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Guo L, Li J, Zhao W, Wei P, Ju Y, Cui X, Yuan L, Ji M, Liu Z. Steric Influences on Chain Microstructure in Palladium-Catalyzed α-Olefin (Co)polymerization: Unveiling the Steric-Deficient Effect. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 39267326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
This study addresses the challenge of controlling branching density and branch-type distribution in late-transition-metal-catalyzed chain walking polymerizations. We explored α-diimine Pd(II) complexes with incrementally increased ortho-aryl sterics for long-chain α-olefin (co)polymerization. Pd0-Pd3 catalysts, which feature gradually increased ortho-aryl sterics and at least one small CH3 substituent, exhibited similar 2,1-insertion fractions (44-50%), polymer branching densities (55-63/1000C), and melting temperatures (26-28 °C). In contrast, Pd4 with bulky ortho-aryl sterics covering all sides demonstrated a significant increase in 2,1-insertion fractions up to 82%, leading to "PE-like" polymers with high melting temperatures (Tm > 111 °C). This abrupt change in polymerization behavior, termed the "steric-deficient effect", contrasts with the gradual changes observed in similar Ni(II) systems that we reported previously. Furthermore, due to the rapid chain walking ability of Pd(II) catalysts in long-chain α-olefin (co)polymerization, these catalysts favor the production of polyolefins with higher proportions of methyl branches compared to those produced by Ni(II) catalysts. Particularly, these Pd(II) catalysts are capable of synthesizing functionalized semicrystalline copolymers by copolymerizing 1-octene with a variety of polar comonomers, thereby significantly altering the surface properties of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Catalytic Conversion and Clean Energy in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Catalytic Conversion and Clean Energy in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Catalytic Conversion and Clean Energy in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Peng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Catalytic Conversion and Clean Energy in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Ju
- Key Laboratory of Catalytic Conversion and Clean Energy in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoru Cui
- Key Laboratory of Catalytic Conversion and Clean Energy in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Liqing Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Catalytic Conversion and Clean Energy in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Mingjun Ji
- Key Laboratory of Catalytic Conversion and Clean Energy in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Catalytic Conversion and Clean Energy in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
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2
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Ullah Khan W, Mazhar H, Shehzad F, Al-Harthi MA. Recent Advances in Transition Metal-Based Catalysts for Ethylene Copolymerization with Polar Comonomer. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200243. [PMID: 36715494 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of polar functionalized polyolefin (PFP) offers improvement in mixing properties, polymer surface, and rheological properties with the potential of upgraded polyolefins for modern and ingenious applications. The synthesis of PFP from metal-based catalyzed olefin (non-polar in nature) copolymerization with polar comonomers embodies energy-efficient, atom-efficient, and apparently an upfront methodology. Despite their outstanding success during conventional polymerization of olefin, 3rd and 4th group (early transition metal)-based catalysts, owing to their electrophilic nature, face challenges mainly due to Lewis basic sites of the polar monomers. On the contrary, late transition metal-based catalysts have also made progress, in recent years, for PFP synthesis. The recent past has also witnessed several advancements in the development of dominating palladium-based catalysts while their lower resistance towards ligand functional groups has limited the practical application of abundant and cheaper nickel-based catalysts. However, the relentless efforts of the scientific community, during the past half-decade, have indicated rigorous progress in the development of nickel-based catalysts for PFP synthesis. In this review, we have abridged the recent research trends in both early as well as late transition metal-based catalyst development. Furthermore, we have highlighted the role of transition metal-based catalysts in influencing the polymer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Ullah Khan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Refining & Advanced Chemicals, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassam Mazhar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farrukh Shehzad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamdouh A Al-Harthi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Refining & Advanced Chemicals, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Pérez-Ortega I, Albéniz AC. Multifaceted role of silver salts as ligand scavengers and different behavior of nickel and palladium complexes: beyond halide abstraction. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1425-1432. [PMID: 36644801 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03948f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of [NiArBr(PPh3)2] with AgBF4 brings about the abstraction of both the halide and phosphine from the nickel center by silver. When the reaction is carried out in CH2Cl2/toluene a mixture of the cationic aquo derivatives [NiAr(H2O)(PPh3)2]BF4 (2) and [NiAr(H2O)2(PPh3)]BF4 (3) is formed, along with AgBr and [Ag(PPh3)n]BF4. When the same reaction is carried out in acetone as the solvent, it leads to the completely different complex [NiAr(κ2-O, O-MeC(O)CH2C(OH)Me2)(PPh3)] (5), bearing a chelating ligand formed by the aldol self-condensation of acetone. Phosphine abstraction by silver is less favorable for the analogous palladium(II) complexes and only occurs if a large excess of AgBF4 is used. Thus, silver salts can be safely used as halide scavengers for palladium derivatives. However, the generation of cationic Ni complexes from neutral precursors by halide extraction with a silver salt may produce naked species, different than those expected, and highly reactive in certain media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Pérez-Ortega
- IU CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071-Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Ana C Albéniz
- IU CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071-Valladolid, Spain.
