1
|
Paul S, Baruah A, More AA. Divergent Reactivity of Iminyl Radicals in Four Interrupted Pathways for the Synthesis of Cyclic/Acyclic Ketones and N-Heterocycles from Vinyl Azides and Phenylacetic Acids. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39259739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report the Ag-catalyzed substrate-controlled interrupted radical pathways of the iminyl radical. The benzylic groups played a crucial role in pathway selection involving a series of dimerization and hydrolysis, a 1,5-H shift followed by cascade radical cyclization, and direct N-(sp2)/aromatization reactions that provide access to diverse cyclic/acyclic ketones, quinolines, and phenanthridine derivatives. Contrary to previous reports, mechanistic investigations with high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis uncovered the involvement of rare azine, oxime, and β-functionalized vinyl azide intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swagota Paul
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat 785006 Assam, India
| | - Ashitosh Baruah
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat 785006 Assam, India
| | - Atul A More
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat 785006 Assam, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen J, Tan C, Rodrigalvarez J, Zhang S, Martin R. Site-Selective Distal C(sp 3)-H Bromination of Aliphatic Amines as a Gateway for Forging Nitrogen-Containing sp 3 Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406485. [PMID: 38770612 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a new strategy that rapidly and reliably incorporates bromine atoms at distal, secondary C(sp3)-H sites in aliphatic amines with an excellent and predictable site-selectivity pattern. The resulting halogenated building blocks serve as versatile linchpins to enable a series of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond-formations at remote C(sp3) sites, thus offering a new modular and unified platform that expediates the access to advanced sp3 architectures possessing valuable nitrogen-containing saturated heterocycles of interest in medicinal chemistry settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Chen
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, c/Marcel ⋅ lí Domingo, 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Clarence Tan
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jesus Rodrigalvarez
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, c/Marcel ⋅ lí Domingo, 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang L, Wang Y, Wu S, Yan CG, Zhang C, Zhang J, Han Y. Enantioselective Synthesis of Isoindolinone by Palladium-Catalyzed Aminoalkynylation of O-Phenyl Hydroxamic Ethers with Alkynes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4320-4326. [PMID: 38335536 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
A highly efficient palladium-catalyzed asymmetric tandem aza-Heck/Sonogashira coupling reaction of O-phenyl hydroxamic ethers with terminal alkynes is described. This protocol enables versatile access to challenging chiral isoindolinone derivatives bearing a quaternary stereogenic center. The palladium-catalyzed aminoalkynylation reaction shows broad functional group tolerance and allows the straightforward preparation of isoindolinones with high efficiency and excellent enantioselectivity under mild conditions. DFT calculations were performed to disclose the reaction mechanism and the origins of the enantioselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Yinqiang Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Shuaijie Wu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Chao-Guo Yan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Chaoshen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Ying Han
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Singh J, Jones SA, Nelson TJ, Botello JA, Castle SL. Formal γ-C(sp 3)-H Activation of Ketones via Microwave-Promoted and Iminyl-Radical-Mediated 1,5-Hydrogen Atom Transfer. J Org Chem 2023; 88:10287-10297. [PMID: 37390469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Microwave irradiation of O-phenyloximes triggers N-O homolysis and 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), resulting in formal γ-C-H functionalization of ketones after trapping of the radical intermediate and in situ imine hydrolysis. The Lewis acid InCl3·H2O facilitated HAT, enabling functionalization of benzylic and nonbenzylic secondary carbon atoms. Functionalization of primary carbons was feasible but afforded low yields, requiring ClCH2CO2H instead of InCl3·H2O as an additive. C-O and C-C bond formation could both be accomplished by this method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Spencer A Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Tanner J Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Jesus A Botello
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Steven L Castle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wei S, Zhang G, Wang Y, You M, Wang Y, Zhou L, Zhang Z. Modular synthesis of unsaturated aza-heterocycles via copper catalyzed multicomponent cascade reaction. iScience 2023; 26:106137. [PMID: 36895640 PMCID: PMC9988680 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The unsaturated aza-heterocycles such as tetrahydropyridines pose significant applications in both drug discovery and development. However, the methods to construct polyfunctionalized tetrahydropyridines are still limited. Herein, we report a modular synthesis of tetrahydropyridines via copper catalyzed multicomponent radical cascade reaction. The reaction features mild conditions and broad substrate scope. In addition, the reaction could scale up to gram scale with similar yield. A variety of 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines with C3 and C5 substituents could be assembled from simple starting materials. More importantly, the products could serve as versatile intermediate to access various functionalized aza-heterocycles which further demonstrates its utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wei
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, China
| | - Guocong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, China
| | - Yahui Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, China
| | - Mengwei You
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, China
| | - Liejin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, China
| | - Zuxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Recent Advances in Molecule Synthesis Involving C-C Bond Cleavage of Ketoxime Esters. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062667. [PMID: 36985637 PMCID: PMC10058904 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthetic strategies of oxime derivatives participating in radical-type reactions have been rapidly developed in the last few decades. Among them, the N–O bond cleavage of oxime esters leading to formation of nitrogen-centered radicals triggers adjacent C–C bond cleavage to produce carbon-centered free radicals, which has been virtually used in organic synthesis in recent years. Herein, we summarized the radical reactions involving oxime N–O bond and C–C bond cleavage through this special reaction form, including those from acyl oxime ester derivatives and cyclic ketoxime ester derivatives. These contents were systematically classified according to different reaction types. In this review, the free radical reactions involving acyl oxime esters and cyclic ketoxime esters after 2021 were included, with emphasis on the substrate scope and reaction mechanism.
