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Hwang S, Oh M, Lee KJ, Jin CS, Park SK, Seo C, Yeon SH, Kim DH, Gueon D, Han YK, Shin KH. Integration of Functional Groups to Enhance the Solubility and Stability of Viologen in Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:28645-28654. [PMID: 38787734 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The chemical stability and energy density of redox couples are crucial factors in enhancing the durability and cost competitiveness of aqueous flow batteries. This study proposed integrating functional groups to viologen anolyte to increase its solubility and, consequently, energy density and stability for prolonged performance. Specifically, sulfonate and ester groups were selectively incorporated at the nitrogen sites of viologen to enhance solubility, leveraging their asymmetry and double hydrophilicity. Furthermore, an alpha-methyl group was introduced between the bipyridine and ester groups to enhance the chemical stability by preventing stacking and dimerization that can lead to irreversible degradation. The modified viologen demonstrated a remarkable solubility of 3.0 M in deionized water, corresponding to a volumetric capacity of 80.404 Ah L-1. Additionally, the designed viologen exhibits outstanding retention of 92.4% after 200 cycles with a minimal capacity fading rate of 0.055% per cycle in a 0.1 M flow cell test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghae Hwang
- Energy Storage Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, South Korea
| | - Minsung Oh
- Energy Storage Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, South Korea
| | - Keon-Joon Lee
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, South Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Jin
- Energy Storage Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, South Korea
| | - Se-Kook Park
- Energy Storage Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, South Korea
| | - Chaerin Seo
- Energy Storage Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, South Korea
| | - Sun-Hwa Yeon
- Energy Storage Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, South Korea
| | - Dong Ha Kim
- Energy Storage Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, South Korea
| | - Donghee Gueon
- Energy Storage Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, South Korea
| | - Young-Kyu Han
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Shin
- Energy Storage Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, South Korea
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2
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Moghaddam M, Godeffroy L, Jasielec JJ, Kostopoulos N, Noël JM, Piquemal JY, Lemineur JF, Peljo P, Kanoufi F. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Meets Optical Microscopy: Probing the Local Paths of Charge Transfer Operando in Booster-Microparticles for Flow Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2309607. [PMID: 38757541 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the oxidation/reduction dynamics of secondary microparticles formed from agglomerated nanoscale primary particles is crucial for advancing electrochemical energy storage technologies. In this study, the behavior of individual copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) microparticles is explored at both global and local scales combining scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), for electrochemical interrogation of a single, but global-scale microparticle, and optical microscopy monitoring to obtain a higher resolution dynamic image of the local electrochemistry within the same particle. Chronoamperometric experiments unveil a multistep oxidation/reduction process with varying dynamics. On the one hand, the global SECM analysis enables quantifying the charge transfer as well as its dynamics at the single microparticle level during the oxidation/reduction cycles by a redox mediator in solution. These conditions allow mimicking the charge storage processes in these particles when they are used as solid boosters in redox flow batteries. On the other hand, optical imaging with sub-particle resolution allows the mapping of local conversion rates and state-of-charge within individual CuHCF particles. These maps reveal that regions of different material loadings exhibit varying charge storage capacities and conversion rates. The findings highlight the significance of porous nanostructures and provide valuable insights for designing more efficient energy storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Moghaddam
- Research Group of Battery Materials and Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turun Yliopisto, 20014, Finland
| | | | - Jerzy J Jasielec
- Research Group of Battery Materials and Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turun Yliopisto, 20014, Finland
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Modelling, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, Kraków, 30-059, Poland
| | | | - Jean-Marc Noël
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, ITODYS, Paris, F-75013, France
| | | | | | - Pekka Peljo
- Research Group of Battery Materials and Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turun Yliopisto, 20014, Finland
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3
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Nayak B, Arattu Thodika AR, Kumar H, Thimmappa R, Ottakam Thotiyl M. Directional molecular transport in iron redox flow batteries by interfacial electrostatic forces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 662:289-297. [PMID: 38354556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The mounting global energy demand urges surplus electricity generation. Due to dwindling fossil resources and environmental concerns, shifting from carbon-based fuels to renewables is vital. Though renewables are affordable, their intermittent nature poses supply challenges. In these contexts, aqueous flow batteries (AFBs), are a viable energy storage solution. This study tackles AFBs' energy density and efficiency challenges. Conventional strategies focus on altering molecule's solubility but overlook interface's transport kinetics. We show that triggering electrostatic forces at the interface can significantly enhance the mass transport kinetics of redox active molecules by introducing a powerful electrostatic flux over the diffusional flux, thereby exerting a precise directionality on the molecular transport. This approach of controlling the directionality of molecular flux in an all iron redox flow battery amplifies the current and power rating with approximately 140 % enhancement in the energy density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhojkumar Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abdul Raafik Arattu Thodika
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Hitesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ravikumar Thimmappa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Musthafa Ottakam Thotiyl
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India.
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4
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Nambafu GS, Hollas AM, Zhang S, Rice PS, Boglaienko D, Fulton JL, Li M, Huang Q, Zhu Y, Reed DM, Sprenkle VL, Li G. Phosphonate-based iron complex for a cost-effective and long cycling aqueous iron redox flow battery. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2566. [PMID: 38528014 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45862-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A promising metal-organic complex, iron (Fe)-NTMPA2, consisting of Fe(III) chloride and nitrilotri-(methylphosphonic acid) (NTMPA), is designed for use in aqueous iron redox flow batteries. A full-cell testing, where a concentrated Fe-NTMPA2 anolyte (0.67 M) is paired with a Fe-CN catholyte, demonstrates exceptional cycling stability over 1000 charge/discharge cycles, and noteworthy performances, including 96% capacity utilization, a minimal capacity fade rate of 0.0013% per cycle (1.3% over 1,000 cycles), high Coulombic efficiency and energy efficiency near 100% and 87%, respectively, all achieved under a current density of 20 mA·cm-². Furthermore, density functional theory unveils two potential coordination structures for Fe-NTMPA2 complexes, improving the understanding between the ligand coordination environment and electron transfer kinetics. When paired with a high redox potential Fe-Dcbpy/CN catholyte, 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic (Dcbpy) acid and cyanide (CN) ligands, Fe-NTMPA2 demonstrates a notably elevated cell voltage of 1 V, enabling a practical energy density of up to 9 Wh/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Nambafu
- Energy & Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Aaron M Hollas
- Energy & Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Shuyuan Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Peter S Rice
- Physical & Computational Science, Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Daria Boglaienko
- Energy & Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - John L Fulton
- Physical & Computational Science, Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Miller Li
- Energy & Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Qian Huang
- Energy & Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Yu Zhu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - David M Reed
- Energy & Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Vincent L Sprenkle
- Energy & Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Guosheng Li
- Energy & Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
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Wang Z, Liu X, Zhang X, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Li Y, Yu H, He G. Realizing one-step two-electron transfer of naphthalene diimides via a regional charge buffering strategy for aqueous organic redox flow batteries. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:1283-1293. [PMID: 38165892 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01485a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Naphthalene diimide derivatives show great potential for application in neutral aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) due to their highly conjugated molecular structure and stable two-electron storage capacity. However, the two-electron redox process of naphthalene diimides typically occurs via two separate steps with the transfer of one electron per step ("two-step two-electron" transfer process), which leads to an inevitable loss of voltage and energy. Herein, we report a novel regional charge buffering strategy that utilizes the core-substituted electron-donating group to adjust the redox properties of naphthalene diimides, realizing two electron transfer via a single-step redox process ("one-step two-electron" transfer process). The symmetrical battery testing of NDI-DEtOH revealed exceptional intrinsic stability lasting for 11 days with a daily decay rate of only 0.11%. Meanwhile, AORFBs with NDI-DMe/FcNCl and NDI-DEtOH/FcNCl exhibited a remarkable 40% improvement in peak power density at 50% state of charge (SOC) in comparison to NDI/FcNCl-based AORFBs. In addition, the battery's energy efficiency has increased by 24%, resulting in much more stable output power and significantly improved energy efficiency. These results are of great significance to practical applications of AORFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengrong Wang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China.