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4
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Wu R, Klingler Wu W, Stieglitz L, Gaan S, Rieger B, Heuberger M. Recent advances on α-diimine Ni and Pd complexes for catalyzed ethylene (Co)polymerization: A comprehensive review. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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5
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Lu Z, Xu X, Luo Y, He S, Fan W, Dai S. Unexpected Effect of Catalyst’s Structural Symmetry on the Branching Microstructure of Polyethylene in Late Transition Metal Polymerization Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Lu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui Polytechnic University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- PetroChina Petrochemical Research Institute, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yi Luo
- PetroChina Petrochemical Research Institute, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shengbao He
- PetroChina Petrochemical Research Institute, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Weigang Fan
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui Polytechnic University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Shengyu Dai
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui Polytechnic University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
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6
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Unsymmetrical Strategy on α-Diimine Nickel and Palladium Mediated Ethylene (Co)Polymerizations. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248942. [PMID: 36558079 PMCID: PMC9785926 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Among various catalyst design strategies used in the α-diimine nickel(II) and palladium(II) catalyst systems, the unsymmetrical strategy is an effective and widely utilized method. In this contribution, unsymmetrical nickel and palladium α-diimine catalysts (Ipty/iPr-Ni and Ipty/iPr-Pd) derived from the dibenzobarrelene backbone were constructed via the combination of pentiptycenyl and diisopropylphenyl substituents, and investigated toward ethylene (co)polymerization. Both of these catalysts were capable of polymerizing ethylene in a broad temperature range of 0-120 °C, in which Ipty/iPr-Ni could maintain activity in the level of 106 g mol-1 h-1 even at 120 °C. The branching densities of polyethylenes generated by both nickel and palladium catalysts could be modulated by the reaction temperature. Compared with symmetrical Ipty-Ni and iPr-Ni, Ipty/iPr-Ni exhibited the highest activity, the highest polymer molecular weight, and the lowest branching density. In addition, Ipty/iPr-Pd could produce copolymers of ethylene and methyl acrylate, with the polar monomer incorporating both on the main chain and the terminal of branches. Remarkably, the ratio of the in-chain and end-chain polar monomer incorporations could be modulated by varying the temperature.
