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Landrini M, Patel R, Tyrrell-Thrower J, Macchioni A, Hughes DL, Tensi L, Hrobárik P, Rocchigiani L. Exploring Ligand Effects on Structure, Bonding, and Photolytic Hydride Transfer of Cationic Gold(I) Bridging Hydride Complexes of Molybdocene and Tungstenocene. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:13525-13545. [PMID: 38989543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
A diverse family of heterobimetallic bridging hydride adducts of the type [LAu(μ-H)2MCp2][X] (L = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazole-2-ylidene, IPr; 1,3-bis(1-adamantyl)imidazole-2-ylidene, IAd; 1,3-bis(2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,6-diketopyrimidinyl-2-ylidene, DippDAC; triphenylphosphine, PPh3; 2-di-tert-butylphosphino-2',4',6'-triisopropylbiphenyl, tBuXPhos; X = SbF6-, BF4- or TfO-) was synthesized by reacting group VI metallocene dihydrides Cp2MH2 (Cp = cyclopentadienyl anion; M = Mo, W) with cationic gold(I) complexes [LAu(NCMe)][X]. Trimetallic [L'Au2(μ-H)2WCp2][X]2 and tetrametallic [L'Au2{(μ-H)2WCp2}2] [X]2 complexes (L' = rac-2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthalene or bis(diphenylphosphinomethane)) were obtained by reacting digold [L'{Au(NCMe)}2][X]2 with Cp2WH2 in a 1:1 and a 1:2 stoichiometry. Accessing such a broad structural diversity allowed us to pinpoint roles played by the ancillary ligands and group VI metals on the bonding properties of this family of bridging hydrides. In particular, a clear effect of the ligand on the interaction energy and electronic structure was observed, with important implications on photolytic reactivity. UV or visible light irradiation, indeed, leads to the selective cleavage of the heterobimetallic Au(μ-H)2M arrangement and formation of molecular gold hydrides. The photolysis was found to be chromoselective (wavelength-dependent), which can be ascribed to different charge redistributions upon excitation to the first (Kasha's reactivity) and higher (anti-Kasha's reactivity) excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Landrini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Rohan Patel
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ Norwich, U.K
| | - Joshua Tyrrell-Thrower
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ Norwich, U.K
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - David L Hughes
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ Norwich, U.K
| | - Leonardo Tensi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Peter Hrobárik
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Luca Rocchigiani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ Norwich, U.K
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2
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Wei W, Li C, Fan Y, Chen X, Zhao X, Qiao B, Jiang Z. Catalytic Asymmetric Redox-Neutral [3+2] Photocycloadditions of Cyclopropyl Ketones with Vinylazaarenes Enabled by Consecutive Photoinduced Electron Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406845. [PMID: 38687326 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (ConPET) is a powerful and atom-economical protocol to overcome the limitations of the intrinsic redox potential of visible light-absorbing photosensitizers, thereby considerably improving the substrate and reaction types. Likely because such an exothermic single-electron transfer (SET) process usually does not require the aid of chiral catalysts, resulting in an inevitable racemic background reaction, notably, no enantioselective manifolds have been reported. Herein, we report on the viability of cooperative ConPET and chiral hydrogen-bonding catalysis for the [3+2] photocycloaddition of cyclopropyl ketones with vinylazaarenes. In addition to enabling the first use of olefins that preferentially interact with chiral catalysts, this catalysis platform paves the way for the efficient synthesis of pharmaceutically and synthetically important cyclopentyl ketones functionalized by azaarenes with high yields, ees and dr. The robust capacity of the method can be further highlighted by the low loading of the chiral catalyst (1.0 mol %), the good compatibility of both 2-azaarene and 3-pyridine-based olefins, and the successful concurrent construction of three stereocenters on cyclopentane rings involving an elusive but important all-carbon quaternary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Wei
- Henan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Fan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Baokun Qiao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
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3
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Hoque IU, Samanta A, Pramanik S, Chowdhury SR, Lo R, Maity S. Photocascade chemoselective controlling of ambident thio(seleno)cyanates with alkenes via catalyst modulation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5739. [PMID: 38982050 PMCID: PMC11233607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Controlling the ambident reactivity of thiocyanates in reaction manifolds has been a long-standing and formidable challenge. We report herein a photoredox strategy for installing thiocyanates and isothiocyanates in a controlled chemoselective fashion by manipulating the ambident-SCN through catalyst modulation. The methodology allows redox-, and pot-economical 'on-demand' direct access to both hydrothiophene and pyrrolidine heterocycles from the same feedstock alkenes and bifunctional thiocyanomalonates in a photocascade sequence. Its excellent chemoselectivity profile was further expanded to access Se- and N-heterocycles by harnessing selenonitriles. Redox capability of the catalysts, which dictates the substrates to participate in a single or cascade catalytic cycle, was proposed as the key to the present chemodivergency of this process. In addition, detailed mechanistic insights are provided by a conjugation of extensive control experiments and dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Injamam Ul Hoque
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India
| | - Apurba Samanta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India
| | - Shyamal Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India
| | - Soumyadeep Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India
| | - Rabindranath Lo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo námĕstí 542/2, Prague, 160 000, Czech Republic
| | - Soumitra Maity
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India.