| | - Xu Liu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China.
| | - Xuri Zhang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China.
| | - Heng Zhang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China.
| | - Yujie Zhao
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China.
| | - Yawen Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China.
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China.
| | - Gang He
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Material Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Key Materials for Efficient Utilization of Clean Energy of Shaanxi Province, China
- Future Industrial Innovation Institute of Emerging Information Storage and Smart Sensor, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
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Hasan F, Gillen JH, Jayaweera AT, McDearmon WD, Winter AH, Bejger CM. Simple Air-Stable [3]Radialene Anion Radicals as Environmentally Switchable Catholytes in Water. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302829. [PMID: 37968900 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The hexacyano[3]radialene radical anion (1) is an attractive catholyte material for use in redox flow battery (RFB) applications. The substitution of cyano groups with ester moieties enhances solubility while maintaining redox reversibility and favorable redox potentials. Here we show that these ester-functionalized, hexasubstituted [3]radialene radical anions dimerize reversibly in water. The dimerization mode is dependent on the substitution pattern and can be switched in solution. Stimuli-responsive behavior is achieved by exploiting an unprecedented tristate switching mechanism, wherein the radical can be toggled between the free radical, a π-dimer, and a σ-dimer-each with dramatically different optical, magnetic, and redox properties-by changing the solvent environment, temperature, or salinity. The symmetric, triester-tricyano[3]radialene (3) forms a solvent-responsive, σ-dimer in water that converts to the radical anion with the addition of organic solvents or to a π-dimer in brine solutions. Diester-tetracyano[3]radialene (2) exists primarily as a π-dimer in aqueous solutions and a radical anion in organic solvents. The dimerization behavior of both 2 and 3 is temperature dependent in methanol solutions. Dimerization equilibrium has a direct impact on catholyte stability during galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling in static H-cells. Specifically, conditions that favor the free radical anion or π-dimer exhibit significantly enhanced cycling profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuead Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Jonathan H Gillen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | | | - William D McDearmon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Arthur H Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Christopher M Bejger
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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7
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Kong T, Li J, Wang W, Zhou X, Xie Y, Ma J, Li X, Wang Y. Enabling Long-Life Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries with a Highly Stable, Low Redox Potential Phenazine Anolyte. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:752-760. [PMID: 38132704 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) are considered a promising energy storage technology due to the sustainability and designability of organic active molecules. Despite this, most of AORFBs suffer from limited stability and low voltage because of the chemical instability and high redox potential of organic molecules in anolyte. Herein, we propose a new phenazine derivative, 4,4'-(phenazine-2,3-diylbis(oxy))dibutyric acid (2,3-O-DBAP), as a water-soluble and chemically stable anodic active molecules. By combining calculations and experiments, we demonstrate that 2,3-O-DBAP exhibits a higher solubility, a lower redox potential (-0.699 V vs SHE), and greater chemical stability than other O-DBAP isomers. Then, we demonstrate a long-lasting flow cell with an average discharge voltage of 1.12 V, a low fade rate of 0.0127%, and a lifespan of 62 days at pH 14 using 2,3-O-DBAP paired with ferri/ferrocyanide. The negligible self-discharge behavior also verifies the high stability of 2,3-O-DBAP. These results highlight the importance of molecular engineering for AORFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoyi Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yihua Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Mansha M, Ayub A, Khan IA, Ali S, Alzahrani AS, Khan M, Arshad M, Rauf A, Akram Khan S. Recent Development of Electrolytes for Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries (Aorfbs): Current Status, Challenges, and Prospects. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300284. [PMID: 38010347 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) have attracted considerable attention due to advancements in grid-level energy storage capacity research. These batteries offer remarkable benefits, including outstanding capacity retention, excellent cell performance, high energy density, and cost-effectiveness. The organic electrolytes in AORFBs exhibit adjustable redox potentials and tunable solubilities in water. Previously, various types of organic electrolytes, such as quinones, organometallic complexes, viologens, redox-active polymers, and organic salts, were extensively investigated for their electrochemical performance and stability. This study presents an overview of recently published novel organic electrolytes for AORFBs in acidic, alkaline, and neutral environments. Furthermore, it delves into the current status, challenges, and prospects of AORFBs, highlighting different strategies to overcome these challenges, with special emphasis placed on their design, composition, functionalities, and cost. A brief techno-economic analysis of various aqueous RFBs is also outlined, considering their potential scalability and integration with renewable energy systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mansha
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asif Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia University Bahawalpur, 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ibad Ali Khan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Sciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Ali
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atif Saeed Alzahrani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Sciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majad Khan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemical Sciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia University Bahawalpur, 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia University Bahawalpur, 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Safyan Akram Khan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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9
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de la Parra S, Tamayo-Ramos JA, Rubio-Presa R, Perez-Antolin D, Ruiz V, Sanz R, Rumbo C, Ventosa E. On the Tunability of Toxicity for Viologen-Derivatives as Anolyte for Neutral Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300626. [PMID: 37399239 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Viologen-derivatives are the most widely used redox organic molecules for neutral pH negative electrolyte of redox flow batteries. However, the long-established toxicity of the herbicide methyl-viologen raises concern for deployment of viologen-derivatives at large scale in flow batteries. Herein, we demonstrate the radically different cytotoxicity and toxicology of a series of viologen-derivatives in in vitro assays using model organisms representative of human and environmental exposure, namely human lung carcinoma epithelial cell line (A549) and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results show that safe viologen derivatives can be molecularly engineered, representing a promising family of negolyte materials for neutral redox flow batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra de la Parra
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Tamayo-Ramos
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
- Current Address: ITENE Research Center, Industrial Biotechnology Area, C/Albert Einstein 1, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rubén Rubio-Presa
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Daniel Perez-Antolin
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Virginia Ruiz
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Roberto Sanz
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Carlos Rumbo
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Edgar Ventosa
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
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10
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Zhu F, Guo W, Fu Y. Functional materials for aqueous redox flow batteries: merits and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8410-8446. [PMID: 37947236 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00703k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are promising electrochemical energy storage systems, offering vast potential for large-scale applications. Their unique configuration allows energy and power to be decoupled, making them highly scalable and flexible in design. Aqueous RFBs stand out as the most promising technologies, primarily due to their inexpensive supporting electrolytes and high safety. For aqueous RFBs, there has been a skyrocketing increase in studies focusing on the development of advanced functional materials that offer exceptional merits. They include redox-active materials with high solubility and stability, electrodes with excellent mechanical and chemical stability, and membranes with high ion selectivity and conductivity. This review summarizes the types of aqueous RFBs currently studied, providing an outline of the merits needed for functional materials from a practical perspective. We discuss design principles for redox-active candidates that can exhibit excellent performance, ranging from inorganic to organic active materials, and summarize the development of and need for electrode and membrane materials. Additionally, we analyze the mechanisms that cause battery performance decay from intrinsic features to external influences. We also describe current research priorities and development trends, concluding with a summary of future development directions for functional materials with valuable insights for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulong Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Yongzhu Fu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