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu K, Li F, Wang J, Zhang Z, Du F, Su H, Wang Y, Yuan Q, Li F, Wang T. Silver-catalyzed cyclization of α-imino-oxy acids to fused tetralone derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2700-2704. [PMID: 36912118 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02329f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
A silver-catalyzed intramolecular radical relay cyclization of α-imino-oxy acids under mild conditions has been described. This reaction offers facile access to a diverse range of fused tetralone derivatives with exquisite stereoselectivity in moderate to good yields (40-98%). Experimental studies show that the reaction undergoes a decarboxylation and acetone fragmentation/1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)/cyclization process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, China.
| | - Feng Li
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China. .,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China. .,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Fengge Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Hanxiao Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Qingqing Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Fei Li
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, China.
| | - Teng Wang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sherborne GJ, Kemmitt P, Prentice C, Zysman-Colman E, Smith AD, Fallan C. Visible Light-Mediated Cyclisation Reaction for the Synthesis of Highly-Substituted Tetrahydroquinolines and Quinolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202207829. [PMID: 36342443 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Condensation of 2-vinylanilines and conjugated aldehydes followed by an efficient light-mediated cyclisation selectively yields either substituted tetrahydroquinolines with typically high dr, or in the presence of an iridium photocatalyst the synthesis of quinoline derivatives is demonstrated. These atom economical processes require mild conditions, with the substrate scope demonstrating excellent site selectivity and functional group tolerance, including azaarene-bearing substrates. A thorough experimental mechanistic investigation explores multiple pathways and the key role that imine and iminium intermediates play in the absorption of visible light to generate reactive excited states. The synthetic utility of the reactions is demonstrated on gram scale quantities in both batch and flow, alongside further manipulation of the medicinally relevant products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant J Sherborne
- Medicinal Chemistry Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310, Darwin Building, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Paul Kemmitt
- Medicinal Chemistry Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310, Darwin Building, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Callum Prentice
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK.,EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Charlene Fallan
- Medicinal Chemistry Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310, Darwin Building, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu WD, Lee W, Shu H, Xiao C, Xu H, Chen X, Houk KN, Zhao J. Diastereoselective Radical Aminoacylation of Olefins through N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22767-22777. [PMID: 36423331 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There have been significant advancements in radical-mediated reactions through covalent-based organocatalysis. Here, we present the generation of iminyl and amidyl radicals via N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis, enabling diastereoselective aminoacylation of trisubstituted alkenes. Different from photoredox catalysis, single electron transfer from the deprotonated Breslow intermediate to O-aryl hydroxylamine generates an NHC-bound ketyl radical, which undergoes diastereocontrolled cross-coupling with the prochiral C-centered radical. This operationally simple method provides a straightforward access to a variety of pyrroline and oxazolidinone heterocycles with vicinal stereocenters (77 examples, up to >19:1 d.r.). Electrochemical studies of the acyl thiazolium salts support our reaction design and highlight the reducing ability of Breslow-type derivatives. A detailed computational analysis of this organocatalytic system suggests that radical-radical coupling is the rate-determining step, in which π-π stacking interaction between the radical intermediates subtly controls the diastereoselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Deng Liu
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, P. R. China
| | - Woojin Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, California, Los Angeles90095-1569, United States
| | - Hanyu Shu
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, P. R. China
| | - Chuyu Xiao
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, P. R. China
| | - Huiwei Xu
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, California, Los Angeles90095-1569, United States
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, California, Los Angeles90095-1569, United States
| | - Jiannan Zhao
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tu S, Qi Z, Li W, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Wei J, Yang L, Wei S, Du X, Yi D. Chemodivergent photocatalytic access to 1-pyrrolines and 1-tetralones involving switchable C(sp3)–H functionalization. Front Chem 2022; 10:1058596. [PMID: 36385998 PMCID: PMC9641198 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1058596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A chemodivergent photocatalytic approach to 1-pyrrolines and 1-tetralones from alkyl bromides and vinyl azides has been developed through chemoselectively controllable intermolecular [3 + 2] and [4 + 2] cyclization. This photoredox-neutral two-component protocol involves intermolecular radical addition and switchable distal C(sp3)–H functionalization enabled by iminyl radical-mediated 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer. Meanwhile, chemoselectivity between C(sp3)–N bond formation and C(sp3)–C(sp2) bond formation is precisely switched by photocatalysts (Ru(bpy)3(PF6)2 vs. fac-Ir(ppy)3) and additives (base vs. acid).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shijing Tu
- Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhongyu Qi
- Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Weicai Li
- Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institution of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Shiqi Zhang, ; Xi Du, ; Dong Yi,
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jun Wei
- Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Siping Wei
- Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xi Du
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shiqi Zhang, ; Xi Du, ; Dong Yi,
| | - Dong Yi
- Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shiqi Zhang, ; Xi Du, ; Dong Yi,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xu YY, Dai L, Gao ZH, Ye S. ε-Benzylation via Cooperative Photoredox and N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14970-14974. [PMID: 36264188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ε-benzylation of γ-alkenyl-γ-oxidized enals via dual photoredox and N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis has been developed, affording the corresponding ε-benzyl-α,β-γ,δ-bisunsaturated esters in moderate to good yields with exclusive regioselectivities. The reaction is proposed via the generation of benzyl radical under photocatalysis, followed by its addition to an NHC-bound trienolate intermediate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Song Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cao S, Li H, Teng X, Si H, Chen R, Zhu Y. Access to Fully Substituted Dihydropyrimidines via Dual Copper/Photoredox‐Catalyzed Domino Annulation of Oxime Esters and Imines. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