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4
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Märsch J, Reiter S, Rittner T, Rodriguez-Lugo RE, Whitfield M, Scott DJ, Kutta RJ, Nuernberger P, de Vivie-Riedle R, Wolf R. Cobalt-Mediated Photochemical C-H Arylation of Pyrroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405780. [PMID: 38693673 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Precious metal complexes remain ubiquitous in photoredox catalysis (PRC) despite concerted efforts to find more earth-abundant catalysts and replacements based on 3d metals in particular. Most otherwise plausible 3d metal complexes are assumed to be unsuitable due to short-lived excited states, which has led researchers to prioritize the pursuit of longer excited-state lifetimes through careful molecular design. However, we report herein that the C-H arylation of pyrroles and related substrates (which are benchmark reactions for assessing the efficacy of photoredox catalysts) can be achieved using a simple and readily accessible octahedral bis(diiminopyridine) cobalt complex, [1-Co](PF6)2. Notably, [1-Co]2+ efficiently functionalizes both chloro- and bromoarene substrates despite the short excited-state lifetime of the key photoexcited intermediate *[1-Co]2+ (8 ps). We present herein the scope of this C-H arylation protocol and provide mechanistic insights derived from detailed spectroscopic and computational studies. These indicate that, despite its transient existence, reduction of *[1-Co]2+ is facilitated via pre-assembly with the NEt3 reductant, highlighting an alternative strategy for the future development of 3d metal-catalyzed PRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Märsch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Reiter
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Rittner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rafael E Rodriguez-Lugo
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
- present address: Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Maximilian Whitfield
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel J Scott
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
- present address: Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Jan Kutta
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Nuernberger
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Robert Wolf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
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5
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Kim S, Zhou X, Li Y, Yang Q, Liu X, Graf R, Blom PWM, Ferguson CTJ, Landfester K. Size-Dependent Photocatalytic Reactivity of Conjugated Microporous Polymer Nanoparticles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2404054. [PMID: 38925104 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Particle size is a critical factor for improving photocatalytic reactivity of conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) as mass transfer in the porous materials is often the rate-limiting step. However, due to the synthetic challenge of controlling the size of CMPs, the impact of particle size is yet to be investigated. To address this problem, a simple and versatile dispersion polymerization route that can synthesize dispersible CMP nanoparticles with controlled size from 15 to 180 nm is proposed. Leveraging the precise control of the size, it is demonstrated that smaller CMP nanoparticles have dramatically higher photocatalytic reactivity in various organic transformations, achieving more than 1000% enhancement in the reaction rates by decreasing the size from 180 to 15 nm. The size-dependent photocatalytic reactivity is further scrutinized using a kinetic model and transient absorption spectroscopy, revealing that only the initial 5 nm-thick surface layer of CMP nanoparticles is involved in the photocatalytic reactions because of internal mass transfer limitations. This finding substantiates the potential of small CMP nanoparticles to efficiently use photo-generated excitons and improve energy-efficiency of numerous photocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyeon Kim
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xin Zhou
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yungui Li
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Qiqi Yang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Graf
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul W M Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Calum T J Ferguson
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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6
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Das A, Justin Thomas KR. Generation and Application of Aryl Radicals Under Photoinduced Conditions. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400193. [PMID: 38546345 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Photoinduced aryl radical generation is a powerful strategy in organic synthesis that facilitates the formation of diverse carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. The synthetic applications of photoinduced aryl radical formation in the synthesis of complex organic compounds, including natural products, physiologically significant molecules, and functional materials, have received immense attention. An overview of current developments in photoinduced aryl radical production methods and their uses in organic synthesis is given in this article. A generalized idea of how to choose the reagents and approach for the generation of aryl radicals is described, along with photoinduced techniques and associated mechanistic insights. Overall, this article offers a critical assessment of the mechanistic results as well as the selection of reaction parameters for specific reagents in the context of radical cascades, cross-coupling reactions, aryl radical functionalization, and selective C-H functionalization of aryl substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Das
- Organic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - K R Justin Thomas
- Organic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
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7
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Peelikuburage BGD, Martens WN, Waclawik ER. Light switching for product selectivity control in photocatalysis. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:10168-10207. [PMID: 38722105 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00885e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Artificial switchable catalysis is a new, rapidly expanding field that offers great potential advantages for both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems. Light irradiation is widely accepted as the best stimulus to artificial switchable chemical systems. In recent years, tremendous progress has been made in the synthesis and application of photo-switchable catalysts that can control when and where bond formation and dissociation take place in reactant molecules. Photo-switchable catalysis is a niche area in current catalysis, on which systematic analysis and reviews are still lacking in the scientific literature, yet it offers many intriguing and versatile applications, particularly in organic synthesis. This review aims to highlight the recent advances in photo-switchable catalyst systems that can result in two different chemical product outcomes and thus achieve a degree of control over organic synthetic reactions. Furthermore, this review evaluates different approaches that have been employed to achieve dynamic control over both the catalytic function and the selectivity of several different types of synthesis reactions, along with the remaining challenges and potential opportunities. Owing to the great diversity of the types of reactions and conditions adopted, a quantitative comparison of efficiencies between considered systems is not the focus of this review, instead the review showcases how insights from successful adopted strategies can help better harness and channel the power of photoswitchability in this new and promising area of catalysis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan G D Peelikuburage
- Centre of Materials Science & School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
| | - Wayde N Martens
- Centre of Materials Science & School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
| | - Eric R Waclawik
- Centre of Materials Science & School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
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Li H, Yang J, Li D, Li X, Li J, He C. Host-Guest Approach to Promoting Photocatalysis Based on Consecutive Photo-Induced Electron-Transfer Processes via Efficient Förster Resonance Energy Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202409094. [PMID: 38806443 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Supramolecular artificial light-harvesting system with highly efficient host-guest energy transfer pathway provides an ideal platform for optimizing the photochemistry process. The consecutive photo-induced electron transfer (conPET) process overcomes the energy limitation of visible-light photocatalysis, but is often compromised by mismatching between the absorption of ground state dye and its radical, weakening the efficiency of photoredox reaction. By encapsulating a conPET photocatalyst rhodamine 6G into metal-organic cage, the supramolecular approach was undertaken to tackle the intrinsic difficulty of matching the light absorption of photoexcitation between rhodamine 6G and its radical. The highly efficient Förster resonance energy transfer from the photoexcited cage to rhodamine 6G forced by host-guest encapsulation facilitates the conPET process for the single-wavelength light-driven activation of aryl halides by stabilizing and accelerating the production and accumulation of the rhodamine 6G radical intermediate. The tunable and flexible nature of the supramolecular host-guest complex renders the cage-based encapsulation strategy promising for the development of ideal photocatalysts toward the better utilization of solar energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hechuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jianhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Danyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xuezhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jianxu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