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11
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Cannon CG, Klusener PAA, Brandon NP, Kucernak ARJ. Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries: Small Organic Molecules for the Positive Electrolyte Species. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300303. [PMID: 37205628 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
There are a number of critical requirements for electrolytes in aqueous redox flow batteries. This paper reviews organic molecules that have been used as the redox-active electrolyte for the positive cell reaction in aqueous redox flow batteries. These organic compounds are centred around different organic redox-active moieties such as the aminoxyl radical (TEMPO and N-hydroxyphthalimide), carbonyl (quinones and biphenols), amine (e. g., indigo carmine), ether and thioether (e. g., thianthrene) groups. We consider the key metrics that can be used to assess their performance: redox potential, operating pH, solubility, redox kinetics, diffusivity, stability, and cost. We develop a new figure of merit - the theoretical intrinsic power density - which combines the first four of the aforementioned metrics to allow ranking of different redox couples on just one side of the battery. The organic electrolytes show theoretical intrinsic power densities which are 2-100 times larger than that of the VO2+ /VO2 + couple, with TEMPO-derivatives showing the highest performance. Finally, we survey organic positive electrolytes in the literature on the basis of their redox-active moieties and the aforementioned figure of merit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Cannon
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London MSRH, White City, London, W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A A Klusener
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V., Energy Transition Campus Amsterdam, Grasweg 31, 1031 HW Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nigel P Brandon
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony R J Kucernak
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London MSRH, White City, London, W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
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12
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Zhao Z, Liu X, Zhang M, Zhang L, Zhang C, Li X, Yu G. Development of flow battery technologies using the principles of sustainable chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6031-6074. [PMID: 37539656 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00765g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Realizing decarbonization and sustainable energy supply by the integration of variable renewable energies has become an important direction for energy development. Flow batteries (FBs) are currently one of the most promising technologies for large-scale energy storage. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the state-of-the-art progress in FBs from the new perspectives of technological and environmental sustainability, thus guiding the future development of FB technologies. More importantly, we evaluate the current situation and future development of key materials with key aspects of green economy and decarbonization to promote sustainable development and improve the novel energy framework. Finally, we present an analysis of the current challenges and prospects on how to effectively construct low-carbon and sustainable FB materials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Zhao
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xianghui Liu
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Leyuan Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
| | - Changkun Zhang
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Nitroxides, also known as nitroxyl radicals, are long-lived or stable radicals with the general structure R1R2N-O•. The spin distribution over the nitroxide N and O atoms contributes to the thermodynamic stability of these radicals. The presence of bulky N-substituents R1 and R2 prevents nitroxide radical dimerization, ensuring their kinetic stability. Despite their reactivity toward various transient C radicals, some nitroxides can be easily stored under air at room temperature. Furthermore, nitroxides can be oxidized to oxoammonium salts (R1R2N═O+) or reduced to anions (R1R2N-O-), enabling them to act as valuable oxidants or reductants depending on their oxidation state. Therefore, they exhibit interesting reactivity across all three oxidation states. Due to these fascinating properties, nitroxides find extensive applications in diverse fields such as biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, materials science, and organic synthesis. This review focuses on the versatile applications of nitroxides in organic synthesis. For their use in other important fields, we will refer to several review articles. The introductory part provides a brief overview of the history of nitroxide chemistry. Subsequently, the key methods for preparing nitroxides are discussed, followed by an examination of their structural diversity and physical properties. The main portion of this review is dedicated to oxidation reactions, wherein parent nitroxides or their corresponding oxoammonium salts serve as active species. It will be demonstrated that various functional groups (such as alcohols, amines, enolates, and alkanes among others) can be efficiently oxidized. These oxidations can be carried out using nitroxides as catalysts in combination with various stoichiometric terminal oxidants. By reducing nitroxides to their corresponding anions, they become effective reducing reagents with intriguing applications in organic synthesis. Nitroxides possess the ability to selectively react with transient radicals, making them useful for terminating radical cascade reactions by forming alkoxyamines. Depending on their structure, alkoxyamines exhibit weak C-O bonds, allowing for the thermal generation of C radicals through reversible C-O bond cleavage. Such thermally generated C radicals can participate in various radical transformations, as discussed toward the end of this review. Furthermore, the application of this strategy in natural product synthesis will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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14
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Liu X, Li T, Zhang C, Li X. Benzidine Derivatives: A Class of High Redox Potential Molecules for Aqueous Organic Flow Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307796. [PMID: 37389543 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of water-soluble redox-active molecules with high potentials is one of the effective ways to enhance the energy density of aqueous organic flow batteries (AOFBs). Herein, a series of promising N-substituted benzidine analogues as water-soluble catholyte candidates with controllable redox potentials (0.78-1.01 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)) were obtained by the molecular engineering of aqueous irreversible benzidines. Theoretical calculations reveal that the redox potentials of these benzidine derivatives in acidic solution are determined by their electronic structure and alkalinity. Among these benzidine derivatives, N,N,N',N'-tetraethylbenzidine(TEB) shows both high redox potential (0.82 V vs. SHE) and good solubility (1.1 M). Pairing with H4 [Si(W3 O10 )4 ] anolyte, the cell displayed discharge capacity retention of 99.4 % per cycle and a high coulombic efficiency (CE) of ∼100 % over 1200 cycles. The stable discharge capacity of 41.8 Ah L-1 was achieved at the 1.0 M TEB catholyte with a CE of 97.2 % and energy efficiency (EE) of 91.2 %, demonstrating that N-substituted benzidines could be promising for AOFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Liu
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Changkun Zhang
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
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15
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Gautam RK, Wang X, Lashgari A, Sinha S, McGrath J, Siwakoti R, Jiang JJ. Development of high-voltage and high-energy membrane-free nonaqueous lithium-based organic redox flow batteries. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4753. [PMID: 37553368 PMCID: PMC10409715 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40374-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium-based nonaqueous redox flow batteries (LRFBs) are alternative systems to conventional aqueous redox flow batteries because of their higher operating voltage and theoretical energy density. However, the use of ion-selective membranes limits the large-scale applicability of LRFBs. Here, we report high-voltage membrane-free LRFBs based on an all-organic biphasic system that uses Li metal anode and 2,4,6-tri-(1-cyclohexyloxy-4-imino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine)-1,3,5-triazine (Tri-TEMPO), N-propyl phenothiazine (C3-PTZ), and tris(dialkylamino)cyclopropenium (CP) cathodes. Under static conditions, the Li||Tri-TEMPO, Li||C3-PTZ, and Li||CP batteries with 0.5 M redox-active material deliver capacity retentions of 98%, 98%, and 92%, respectively, for 100 cycles over ~55 days at the current density of 1 mA/cm2 and a temperature of 27 °C. Moreover, the Li||Tri-TEMPO (0.5 M) flow battery delivers an initial average cell discharge voltage of 3.45 V and an energy density of ~33 Wh/L. This flow battery also demonstrates 81% of capacity for 100 cycles over ~45 days with average Coulombic efficiency of 96% and energy efficiency of 82% at the current density of 1.5 mA/cm2 and at a temperature of 27 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Gautam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Amir Lashgari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Soumalya Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Jack McGrath
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Rabin Siwakoti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Jianbing Jimmy Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA.
