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Zapf L, Riethmann M, Föhrenbacher SA, Finze M, Radius U. An easy-to-perform evaluation of steric properties of Lewis acids. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2275-2288. [PMID: 36873848 PMCID: PMC9977453 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00037k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Steric and electronic effects play a very important role in chemistry, as these effects influence the shape and reactivity of molecules. Herein, an easy-to-perform approach to assess and quantify steric properties of Lewis acids with differently substituted Lewis acidic centers is reported. This model applies the concept of the percent buried volume (%V Bur) to fluoride adducts of Lewis acids, as many fluoride adducts are crystallographically characterized and are frequently calculated to judge fluoride ion affinities (FIAs). Thus, data such as cartesian coordinates are often easily available. A list of 240 Lewis acids together with topographic steric maps and cartesian coordinates of an oriented molecule suitable for the SambVca 2.1 web application is provided, together with different FIA values taken from the literature. Diagrams of %V Bur as a scale for steric demand vs. FIA as a scale for Lewis acidity provide valuable information about stereo-electronic properties of Lewis acids and an excellent evaluation of steric and electronic features of the Lewis acid under consideration. Furthermore, a novel LAB-Rep model (Lewis acid/base repulsion model) is introduced, which judges steric repulsion in Lewis acid/base pairs and helps to predict if an arbitrary pair of Lewis acid and Lewis base can form an adduct with respect to their steric properties. The reliability of this model was evaluated in four selected case studies, which demonstrate the versatility of this model. For this purpose, a user-friendly Excel spreadsheet was developed and is provided in the ESI, which works with listed buried volumes of Lewis acids %V Bur_LA and of Lewis bases %V Bur_LB, and no results from experimental crystal structures or quantum chemical calculations are necessary to evaluate steric repulsion in these Lewis acid/base pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Zapf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany https://www.ak-radius.de https://go.uniwue.de/finze-group.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Melanie Riethmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany https://www.ak-radius.de https://go.uniwue.de/finze-group.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Steffen A Föhrenbacher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany https://www.ak-radius.de https://go.uniwue.de/finze-group
| | - Maik Finze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany https://www.ak-radius.de https://go.uniwue.de/finze-group.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany https://www.ak-radius.de https://go.uniwue.de/finze-group
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2
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Kelly JA, Streitferdt V, Dimitrova M, Westermair FF, Gschwind RM, Berger RJF, Wolf R. Transition-Metal-Stabilized Heavy Tetraphospholide Anions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20434-20441. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John A. Kelly
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Verena Streitferdt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maria Dimitrova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Franz F. Westermair
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ruth M. Gschwind
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Raphael J. F. Berger
- Department for Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Robert Wolf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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3
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The reactivity of N-heterocyclic germylenes and stannylenes based on 9,10-phenanthrendiimines towards metal carbonyls and sulfur. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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4
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Organoelement Compounds Crystallized In Situ: Weak Intermolecular Interactions and Lattice Energies. CRYSTALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The in situ crystallization is the most suitable way to obtain a crystal of a low-melting-point compound to determine its structure via X-Ray diffraction. Herein, the intermolecular interactions and some crystal properties of low-melting-point organoelement compounds (lattice energies, melting points, etc.) are discussed. The discussed structures were divided into two groups: organoelement compounds of groups 13–16 and organofluorine compounds with other halogen atoms (Cl, Br, I). The most of intermolecular interactions in the first group are represented by weak hydrogen bonds and H···H interactions. The crystal packing of the second group of compounds is stabilized by various interactions between halogen atoms in conjunction with hydrogen bonding and stacking interactions. The data on intermolecular interactions from the analysis of crystal packing allowed us to obtain correlations between lattice energies and Hirshfeld molecular surface areas, molecular volumes, and melting points.