13
|
Wang Y, Chen S, Chen X, Zangarelli A, Ackermann L. Photo-Induced Ruthenium-Catalyzed Double Remote C(sp 2 )-H / C(sp 3 )-H Functionalizations by Radical Relay. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205562. [PMID: 35527721 PMCID: PMC9401009 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Distal C(sp2 )-H and C(sp3 )-H functionalizations have recently emerged as step-economical tools for molecular synthesis. However, while the C(sp2 )-C(sp3 ) construction is of fundamental importance, its formation through double remote C(sp2 )-H/C(sp3 )-H activation has proven elusive. By merging the ruthenium-catalyzed meta-C(sp2 )-H functionalization with an aliphatic hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process, we, herein, describe the catalyzed twofold remote C(sp2 )-H/C(sp3 )-H functionalizations via photo-induced ruthenium-mediated radical relay. Thus, meta-C(sp2 )-H arene bonds and remote C(sp3 )-H alkane bonds were activated by a single catalyst in a single operation. This process was accomplished at room temperature by visible light-notably without exogenous photocatalysts. Experimental and computational theory studies uncovered a manifold comprising ortho-C-H activation, single-electron-transfer (SET), 1,n-HAT (n=5-7) and σ-activation by means of a single ruthenium(II) catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Wang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Shan Chen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Xinran Chen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Agnese Zangarelli
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jia XG, Yao QW, Shu XZ. Enantioselective Reductive N-Cyclization-Alkylation Reaction of Alkene-Tethered Oxime Esters and Alkyl Iodides by Nickel Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13461-13467. [PMID: 35877185 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric cross-electrophile difunctionalization of tethered alkenes has become a powerful tool for the production of chiral cyclic scaffolds; however, the current studies all focus on carbocyclization reactions. Herein, we report an N-cyclization-alkylation reaction and thus showcase the potential of heterocyclization for accessing new enantioenriched cyclic architectures. This work establishes a new approach for enantioselective aza-Heck cyclization/cross-coupling sequence, which remains a long-standing unsolved challenge for the synthetic community. The reaction proceeds with primary, secondary, and a few tertiary alkyl iodides, and the use of newly defined ligands gave highly enantioenriched pyrrolines with improved molecular diversity under mild conditions. The presence of imine functionality allows for further structural variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Gong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qi-Wei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xing-Zhong Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cao S, Yuan W, Li Y, Teng X, Si H, Chen R, Zhu Y. Photoredox/copper cocatalyzed domino cyclization of oxime esters with TMSCN: access to antifungal active tetrasubstituted pyrazines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7200-7203. [PMID: 35671164 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02480b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A photoredox/copper cocatalyzed domino cyclization of oxime esters with TMSCN has been developed. A range of structurally novel tetrasubstituted pyrazines have been obtained. This method features high bond-forming efficiency, high step economy, broad substrate scope, and gram-scale synthesis. Moreover, preliminary bioactivity evaluation of pyrazine products shows their promising antifungal activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China.
| | - Weidong Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China.
| | - Yun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China.
| | - Xinjie Teng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China.
| | - Huaxing Si
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China.
| | - Rongshun Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China.
| | - Yingguang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang Y, Chen S, Chen X, Zangarelli A, Ackermann L. Foto‐Induzierte Ruthenium‐Katalysierte Doppel C(sp
2
)−H/C(sp
3
)−H Funktionalisierungen durch Radikalübertragungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Wang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Shan Chen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Xinran Chen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Agnese Zangarelli
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Manikandan R, Phatake RS, Lemcoff NG. Metal‐Free Photochemical Olefin Isomerization of Unsaturated Ketones via 1,5‐Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200634. [PMID: 35325491 PMCID: PMC9321148 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical isomerization of α,β‐ to β,γ‐unsaturated ketones through a 1,5‐hydrogen atom transfer mechanism under mild conditions with high efficiency and selectivity is reported. The reaction is carried out in the absence of metal catalysts or other additives, and its stereoselectivity can be tuned by selecting appropriate solvent mixtures. The reaction‘s scope and tolerance towards functional groups, including light‐sensitive halogens, free acids and alcohols, were studied, providing reliable access to a wide variety of β,γ‐unsaturated ketones. This methodology details the deconjugation of a wide range of unsaturated ketones and, when combined with olefin metathesis, provides an efficient process for either dehomologation or one‐carbon double‐bond migration of terminal alkenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Manikandan
- Department of Chemistry Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva 8410501 Israel
| | - Ravindra S. Phatake
- Department of Chemistry Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva 8410501 Israel
| | - N. Gabriel Lemcoff
- Department of Chemistry Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva 8410501 Israel
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Huang CY, Li J, Li CJ. Photocatalytic C(sp 3) radical generation via C-H, C-C, and C-X bond cleavage. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5465-5504. [PMID: 35694342 PMCID: PMC9116372 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00202g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
C(sp3) radicals (R˙) are of broad research interest and synthetic utility. This review collects some of the most recent advancements in photocatalytic R˙ generation and highlights representative examples in this field. Based on the key bond cleavages that generate R˙, these contributions are divided into C–H, C–C, and C–X bond cleavages. A general mechanistic scenario and key R˙-forming steps are presented and discussed in each section. C(sp3) radicals (R˙) are of broad research interest and synthetic utility.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Jianbin Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zelenka J, Pereverzev A, Jahn U, Roithová J. Sulfonyl Nitrene and Amidyl Radical: Structure and Reactivity. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104493. [PMID: 35266598 PMCID: PMC9323475 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalytic generation of nitrenes and radicals can be used to tune or even control their reactivity. Photocatalytic activation of sulfonyl azides leads to the elimination of N2 and the resulting reactive species initiate C−H activations and amide formation reactions. Here, we present reactive radicals that are generated from sulfonyl azides: sulfonyl nitrene radical anion, sulfonyl nitrene and sulfonyl amidyl radical, and test their gas phase reactivity in C−H activation reactions. The sulfonyl nitrene radical anion is the least reactive and its reactivity is governed by the proton coupled electron transfer mechanism. In contrast, sulfonyl nitrene and sulfonyl amidyl radicals react via hydrogen atom transfer pathways. These reactivities and detailed characterization of the radicals with vibrational spectroscopy and with DFT calculations provide information necessary for taking control over the reactivity of these intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zelenka