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16
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Lowe GA. Enabling artificial photosynthesis systems with molecular recycling: A review of photo- and electrochemical methods for regenerating organic sacrificial electron donors. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1198-1215. [PMID: 37592934 PMCID: PMC10428615 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This review surveys advances in the literature that impact organic sacrificial electron donor recycling in artificial photosynthesis. Systems for photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction are optimized using sacrificial electron donors. One strategy for coupling carbon dioxide reduction and water oxidation to achieve artificial photosynthesis is to use a redox mediator, or recyclable electron donor. This review highlights photo- and electrochemical methods for recycling amines and NADH analogues that can be used as electron donors in artificial photosynthesis. Important properties of sacrificial donors and recycling strategies are also discussed. Compounds from other fields, such as redox flow batteries and decoupled water splitting research, are introduced as alternative recyclable sacrificial electron donors and their oxidation potentials are compared to the redox potentials of some model photosensitizers. The aim of this review is to act as a reference for researchers developing photocatalytic systems with sacrificial electron donors, and for researchers interested in designing new redox mediator and recyclable electron donor species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Lowe
- van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
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17
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Yang G, Zhu Y, Hao Z, Lu Y, Zhao Q, Zhang K, Chen J. Organic Electroactive Materials for Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301898. [PMID: 37158492 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic electroactive materials take advantage of potentially sustainable production and structural tunability compared to present commercial inorganic materials. Unfortunately, traditional redox flow batteries based on toxic redox-active metal ions have certain deficiencies in resource utilization and environmental protection. In comparison, organic electroactive materials in aqueous redox flow batteries (ARFBs) have received extensive attention in recent years for low-cost and sustainable energy storage systems due to their inherent safety. This review aims to provide the recent progress in organic electroactive materials for ARFBs. The main reaction types of organic electroactive materials are classified in ARFBs to provide an overview of how to regulate their solubility, potential, stability, and viscosity. Then, the organic anolyte and catholyte in ARFBs are summarized according to the types of quinones, viologens, nitroxide radicals, hydroquinones, etc, and how to increase the solubility by designing various functional groups is emphasized. The research advances are presented next in the characterization of organic electroactive materials for ARFBs. Future efforts are finally suggested to focus on building neutral ARFBs, designing advanced electroactive materials through molecular engineering, and resolving problems of commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojing Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yaxun Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhimeng Hao
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yong Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
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18
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Fu M, Xu D, Liu X, Gao Y, Yang S, Li H, Luan M, Su P, Wang N. Redox-Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Activity in PHV/CdS Hybrid Film. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091515. [PMID: 37177059 PMCID: PMC10180271 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductive photocatalytic materials have received increasing attention recently due to their ability to transform solar energy into chemical fuels and photodegrade a wide range of pollutants. Among them, cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles have been extensively studied as semiconductive photocatalysts in previous studies on hydrogen generation and environmental purification due to their suitable bandgap and sensitive light response. However, the practical applications of CdS are limited by its low charge separation, which is caused by its weak ability to separate photo-generated electron-hole pairs. In order to enhance the photoelectrochemical activity of CdS, a polymer based on viologen (PHV) was utilized to create a series of PHV/CdS hybrid films so that the viologen unit could work as the electron acceptor to increase the charge separation. In this work, various electrochemical, spectroscopic, and microscopic methods were utilized to analyze the hybrid films, and the results indicated that introducing PHV can significantly improve the performance of CdS. The photoelectrochemical activities of the hybrid films were also evaluated at various ratios, and it was discovered that a PHV-to-CdS ratio of 2:1 was the ideal ratio for the hybrid films. In comparison with CdS nanoparticles, the PHV/CdS hybrid film has a relatively lower band gap, and it can inhibit the recombination of electrons and holes, enhancing its photoelectrochemical activities. All of these merits make the PHV/CdS hybrid film as a strong candidate for photocatalysis applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Fu
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Dongzi Xu
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yuji Gao
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Shenghong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Huaifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Mingming Luan
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Pingping Su
- Delsitech Ltd., Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4 C (PharmaCity), 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Nianxing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
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19
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Chen R, Zhang P, Chang Z, Yan J, Kraus T. Grafting and Solubilization of Redox-Active Organic Materials for Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201993. [PMID: 36625759 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study concerns the development of sustainable design strategies of aqueous electrolytes for redox flow batteries using redox-active organic materials. A green spontaneous grafting reaction occurs between a redox-active organic radical and an electrochemically activated structural modifier at room temperature through a simple mixing step. Then, a physical mixing method is used to formulate a structured aqueous electrolyte and enables aqueous solubilization of the organic solute from below 0.5 to 1.5 m beyond the conventional dissolution limit. The as-obtained concentrated mixture can be readily used as catholyte for a redox flow battery. A record high discharge cell voltage (1.6 V onset output voltage) in aqueous non-hybrid flow cell is attained by using the studied electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyong Chen
- Saarland University, KIST Europe, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Materials Innovation Factory, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, L7 3NY, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjun Chang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212003, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Yan
- School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, 710127, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Tobias Kraus
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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20
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Hashemi A, Peljo P, Laasonen K. Understanding Electron Transfer Reactions Using Constrained Density Functional Theory: Complications Due to Surface Interactions. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:3398-3407. [PMID: 36865990 PMCID: PMC9969872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c06537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The kinetic rates of electrochemical reactions depend on electrodes and molecules in question. In a flow battery, where the electrolyte molecules are charged and discharged on the electrodes, the efficiency of the electron transfer is of crucial importance for the performance of the device. The purpose of this work is to present a systematic atomic-level computational protocol for studying electron transfer between electrolyte and electrode. The computations are done by using constrained density functional theory (CDFT) to ensure that the electron is either on the electrode or in the electrolyte. The ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) is used to simulate the movement of the atoms. We use the Marcus theory to predict electron transfer rates and the combined CDFT-AIMD approach to compute the parameters for the Marcus theory where it is needed. We model the electrode with a single layer of graphene and methylviologen, 4,4'-dimethyldiquat, desalted basic red 5, 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthaquinone, and 1,1-di(2-ethanol)-4,4-bipyridinium were selected for the electrolyte molecules. All of these molecules undergo consecutive electrochemical reactions with one electron being transferred at each stage. Because of significant electrode-molecule interactions, it is not possible to evaluate outer-sphere ET. This theoretical study contributes toward the development of a realistic-level prediction of electron transfer kinetics suitable for energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Hashemi
- Research
Group of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Materials
Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Pekka Peljo
- Research
Group of Battery Materials and Technologies, Department of Mechanical
and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, 20014 Turun Yliopisto, Finland
| | - Kari Laasonen
- Research
Group of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Materials
Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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21