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Controllable Preparation of Branched Polyolefins with Various Microstructural Units via Chain-walking Ethylene and Pentene Polymerizations. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2875-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Cao L, Cai Z, Li M. Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphinobenzenamine Palladium Complexes and Their Application in Ethylene Polymerization and Copolymerization with Polar Monomers. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Zhengguo Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Mingyuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou 515063, P. R. China
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9
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Hu X, Wang C, Jian Z. Advances on Controlled Chain Walking and Suppression of Chain Transfer in Catalytic Olefin Polymerization. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yuxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhongbao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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10
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Developments in late transition metal catalysts with high thermal stability for ethylene polymerization: A crucial aspect from laboratory to industrialization. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Adili A, Korpusik AB, Seidel D, Sumerlin BS. Photocatalytic Direct Decarboxylation of Carboxylic Acids to Derivatize or Degrade Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209085. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alafate Adili
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Angie B. Korpusik
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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12
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Hong C, Wang Z, Jiang H, Si G, Song M, Chen C. Dual roles of trifluoroborate in nickel-catalyzed ethylene polymerization: Electronic perturbation and anchoring for heterogenization. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Eagan JM, Padilla-Vélez O, O’Connor KS, MacMillan SN, LaPointe AM, Coates GW. Chain-Straightening Polymerization of Olefins to Form Polar Functionalized Semicrystalline Polyethylene. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James M. Eagan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Omar Padilla-Vélez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Kyle S. O’Connor
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Samantha N. MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Anne M. LaPointe
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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14
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Wang C, Wang D, Fu Z, Qin Y, Zhang Q, Fan Z. Combining 1,2-diketopyracene with bulky benzhydryl-substituted anilines to obtain highly active α-diimine nickel catalysts at elevated temperature. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Xiong S, Hong A, Bailey BC, Spinney HA, Senecal TD, Bailey H, Agapie T. Highly Active and Thermally Robust Nickel Enolate Catalysts for the Synthesis of Ethylene-Acrylate Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206637. [PMID: 35723944 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The insertion copolymerization of polar olefins and ethylene remains a significant challenge in part due to catalysts' low activity and poor thermal stability. Herein we demonstrate a strategy toward addressing these obstacles through ligand design. Neutral nickel phosphine enolate catalysts with large phosphine substituents reaching the axial positions of Ni achieve activity of up to 7.7×103 kg mol-1 h-1 (efficiency >35×103 g copolymer/g Ni) at 110 °C, notable for ethylene/acrylate copolymerization. NMR analysis of resulting copolymers reveals highly linear microstructures with main-chain ester functionality. Structure-performance studies indicate a strong correlation between axial steric hindrance and catalyst performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoyan Xiong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Alexandria Hong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Brad C Bailey
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48667, USA
| | - Heather A Spinney
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48667, USA
| | - Todd D Senecal
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48667, USA
| | - Hannah Bailey
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48667, USA
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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16
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Adili A, Korpusik AB, Seidel D, Sumerlin BS. Photocatalytic Direct Decarboxylation of Carboxylic Acids to Derivatize or Degrade Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alafate Adili
- University of Florida Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Angie B. Korpusik
- University of Florida Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Daniel Seidel
- University of Florida Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- University of Florida Department of Chemistry PO Box 117200 FL 32611-7200 Gainesville UNITED STATES
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17
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Shoshani MM, Xiong S, Lawniczak JJ, Zhang X, Miller TF, Agapie T. Phosphine-Phenoxide Nickel Catalysts for Ethylene/Acrylate Copolymerization: Olefin Coordination and Complex Isomerization Studies Relevant to the Mechanism of Catalysis. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manar M. Shoshani
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1 W. University Blvd., Brownsville, Texas 78520, United States
| | - Shuoyan Xiong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - James J. Lawniczak
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Xinglong Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Thomas F. Miller
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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18
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Wang C, Kang X, Mu H, Jian Z. Positive Effect of Polar Solvents in Olefin Polymerization Catalysis. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaohui Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Hongliang Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhongbao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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19
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Lei T, Ma Z, Liu H, Wang X, Li P, Wang F, Wu W, Zhang S, Xu G, Wang F. Preparation of highly branched polyolefins by controlled chain‐walking olefin polymerization. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lei
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Zhanshan Ma
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Hongju Liu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Pei Li
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Weitai Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid surfaces Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Shaojie Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Guoyong Xu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Fuzhou Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology Anhui University Hefei China
