Greaney
- School of Chemistry The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Candish L, Collins KD, Cook GC, Douglas JJ, Gómez-Suárez A, Jolit A, Keess S. Photocatalysis in the Life Science Industry. Chem Rev 2021; 122:2907-2980. [PMID: 34558888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the pursuit of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, chemists in the life science industry require access to mild and robust synthetic methodologies to systematically modify chemical structures, explore novel chemical space, and enable efficient synthesis. In this context, photocatalysis has emerged as a powerful technology for the synthesis of complex and often highly functionalized molecules. This Review aims to summarize the published contributions to the field from the life science industry, including research from industrial-academic partnerships. An overview of the synthetic methodologies developed and strategic applications in chemical synthesis, including peptide functionalization, isotope labeling, and both DNA-encoded and traditional library synthesis, is provided, along with a summary of the state-of-the-art in photoreactor technology and the effective upscaling of photocatalytic reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Candish
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Karl D Collins
- Bayer Foundation, Public Affairs, Science and Sustainability, Bayer AG, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Gemma C Cook
- Discovery High-Throughput Chemistry, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - James J Douglas
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Adrián Gómez-Suárez
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Anais Jolit
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Neuroscience Discovery Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Keess
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Neuroscience Discovery Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Dong X, Jiang W, Hua D, Wang X, Xu L, Wu X. Radical-mediated vicinal addition of alkoxysulfonyl/fluorosulfonyl and trifluoromethyl groups to aryl alkyl alkynes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11762-11768. [PMID: 34659713 PMCID: PMC8442677 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03315h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of sulfonyl radicals to alkenes and alkynes is a valuable method for constructing useful highly functionalized sulfonyl compounds. The underexplored alkoxy- and fluorosulfonyl radicals are easily accessed by CF3 radical addition to readily available allylsulfonic acid derivatives and then β-fragmentation. These substituted sulfonyl radicals add to aryl alkyl alkynes to give vinyl radicals that are trapped by trifluoromethyl transfer to provide tetra-substituted alkenes bearing the privileged alkoxy- or fluorosulfonyl group on one carbon and a trifluoromethyl group on the other. This process exhibits broad functional group compatibility and allows for the late-stage functionalization of drug molecules, demonstrating its potential in drug discovery and chemical biology. An unprecedented method for vicinal addition of alkoxysulfonyl/fluorosulfonyl and trifluoromethyl groups to aryl alkyl alkynes has been developed to afford useful alkenylsulfonate esters and alkenylsulfonyl fluorides.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Wenhua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Dexiang Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University Shihezi 832003 China
| | - Xiaoxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hu Y, Huang Y, Zhao X, Gao Y, Li X, Chen Q. A three-component reaction of arynes, sodium sulfinates, and aldehydes toward 2-sulfonyl benzyl alcohol derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7066-7073. [PMID: 34341811 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01229k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel three-component reaction of arynes, sodium sulfinates, and aldehydes under mild reaction conditions is described. This transformation provides a direct synthetic approach to 2-sulfonyl benzyl alcohol derivatives, which could be rapidly converted to diverse arylsulfur compounds via the transformation of the corresponding hydroxyl groups. Various aryne precursors, sodium arenesulfinates, and aromatic aldehydes can be effectively converted to the desired products in 40-84% yields (29 examples).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Whalley DM, Seayad J, Greaney MF. Truce-Smiles Rearrangements by Strain Release: Harnessing Primary Alkyl Radicals for Metal-Free Arylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22219-22223. [PMID: 34370898 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The ring-opening of 3-aminocyclobutanone oximes enables easy generation of primary alkyl radicals, capable of undergoing an unprecedented strain-release, desulfonylative radical Truce-Smiles rearrangement, providing divergent access to valuable 1,3 diamines and unnatural β-amino acids. Characterized by mild conditions and wide scope of migrating species, this protocol allows the modular assembly of sp3 -aryls under transition metal-free, room-temperature conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Whalley
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros, #07-01, 138665, Singapore
| | - Jayasree Seayad
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros, #07-01, 138665, Singapore
| | - Michael F Greaney