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Kong T, Liu J, Zhou X, Xu J, Xie Y, Chen J, Li X, Wang Y. Stable Operation of Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries in Air Atmosphere. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214819. [PMID: 36495124 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As a green route for large-scale energy storage, aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) are attracting extensive attention. However, most of the reported AORFBs were operated in an inert atmosphere. Herein, we clarify this issue by using the reported AORFB (i.e., 3, 3'-(9,10-anthraquinone-diyl)bis(3-methylbutanoicacid) (DPivOHAQ)||Ferrocyanide) as an example. We demonstrate that the dissolved O2 can oxidize the discharged DPivOHAQ in anolyte, leading to capacity-imbalance between anolyte and catholyte. Therefore, this cell shows continuous capacity fading when operated in an air atmosphere. We propose a simple strategy for this challenge, in which the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in catholyte is employed to balance oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in anolyte. When using the Ni(OH)2 -modifed carbon felt (CF) as a current collector for catholyte, this cell shows an excellent stability in air atmosphere because the Ni(OH)2 -induced OER capacity in catholyte exactly balances the ORR capacity in anolyte. Such O2 -balance strategy facilitates AORFBs' practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoyi Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yihua Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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22
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Zhu F, Guo W, Fu Y. Molecular Engineering of Organic Species for Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201098. [PMID: 36454229 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage systems (ESSs) due to their unique architecture that can decouple energy and power. Aqueous RFBs based on organic molecules (AORFBs) work with a non-flammable and intrinsically safe aqueous electrolyte, and organic compounds are performed as redox couples. The application of redox-active organics tremendously expands the development space of RFBs owing to the highly tunable molecule structure. Molecular engineering enables the exceptional merits in solubility, stability, and redox potential of different organic molecules. Herein, this review summarizes the application of molecular engineering to several organic compounds, focusing on the fundamental overview of their physicochemical properties and design strategies. We discuss the electrochemical merits and performances along with the intrinsic properties of the designed organic components. Finally, we outline the requirements for rational design of innovative organics to motivate more valuable research and present the prospect of molecule engineering used in AORFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulong Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhu Fu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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23
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Zhao X, Yang JD, Cheng JP. Revisiting the Electrochemistry of TEMPOH Analogues in Acetonitrile. J Org Chem 2023; 88:540-547. [PMID: 36573883 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxylamines, represented by 1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TEMPOH), are widely involved as active species in various chemical and electrochemical oxidations. The electrochemical behavior of TEMPOH is crucial to understanding the mechanisms of TEMPO-mediated redox sequences. However, compared to abundant studies on TEMPOH electrochemistry in aqueous solutions, the sole value of its oxidation potential Eox(TEMPOH) in organic solutions was reported to be 0.7 V (vs Fc in acetonitrile), seemingly conflicting with experimentally observed facile oxidation of TEMPOH. Herein, the electrochemistry of TEMPOH derivatives in acetonitrile was revisited, featuring much smaller oxidation potentials (about 0 V) than literature ones. Acid/base effects and kinetic studies lent credibility to these new values. Such a 0.7 V energy discrepancy impelled us to review the thermodynamic properties and oxidation mechanisms of TEMPOH deduced from the old value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhao
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Dong Yang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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24
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Hatakeyama-Sato K, Igarashi Y, Oyaizu K. Charge-transport kinetics of dissolved redox-active polymers for rational design of flow batteries. RSC Adv 2022; 13:547-557. [PMID: 36605670 PMCID: PMC9773181 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07208d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Charge-transport kinetics of redox-active polymers is essential in designing electrochemical devices. We formulate the homogeneous and heterogeneous charge-transfer processes of the redox-active polymers dissolved in electrolytes. The critical electrochemical parameters, the apparent diffusion coefficient of charge transport (D app) and standard electrochemical reaction constant (k 0), are estimated by considering the physical diffusion D phys of polymer chains (D app, k 0 ∝ D phys). The models are validated with previously reported compounds and newly synthesized hydrophilic macromolecules. Solution-type cells are examined to analyze their primary responses from the electrochemical viewpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Hatakeyama-Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University3-4-1 Okubo, ShinjukuTokyo 169-8555Japan
| | - Yuto Igarashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University3-4-1 Okubo, ShinjukuTokyo 169-8555Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University3-4-1 Okubo, ShinjukuTokyo 169-8555Japan
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25
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Sun Q, Yang J, Fan Y, Cai K, Lu Z, He Z, Xu Z, Lai X, Zheng Y, Liu C, Wang F, Sun Z. The role of trace N-Oxyl compounds as redox mediator in enhancing antiviral ribavirin elimination in UV/Chlorine process. APPLIED CATALYSIS. B, ENVIRONMENTAL 2022; 317:121709. [PMID: 35812172 PMCID: PMC9254691 DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.121709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ribavirin (RBV) is an antiviral drug used for treating COVID-19 infection. Its release into natural waters would threaten the health of aquatic ecosystem. This study reports an effective approach to degrade RBV by the trace N-oxyl compounds (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO) and N-Hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI)) enhanced UV activated free chlorine (UV/Chlorine) process. The results indicated that TEMPO and NHPI at low concentrations (0.1 μM and 1 μM, respectively) could strongly enhance RBV degradation in both deionized water with different pHs and practical surface water. The enhancement was verified to be attributed to the transformation of TEMPO and NHPI into their reactive forms (i.e., TEMPO+ and PINO), which generations deeply relied on radicals. The two N-oxyl compounds inhibit ClO• yield by hindering the reaction of free chlorine vs. HO• and Cl•. The analyses on acute toxicities of RBV degradation products indicate that UV/Chlorine/N-oxyl compounds process can detoxify RBV more efficiently than UV/Chlorine process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Yongjie Fan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Kaicong Cai
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhilei Lu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Zhenle He
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Zeping Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Xingteng Lai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Yuyi Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Changqing Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Feifeng Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China
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26
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Anion exchange membranes with high power density and energy efficiency for aqueous organic redox flow batteries. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Gao M, Salla M, Song Y, Wang Q. High‐Power Near‐Neutral Aqueous All Organic Redox Flow Battery Enabled with a Pair of Anionic Redox Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208223. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of Design and Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117574 Singapore
| | - Manohar Salla
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of Design and Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117574 Singapore
| | - Yuxi Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of Design and Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117574 Singapore
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of Design and Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117574 Singapore
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28
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Ourari A, Aggoun D, Karce HE, Berenguer R, Morallon E, Lanez T, Ouennoughi Y. Electrochemistry and study of indirect electrocatalytic properties of a novel organometallic Schiff base nickel(II) complex. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Liu Y, Yuan X, Huang M, Xiang Z, Hu S, Fu Z, Guo X, Liang Z. Redox-Modulated Host–Guest Complex Realizing Stable Two-Electron Storage Viologen for Flow Battery. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Xianzhi Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Mingbao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zhipeng Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Shuzhi Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zhiyong Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Xuhong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhenxing Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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30
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Gao M, Salla M, Song Y, Wang Q. High‐power Near‐neutral Aqueous All Organic Redox Flow Battery Enabled with a Pair of Anionic Redox Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Gao
- National University of Singapore Materials Science and Engineering SINGAPORE
| | - Manohar Salla
- National University of Singapore Materials Science and Engineering SINGAPORE
| | - Yuxi Song
- National University of Singapore Materials Science and Engineering SINGAPORE
| | - Qing Wang
- National University of Singapore Department of Materials Science and Engineering SINGAPORE
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31