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20
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Xiong S, Hong A, Bailey BC, Spinney HA, Senecal TD, Bailey H, Agapie T. Highly Active and Thermally Robust Nickel Enolate Catalysts for the Synthesis of Ethylene‐Acrylate Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuoyan Xiong
- California Institute of Technology Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering UNITED STATES
| | - Alexandria Hong
- California Institute of Technology Chemistry and Chemical Engineering UNITED STATES
| | | | | | | | | | - Theodor Agapie
- California Institute of Technology Chemistry 1200 California BlvdMC 127-72 91106 Pasadena UNITED STATES
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21
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Chen M, Chen C. Nickel catalysts for the preparation of functionalized polyolefin materials. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2022. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2021-1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Lu W, Wang H, Fan W, Dai S. Exploring the Relationship between the Polyethylene Microstructure and Spatial Structure of α-Diimine Pd(II) Catalysts via a Hybrid Steric Strategy. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:6799-6806. [PMID: 35476412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The branching density of polyethylene generated in the α-diimine Pd(II) system is usually very high, largely independent of simple ligand modifications with steric or electronic perturbations, or the polymerization conditions. In this study, we designed and synthesized a class of bulky hybrid α-diimine Pd(II) catalysts combining ortho-diarylmethyl and ortho-phenyl moieties to explore the relationship between the polyethylene microstructure and the spatial structure of catalysts. In ethylene polymerization, the hybrid α-diimine Pd(II) catalysts exhibited high activities (well above 105 g·mol-1·h-1) and yielded highly branched (90-110/1000C) polyethylenes with high molecular weights (up to 278.3 kg/mol). Compared with the two corresponding symmetrical ortho-diarylmethyl-based or ortho-phenyl-based Pd(II) catalysts, the hybrid catalysts generated polyethylene of significantly higher branching densities (92 vs 28-34/1000C) in marked higher activities. Similar phenomena are also observed in the copolymerization of ethylene with polar monomers. Moreover, the hybrid Pd(II) catalysts can more efficiently promote the copolymerization of ethylene with various polar monomers in comparison to the corresponding symmetrical catalysts. The more open spatial environment around the metal center by using a hybrid steric strategy was proposed to be responsible for above advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Lu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Weigang Fan
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Shengyu Dai
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.,School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
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23
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Zheng H, Li Y, Du W, Cheung CS, Li D, Gao H, Deng H, Gao H. Unprecedented Square-Planar α-Diimine Dibromonickel Complexes and Their Ethylene Polymerizations Modulated by Ni–Phenyl Interactions. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Handou Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yinwu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wenbo Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chi Shing Cheung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Donghui Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Heng Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Huiyun Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Haiyang Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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24
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Cao L, Cai Z, Li M. Phosphinobenzenamine Nickel Catalyzed Efficient Copolymerization of Methyl Acrylate with Ethylene and Norbornene. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Zhengguo Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Mingyuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou 515063, P. R. China
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25
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Soshnikov IE, Semikolenova NV, Bryliakov KP, Antonov AA, Talsi EP. Ni(I) Intermediates Formed upon Activation of a Ni(II) α-Diimine Ethylene Polymerization Precatalyst with AlR 3 (R = Me, Et, and iBu), AlR 2Cl (R = Me, Et), and MMAO: A Comparative Study. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor E. Soshnikov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nina V. Semikolenova
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin P. Bryliakov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Artem A. Antonov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Evgenii P. Talsi
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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26
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Wang H, Duan G, Fan H, Dai S. Second coordination sphere effect of benzothiophene substituents on chain transfer and chain walking in ethylene insertion polymerization. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Zhou L, Xu L, Song X, Kang SM, Liu N, Wu ZQ. Nickel(II)-catalyzed living polymerization of diazoacetates toward polycarbene homopolymer and polythiophene-block-polycarbene copolymers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:811. [PMID: 35145107 PMCID: PMC8831484 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diazoacetate polymerization has attracted considerable research attention because it is an effective approach for fabricating carbon-carbon (C-C) main chain polymers. However, diazoacetate polymerization based on inexpensive catalysts has been a long-standing challenge. Herein, we report a Ni(II) catalyst that can promote the living polymerization of various diazoacetates, yielding well-defined C-C main chain polymers, polycarbenes, with a predictable molecular weight (Mn) and low dispersity (Mw/Mn). Moreover, the Ni(II)-catalyzed sequential living polymerization of thiophene and diazoacetate monomers affords interesting π-conjugated poly(3-hexylthiophene)-block-polycarbene copolymers in high yields with a controlled Mn, variable compositions, and low Mw/Mn, although the structure and polymerization mechanism of the two monomers differ. Using this strategy, amphiphilic block copolymers comprising hydrophobic poly(3-hexylthiophene) and hydrophilic polycarbene blocks are facilely prepared, which were self-assembled into well-defined supramolecular architectures with tunable photoluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xue Song
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shu-Ming Kang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui Province, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zong-Quan Wu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui Province, China.