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tripathy AR, Yedase GS, Yatham VR. Cerium photocatalyzed radical smiles rearrangement of 2-aryloxybenzoic acids. RSC Adv 2021; 11:25207-25210. [PMID: 35478894 PMCID: PMC9037003 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04130d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We report herein a cerium photocatalyzed aryl migration from an aryl ether to a carboxylic acid group through radical-Smiles rearrangement. This operationally simple protocol utilizes inexpensive CeCl3 as a photocatalyst and converted a variety of 2-aryloxybenzoic acids into aryl-2-hydroxybenzoates in good yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Rani Tripathy
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram 695551 India
| | - Girish Suresh Yedase
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram 695551 India
| | - Veera Reddy Yatham
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram 695551 India
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lampkin PP, Thompson BJ, Gellman SH. Versatile Open-Source Photoreactor Architecture for Photocatalysis Across the Visible Spectrum. Org Lett 2021; 23:5277-5281. [PMID: 34161103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Adoption of commercial photoreactors as standards for photocatalysis research could be limited by high cost. We report the development of the Wisconsin Photoreactor Platform (WPP), an open-source photoreactor architecture potentially suitable for general adoption. The WPP integrates inexpensive commercial components and common high-intensity LEDs in a 3D-printed enclosure. Dimensions and features of WPP reactors can be readily varied and configurations easily reproduced. WPP performance is evaluated using literature transformations driven by light of disparate wavelengths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip P Lampkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Blaise J Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Samuel H Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
In the past decade, the field of organic synthesis has witnessed tremendous advancements in the areas of photoredox catalysis, electrochemistry, C-H activation, reductive coupling and flow chemistry. While these methods and technologies offer many strategic advantages in streamlining syntheses, their application on the process scale is complicated by several factors. In this Review, we discuss the challenges that arise when these reaction classes and/or flow chemistry technology are taken from a research laboratory operating at the milligram scale to a reactor capable of producing kilograms of product. We discuss how these challenges have been overcome through chemical and engineering solutions. Specifically, this Review will highlight key examples that have led to the production of multi-hundred-gram to kilogram quantities of active pharmaceutical ingredients or their intermediates and will provide insight on the scaling-up process to those developing new technologies and reactions.
Collapse
|
38
|
Affiliation(s)
- David M Whalley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gao B, Ni Y, Liu X, Jiang T, Yan Q, Yang R, Zhang X. Copper‐Catalyzed Difluoroalkylation‐Thiolation of Alkenes Promoted by Na
2
S
2
O
5. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry Anhui Agricultural University Hefei 230036 People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Ni
- Department of Applied Chemistry Anhui Agricultural University Hefei 230036 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry Anhui Agricultural University Hefei 230036 People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Applied Chemistry Anhui Agricultural University Hefei 230036 People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yan
- Department of Applied Chemistry Anhui Agricultural University Hefei 230036 People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiting Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry Anhui Agricultural University Hefei 230036 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry Anhui Agricultural University Hefei 230036 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Shanghai 200032 PR China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhou L, Liu X, Lu H, Deng G, Liang Y, Yang Y, Li JH. Copper-catalyzed [3 + 2]/[3 + 2] carboannulation of dienynes and arylsulfonyl chlorides enabled by Smiles rearrangement: access to cyclopenta[ a]indene-fused quinolinones. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00703c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A radical Smiles rearrangement strategy for allowing an unprecedented [3 + 2]/[3 + 2] carboannulation of dienynes with arylsulfonyl chlorides using cheap copper catalysis is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Zhou
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), and Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), and Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Haiyan Lu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), and Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Guobo Deng
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), and Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Yun Liang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), and Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), and Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), and Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Huynh M, De Abreu M, Belmont P, Brachet E. Spotlight on Photoinduced Aryl Migration Reactions. Chemistry 2020; 27:3581-3607. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Huynh
- UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM Université de Paris 4 avenue de l'Observatoire 75006 Paris France
| | - Maxime De Abreu
- UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM Université de Paris 4 avenue de l'Observatoire 75006 Paris France
| | - Philippe Belmont
- UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM Université de Paris 4 avenue de l'Observatoire 75006 Paris France
| | - Etienne Brachet
- UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM Université de Paris 4 avenue de l'Observatoire 75006 Paris France
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ravetz B, Tay NES, Joe CL, Sezen-Edmonds M, Schmidt MA, Tan Y, Janey JM, Eastgate MD, Rovis T. Development of a Platform for Near-Infrared Photoredox Catalysis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:2053-2059. [PMID: 33274281 PMCID: PMC7706074 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, chemists have embraced visible-light photoredox catalysis due to its remarkable ability to activate small molecules. Broadly, these methods employ metal complexes or organic dyes to convert visible light into chemical energy. Unfortunately, the excitation of widely utilized Ru and Ir chromophores is energetically wasteful as ∼25% of light energy is lost thermally before being quenched productively. Hence, photoredox methodologies require high-energy, intense light to accommodate said catalytic inefficiency. Herein, we report photocatalysts which cleanly convert near-infrared (NIR) and deep red (DR) light into chemical energy with minimal energetic waste. We leverage the strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC) of Os(II) photosensitizers to directly access the excited triplet state (T1) with NIR or DR irradiation from the ground state singlet (S0). Through strategic catalyst design, we access a wide range of photoredox, photopolymerization, and metallaphotoredox reactions which usually require 15-50% higher excitation energy. Finally, we demonstrate superior light penetration and scalability of NIR photoredox catalysis through a mole-scale arene trifluoromethylation in a batch reactor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin
D. Ravetz
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Nicholas E. S. Tay
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Candice L. Joe
- Chemical
Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Melda Sezen-Edmonds
- Chemical
Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Michael A. Schmidt
- Chemical
Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Yichen Tan
- Chemical
Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Jacob M. Janey
- Chemical
Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Martin D. Eastgate
- Chemical
Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yakubov S, Barham JP. Photosensitized direct C-H fluorination and trifluoromethylation in organic synthesis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:2151-2192. [PMID: 32952732 PMCID: PMC7476599 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of fluorinated products in pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry has necessitated the development of synthetic fluorination methods, of which direct C-H fluorination is among the most powerful. Despite the challenges and limitations associated with the direct fluorination of unactivated C-H bonds, appreciable advancements in manipulating the selectivity and reactivity have been made, especially via transition metal catalysis and photochemistry. Where transition metal catalysis provides one strategy for C-H bond activation, transition-metal-free photochemical C-H fluorination can provide a complementary selectivity via a radical mechanism that proceeds under milder conditions than thermal radical activation methods. One exciting development in C-F bond formation is the use of small-molecule photosensitizers, allowing the reactions i) to proceed under mild conditions, ii) to be user-friendly, iii) to be cost-effective and iv) to be more amenable to scalability than typical photoredox-catalyzed methods. In this review, we highlight photosensitized C-H fluorination as a recent strategy for the direct and remote activation of C-H (especially C(sp3)-H) bonds. To guide the readers, we present the developing mechanistic understandings of these reactions and exemplify concepts to assist the future planning of reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahboz Yakubov
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yan J, Cheo HW, Teo WK, Shi X, Wu H, Idres SB, Deng LW, Wu J. A Radical Smiles Rearrangement Promoted by Neutral Eosin Y as a Direct Hydrogen Atom Transfer Photocatalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11357-11362. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Yan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Han Wen Cheo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Wei Kiat Teo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Xiangcheng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Shabana Binte Idres
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Lih-Wen Deng
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, No. 377 Lin Quan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abrams R, Clayden J. Photocatalytic Difunctionalization of Vinyl Ureas by Radical Addition Polar Truce–Smiles Rearrangement Cascades. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11600-11606. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Abrams
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abrams R, Clayden J. Photocatalytic Difunctionalization of Vinyl Ureas by Radical Addition Polar Truce–Smiles Rearrangement Cascades. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Abrams