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9
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Hossain MM, Shaikh AC, Kaur R, Gianetti TL. Red Light-Blue Light Chromoselective C(sp 2)-X Bond Activation by Organic Helicenium-Based Photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7922-7930. [PMID: 38498938 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Chromoselective bond activation has been achieved in organic helicenium (nPr-DMQA+)-based photoredox catalysis. Consequently, control over chromoselective C(sp2)-X bond activation in multihalogenated aromatics has been demonstrated. nPr-DMQA+ can only initiate the halogen atom transfer (XAT) pathway under red light irradiation to activate low-energy-accessible C(sp2)-I bonds. In contrast, blue light irradiation initiates consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (conPET) to activate more challenging C(sp2)-Br bonds. Comparative reaction outcomes have been demonstrated in the α-arylation of cyclic ketones with red and blue lights. Furthermore, red-light-mediated selective C(sp2)-I bonds have been activated in iodobromoarenes to keep the bromo functional handle untouched. Finally, the strength of the chromoselective catalysis has been highlighted with two-fold functionalization using both photo-to-transition metal and photo-to-photocatalyzed transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mubarak Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Aslam C Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Thomas L Gianetti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Mao X, Li MM, Wang P, Cao Q, Zhou W, Ding W. Transition-Metal-Free Anti-Markovnikov Hydroarylation of Alkenes with Aryl Chlorides through Consecutive Photoinduced Electron Transfer. Org Lett 2024; 26:1265-1270. [PMID: 38319734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The hydroarylation of alkenes has emerged as a powerful strategy for arene functionalization. However, aryl chlorides remain a large challenge in this type of reaction due to the chemical inertness of the C(sp2)-Cl bond and high negative reduction potential. Herein, we report an anti-Markovnikov radical hydroarylation of alkenes with aryl chlorides via visible-light photoredox catalysis. The key reactive aryl radicals can be efficiently achieved from aryl chlorides by consecutive photoinduced electron transfer. This transition-metal-free protocol features mild conditions, a wide substrate scope, and functional group tolerance, producing a diverse range of linear alkylarenes in moderate to good yields. The reaction is proposed to proceed through a radical-polar crossover pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Mao
- Division of Molecular Catalysis and Synthesis, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Miao-Miao Li
- Division of Molecular Catalysis and Synthesis, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China
| | - Qingzhi Cao
- Division of Molecular Catalysis and Synthesis, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ding
- Division of Molecular Catalysis and Synthesis, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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11
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Sun R, Li G, Xie F, Zhang Q, Sun YJ, Dai W. Exhaustive Hydrodefluorination or Deuterodefluorination of Trifluoromethylarenes via Metal-Free Photoredox Catalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:928-932. [PMID: 38270353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl compounds are persistent environmental pollutants due to their chemical and thermal stability. Hydrodefluorination is one of the most promising strategies for the disposal of fluorine-containing compounds, which has attracted much attention from a broad spectrum of scientific communities. Herein, we disclose a metal-free, visible-light-promoted protocol for the exhaustive hydrodefluorination of a wide variety of trifluoromethylarenes with up to 95% yields. Moreover, methyl-d3 groups can be obtained via deuterium water with a D ratio of up to 94%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Sun
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guosong Li
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Fukai Xie
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ying-Ji Sun
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wen Dai
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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12
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Kang WJ, Zhang Y, Li B, Guo H. Electrophotocatalytic hydrogenation of imines and reductive functionalization of aryl halides. Nat Commun 2024; 15:655. [PMID: 38253534 PMCID: PMC10803379 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The open-shell catalytically active species, like radical cations or radical anions, generated by one-electron transfer of precatalysts are widely used in energy-consuming redox reactions, but their excited-state lifetimes are usually short. Here, a closed-shell thioxanthone-hydrogen anion species (3), which can be photochemically converted to a potent and long-lived reductant, is generated under electrochemical conditions, enabling the electrophotocatalytic hydrogenation. Notably, TfOH can regulate the redox potential of the active species in this system. In the presence of TfOH, precatalyst (1) reduction can occur at low potential, so that competitive H2 evolution can be inhibited, thus effectively promoting the hydrogenation of imines. In the absence of TfOH, the reducing ability of the system can reach a potency even comparable to that of Na0 or Li0, thereby allowing the hydrogenation, borylation, stannylation and (hetero)arylation of aryl halides to construct C-H, C-B, C-Sn, and C-C bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China
| | - Yanbin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China.
| | - Bo Li
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91106, USA.
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China.
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13
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Tian X, Liu Y, Yakubov S, Schütte J, Chiba S, Barham JP. Photo- and electro-chemical strategies for the activations of strong chemical bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:263-316. [PMID: 38059728 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The employment of light and/or electricity - alternatively to conventional thermal energy - unlocks new reactivity paradigms as tools for chemical substrate activations. This leads to the development of new synthetic reactions and a vast expansion of chemical spaces. This review summarizes recent developments in photo- and/or electrochemical activation strategies for the functionalization of strong bonds - particularly carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bonds - via: (1) direct photoexcitation by high energy UV light; (2) activation via photoredox catalysis under irradiation with relatively lower energy UVA or blue light; (3) electrochemical reduction; (4) combination of photocatalysis and electrochemistry. Based on the types of the targeted C-X bonds, various transformations ranging from hydrodefunctionalization to cross-coupling are covered with detailed discussions of their reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Yuliang Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Schütte
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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14
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Lai Y, Halder A, Kim J, Hicks TJ, Milner PJ. Electroreductive Radical Borylation of Unactivated (Hetero)Aryl Chlorides Without Light by Using Cumulene-Based Redox Mediators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310246. [PMID: 37559156 PMCID: PMC10529720 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Single-electron transfer (SET) plays a critical role in many chemical processes, from organic synthesis to environmental remediation. However, the selective reduction of inert substrates (Ep/2 <-2 V vs Fc/Fc+ ), such as ubiquitous electron-neutral and electron-rich (hetero)aryl chlorides, remains a major challenge. Current approaches largely rely on catalyst photoexcitation to reach the necessary deeply reducing potentials or suffer from limited substrate scopes. Herein, we demonstrate that cumulenes-organic molecules with multiple consecutive double bonds-can function as catalytic redox mediators for the electroreductive radical borylation of (hetero)aryl chlorides at relatively mild cathodic potentials (approximately -1.9 V vs. Ag/AgCl) without the need for photoirradiation. Electrochemical, spectroscopic, and computational studies support that step-wise electron transfer from reduced cumulenes to electron-neutral chloroarenes is followed by thermodynamically favorable mesolytic cleavage of the aryl radical anion to generate the desired aryl radical intermediate. Our findings will guide the development of other sustainable, purely electroreductive radical transformations of inert molecules using organic redox mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihuan Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Arjun Halder