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Huang S, Zhang H, Salla M, Zhuang J, Zhi Y, Wang X, Wang Q. Molecular engineering of dihydroxyanthraquinone-based electrolytes for high-capacity aqueous organic redox flow batteries. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4746. [PMID: 35961966 PMCID: PMC9374662 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32424-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) are a promising technology for large-scale electricity energy storage to realize efficient utilization of intermittent renewable energy. In particular, organic molecules are a class of metal-free compounds that consist of earth-abundant elements with good synthetic tunability, electrochemical reversibility and reaction rates. However, the short cycle lifetime and low capacity of AORFBs act as stumbling blocks for their practical deployment. To circumvent these issues, here, we report molecular engineered dihydroxyanthraquinone (DHAQ)-based alkaline electrolytes. Via computational studies and operando measurements, we initially demonstrate the presence of a hydrogen bond-mediated degradation mechanism of DHAQ molecules during electrochemical reactions. Afterwards, we apply a molecular engineering strategy based on redox-active polymers to develop capacity-boosting composite electrolytes. Indeed, by coupling a 1,5-DHAQ/poly(anthraquinonyl sulfide)/carbon black anolyte and a [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− alkaline catholyte, we report an AORFB capable of delivering a stable cell discharge capacity of about 573 mAh at 20 mA/cm2 after 1100 h of cycling and an average cell discharge voltage of about 0.89 V at the same current density. Aqueous organic redox flow batteries are affected by short cycle life and low capacity. Here, the authors develop composite dihydroxyanthraquinone/polymer anolytes capable of improving the cycling stability and discharge capacity of aqueous organic redox flow batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Manohar Salla
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiahao Zhuang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yongfeng Zhi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xun Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
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32
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Makarova MV, Akkuratov AV, Sideltsev ME, Stevenson KJ, Romadina EI. Novel Ethylene Glycol Substituted Benzoxadiazole and Benzothiadiazole as Anolytes for Nonaqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Makarova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1 Moscow Russia 121205, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander V. Akkuratov
- Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics (IPCP RAS) Russian Academy of Sciences Semenov Prospect 1 Chernogolovka, Moscow region 142432 Russian Federation
| | - Maxim E. Sideltsev
- Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics (IPCP RAS) Russian Academy of Sciences Semenov Prospect 1 Chernogolovka, Moscow region 142432 Russian Federation
| | - Keith J. Stevenson
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1 Moscow Russia 121205, Russian Federation
| | - Elena I. Romadina
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1 Moscow Russia 121205, Russian Federation
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33
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Mourouga G, Chery D, Baudrin E, Randriamahazaka H, Schmidt TJ, Schumacher JO. Estimation of activity coefficients for aqueous organic redox-flow batteries: Theoretical basis and equations. iScience 2022; 25:104901. [PMID: 36105591 PMCID: PMC9465363 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) has been developing fast in recent years, and many chemistries are starting to emerge as serious contenders for grid-scale storage. The industrial development of these systems would greatly benefit from accurate physics-based models, allowing to optimize battery operation and design. Many authors in the field of flow battery modeling have brought evidence that the dilute solution hypothesis (the assumption that aqueous electrolytes behave ideally) does not hold for these systems and that calculating cell voltage or chemical potentials through concentrations rather than activities, while serviceable, may become insufficient when greater accuracy is required. This article aims to provide the theoretical basis for calculating activity coefficients of aqueous organic electrolytes used in AORFBs to provide tools to predict the concentrated behavior of aqueous electrolytes, thereby improving the accuracy of physics-based models for flow batteries. This article reviews the use of concentrated solution theory in flow batteries The virial matrix method for estimating activity coefficients is proposed Its high accuracy and experimental costs are underlined A novel method, the reduced virial matrix, is proposed
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34
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Dikalov SI, Dikalova AE, Kirilyuk IA. Coupling of phagocytic NADPH oxidase activity and mitochondrial superoxide production. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:942736. [PMID: 35966537 PMCID: PMC9366351 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.942736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Superoxide radical plays an important role in redox cell signaling and physiological processes; however, overproduction of superoxide or insufficient activity of antioxidants leads to oxidative stress and contributes to the development of pathological conditions such as endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. Meanwhile, the studies of superoxide in biological systems represent unique challenges associated with short lifetime of superoxide, insufficient reactivity of the superoxide probes, and lack of site-specific detection of superoxide. In this work we have developed 15N-and deuterium-enriched spin probe 15N-CAT1H for high sensitivity and site-specific detection of extracellular superoxide. We have tested simultaneous tracking of extracellular superoxide by 15N-CAT1H and intramitochondrial superoxide by conventional 14N-containing spin probe mitoTEMPO-H in immune cells isolated from spleen, splenocytes, under basal conditions or stimulated with inflammatory cytokines IL-17A and TNFα, NADPH oxidase activator PMA, or treated with inhibitors of mitochondrial complex I rotenone or complex III antimycin A. 15N-CAT1H provides two-fold increase in sensitivity and improves detection since EPR spectrum of 15N-CAT1 nitroxide does not overlap with biological radicals. Furthermore, concurrent use of cell impermeable 15N-CAT1H and mitochondria-targeted 14N-mitoTEMPO-H allows simultaneous detection of extracellular and mitochondrial superoxide. Analysis of IL-17A- and TNFα-induced superoxide showed parallel increase in 15N-CAT1 and 14N-mitoTEMPO signals suggesting coupling between phagocytic NADPH oxidase and mitochondria. The interplay between mitochondrial superoxide production and activity of phagocytic NADPH oxidase was further investigated in splenocytes isolated from Sham and angiotensin II infused C57Bl/6J and Nox2KO mice. Angiotensin II infusion in wild-type mice increased the extracellular basal splenocyte superoxide which was further enhanced by complex III inhibitor antimycin A, mitochondrial uncoupling agent CCCP and NADPH oxidase activator PMA. Nox2 depletion attenuated angiotensin II mediated stimulation and inhibited both extracellular and mitochondrial PMA-induced superoxide production. These data indicate that splenocytes isolated from hypertensive angiotensin II-infused mice are "primed" for enhanced superoxide production from both phagocytic NADPH oxidase and mitochondria. Our data demonstrate that novel 15N-CAT1H provides high sensitivity superoxide measurements and combination with mitoTEMPO-H allows independent and simultaneous detection of extracellular and mitochondrial superoxide. We suggest that this new approach can be used to study the site-specific superoxide production and analysis of important sources of oxidative stress in cardiovascular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna E. Dikalova
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Igor A. Kirilyuk
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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35
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Luo J, Hu B, Hu M, Wu W, Liu TL. An Energy‐Dense, Powerful, Robust Bipolar Zinc–Ferrocene Redox‐Flow Battery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204030. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - Maowei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - Wenda Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - T. Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322 USA
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36
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Schröter E, Rohland P, Schreyer K, Friebe C, Hager MD, Schubert US. Oxidation of N,N,N,2,2,6,6‐heptamethyl‐piperidine‐4‐ammonium chloride to water‐soluble N‐oxyl radicals: A comparative study. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Schröter
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Philip Rohland
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Kristin Schreyer
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Christian Friebe
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Martin D. Hager
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena GERMANY
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37
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Abstract
Redox flow batteries are a critical technology for large-scale energy storage, offering the promising characteristics of high scalability, design flexibility and decoupled energy and power. In recent years, they have attracted extensive research interest, with significant advances in relevant materials chemistry, performance metrics and characterization. The emerging concepts of hybrid battery design, redox-targeting strategy, photoelectrode integration and organic redox-active materials present new chemistries for cost-effective and sustainable energy storage systems. This Review summarizes the recent development of next-generation redox flow batteries, providing a critical overview of the emerging redox chemistries of active materials from inorganics to organics. We discuss electrochemical characterizations and critical performance assessment considering the intrinsic properties of the active materials and the mechanisms that lead to degradation of energy storage capacity. In particular, we highlight the importance of advanced spectroscopic analysis and computational studies in enabling understanding of relevant mechanisms. We also outline the technical requirements for rational design of innovative materials and electrolytes to stimulate more exciting research and present the prospect of this field from aspects of both fundamental science and practical applications.