- Department of Spectroscopy and Catalysis Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandr Pereverzev
- Department of Spectroscopy and Catalysis Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ullrich Jahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo náměstí 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Jana Roithová
- Department of Spectroscopy and Catalysis Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Herein, we describe the nickel-catalyzed reductive arylation of remote C(sp3)-H bonds with aryl electrophiles. The reaction targets secondary and tertiary C(sp3)-H bonds to deliver all-carbon quaternary centers. The success of this method relies on a novel amidyl radical precursor that tolerates reducing conditions, namely O-oxalate hydroxamic acid esters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Silas P. Cook
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Li QZ, Zeng R, Fan Y, Liu YQ, Qi T, Zhang X, Li JL. Remote C(sp 3 )-H Acylation of Amides and Cascade Cyclization via N-Heterocyclic Carbene Organocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116629. [PMID: 35112461 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of inert C(sp3 )-H bonds under environmentally benign catalytic conditions remains a challenging task in synthetic chemistry. Here, we report an organocatalytic remote C(sp3 )-H acylation of amides and cascade cyclization through a radical-mediated 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer mechanism using N-heterocyclic carbene as the catalyst. Notably, a diversity of nitrogen-containing substrates, including simple linear aliphatic carbamates and ortho-alkyl benzamides, can be successfully applied to this organocatalytic system. With the established protocol, over 120 examples of functionalized δ-amino ketones and isoquinolinones with diverse substituents were easily synthesized in up to 99 % yield under mild conditions. The robustness and generality of the organocatalytic strategy were further highlighted by the successful acylation of unactivated C(sp3 )-H bonds and late-stage modification of pharmaceutical molecules. Then, the asymmetric control of the radical reaction was attempted and proven feasible by using a newly designed chiral thiazolium catalyst, and moderate enantioselectivity was obtained at the current stage. Preliminary mechanistic investigations including several control reactions, KIE experiments, and computational studies shed light on the organocatalytic radical reaction mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Zhu Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Yang Fan
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Yan-Qing Liu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Ting Qi
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.,College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Jun-Long Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Serafino A, Chiminelli M, Balestri D, Marchiò L, Bigi F, Maggi RM, Malacria M, Maestri G. Dimerizing cascades of enallenamides reveal the visible-light-promoted activation of cumulated C-C double bonds. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2632-2639. [PMID: 35340858 PMCID: PMC8890112 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06719b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The visible-light-promoted activation of conjugated C-C double bonds is well developed, while that of cumulated systems is underexplored. We present the feasibility of this challenging approach. The localization of a triplet on an allenamide arm can be favored over that on a conjugated alkene. Allenamides with an arylacryloyl arm dimerize at room temperature in the presence of visible light and an iridium(iii) photocatalyst. Two orthogonal polycyclizations took place and their outcome is entirely dictated by the substitution of the alkene partner. Both cascades afford complex molecular architectures with high selectivity. Products form through the ordered rearrangement of twelve π electrons, providing a [3.2.0] bicyclic unit tethered to a fused tricycle, whose formation included an aryl C-H functionalization step, using disubstituted alkenes. The outcome was reverted with trisubstituted ones, which gave rise to taxane-like bridged tricycles that had two six-membered lactams flanking a cyclooctane ring, which was established through the creation of four alternate C-C bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Serafino
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Maurizio Chiminelli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Davide Balestri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Luciano Marchiò
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Franca Bigi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
- IMEM-CNR Parco Area Delle Scienze 37/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Rai-Mondo Maggi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Max Malacria
- Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Science and Engineering, IPCM (UMR CNRS 8232) 4 Place Jussieu 75252 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Giovanni Maestri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
C(sp3)−H bond functionalization of oximes derivatives via 1,5−hydrogen atom transfer induced by iminyl radical. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
26
|
Li Q, Zeng R, Fan Y, Liu Y, Qi T, Zhang X, Li J. Remote C(sp
3
)−H Acylation of Amides and Cascade Cyclization via N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Organocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing‐Zhu Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 China
| | - Yang Fan
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 China
| | - Yan‐Qing Liu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 China
| | - Ting Qi
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 China
- College of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 China
| | - Jun‐Long Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hu QP, Liu YT, Liu YZ, Pan F. Photoinduced remote regioselective radical alkynylation of unactivated C-H bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2295-2298. [PMID: 35075463 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06885g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A method for the remote regioselective alkynylation of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds in diverse aliphatic amides by photogenerated amidyl radicals has been developed. The site-selectivity is dominated via a 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process of the amide. Mild reaction conditions and high regioselectivity are demonstrated in this methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qu-Ping Hu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, 5 Jingan Road, Chengdu 610068, P. R. China.