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Thomas J Hicks
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Phillip J Milner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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15
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Lepori M, Schmid S, Barham JP. Photoredox catalysis harvesting multiple photon or electrochemical energies. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1055-1145. [PMID: 37533877 PMCID: PMC10390843 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis (PRC) is a cutting-edge frontier for single electron-transfer (SET) reactions, enabling the generation of reactive intermediates for both oxidative and reductive processes via photon activation of a catalyst. Although this represents a significant step towards chemoselective and, more generally, sustainable chemistry, its efficacy is limited by the energy of visible light photons. Nowadays, excellent alternative conditions are available to overcome these limitations, harvesting two different but correlated concepts: the use of multi-photon processes such as consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (conPET) and the combination of photo- and electrochemistry in synthetic photoelectrochemistry (PEC). Herein, we review the most recent contributions to these fields in both oxidative and reductive activations of organic functional groups. New opportunities for organic chemists are captured, such as selective reactions employing super-oxidants and super-reductants to engage unactivated chemical feedstocks, and scalability up to gram scales in continuous flow. This review provides comparisons between the two techniques (multi-photon photoredox catalysis and PEC) to help the reader to fully understand their similarities, differences and potential applications and to therefore choose which method is the most appropriate for a given reaction, scale and purpose of a project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Lepori
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitatsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Schmid
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitatsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitatsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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16
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Teng QH, Lu FL, Wang K, Zhou LY, Li DP. Chemodivergent Photocatalyzed Heterocyclization of Hydrazones and Isothiocyanates for the Selectivity Synthesis of 2-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles and 1,2,4-Triazole-3-thiones. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37141629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A photocatalytic chemodivergent reaction for the selectivity formation of C-S and C-N bonds in a controlled manner was proposed. The reaction medium, either neutral or acidic, is critical to dictate the formation of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles and 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones from isothiocyanates and hydrazones. This is a practical protocol to achieve the chemoselectivity under mild and metal-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hu Teng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Feng-Lai Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Li-Ya Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dian-Peng Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
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17
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Singh V, Singh R, Hazari AS, Adhikari D. Unexplored Facet of Pincer Ligands: Super-Reductant Behavior Applied to Transition-Metal-Free Catalysis. JACS AU 2023; 3:1213-1220. [PMID: 37124293 PMCID: PMC10131200 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pincer ligands are well-established supporting ancillaries to afford robust coordination to metals across the periodic table. Despite their widespread use in developing homogeneous catalysts, the redox noninnocence of the ligand backbone is less utilized in steering catalytic transformations. This report showcases a trianionic, symmetric NNN-pincer to drive C-C cross-coupling reactions and heterocycle formation via C-H functionalization, without any coordination to transition metals. The starting substrates are aryl chlorides that can tease the limit of a catalyst's ability to promote a reductive cleavage at a much demanding potential of -2.90 V vs SCE. The reducing power of the simple trianionic ligand backbone has been tremendously amplified by shining visible light on it. The catalyst's success relies on its easy access to the one-electron oxidized iminosemiquinonate form that has been thoroughly characterized by X-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy through spectroelectrochemical experiments. The moderately long-lived excited-state lifetime (10.2 ns) and such a super-reductive ability dependent on the one-electron redox shuttle between the bisamido and iminosemiquinonato forms make this catalysis effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikramjeet Singh
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of
Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar 140306, India
| | - Rahul Singh
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of
Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar 140306, India
| | | | - Debashis Adhikari
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of
Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar 140306, India
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18
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Chen L, Qu Q, Ran CK, Wang W, Zhang W, He Y, Liao LL, Ye JH, Yu DG. Photocatalytic Carboxylation of C-N Bonds in Cyclic Amines with CO 2 by Consecutive Visible-Light-Induced Electron Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217918. [PMID: 36680762 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light photocatalytic carboxylation with CO2 is highly important. However, it still remains challenging for reluctant substrates with low reduction potentials. Herein, we report a novel photocatalytic carboxylation of C-N bonds in cyclic amines with CO2 via consecutive photo-induced electron transfer (ConPET). It is also the first photocatalytic reductive ring-opening reaction of azetidines, pyrrolidines and piperidines. This strategy is practical to transform a variety of easily available cyclic amines to valuable β-, γ-, δ- and ϵ-amino acids in moderate-to-excellent yields. Moreover, the method also features mild and transition-metal-free conditions, high selectivity, good functional-group tolerance, facile scalability and product derivations. Mechanistic studies indicate that the ConPET might be the key to generating highly reactive photocatalysts, which enable the reductive activation of cyclic amines to generate carbon radicals and carbanions as the key intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Quan Qu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Chuan-Kun Ran
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yi He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Li-Li Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Heng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Da-Gang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
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19
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Red light-driven electron sacrificial agents-free photoreduction of inert aryl halides via triplet-triplet annihilation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1102. [PMID: 36843133 PMCID: PMC9968713 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective photoactivation of inert aryl halides is a fundamental challenge in organic synthesis. Specially, the long-wavelength red light is more desirable than the widely-applied blue light as the excitation source for photoredox catalysis, due to its superior penetration depth. However, the long-wavelength red light-driven photoactivation of inert aryl halides remains a challenge, mainly because of the low energy of the single long-wavelength red photon. Herein, we report the photoreduction of aryl bromides/chlorides with 656 nm LED via triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) strategy. This method is based on our discovery that the commonly used chromophore of perylene can serve as an efficient and metal-free photocatalyst to enable the photoreduction of inert aryl halides without the conventional need for electronic sacrificial agents. By introducing a red light-absorbing photosensitizer to this perylene system, we accomplish the long-wavelength red light-driven photoreduction of aryl halides via sensitized TTA mechanism. Moreover, the performance of such a TTA-mediated photoreduction can be significantly enhanced when restricting the rotation freedom of phenyl moiety for perylene derivatives to suppress their triplet nonradiative transition, in both small and large-scale reaction settings.