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28
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Xia J, Kou S, Mu H, Jian Z. Slow-chain-walking polymerization of ethylene and highly chain-straightening polymerization of 1-hexene to access semicrystalline polyolefins. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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29
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Liu ZX, Xu TQ. Crystalline sulfur-functionalized poly(α-olefin) synthesized by scandium-catalyzed coordination polymerization. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00315e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Combined with organoborate, the scandium complex catalyzed monomers to produce a series of syndiotactic sulfur-functionalized poly(α-olefin)s (rrrr of up to 0.95) which formed crystalline materials with a Tm of up to 91 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Xuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tie-Qi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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30
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Lu Z, Chang G, Wang H, Jing K, Dai S. A Dual Steric Enhancement Strategy in α-Diimine Nickel and Palladium Catalysts for Ethylene Polymerization and Copolymerization. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Lu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanru Chang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Material, Huangshan University, Huangshan, Anhui 245041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Jing
- Nanjing Research Institute of Yangzi Petrochemical Co., Ltd., SINOPEC, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210048, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengyu Dai
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People’s Republic of China
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, People’s Republic of China
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31
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Yang Y, Wang H, Huang L, Nishiura M, Higaki Y, Hou Z. Terpolymerization of Ethylene and Two Different Methoxyaryl‐Substituted Propylenes by Scandium Catalyst Makes Tough and Fast Self‐Healing Elastomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Haobing Wang
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Lin Huang
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nishiura
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yuji Higaki
- Department of Integrated Science and Technology Faculty of Science and Technology Oita University 700 Dannoharu Oita 870-1192 Japan
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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32
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Yang Y, Wang H, Huang L, Nishiura M, Higaki Y, Hou Z. Terpolymerization of Ethylene and Two Different Methoxyaryl-Substituted Propylenes by Scandium Catalyst Makes Tough and Fast Self-Healing Elastomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26192-26198. [PMID: 34751988 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The terpolymerization of a non-polar olefin (such as ethylene) and two different polar functional olefins in a controlled fashion is of great interest and importance but has hardly been explored to date. We report for the first time the terpolymerization of ethylene (E) and two different methoxyaryl-substituted propylenes (AR1 P=hexylanisyl propylene; AR2 P=methoxynaphthyl propylene or methoxypyrenyl propylene) by a half-sandwich scandium catalyst. The terpolymerization took place in a sequence-controlled fashion, affording unique multi-block copolymers composed of two different ethylene-alt-methoxyarylpropylene sequences E-alt-AR1 P (soft segments) and E-alt-AR2 P (hard segments) and relatively short ethylene-ethylene (EE) blocks (crystalline segments). The terpolymers exhibited excellent elasticity and unprecedented self-healing as a result of microphase separation of nanodomains of the crystalline EE segments and the hard amorphous E-alt-AR2 P segments from a very flexible E-alt-AR1 P matrix, demonstrating unique synergy of the three different components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Haobing Wang
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Lin Huang
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nishiura
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuji Higaki
- Department of Integrated Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Oita University, 700 Dannoharu, Oita, 870-1192, Japan
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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33
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Liu Y, Harth E. Distorted Sandwich α‐Diimine Pd
II
Catalyst: Linear Polyethylene and Synthesis of Ethylene/Acrylate Elastomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Sheng Liu
- Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Houston 3585 Cullen Blvd Houston TX 77204 USA
| | - Eva Harth
- Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Houston 3585 Cullen Blvd Houston TX 77204 USA
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34
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Investigations of ligand backbone effects on bulky diarylmethyl-based nickel(II) and palladium(II) catalyzed ethylene polymerization and copolymerization. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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35
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Chen SY, Pan RC, Liu Y, Lu XB. Bulky o-Phenylene-Bridged Bimetallic α-Diimine Ni(II) and Pd(II) Catalysts in Ethylene (Co)polymerization. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ru-Chao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