| | - Yu-Tao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, 5 Jingan Road, Chengdu 610068, P. R. China.
| | - Yong-Ze Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, 5 Jingan Road, Chengdu 610068, P. R. China.
| | - Fei Pan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, 5 Jingan Road, Chengdu 610068, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kwon K, Simons RT, Nandakumar M, Roizen JL. Strategies to Generate Nitrogen-centered Radicals That May Rely on Photoredox Catalysis: Development in Reaction Methodology and Applications in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2353-2428. [PMID: 34623809 PMCID: PMC8792374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
For more than 70 years, nitrogen-centered radicals have been recognized as potent synthetic intermediates. This review is a survey designed for use by chemists engaged in target-oriented synthesis. This review summarizes the recent paradigm shift in access to and application of N-centered radicals enabled by visible-light photocatalysis. This shift broadens and streamlines approaches to many small molecules because visible-light photocatalysis conditions are mild. Explicit attention is paid to innovative advances in N-X bonds as radical precursors, where X = Cl, N, S, O, and H. For clarity, key mechanistic data is noted, where available. Synthetic applications and limitations are summarized to illuminate the tremendous utility of photocatalytically generated nitrogen-centered radicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kitae Kwon
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
| | - R Thomas Simons
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
| | - Meganathan Nandakumar
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
| | - Jennifer L Roizen
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Xi JM, Sun YH, Li WC, Wu YH, Wei ZL, Liao WW. Radical Alkene-Trifluoromethylation-Triggered Nitrile Insertion/Remote Functionalization Relay Processes: Diverse Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Azaheterocycles Enabled by Copper Catalysis. Org Lett 2022; 24:1110-1115. [PMID: 35080394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed alkene-trifluoromethylation-triggered nitrile insertion/remote functionalization relay process has been achieved, in which "interrupted" remote 1,n-difunctionalizations of alkenes with nitrile insertion can deliver iminyl radical intermediates instead of C-based radicals, followed by subsequent 1,n-HAT to furnish corresponding remote functionalization. This relay protocol enables a straightforward approach to streamline the assembly of structurally diverse trifluoromethylated azaheterocycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ming Xi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Hai Sun
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Cheng Li
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Heng Wu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Lin Wei
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Liao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cao S, Ma C, Teng X, Chen R, Li Y, Yuan W, Zhu Y. Facile synthesis of fully substituted 1 H-imidazoles from oxime esters via dual photoredox/copper catalyzed multicomponent reactions. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01475k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A novel and efficient photoredox/copper cocatalyzed domino cyclization of oxime esters, aldehydes, and amines has been achieved, affording a broad range of fully substituted 1H-imidazoles in good yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chongchong Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinjie Teng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rongshun Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weidong Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yingguang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shi W, Yang C, Guo L, Xia W. Photo-induced decarboxylative hydroacylation of α-oxocarboxylic acids with terminal alkynes by radical addition–translocation–cyclization in water. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01424f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A photo-induced radical addition–translocation–cyclization (RATC) reaction of terminal alkynes and α-oxocarboxylic acids using water as the reaction medium is reported herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jiao MJ, Hu Q, Hu XQ, Xu PF. Visible-Light-Promoted Multistep Tandem Reaction of Vinyl Azides toward the Formation of 1-Tetralones. J Org Chem 2021; 86:17156-17163. [PMID: 34794309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-driven multistep tandem reaction between vinyl azides and alkyl bromides has been developed leading to the formation of tetralone skeletons under mild conditions, which can be easily scaled up to the gram scale. Various 1-tetralone derivatives are synthesized and transformed into desired products in good to high yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jie Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Qin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Guo LN, Liu L, Duan XH. Recent Advance in Iminyl Radical Triggered C–H and C–C Bond Functionalization of Oxime Esters via 1,5-HAT and β-Carbon Scission. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1545-6874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe direct functionalization of C(sp3)–H and C(sp3)–C(sp3) bonds is considered as one of the most valuable synthetic strategies because of its high efficiency and step-economy for the rapid assembly of complex molecules. However, the relatively high bond disassociation energies (BDEs) and similar chemical environment lead to large obstacles in terms of low reactivity and selectivity. Using a radical-based strategy has proved to be an efficient approach to overcome these difficulties via a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process for selective C(sp3)–H functionalization and β-carbon scission for C(sp3)–C(sp3) bond derivatization. Oxime esters have emerged as outstanding precursors of iminyl radicals for versatile chemical transformations. This short review summaries the recent advances in site-specific C(sp3)–H functionalization and C(sp3)–C(sp3) bond cleavage starting from oxime esters by our group and pioneering work by others, mainly focusing on the reaction design as well as the reaction mechanism.1 Introduction2 C(sp3)–H Bond Functionalization via 1,5-HAT of Acyclic Oxime Esters2.1 1,5-HAT/Cyclization2.2 1,5-HAT/C–C or C–Heteroatom Bond Formation3 C(sp3)–C(sp3) Bond Functionalization via β-Carbon Scission of Cyclic Oxime Esters3.1 β-Carbon Scission/C–C or C–Heteroatom Bond Formation3.2 β-Carbon Scission/Cyclization4 Conclusion and Outlook
Collapse
|
34
|