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20
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Ayed C, Yin J, Landfester K, Zhang KAI. Visible-Light-Promoted Switchable Selective Oxidations of Styrene Over Covalent Triazine Frameworks in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216159. [PMID: 36708519 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Using photocatalytic oxidation to convert basic chemicals into high value compounds in environmentally benign reaction media is a current focus in catalytic research. The challenge lies in gaining controllability over product formation selectivity. We design covalent triazine frameworks as heterogeneous, metal-free, and recyclable photocatalysts for visible-light-driven switchable selective oxidation of styrene in pure water. Selectivity in product formation was achieved by activation or deactivation of the specific photogenerated oxygen species. Using the same photocatalyst, by deactivation of photogenerated H2 O2 , benzaldehyde was obtained with over 99 % conversion and over 99 % selectivity as a single product. The highly challenging and sensitive epoxidation of styrene was carried out by creating peroxymonocarbonate as an initial epoxidation agent in the presence of bicarbonate, which led to formation of styrene oxide with a selectivity up to 76 % with near quantitative conversion. This study demonstrates a preliminary yet interesting example for simple control over switchable product formation selectivity for challenging oxidation reactions of organic compounds in pure water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrine Ayed
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Materials Science and and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kai A I Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Materials Science and and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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21
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Sherborne GJ, Kemmitt P, Prentice C, Zysman-Colman E, Smith AD, Fallan C. Visible Light-Mediated Cyclisation Reaction for the Synthesis of Highly-Substituted Tetrahydroquinolines and Quinolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202207829. [PMID: 36342443 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Condensation of 2-vinylanilines and conjugated aldehydes followed by an efficient light-mediated cyclisation selectively yields either substituted tetrahydroquinolines with typically high dr, or in the presence of an iridium photocatalyst the synthesis of quinoline derivatives is demonstrated. These atom economical processes require mild conditions, with the substrate scope demonstrating excellent site selectivity and functional group tolerance, including azaarene-bearing substrates. A thorough experimental mechanistic investigation explores multiple pathways and the key role that imine and iminium intermediates play in the absorption of visible light to generate reactive excited states. The synthetic utility of the reactions is demonstrated on gram scale quantities in both batch and flow, alongside further manipulation of the medicinally relevant products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant J Sherborne
- Medicinal Chemistry Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310, Darwin Building, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Paul Kemmitt
- Medicinal Chemistry Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310, Darwin Building, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Callum Prentice
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK.,EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Charlene Fallan
- Medicinal Chemistry Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310, Darwin Building, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
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22
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Caby S, Marín Oliva L, Bardagi JI. Unravelling the Effect of Water Addition in Consecutive Photocatalysis with Naphthalene Diimide. J Org Chem 2023; 88:711-716. [PMID: 36542788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe the effect of water addition in the catalyst performance for a C-H functionalization of benzene. Improved yields and selectivity were achieved in a consecutive photoredox catalysis in contrast to the reaction without water. Mechanistic analysis demonstrated this is due to a better catalyst stability and faster kinetic rather than a change in the different steps of the mechanism. The addition of water constitutes a convenient approach to improve catalyst performance, and it was also observed with other catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Caby
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laureano Marín Oliva
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Javier I Bardagi
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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23
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Shen M, Li L, Zhou Q, Wang J, Wang L. Visible-Light-Induced Regio-selective Oxidative Coupling of Quinoxalinones with Pyrrole Derivatives. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202207031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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24
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Nagasundaram N, Peroli U, Venkatesh R, Vinoth N, Lalitha A. Eosin Y as a direct HAT photocatalyst for the synthesis of tetrahydrodipyrazolopyridines under white LED irradiation. Tetrahedron Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2023.154366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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25
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Wei J, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Zhou P, Liu G, Duan C. Light-switched selective catalysis with NADH mimic functionalized metal-organic capsules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 59:71-74. [PMID: 36458976 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04530c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
By incorporating an active site model of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) as an electron regulator, a redox-active metal-organic capsule as an efficient photocatalyst was obtained for the light switchable synthesis of a series of aromatic azoxy and amino compounds from their corresponding nitroaromatics under either purple (420 nm) or blue (455 nm) LED light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Guangzhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
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26
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Glaser F, Wenger OS. Sensitizer-controlled photochemical reactivity via upconversion of red light. Chem Sci 2022; 14:149-161. [PMID: 36605743 PMCID: PMC9769107 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05229f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
By combining the energy input from two red photons, chemical reactions that would normally require blue or ultraviolet irradiation become accessible. Key advantages of this biphotonic excitation strategy are that red light usually penetrates deeper into complex reaction mixtures and causes less photo-damage than direct illumination in the blue or ultraviolet. Here, we demonstrate that the primary light-absorber of a dual photocatalytic system comprised of a transition metal-based photosensitizer and an organic co-catalyst can completely alter the reaction outcome. Photochemical reductions are achieved with a copper(i) complex in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor, whereas oxidative substrate activation occurs with an osmium(ii) photosensitizer. Based on time-resolved laser spectroscopy, this changeover in photochemical reactivity is due to different underlying biphotonic mechanisms. Following triplet energy transfer from the osmium(ii) photosensitizer to 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) and subsequent triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion, the fluorescent singlet excited state of DCA triggers oxidative substrate activation, which initiates the cis to trans isomerization of an olefin, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition, an aryl ether to ester rearrangement, and a Newman-Kwart rearrangement. This oxidative substrate activation stands in contrast to the reactivity with a copper(i) photosensitizer, where photoinduced electron transfer generates the DCA radical anion, which upon further excitation triggers reductive dehalogenations and detosylations. Our study provides the proof-of-concept for controlling the outcome of a red-light driven biphotonic reaction by altering the photosensitizer, and this seems relevant in the greater context of tailoring photochemical reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056 BaselSwitzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056 BaselSwitzerland
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27
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Burešová Z, Jandová V, Klikar M, Grygarová M, Bureš F. Construction of bi(hetero)aryls via dicyanopyrazine-mediated photochemical cross-coupling. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:9378-9384. [PMID: 36385305 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01836e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A photochemical cross-coupling protocol towards bi(hetero)aryls has been developed. The coupling reactions were mediated by dicyanopyrazine photoredox catalyst, while a photoinduced disproportionation process has been identified as an accompanying mechanism, especially for pyrrole derivatives. The developed method allows the cross-coupling of five-membered rings such as pyrrole, imidazole, thiazole and oxazole as well as various diazines (pyridine and pyrimidine) and benzene derivatives. A plausible mechanism of the reaction has also been disclosed. The practical application and relevance of the developed method were demonstrated by constructing an atorvastatin core or by the gradual functionalization of benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole. In total, twenty-one bi(hetero)aryls were prepared in yields ranging from 19 to 95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Burešová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Jandová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Milan Klikar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Monika Grygarová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Filip Bureš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
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28
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Noto N, Saito S. Arylamines as More Strongly Reducing Organic Photoredox Catalysts than fac-[Ir(ppy) 3]. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Noto
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Susumu Saito
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
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29
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Pathania V, Roy VJ, Roy SR. Transforming Non-innocent Phenalenyl to a Potent Photoreductant: Captivating Reductive Functionalization of Aryl Halides through Visible-Light-Induced Electron Transfer Processes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16550-16566. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishali Pathania
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Vishal Jyoti Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sudipta Raha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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30
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Katta N, Zhao QQ, Mandal T, Reiser O. Divergent and Synergistic Photocatalysis: Hydro- and Oxoalkylation of Vinyl Arenes for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Cyclopentanols via a Formal [4+1]-Annulation of 1,3-Dicarbonyls. ACS Catal 2022; 12:14398-14407. [PMID: 36439036 PMCID: PMC9680001 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
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The controllable
divergent reactivity of 1,3-dicarbonyls is described,
which enables the efficient hydro- and oxoalkylation of vinyl arenes.