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38
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Advanced anion-selective membranes with pendant quaternary ammonium for neutral aqueous supporting redox flow battery. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Nolte O, Geitner R, Volodin IA, Rohland P, Hager MD, Schubert US. State of Charge and State of Health Assessment of Viologens in Aqueous-Organic Redox-Flow Electrolytes Using In Situ IR Spectroscopy and Multivariate Curve Resolution. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200535. [PMID: 35481674 PMCID: PMC9189600 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous-organic redox flow batteries (RFBs) have gained considerable interest in recent years, given their potential for an economically viable energy storage at large scale. This, however, strongly depends on both the robustness of the underlying electrolyte chemistry against molecular decomposition reactions as well as the device's operation. With regard to this, the presented study focuses on the use of in situ IR spectroscopy in combination with a multivariate curve resolution approach to gain insight into both the molecular structures of the active materials present within the electrolyte as well as crucial electrolyte state parameters, represented by the electrolyte's state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH). To demonstrate the general applicability of the approach, methyl viologen (MV) and bis(3-trimethylammonium)propyl viologen (BTMAPV) are chosen, as viologens are frequently used as negolytes in aqueous-organic RFBs. The study's findings highlight the impact of in situ spectroscopy and spectral deconvolution tools on the precision of the obtainable SOC and SOH values. Furthermore, the study indicates the occurrence of multiple viologen dimers, which possibly influence the electrolyte lifetime and charging characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Nolte
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Robert Geitner
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
- Institute of Chemistry and BioengineeringTechnical University IlmenauWeimarer Str. 3298693IlmenauGermany
| | - Ivan A. Volodin
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Philip Rohland
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Martin D. Hager
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
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40
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Tang G, Liu Y, Li Y, Peng K, Zuo P, Yang Z, Xu T. Designing Robust Two-Electron Storage Extended Bipyridinium Anolytes for pH-Neutral Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries. JACS AU 2022; 2:1214-1222. [PMID: 35647585 PMCID: PMC9131478 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bipyridinium derivatives represent the most extensively explored anolyte materials for pH-neutral aqueous organic redox flow batteries, and most derivatives feature two separate electron-transfer steps that cause a sharp decrease in cell voltage during discharge. Here, we propose a strategy to fulfill the concurrent two-electron electrochemical reaction by designing extended bipyridinium derivatives (exBPs) with a reduced energy difference between the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of exBPs and the β-highest occupied molecular orbital of the singly reduced form. To demonstrate, a series of exBPs are synthesized and exhibit a single peak at redox potentials of -0.75 to -0.91 V (vs standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)), as opposed to the two peaks of most bipyridinium derivatives. Cyclic voltammetry along with diffusion-ordered spectroscopy and rotating disk electrode experiments confirm that this peak corresponds to a concurrent two-electron transfer. When examined in full-flowing cells, all exBPs demonstrate one charge/discharge plateau and two-electron storage. Continuous galvanostatic cell cycling reveals the side reactions leading to capacity fading, and we disclose the underlying mechanism by identifying the degradation products. By prohibiting the dimerization/β-elimination side reactions, we acquire a 0.5 M (1 M e-) exDMeBP/FcNCl cell with a high capacity of 22.35 Ah L-1 and a capacity retention rate of 99.95% per cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonggen Tang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yahua Liu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei
University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Kang Peng
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Peipei Zuo
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhengjin Yang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Tongwen Xu
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
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41
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Luo J, Hu B, Hu M, Wu W, Liu TL. An Energy Dense, Powerful, Robust Bipolar Zinc‐Ferrocene Redox Flow Battery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Luo
- Utah State University Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Bo Hu
- Utah State University Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Maowei Hu
- Utah State University Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Wenda Wu
- Utah State University Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Tianbiao Leo Liu
- Utah State University Chemistry and Biochemistry 0300 Old Main Hill 84322 Logan UNITED STATES
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42
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Mourouga G, Schaerer RP, Yang X, Janoschka T, Schmidt TJ, Schumacher JO. Physics-based 0D-U-I-SoC cell performance model for aqueous organic redox flow batteries. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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43
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Borchers PS, Anufriev I, Vitz J, Görls H, Elbert J, Nischang I, Hager MD, Schubert US. Regaining Potential: Studies Concerning 2-Ferrocenylethyl Methacrylate, Its Polymers, and Application in Redox Flow Batteries. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp S. Borchers
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ilya Anufriev
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Vitz
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Elbert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ivo Nischang
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin D. Hager
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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44
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Schröter E, Stolze C, Saal A, Schreyer K, Hager MD, Schubert US. All-Organic Redox Targeting with a Single Redox Moiety: Combining Organic Radical Batteries and Organic Redox Flow Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:6638-6648. [PMID: 35084188 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The volumetric capacities and the lifetime of organic redox flow batteries (RFBs) are strongly dependent on the concentrations of the redox-active molecules in the electrolyte. Single-molecule redox targeting represents an efficient approach toward realizing viable organic RFBs with low to moderate electrolyte concentrations. For the first time, an all-organic Nernstian potential-driven redox targeting system is investigated that directly combines a single-electrode material from organic radical batteries (ORBs) with a single redox couple of an aqueous, organic RFB, which are based on the same redox moiety. Namely, poly(TEMPO-methacrylate) (PTMA) is utilized as the redox target ("solid booster") and N,N,N-2,2,6,6-heptamethylpiperidinyloxy-4-ammonium chloride (TMATEMPO) is applied as the sole redox mediator to demonstrate the redox targeting mechanisms between the storage materials of both battery types. The formal potentials of both molecules are investigated, and the targeting mechanism is verified by cyclic voltammetry and state-of-charge measurements. Finally, battery cycling experiments demonstrate that 78-90% of the theoretical capacity of the ORB electrode material can be addressed when this material is present as the redox target in the electrolyte tank of an operating, aqueous organic RFB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Schröter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Stolze
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Adrian Saal
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kristin Schreyer
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin D Hager
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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45