Sinha SK, Guin S, Maiti S, Biswas JP, Porey S, Maiti D. Toolbox for Distal C-H Bond Functionalizations in Organic Molecules. Chem Rev 2021; 122:5682-5841. [PMID: 34662117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal catalyzed C-H activation has developed a contemporary approach to the omnipresent area of retrosynthetic disconnection. Scientific researchers have been tempted to take the help of this methodology to plan their synthetic discourses. This paradigm shift has helped in the development of industrial units as well, making the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceutical drugs step-economical. In the vast zone of C-H bond activation, the functionalization of proximal C-H bonds has gained utmost popularity. Unlike the activation of proximal C-H bonds, the distal C-H functionalization is more strenuous and requires distinctly specialized techniques. In this review, we have compiled various methods adopted to functionalize distal C-H bonds, mechanistic insights within each of these procedures, and the scope of the methodology. With this review, we give a complete overview of the expeditious progress the distal C-H activation has made in the field of synthetic organic chemistry while also highlighting its pitfalls, thus leaving the field open for further synthetic modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Kumar Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Srimanta Guin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sudip Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jyoti Prasad Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sandip Porey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu XJ, Zhou SY, Xiao Y, Sun Q, Lu X, Li Y, Li JH. Photocatalytic Decarboxylative [3 + 2] and [4 + 2] Annulation of Enynals and γ,σ-Unsaturated N-(Acyloxy)phthalimides by NaI/PPh 3 Catalysis. Org Lett 2021; 23:7839-7844. [PMID: 34581593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A practical and eco-friendly strategy for the radical-mediated decarboxylative [3 + 2] and [4 + 2] annulation of enynals and γ,σ-unsaturated N-(acyloxy)phthalimides through the photoactivation of an electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex has been developed. A wide range of primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHP) esters can be used as suitable substrates for the synthesis of fused ketones without any transition-metal catalysts or oxidants. This protocol features a broad substrate scope, excellent selectivity, and clean reaction conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Sheng-Yun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yuting Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wan JL, Cui JF, Zhong WQ, Huang JM. Iminyl-radicals by electrochemical decarboxylation of α-imino-oxy acids: construction of indole-fused polycyclics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10242-10245. [PMID: 34528040 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03891e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Iminyl radicals are reactive intermediates that can be used for the construction of various valuable heterocycles. Herein, the electrochemical decarboxylation of α-imino-oxy acids for the generation of iminyl radicals has been accomplished under exogenous-oxidant- and metal-free conditions through the use of nBu4NBr as a mediator. The resulting iminyl radicals undergo intramolecular cyclization smoothly with the adjacent (hetero)arenes to afford a series of indole-fused polycyclic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Lin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
| | - Jian-Feng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
| | - Wei-Qiang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yu WQ, Xie J, Chen Z, Xiong BQ, Liu Y, Tang KW. Visible-Light-Induced Transition-Metal-Free Nitrogen-Centered Radical Strategy for the Synthesis of 2-Acylated 9 H-Pyrrolo[1,2- a]indoles. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13720-13733. [PMID: 34523335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A convenient and efficient visible-light-induced tandem acylation/cyclization of N-propargylindoles with aryl- or alkyl-substituted acyl oxime esters for the synthesis of 2-acyl-substituted 9H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indoles under transition-metal-free conditions, which proceeds via nitrogen-centered radical-mediated cleavage of the C-C σ-bond in acyl oxime esters, is established. The aryl or alkyl acyl radicals, which come from acyl oxime esters, attack the C-C triple bonds in N-propargylindoles and then go through intramolecular cyclization/isomerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qin Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Zan Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Bi-Quan Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Ke-Wen Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhu X, Fu H. Photocatalytic cross-couplings via the cleavage of N-O bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9656-9671. [PMID: 34472551 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03598c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
N-(Acyloxy)phthalimide and oxime derivatives containing N-O bonds are important chemicals and synthetic intermediates, and visible light photoredox reductions of the N-O bonds provide carbon- or nitrogen-centered radicals for N-(acyloxy)phthalimide derivatives and iminyl radicals for oxime derivatives. This feature article summarises the recent progress in the visible light photoredox organic reactions, including decarboxylative addition reactions, alkylation, allylation, alkenylation, alkynylation, arylation, heteroarylation and cascade annulation of N-(acyloxy)phthalimide derivatives through the formation of carbon-carbon bonds, decarboxylative borylation, amination, oxygenation, sulfuration, selenylation, fluorination and iodination of N-(acyloxy)phthalimide derivatives through the formation of carbon-heteroatom bonds, and additions to arenes and alkenes, hydrogen atom transfer and the cleavage of α-carbon-carbon bonds via the iminyl radical intermediates for oxime derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianjin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Hua Fu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ghosh SK, Hu M, Comito R. One-Pot Synthesis of Primary and Secondary Aliphatic Amines via Mild and Selective sp3 C-H Imination. Chemistry 2021; 27:17601-17608. [PMID: 34387903 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The direct replacement of sp3 C-H bonds with simple amine units (-NH2) remains synthetically challenging, although primary aliphatic amines are ubiquitous in medicinal chemistry and natural product synthesis. We report a mild and selective protocol for preparing primary and secondary aliphatic amines in a single pot, based on intermolecular sp3 C-H imination. The first C-H imination of diverse alkanes, this method shows useful site-selectivity within substrates bearing multiple sp3 C-H bonds. Furthermore, this reaction tolerates polar functional groups relevant for complex molecule synthesis, highlighted in the synthesis of amine pharmaceuticals and amination of natural products. We characterize a unique C-H imination mechanism based on radical rebound to an iminyl radical, supported by kinetic isotope effects, stereoablation, resubmission, and computational modeling. This work constitutes a selective method for complex amine synthesis and a new mechanistic platform for C-H amination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subrata K Ghosh