Both reaction pathways are initiated through the formation of polarity-reversed C-centered-radical intermediates at the active methylene
center of 1,3-dicarbonyls via direct photocatalytic C–H bond
transformations. The oxoalkylation of alkenes is achieved under aerobic
conditions via a Cu(II)-photomediated rebound mechanism, while
the corresponding hydroalkylation becomes possible under a nitrogen
atmosphere by the combination of 4CzIPN and a Brønsted base.
The breadth of these divergent protocols is demonstrated in the late-stage
modification of drugs and natural products and by the transformation
of the products to a variety of heterocycles such as pyridines, pyrroles,
or furans. Moreover, the two catalytic modes can be combined synergistically
for the stereoselective construction of cyclopentanol derivatives
in a formal [4+1]-annulation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narenderreddy Katta
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Quan-Qing Zhao
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tirtha Mandal
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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31
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Ma C, Tian Y, Wang J, He X, Jiang Y, Yu B. Visible-Light-Driven Transition-Metal-Free Site-Selective Access to Isonicotinamides. Org Lett 2022; 24:8265-8270. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Junyan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xing He
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yuqin Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Green Catalysis Centre, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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32
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Jiao Y, Stoddart J. Electron / hole catalysis: A versatile strategy for promoting chemical transformations. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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33
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Lenz P, Oshimizu R, Klabunde S, Daniliuc CG, Mück‐Lichtenfeld C, Tendyck JC, Mori T, Uhl W, Hansen MR, Eckert H, Yamaguchi S, Studer A. Oxy-Borylenes as Photoreductants: Synthesis and Application in Dehalogenation and Detosylation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209391. [PMID: 36005897 PMCID: PMC9825981 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
While the range of accessible borylenes has significantly broadened over the last decade, applications remain limited. Herein, we present tricoordinate oxy-borylenes as potent photoreductants that can be readily activated by visible light. Facile oxidation of CAAC stabilized oxy-borylenes (CAAC)(IPr2 Me2 )BOR (R=TMS, CH2 CH2 C6 H5 , CH2 CH2 (4-F)C6 H4 ) to their corresponding radical cations is achieved with mildly oxidizing ferrocenium ion. Cyclovoltammetric studies reveal ground-state redox potentials of up to -1.90 V vs. Fc+/0 for such oxy-borylenes placing them among the strongest organic super electron donors. Their ability as photoreductants is further supported by theoretical studies and showcased by the application as stoichiometric reagents for the photochemical hydrodehalogenation of aryl chlorides, aryl bromides and unactivated alkyl bromides as well as the detosylation of anilines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Lenz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Ryo Oshimizu
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS)Nagoya UniversityFuro, ChikusaNagoya 464-8602Japan
| | - Sina Klabunde
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Christian Mück‐Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Jonas C. Tendyck
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 28/3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Tatsuya Mori
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS)Nagoya UniversityFuro, ChikusaNagoya 464-8602Japan
| | - Werner Uhl
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 28/3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3048149MünsterGermany,Instituto de Fisica de São CarlosUniversidade de Sao PauloAvenida Trabalhador Saocarlense 400São CarlosSP, 13566-590Brazil
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS)Nagoya UniversityFuro, ChikusaNagoya 464-8602Japan
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
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34
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Xu W, Chao J, Tang B, Li Z, Xu J, Zhang X. Improving Photocatalytic Performance through the Construction of a Supramolecular Organic Framework. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202200. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiquan Xu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jin‐Yu Chao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Bohan Tang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Zhan‐Ting Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Jiang‐Fei Xu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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35
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Lenz P, Oshimizu R, Klabunde S, Daniliuc CG, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Tendyck JC, Mori T, Uhl W, Hansen MR, Eckert H, Yamaguchi S, Studer A. Oxy‐Borylenes as Photoreductants: Synthesis and Application in Dehalogenation and Detosylation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Lenz
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry and pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Ryo Oshimizu
- Nagoya University: Nagoya Daigaku Department of Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Sina Klabunde
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry and pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry and pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry and pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Jonas C. Tendyck
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry and pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Tatsuya Mori
- Nagoya University: Nagoya Daigaku Department of Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Werner Uhl
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry and pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Michael R. Hansen
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry and pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Instituto de Fisica de Sao Carlos BRAZIL
| | | | - Armido Studer
- Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster GERMANY
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36
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Connell TU. The forgotten reagent of photoredox catalysis. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13176-13188. [PMID: 35997070 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01491b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Visible light powers an ever-expanding suite of reactions to both make and break chemical bonds under otherwise mild conditions. As a reagent in photochemical synthesis, light is obviously critical for reactivity but rarely optimized other than in light/dark controls. This Frontier Article presents an overview of recent research that investigates the unique ways light may be manipulated, and its unusual interactions with homogeneous transition metal and organic photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy U Connell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
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37