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ye ZP, Xia PJ, Liu F, Hu YZ, Song D, Xiao JA, Huang P, Xiang HY, Chen XQ, Yang H. Visible-Light-Induced, Catalyst-Free Radical Cross-Coupling Cyclization of N-Allylbromodifluoroacetamides with Disulfides or Diselenides. J Org Chem 2020; 85:5670-5682. [PMID: 32240591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced, catalyst-free radical cross-coupling cyclization of diselenides or disulfides with N-allylbromodifluoroacetamide has been developed. This developed protocol exhibits good functional group tolerance and affords a variety of 4-thio- and 4-seleno-substituted 3,3-difluoro-γ-lactams in moderate to good yields. Based on control experiments, a plausible radical-radical cross-coupling pathway is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Peng Ye
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Ju Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Zhuo Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Dan Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Jun-An Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangxi Teachers Education University, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P. R. China
| | - Ping Huang
- Technology Center of Hunan Provincial Tobacco Company, 386 Labor Middle Road, Changsha 410019, China
| | - Hao-Yue Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Liu J, Wu S, Yu J, Lu C, Wu Z, Wu X, Xue X, Zhu C. Polarity Umpolung Strategy for the Radical Alkylation of Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jige Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu ProvinceCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University 199 Ren-Ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Shuo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu ProvinceCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University 199 Ren-Ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Jiajia Yu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu ProvinceCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University 199 Ren-Ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Chenxi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu ProvinceCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University 199 Ren-Ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Xinxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu ProvinceCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University 199 Ren-Ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Xiao‐Song Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu ProvinceCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University 199 Ren-Ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Liu J, Wu S, Yu J, Lu C, Wu Z, Wu X, Xue X, Zhu C. Polarity Umpolung Strategy for the Radical Alkylation of Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8195-8202. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jige Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu ProvinceCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University 199 Ren-Ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Shuo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu ProvinceCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University 199 Ren-Ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Jiajia Yu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu ProvinceCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University 199 Ren-Ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Chenxi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu ProvinceCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University 199 Ren-Ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Xinxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu ProvinceCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University 199 Ren-Ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Xiao‐Song Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu ProvinceCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University 199 Ren-Ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wang ZS, Chen YB, Zhang HW, Sun Z, Zhu C, Ye LW. Ynamide Smiles Rearrangement Triggered by Visible-Light-Mediated Regioselective Ketyl-Ynamide Coupling: Rapid Access to Functionalized Indoles and Isoquinolines. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3636-3644. [PMID: 32003986 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades, significant advances have been made on radical Smiles rearrangement. However, the eventually formed radical intermediates in these reactions are limited to the amidyl radical, except for the few examples initiated by a N-centered radical. Here, a novel and practical radical Smiles rearrangement triggered by photoredox-catalyzed regioselective ketyl-ynamide coupling is reported, which represents the first radical Smiles rearrangement of ynamides. This method enables facile access to a variety of valuable 2-benzhydrylindoles with broad substrate scope in generally good yields under mild reaction conditions. In addition, this chemistry can also be extended to the divergent synthesis of versatile 3-benzhydrylisoquinolines through a similar ketyl-ynamide coupling and radical Smiles rearrangement, followed by dehydrogenative oxidation. Moreover, such an ynamide Smiles rearrangement initiated by intermolecular photoredox catalysis via addition of external radical sources is also achieved. By control experiments, the reaction was shown to proceed via key ketyl radical and α-imino carbon radical intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Shu Wang
- iChEM, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Yang-Bo Chen
- iChEM, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Hao-Wen Zhang
- iChEM, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Zhou Sun
- iChEM, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Chunyin Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013 , China
| | - Long-Wu Ye
- iChEM, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032 , China
| |
Collapse
|