- University of Houston, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, 3585 Cullen Boulevard, Room 112, 77204-5003, Houston, UNITED STATES
| | - Mengnan Hu
- University of Houston, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, 3585 Cullen Boulevard, Room 112, 77204-5003, Houstonn, UNITED STATES
| | - Robert Comito
- University of Houston, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, 3585 Cullen Boulevard, Room 112, 77204-5003, Houston, UNITED STATES
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wu D, Cui SS, Bian F, Yu W. Visible Light Driven and Copper-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-H Functionalization of O-Pentafluorobenzoyl Ketone Oximes. Org Lett 2021; 23:6057-6061. [PMID: 34279963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The C(sp3)-H functionalization of O-pentafluorobenzoyl ketone oximes was implemented under visible light irradiation with copper complexes as catalysts. The reactions involve iminyl-radical-mediated intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer as the key step, with the iminyl radicals being generated via copper-effected N-O cleavage. The reaction afforded 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrroles under the conditions of [Cu(DPEphos)(bcp)]PF6 and DABCO, while γ-pentafluorobenzoyloxy ketones were produced predominantly when [Cu(dpp)2]PF6 and InCl3·4H2O were used as catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danhua Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Cui
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Fengling Bian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou, Gansu 73000, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chen B, He H, Xu J, Guo K, Xu N, Chen K, Zhu Y. Transition‐Metal‐Free Visible Light‐Induced Imino‐trifluoromethylation of Unsaturated Oxime Esters: A Facile Access to CF
3
‐Tethered Pyrrolines. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry College of Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 P. R. China
| | - Han He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry College of Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry College of Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 P. R. China
| | - Kang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry College of Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 P. R. China
| | - Ning Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry College of Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 P. R. China
| | - Kang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry College of Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 P. R. China
| | - Yingguang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry College of Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Qi Z, Zhang Z, Yang L, Zhang D, Lu J, Wei J, Wei S, Fu Q, Du X, Yi D. Nitrogen‐Radical‐Triggered Trifunctionalizing
ipso
‐Spirocyclization of Unactivated Alkenes with Vinyl Azides: A Modular Access to Spiroaminal Frameworks. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Qi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University Luzhou 646000 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University Luzhou 646000 People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University Luzhou 646000 People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University Luzhou 646000 People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University Luzhou 646000 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University Luzhou 646000 People's Republic of China
| | - Siping Wei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University Luzhou 646000 People's Republic of China
- Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Luzhou 646000 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources Guangxi Normal University) Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University Luzhou 646000 People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Du
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Medical Science Southwest Medical University Luzhou 646000 People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Yi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University Luzhou 646000 People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital Southwest Medical University Luzhou 646000 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rao TN, AlOmar SY, Ahmed F, Albalawi F, Ahmad N, Rao NK, Rao MVB, Cheedarala RK, Reddy GR, Naidu TM. Reusable Nano-Zirconia-Catalyzed Synthesis of Benzimidazoles and Their Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities. Molecules 2021; 26:4219. [PMID: 34299494 PMCID: PMC8304051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, a zirconia-based nano-catalyst (Nano-ZrO2), with intermolecular C-N bond formation for the synthesis of various benzimidazole-fused heterocycles in a concise method is reported. The robustness of this reaction is demonstrated by the synthesis of a series of benzimidazole drugs in a one-pot method. All synthesized materials were characterized using 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and LC-MS spectroscopy as well as microanalysis data. Furthermore, the synthesis of nano-ZrO2 was processed using a standard hydrothermal technique in pure form. The crystal structure of nano-ZrO2 and phase purity were studied, and the crystallite size was calculated from XRD analysis using the Debye-Scherrer equation. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized benzimidazole drugs was evaluated in terms of Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and antifungal activity, and the results were satisfactory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tentu Nageswara Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Krishna University, Machilipatnam 521001, Andhra Pradesh, India;
| | - Suliman Yousef AlOmar
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Faheem Ahmed
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fadwa Albalawi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Naushad Ahmad
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nalla Krishna Rao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Krishna University, Machilipatnam 521001, Andhra Pradesh, India; (N.K.R.); (M.V.B.R.)