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Pavlovska T, Král Lesný D, Svobodová E, Hoskovcová I, Archipowa N, Kutta RJ, Cibulka R. Tuning Deazaflavins Towards Highly Potent Reducing Photocatalysts Guided by Mechanistic Understanding – Enhancement of the Key Step by the Internal Heavy Atom Effect. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200768. [PMID: 35538649 PMCID: PMC9541856 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Deazaflavins are well suited for reductive chemistry acting via a consecutive photo‐induced electron transfer, in which their triplet state and semiquinone – the latter is formed from the former after electron transfer from a sacrificial electron donor – are key intermediates. Guided by mechanistic investigations aiming to increase intersystem crossing by the internal heavy atom effect and optimising the concentration conditions to avoid unproductive excited singlet reactions, we synthesised 5‐aryldeazaflavins with Br or Cl substituents on different structural positions via a three‐component reaction. Bromination of the deazaisoalloxazine core leads to almost 100 % triplet yield but causes photo‐instability and enhances unproductive side reactions. Bromine on the 5‐phenyl group in ortho position does not affect the photostability, increases the triplet yield, and allows its efficient usage in the photocatalytic dehalogenation of bromo‐ and chloroarenes with electron‐donating methoxy and alkyl groups even under aerobic conditions. Reductive powers comparable to lithium are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Pavlovska
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - David Král Lesný
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Eva Svobodová
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Irena Hoskovcová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Nataliya Archipowa
- Institute for Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry University of Regensburg D-93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Roger Jan Kutta
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry University of Regensburg D-93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Radek Cibulka
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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38
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Jeong DY, Lee DS, Lee HL, Nah S, Lee JY, Cho EJ, You Y. Evidence and Governing Factors of the Radical-Ion Photoredox Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yeun Jeong
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Seul Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Lim Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Nah
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yeob Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin You
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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39
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Schreier MR, Guo X, Pfund B, Okamoto Y, Ward TR, Kerzig C, Wenger OS. Water-Soluble Tris(cyclometalated) Iridium(III) Complexes for Aqueous Electron and Energy Transfer Photochemistry. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1290-1300. [PMID: 35414170 PMCID: PMC9069695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes are frequently employed in
organic light emitting diodes, and they are popular photocatalysts
for solar energy conversion and synthetic organic chemistry. They
luminesce from redox-active excited states that can have high triplet
energies and long lifetimes, making them well suited for energy transfer
and photoredox catalysis. Homoleptic tris(cyclometalated) iridium(III)
complexes are typically very hydrophobic and do not dissolve well
in polar solvents, somewhat limiting their application scope. We developed
a family of water-soluble sulfonate-decorated variants with tailored
redox potentials and excited-state energies to address several key
challenges in aqueous photochemistry. First, we aimed at combining
enzyme with photoredox catalysis to
synthesize enantioenriched products in a cyclic reaction network.
Since the employed biocatalyst operates best in aqueous solution,
a water-soluble photocatalyst was needed. A new tris(cyclometalated)
iridium(III) complex provided enough reducing power for the photochemical
reduction of imines to racemic mixtures of amines and furthermore
was compatible with monoamine oxidase (MAO-N-9), which deracemized
this mixture through a kinetic resolution of the racemic amine via
oxidation to the corresponding imine. This process led to the accumulation
of the unreactive amine enantiomer over time. In subsequent studies,
we discovered that the same iridium(III) complex photoionizes under
intense irradiation to give hydrated electrons as a result of consecutive
two-photon excitation. With visible light as energy input, hydrated
electrons become available in a catalytic fashion, thereby allowing
the comparatively mild reduction of substrates that would typically
only be reactive under harsher conditions. Finally, we became interested
in photochemical upconversion in aqueous solution, for which it was
desirable to obtain water-soluble iridium(III) compounds with very
high triplet excited-state energies. This goal was achieved through
improved ligand design and ultimately enabled sensitized triplet–triplet
annihilation upconversion unusually far into the ultraviolet spectral
range. Studies of photoredox catalysis, energy transfer catalysis,
and
photochemical upconversion typically rely on the use of organic solvents.
Water could potentially be an attractive alternative in many cases,
but photocatalyst development lags somewhat behind for aqueous solution
compared to organic solvent. The purpose of this Account is to provide
an overview of the breadth of new research perspectives that emerged
from the development of water-soluble fac-[Ir(ppy)]3 complexes (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine) with sulfonated ligands.
We hope to inspire the use of some of these or related coordination
compounds in aqueous photochemistry and to stimulate further conceptual
developments at the interfaces of coordination chemistry, photophysics,
biocatalysis, and sustainable chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam R. Schreier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- National Competence Center in Research, Molecular Systems Engineering, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xingwei Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- National Competence Center in Research, Molecular Systems Engineering, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Björn Pfund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yasunori Okamoto
- National Competence Center in Research, Molecular Systems Engineering, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas R. Ward
- National Competence Center in Research, Molecular Systems Engineering, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- National Competence Center in Research, Molecular Systems Engineering, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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40
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Red edge effect and chromoselective photocatalysis with amorphous covalent triazine-based frameworks. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2171. [PMID: 35449208 PMCID: PMC9023581 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29781-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromoselective photocatalysis offers an intriguing opportunity to enable a specific reaction pathway out of a potentially possible multiplicity for a given substrate by using a sensitizer that converts the energy of incident photon into the redox potential of the corresponding magnitude. Several sensitizers possessing different discrete redox potentials (high/low) upon excitation with photons of specific wavelength (short/long) have been reported. Herein, we report design of molecular structures of two-dimensional amorphous covalent triazine-based frameworks (CTFs) possessing intraband states close to the valence band with strong red edge effect (REE). REE enables generation of a continuum of excited sites characterized by their own redox potentials, with the magnitude proportional to the wavelength of incident photons. Separation of charge carriers in such materials depends strongly on the wavelength of incident light and is the primary parameter that defines efficacy of the materials in photocatalytic bromination of electron rich aromatic compounds. In dual Ni-photocatalysis, excitation of electrons from the intraband states to the conduction band of the CTF with 625 nm photons enables selective formation of C‒N cross-coupling products from arylhalides and pyrrolidine, while an undesirable dehalogenation process is completely suppressed.