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36
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Harth E, Liu YS. Distorted Sandwich a-Diimine Pd(II) Catalyst: Linear Polyethylene and Synthesis of Ethylene/Acrylate Elastomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24107-24115. [PMID: 34403566 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of m-xylyl substituents to α-diimine Pd(II) catalyst promotes living ethylene polymerization at room temperature and low pressure to yield high molecular weight polyethylene (PE) with low branching (<17/1000C). m-Xylyl groups provide a highly effective blockage to the axial sites of the catalytic center and form a distorted sandwich geometry. The shielding prevents chain-transfer and easy accessibility of polar monomers, leading to a living polymerization. Conducting a light irradiation as part of the one-step metal-organic insertion light initiated radical (MILRad) process leads to diblock copolymers of ethylene and acrylates. Incorporation of different acrylate block sequences can significantly modify the mechanical and chemical properties of block copolymers which can be modulated to be a hard plastic, elastomer, or semi-amorphous polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Harth
- University of Houston, Chemistry, 406 STL Building, United States, 77004, Houston, UNITED STATES
| | - Yu-Sheng Liu
- University of Houston System, Chemistry, UNITED STATES
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37
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Hu X, Zhang Y, Li B, Jian Z. Fluorinated α-Diimine Nickel Mediated Ethylene (Co)Polymerization. Chemistry 2021; 27:11935-11942. [PMID: 34114692 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine substituents in transition metal catalysts are of great importance in olefin polymerization catalysis; however, the comprehensive effect of fluorine substituents is elusive in seminal late transition metal α-diimine catalytic system. In this contribution, fluorine substituents at various positions (ortho-, meta-, and para-F) and with different numbers (Fn ; n=0, 1, 2, 3, 5) were installed into the well-defined N-terphenyl amine and thus were studied for the first time in the nickel α-diimine promoted ethylene polymerization and copolymerization with polar monomers. The position of the fluorine substituent was particularly crucial in these polymerization reactions in terms of catalytic activity, polymer molecular weight, branching density, and incorporation of polar monomer, and thus a picture on the fluorine effect was given. As a notable result, the ortho-F substituted α-diimine nickel catalyst produced highly linear polyethylenes with an extremely high molecular weight (Mw =8703 kDa) and a significantly low degree of branching of 1.4/1000 C; however, the meta-F and/or para-F substituted α-diimine nickel catalysts generated highly branched (up to 80.2/1000 C) polyethylenes with significantly low molecular weights (Mw =20-50 kDa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Baixiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Zhongbao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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38
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Yu F, Li P, Xu M, Xu G, Na Y, Zhang S, Wang F, Tan C. Iminopyridyl ligands bearing polyethylene glycol unit for nickel catalyzed ethylene polymerization. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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39
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Zhang H, Zou C, Zhao H, Cai Z, Chen C. Hydrogen-Bonding-Induced Heterogenization of Nickel and Palladium Catalysts for Copolymerization of Ethylene with Polar Monomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17446-17451. [PMID: 34036725 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The practical synthesis of polar-functionalized polyolefins using transition-metal-catalyzed copolymerization of olefins with polar monomers is a challenge; the use of heterogeneous catalysts is little explored. Herein, we report the synthesis of heterogeneous naphthoquinone-based nickel (Ni/SiO2 ) and palladium (Pd/SiO2 ) catalysts through hydrogen bonding interactions of the ligands with the silica surface. Ni/SiO2 exhibits high activities (up to 2.65×106 g mol-1 h-1 ) during the copolymerization of ethylene with 5-hexene-1-yl-acetate, affording high-molecular-weight (Mn up to 630 000) polar-functionalized semicrystalline polyethylene (comonomer incorporation up to 2.8 mol %), along with great morphology control. The resulting copolymers possess improved surface properties and great mechanical properties. Pd/SiO2 can mediate ethylene copolymerization with polar monomers with moderate activity to produce high-molecular-weight copolymers with tunable comonomer incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Huipeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Zhengguo Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Changle Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
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40
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Zhang H, Zou C, Zhao H, Cai Z, Chen C. Hydrogen‐Bonding‐Induced Heterogenization of Nickel and Palladium Catalysts for Copolymerization of Ethylene with Polar Monomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Chen Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Huipeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Zhengguo Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Changle Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
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41
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Chi M, Chen A, Pang W, Tan C, Chen C. Positional Electronic Effects in
Iminopyridine‐
N
‐oxide Nickel Catalyzed Ethylene Polymerization