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Tan Y, Hsu SN, Tahir H, Dou L, Savoie BM, Boudouris BW. Electronic and Spintronic Open-Shell Macromolecules, Quo Vadis? J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:626-647. [PMID: 34982552 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Open-shell macromolecules (i.e., polymers containing radical sites either along their backbones or at the pendant sites of repeat units) have attracted significant attention owing to their intriguing chemical and physical (e.g., redox, optoelectronic, and magnetic) properties, and they have been proposed and/or implemented in a wide range of potential applications (e.g., energy storage devices, electronic systems, and spintronic modules). These successes span multiple disciplines that range from advanced macromolecular chemistry through nanoscale structural characterization and on to next-generation solid-state physics and the associated devices. In turn, this has allowed different scientific communities to expand the palette of radical-containing polymers relatively quickly. However, critical gaps remain on many fronts, especially regarding the elucidation of key structure-property-function relationships that govern the underlying electrochemical, optoelectronic, and spin phenomena in these materials systems. Here, we highlight vital developments in the history of open-shell macromolecules to explain the current state of the art in the field. Moreover, we provide a critical review of the successes and bring forward open opportunities that, if solved, could propel this class of materials in a meaningful manner. Finally, we provide an outlook to address where it seems most likely that open-shell macromolecules will go in the coming years. Our considered view is that the future of radical-containing polymers is extremely bright and the addition of talented researchers with diverse skills to the field will allow these materials and their end-use devices to have a positive impact on the global science and technology enterprise in a relatively rapid manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tan
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sheng-Ning Hsu
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hamas Tahir
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Letian Dou
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Brett M Savoie
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bryan W Boudouris
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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46
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Borchers PS, Elbert J, Anufriev I, Strumpf M, Nischang I, Hager MD, Schubert US. A Viologen Polymer and a Compact Ferrocene: Comparison of Solution Viscosities and Their Performance in a Redox Flow Battery with a Size Exclusion Membrane. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp S. Borchers
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Johannes Elbert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ilya Anufriev
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Maria Strumpf
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ivo Nischang
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Martin D. Hager
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
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47
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Rak K, Klikar M, Burešová Z, Mazúr P, Mikešová M, Kvíčala J, Bureš F. Electrochemical investigation of structurally varied azinium scaffolds. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:8830-8839. [PMID: 34554164 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01758f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the successful utilization of aziniums as anolytes in redox-flow batteries, we have designed and prepared a systematically extended series of (di)azinium compounds based on pyrazine, bipyridine, 1,5-naphthyridine, 3,8-phenanthroline, (E)-4,4'-diazastilbene and 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)acetylene. It has been revealed that the fundamental electrochemical properties are affected mostly by the water-solubility and chemical stability of the particular redox forms. Based on the systematically evolved azinium structure and gathered electrochemical data, structure-property relationships were thoroughly elucidated. Further investigation on flow battery cells identified that the known 4,4'-bipyridinium decorated with two peripheral N-propyl-3-sulfonato pendants allows utilizing both redox steps with good cycling stability, while the naphthyridine scaffold turned out to be a new and promising scaffold for redox-flow batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Rak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Milan Klikar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Burešová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Mazúr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Mikešová
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kvíčala
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Bureš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
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48
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De Simone BC, Alberto ME, Marino T, Russo N, Toscano M. The Contribution of Density Functional Theory to the Atomistic Knowledge of Electrochromic Processes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195793. [PMID: 34641338 PMCID: PMC8510163 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we provide a brief overview of the contribution that computational studies can offer to the elucidation of the electronic mechanisms responsible for the electrochromism phenomenon, through the use of the density functional theory (DFT) and its time-dependent formulation (TDDFT). Although computational studies on electrochromic systems are not as numerous as those for other physico-chemical processes, we will show their reliability and ability to predict structures, excitation energies, and redox potentials. The results confirm that these methods not only help in the interpretation of experimental data but can also be used for the rational design of molecules with interesting electrochromic properties to be initiated for synthesis and experimental characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Clara De Simone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy; (B.C.D.S.); (M.E.A.); (T.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Marta Erminia Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy; (B.C.D.S.); (M.E.A.); (T.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy; (B.C.D.S.); (M.E.A.); (T.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy; (B.C.D.S.); (M.E.A.); (T.M.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marirosa Toscano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy; (B.C.D.S.); (M.E.A.); (T.M.); (M.T.)
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49
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Pan M, Lu Y, Lu S, Yu B, Wei J, Liu Y, Jin Z. The Dual Role of Bridging Phenylene in an Extended Bipyridine System for High-Voltage and Stable Two-Electron Storage in Redox Flow Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:44174-44183. [PMID: 34496562 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) are regarded as a promising solution for grid-scale and sustainable energy storage, but some long-standing problems such as low energy density and cycling stability should be resolved. Herein, a highly soluble bipyridine modified with a bridging phenylene group and two quaternary ammonium terminals, namely, [(NPr)2PV]·4Cl, was synthesized and used as an ultralow-potential and two-electron storage anolyte for AORFBs. The phenylene group, which is linked but not coplanar with the two pyridinium redox centers, can thus prevent their communication and result in an exceptionally low redox potential (-0.77 V vs standard hydrogen electrode, 2e-). Moreover, the introduction of a phenylene group can warrant a certain degree of large π-conjugation effects and mitigate the intramolecular Coulombic repulsion between the two positively charged pyridinium centers, thus helping to enhance the electrochemical stability. When paired with 4-trimethylammonium-TEMPO as the catholyte, [(NPr)2PV]·4Cl enabled an exceptionally high cell voltage up to 1.71 V. The AORFB delivers outstanding battery performances, specifically, ∼89% energy efficiency, ∼100% Coulombic efficiency, and ∼99.94% capacity retention per cycle during a long-term cycling process. The two overlapped single-electron reductions of [(NPr)2PV]·4Cl from the initial cationic form to the monoradical form and then to the quinoid form during the charging process were clearly verified by a series of spectroscopic techniques, including no-deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance and electron paramagnetic resonance. This work presents a significant improvement for the construction of high-voltage AORFBs by virtue of the designability, diversity, and tunability of multiredox organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingguang Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yan Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuyu Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bo Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jie Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuzhu Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhong Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518057, China
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50
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Huang J, Hu S, Yuan X, Xiang Z, Huang M, Wan K, Piao J, Fu Z, Liang Z. Radical Stabilization of a Tripyridinium–Triazine Molecule Enables Reversible Storage of Multiple Electrons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China
| | - Shuzhi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Xianzhi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China
| | - Mingbao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China
| | - Kai Wan
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Piao
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China
| | - Zhenxing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China
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