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41
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Markushyna Y, Savateev A. Light as a tool in organic photocatalysis: multi‐photon excitation and chromoselective reactions. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yevheniia Markushyna
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces: Max-Planck-Institut fur Kolloid und Grenzflachenforschung Department of Colloid Chemistry Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam GERMANY
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces: Max-Planck-Institut fur Kolloid und Grenzflachenforschung Department of Colloid Chemistry GERMANY
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42
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Liao LL, Song L, Yan SS, Ye JH, Yu DG. Highly reductive photocatalytic systems in organic synthesis. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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43
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Pratley C, Fenner S, Murphy JA. Nitrogen-Centered Radicals in Functionalization of sp 2 Systems: Generation, Reactivity, and Applications in Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8181-8260. [PMID: 35285636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of nitrogen-centered radicals (NCRs) has plentiful applications in organic synthesis, and they continue to expand as our understanding of these reactive species increases. The utility of these reactive intermediates is demonstrated in the recent advances in C-H amination and the (di)amination of alkenes. Synthesis of previously challenging structures can be achieved by efficient functionalization of sp2 moieties without prefunctionalization, allowing for faster and more streamlined synthesis. This Review addresses the generation, reactivity, and application of NCRs, including, but not limited to, iminyl, aminyl, amidyl, and aminium species. Contributions from early discovery up to the most recent examples have been highlighted, covering radical initiation, thermolysis, photolysis, and, more recently, photoredox catalysis. Radical-mediated intermolecular amination of (hetero)arenes can occur with a variety of complex amine precursors, generating aniline derivatives, an important class of structures for drug discovery and development. Functionalization of olefins is achievable in high anti-Markovnikov regioselectivity and allows access to difunctionalized structures when the intermediate carbon radicals are trapped. Additionally, the reactivity of NCRs can be harnessed for the rapid construction of N-heterocycles such as pyrrolidines, phenanthridines, quinoxalines, and quinazolinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie Pratley
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom.,GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Fenner
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - John A Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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44
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Zhao Z, Niu F, Li P, Wang H, Zhang Z, Meyer GJ, Hu K. Visible Light Generation of a Microsecond Long-Lived Potent Reducing Agent. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7043-7047. [PMID: 35271254 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Photoexcitation of molecular radicals can produce strong reducing agents; however, the limited lifetimes of the doublet excited states preclude many applications. Herein, we propose and demonstrate a general strategy to translate a highly energetic electron from a doublet excited state to a ZrO2 insulator, thereby increasing the lifetime by about 6 orders of magnitude while maintaining a reducing potential less than -2.4 V vs SCE. Specifically, red light excitation of a salicylic acid modified perylene diimide radical anion PDI•- anchored to a ZrO2 insulator yields a ZrO2(e-)|PDI charge separated state with an ∼10 μs lifetime in 23% yield. The ZrO2(e-)s were shown to drive CO2 → CO reduction with a Re catalyst present in micromolar concentrations. More broadly, this strategy provides new opportunities to reduce important reagents and catalysts at low concentrations through diffusional electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Fushuang Niu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Pengju Li
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Hanqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Zhenghao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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Cybularczyk-Cecotka M, Predygier J, Crespi S, Szczepanik J, Giedyk M. Photocatalysis in Aqueous Micellar Media Enables Divergent C–H Arylation and N-Dealkylation of Benzamides. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jędrzej Predygier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joanna Szczepanik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Giedyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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46
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Saunthwal RK, Mortimer J, Orr-Ewing AJ, Clayden J. Enantioselective one-carbon expansion of aromatic rings by simultaneous formation and chromoselective irradiation of a transient coloured enolate. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2079-2085. [PMID: 35308841 PMCID: PMC8848985 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06684f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enantioenriched seven-membered carbocycles are motifs in many molecules of structural and biological interest. We report a simple, practical, transition metal-free and mechanistically unusual method for the enantioselective synthesis of substituted cycloheptatrienes. By forming a coloured enolate with an appropriate absorption band and selectively irradiating in situ, we to initiate a tandem, asymmetric anionic and photochemical ring expansion of readily accessible N-benzylbenzamides. The cascade of reactions leading to the products entails enantioselective benzylic deprotonation with a chiral lithium amide, dearomatizing cyclization of the resulting configurationally defined organolithium to give an extended amide enolate, and photochemically induced formal [1,7]-sigmatropic rearrangement and 6π-electrocyclic ring-opening – the latter all evidently being stereospecific – to deliver enantioenriched cycloheptatrienes with embedded benzylic stereocentres. Irradiation of a mixture of aromatic amide and chiral base leads to a tandem reaction sequence in which dearomatization forms a chromophore capable of photochemical rearrangement leading to overall asymmetric expansion of the aromatic ring.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Saunthwal
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - James Mortimer
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Andrew J Orr-Ewing
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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47
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Li H, Wenger OS. Photophysics of Perylene Diimide Dianions and Their Application in Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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48
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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49
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Jiao J, Yan X, Xing S, Zhang T, Han Q. Design of a Polyoxometalate-Based Metal-Organic Framework for Photocatalytic C(sp 3)-H Oxidation of Toluene. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:2421-2427. [PMID: 35076213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A powerful and promising route for developing novel photocatalysts for light-driven toluene oxidation in water under mild conditions is presented. Herein, a novel polyoxometalate-based metal-organic framework (POMOF), {Co4W22-DPNDI}, is prepared by incorporating the unusual Co4-sandwiched POM anion [Co4(μ-OH)2(SiW11O39)2]10- ({Co4W22}) and the photoactive organic bridging link N,N'-bis(4-pyridylmethyl)naphthalene diimide (DPNDI) into a framework. {Co4W22} is a good candidate for photocatalytic water oxidation. DPNDI is easily excited to form the radical species DPNDI* in the presence of an electron donor, which is beneficial for activation of the inert O2. Anion···π interactions and covalent bonds between {Co4W22} and DPNDI facilitate electron-hole separation and electron transfer. {Co4W22-DPNDI} displays high catalytic activity for the activation of the C(sp3)-H bond of toluene using light as a driving force and inexpensive water as an oxygen source under mild conditions. In particular, the yield and selectivity are improved by replacing oxygen with water, which may be ascribed to the release of protons during the water oxidation process that facilitate the generation of •OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Jiao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, Institute of Molecular and Crystal Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, Institute of Molecular and Crystal Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Songzhu Xing
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, Institute of Molecular and Crystal Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, Institute of Molecular and Crystal Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuxia Han
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, Institute of Molecular and Crystal Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Yota Sakakibara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
- Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JST)−PRESTO, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Kei Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
- Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JST)−PRESTO, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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