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Chi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Ao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Wenmin Pang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Chen Tan
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Changle Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230026 China
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42
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43
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Wang YY, Wang CQ, Hu XQ, Xia Y, Chi Y, Zhang YX, Jian ZB. Benzosuberyl Substituents as a “Sandwich-like” Function in Olefin Polymerization Catalysis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2562-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Xiong S, Shoshani MM, Zhang X, Spinney HA, Nett AJ, Henderson BS, Miller TF, Agapie T. Efficient Copolymerization of Acrylate and Ethylene with Neutral P, O-Chelated Nickel Catalysts: Mechanistic Investigations of Monomer Insertion and Chelate Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6516-6527. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuoyan Xiong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Manar M. Shoshani
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Xinglong Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | | | - Alex J. Nett
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, Dow, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | | | - Thomas F. Miller
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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45
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Investigations on the Ethylene Polymerization with Bisarylimine Pyridine Iron (BIP) Catalysts. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinetics and terminations of ethylene polymerization, mediated by five bisarylimine pyridine (BIP) iron dichloride precatalysts, and activated by large amounts of methyl aluminoxane (MAO) was studied. Narrow distributed paraffins from initially formed aluminum polymeryls and broader distributed 1-polyolefins and (bimodal) mixtures, thereof, were obtained after acidic workup. The main pathway of olefin formation is beta-hydrogen transfer to ethylene. The rate of polymerization in the initial phase is inversely proportional to the co-catalyst concentration for all pre-catalysts; a first-order dependence was found on ethylene and catalyst concentrations. The inhibition by aluminum alkyls is released to some extent in a second phase, which arises after the original methyl groups are transformed into n-alkyl entities and the aluminum polymeryls partly precipitate in the toluene medium. The catalysis is interpretable in a mechanism, wherein, the relative rate of chain shuttling, beta-hydrogen transfer and insertion of ethylene are determining the outcome. Beta-hydrogen transfer enables catalyst mobility, which leads to a (degenerate) chain growth of already precipitated aluminum alkyls. Stronger Lewis acidic centers of the single site catalysts, and those with smaller ligands, are more prone to yield 1-olefins and to undergo a faster reversible alkyl exchange between aluminum and iron.
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46
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Li S, Zhao Y, Dai S. Synthesis of polyethylene thermoplastic elastomer by using robust
α‐diimine
Ni(
II
) catalysts with abundant
t
Bu
substituents. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuaikang Li
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education Anhui University Hefei Anhui China
| | - Yihua Zhao
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education Anhui University Hefei Anhui China
| | - Shengyu Dai
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education Anhui University Hefei Anhui China
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47
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Janeta M, Heidlas JX, Daugulis O, Brookhart M. 2,4,6‐Triphenylpyridinium: A Bulky, Highly Electron‐Withdrawing Substituent That Enhances Properties of Nickel(II) Ethylene Polymerization Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Janeta
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Wrocław F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Julius X. Heidlas
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Olafs Daugulis
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Maurice Brookhart
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
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48
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Wang X, Dong B, Yang Q, Liu H, Hu Y, Zhang X. Boosting the Thermal Stability of α-Diimine Palladium Complexes in Norbornene Polymerization from Construction of Intraligand Hydrogen Bonding and Simultaneous Increasing Axial/Equatorial Bulkiness. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:2347-2361. [PMID: 33501824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the thermostability of α-diimine late-transition-metal complexes and therefore rendering them more active at higher temperatures is of great importance, yet challenging for the olefin polymerization field. In the present research, a new family of α-diimine palladium complexes that can promote norbornene polymerization at high temperatures (up to 140 °C) is disclosed. Because of the conformational restriction caused by increasing the axial and equatorial bulkiness as well as the presence of intraligand H···F hydrogen bonds, N-aryl rotations can be efficiently restricted, therefore circumventing the deactivation of the active species at high temperatures. At 80-140 °C, these complexes can efficiently catalyze norbornene homopolymerizations, giving high catalytic activities up to 5.65 × 107 g of PNB per mole Ni per hour and polymers with high molecular weights up to 37.2 × 104 g/mol, which are highly superior to catalytic systems mediated by CF3-free complexes. Moreover, these complexes could also afford medium catalytic activities in the presence of polar 5-norbornene-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (NB-COOCH3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, Jilin China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Bo Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, Jilin China