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Mohapatra C, Scharf LT, Scherpf T, Mallick B, Feichtner K, Schwarz C, Gessner VH. Isolierung eines diylidstabilisierten Stannylens und Germylens: Erhöhte Donorstärke durch coplanare Anordnung freier Elektronenpaare. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandrajeet Mohapatra
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie IIFakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Lennart T. Scharf
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie IIFakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Thorsten Scherpf
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie IIFakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Bert Mallick
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie IIFakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Kai‐Stephan Feichtner
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie IIFakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Christopher Schwarz
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie IIFakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie IIFakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
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6
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Mohapatra C, Scharf LT, Scherpf T, Mallick B, Feichtner KS, Schwarz C, Gessner VH. Isolation of a Diylide-Stabilized Stannylene and Germylene: Enhanced Donor Strength through Coplanar Lone Pair Alignment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7459-7463. [PMID: 30901140 PMCID: PMC6563488 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of the first stable diylide‐substituted stannylene and germylene (Y2E, with E=Ge, Sn and Y=[PPh3‐C‐SO2Tol]−) is reported. The synthesis is easily accomplished in one step from the sulfonyl‐substituted metalated ylide YNa and the corresponding ECl2 precursors. Y2Ge and Y2Sn exhibit unusual structures in the solid state and in solution, in which the three adjacent lone pairs in the C‐E‐C linkage are arranged coplanar to each other. As shown by DFT studies, this bonding situation is preferred over the typical π‐donation from the ligands into the empty p‐orbital at the metal due to the strong anion‐stabilizing ability of the sulfonyl groups in the ylide backbone and their additional coordination to the metal. The alignment of the three lone pairs leads to a remarkable boost of the HOMO energy and thus of the donor strengths of the tetrylenes. Hence, Y2Ge and Y2Sn become stronger donors than their diamino or diaryl congeners and comparable to cyclic alkyl(amino)carbenes. First reactivity studies confirm the high reactivity of Y2Ge and Y2Sn, which for example undergo an intramolecular C−H activation reaction via metal–ligand cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrajeet Mohapatra
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lennart T Scharf
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thorsten Scherpf
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Bert Mallick
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kai-Stephan Feichtner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christopher Schwarz
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Viktoria H Gessner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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7
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Wiesemann M, Hoge B. Pentafluoroethylated Compounds of Silicon, Germanium and Tin. Chemistry 2018; 24:16457-16471. [PMID: 29722451 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution we present an account on pentafluoroethylated compounds of silicon, germanium and tin. The pronounced electron-withdrawing effect of the pentafluoroethyl group leads to a markedly increased Lewis acidity at the central atom which results in the stabilization of hypervalent complexes, anionic element(II) species as well as remarkable reactivities of element-element and element-hydrogen bonds. By addition to unsaturated C-C bonds or by reaction with organic halides as well as transition-metal complexes the molecules bearing a pentafluoroethyl-element group are readily accessible. Moreover, the utilization of pentafluoroethyl groups facilitates the formation of donor-stabilized germylenes and stannylenes. A series of such compounds serves as suitable pentafluoroethylation reagents. Conversely to the well-studied trifluoromethyl derivatives these compounds frequently exhibit a higher thermostability, which allows a more convenient handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wiesemann
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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8
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Sharma MK, Sinhababu S, Yadav D, Mukherjee G, Rajaraman G, Nagendran S. Pseudohalogenogermylenes versus Halogenogermylenes: Difference in their Complexation Behavior towards Group 6 Metal Carbonyls. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:1357-1365. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Kumar Sharma
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110 016 India
| | - Soumen Sinhababu
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110 016 India
| | - Dhirendra Yadav
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110 016 India
| | - Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110 016 India
| | - Gopalan Rajaraman
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Powai Mumbai 400 076 India
| | - Selvarajan Nagendran
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110 016 India
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9
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Klösener J, Wiesemann M, Niemann M, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Hoge B. Synthesis and Reactivity of Donor-Stabilized Bis(pentafluoroethyl)stannylene [Sn(C2
F5
)2
(D)
n
] (D=THF, DMAP, PMe3
, [Sn(C2
F5
)3
]−
). Chemistry 2018; 24:4412-4422. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Klösener
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Markus Wiesemann
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Mark Niemann
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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10
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Gao Y, Yang Y, Zheng W, Su Y, Zhang X, Roesky HW. Germanium and Tin Monoxides Trapped by Oxophilic Germylene and Stannylene Ligands. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:10220-10225. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Gao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & College of Chemical and Materials Science & Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Normal University, Gongyuan Street 1, Linfen, Shanxi Province, 041004, People’s Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Lushannan Road 932, Changsha, Hunan Province 410083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Lushannan Road 932, Changsha, Hunan Province 410083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Zheng
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & College of Chemical and Materials Science & Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Normal University, Gongyuan Street 1, Linfen, Shanxi Province, 041004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Su
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & College of Chemical and Materials Science & Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Normal University, Gongyuan Street 1, Linfen, Shanxi Province, 041004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & College of Chemical and Materials Science & Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Normal University, Gongyuan Street 1, Linfen, Shanxi Province, 041004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Herbert W. Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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