| | - Qi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of the Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Heng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, Jilin China.,Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of the Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yanming Hu
- Division of Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuequan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, Jilin China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of the Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, P. R. China
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49
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Janeta M, Heidlas JX, Daugulis O, Brookhart M. 2,4,6-Triphenylpyridinium: A Bulky, Highly Electron-Withdrawing Substituent That Enhances Properties of Nickel(II) Ethylene Polymerization Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4566-4569. [PMID: 33230900 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of NiII and PdII olefin polymerization catalysts can be enhanced by introduction of electron-withdrawing substituents on the supporting ligands rendering the metal centers more electrophilic. Reported here is a comparison of ethylene polymerization activity of a classical salicyliminato nickel catalyst substituted with the powerful electron-withdrawing 2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium (trippy) group to the -CF3 analogue. The trippy substituent is substantially more electron-withdrawing (σmeta =0.63) than the trifluoromethyl group (σmeta =0.43) which results in a ca. 8-fold increase in catalytic turnover frequency. An additional advantage of trippy is the high steric bulk relative to the trifluoromethyl group. This feature results in a four-fold increase in polymer molecular weight owing to enhanced retardation of chain transfer. A significant increase in catalyst lifetime is observed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Janeta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-5003, USA.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Julius X Heidlas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-5003, USA
| | - Olafs Daugulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-5003, USA
| | - Maurice Brookhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-5003, USA
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50
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Lotfi-Sousefi Z, Mehrnejad F, Khanmohammadi S, Kaboli SF. Insight into the Microcosm of the Human Growth Hormone and Its Interactions with Polymers and Copolymers: A Molecular Dynamics Perspective. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:90-104. [PMID: 33356301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins nowadays have increasingly been applied for their considerable potential in treating a wide variety of diseases. The effectiveness and potency of native therapeutic proteins are limited by various factors (e.g., stability, blood circulation time, specificity). Over the past years, a great deal of effort has been devoted to developing safe and efficient protein delivery systems. Entrapment of protein into polymeric and copolymeric matrices is common among the different types of protein-based drug formulation. However, despite the massive efforts toward developing therapeutic protein delivery in experimental studies and industrial applications, there is relatively little data on the influence of polymers and copolymers on therapeutic proteins at the atomic and molecular levels. Herein, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to study the effects of biocompatible synthetic polymers including methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (MPEG), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and poly(lactic acid) copolymers (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)) PLGA and MPEG-PLA(PELA)) on the structure and dynamics of the human growth hormone (hGH), and the results are compared with previous experimental findings. Our results indicate that the hGH conformation remains stable both in pure water and in the presence of polymers, and these results are in good agreement with previous experimental data. It is shown that the MPEG chains are self-assembled and folded into a semicrystalline structure; therefore, only a small portion of the protein interacts with the polymer. The other three polymers, however, interact well with the protein and partially cover its surface. Our findings suggest that the use of these polymers for protein encapsulation has the advantage of reducing protein aggregation and thus increasing drug serum half-life. Eventually, we anticipate that the research results will expand the current knowledge about encapsulation mechanisms and the molecular interactions between hGH and the polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Lotfi-Sousefi
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, 14395-1561 Tehran, Iran
| | - Faramarz Mehrnejad
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, 14395-1561 Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Khanmohammadi
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, 14395-1561 Tehran, Iran
| | - S Fatemeh Kaboli
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, 14395-1561 Tehran, Iran
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