| | - M. V. Basaveswara Rao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Krishna University, Machilipatnam 521001, Andhra Pradesh, India; (N.K.R.); (M.V.B.R.)
| | - Ravi Kumar Cheedarala
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, UNIST-Gil, Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - G. Rajasekhar Reddy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, A.C Tech Campus, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India;
| | - Tentu Manohra Naidu
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530003, Andhra Pradesh, India;
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kikuchi T, Yamada K, Yasui T, Yamamoto Y. Synthesis of Benzo-Fused Cyclic Ketones via Metal-Free Ring Expansion of Cyclopropanols Enabled by Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer. Org Lett 2021; 23:4710-4714. [PMID: 34060855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The metal-free ring expansion of cyclopropanols containing a pendant styrene moiety was successfully achieved using a proton-coupled electron transfer enabled by an organic photoredox catalyst. Through this, variants of 1-tetralone and 1-benzosuberone bearing a substituent at the benzylic position were selectively obtained through the regioselective ring closure of alkyl radical intermediates depending on the substitution pattern of the alkene moiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kikuchi
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Keiji Yamada
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yasui
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Yamamoto
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hu QP, Cheng J, Wang Y, Shi J, Wang BQ, Hu P, Zhao KQ, Pan F. Remote Regioselective Radical C-H Functionalization of Unactivated C-H Bonds in Amides: The Synthesis of gem-Difluoroalkenes. Org Lett 2021; 23:4457-4462. [PMID: 33983034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The site-selective functionalization of unactivated aliphatic amines is an attractive and challenging synthetic approach. We herein report a general strategy for the remote site-selective functionalization of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds in amides by photogenerated amidyl radicals to form gem-difluoroalkenes with trifluoromethyl-substituted alkenes. The site selectivity is controlled by a 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process of the amide. This photocatalyzed transformation shows both chemo- and site-selectivity, facilitating the formation of a secondary, tertiary, or quaternary carbon center.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qu-Ping Hu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Jie Shi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Bi-Qin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Ping Hu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Ke-Qing Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Fei Pan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Nobile E, Castanheiro T, Besset T. Radical-Promoted Distal C-H Functionalization of C(sp 3 ) Centers with Fluorinated Moieties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12170-12191. [PMID: 32897632 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to their unique properties, fluorinated scaffolds are pivotal compounds in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science. Over the last years, the development of versatile strategies for the selective synthesis of fluorinated molecules by direct C-H bond functionalization has attracted a lot of attention. In particular, the design of novel transformations based on a radical process was a bottleneck for distal C-H functionalization reactions, offering synthetic solutions for the selective introduction of fluorinated groups. This Minireview highlights the major contributions in this blossoming field. The development of new methodologies for the remote functionalization of aliphatic derivatives with various fluorinated groups based on a 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer process and a β-fragmentation reaction will be showcased and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Nobile
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Thomas Castanheiro
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Tatiana Besset
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhao Y, Li L, Zhou Z, Chen M, Yang W, Luo H. Copper catalyzed five-component domino strategy for the synthesis of nicotinimidamides. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3868-3872. [PMID: 33949559 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00162k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A library of medicinally and synthetically important nicotinimidamides was synthesized by a copper-catalyzed multicomponent domino reaction of oxime esters, terminal ynones, sulfonyl azides, aryl aldehydes and acetic ammonium. Its synthetic pathway involves the formation of a highly reactive N-sulfonyl acetylketenimine, characterized by high selectivity, combinations of potential nucleophiles and electrophiles, mild reaction conditions and a wide substrate scope, and is a rare five-component example of a CuAAC/ring-opening reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
| | - Li Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
| | - Zitong Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
| | - Man Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
| | - Weiguang Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China. and The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Hui Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China. and The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Photocatalytic three-component asymmetric sulfonylation via direct C(sp 3)-H functionalization. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2377. [PMID: 33888721 PMCID: PMC8062459 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22690-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The direct and selective C(sp3)-H functionalization of cycloalkanes and alkanes is a highly useful process in organic synthesis owing to the low-cost starting materials, the high step and atom economy. Its application to asymmetric catalysis, however, has been scarcely explored. Herein, we disclose our effort toward this goal by incorporation of dual asymmetric photocatalysis by a chiral nickel catalyst and a commercially available organophotocatalyst with a radical relay strategy through sulfur dioxide insertion. Such design leads to the development of three-component asymmetric sulfonylation involving direct functionalization of cycloalkanes, alkanes, toluene derivatives or ethers. The photochemical reaction of a C(sp3)-H precursor, a SO2 surrogate and a common α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound proceeds smoothly under mild conditions, delivering a wide range of biologically interesting α-C chiral sulfones with high regio- and enantioselectivity (>50 examples, up to >50:1 rr and 95% ee). This method is applicable to late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules, and provides an appealing access to enantioenriched compounds starting from the abundant hydrocarbon compounds.
Collapse
|
49
|
Shen X, Huang C, Yuan X, Yu S. Diastereoselective and Stereodivergent Synthesis of 2‐Cinnamylpyrrolines Enabled by Photoredox‐Catalyzed Iminoalkenylation of Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC) School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Congcong Huang
- School of chemistry and chemical engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu 273165 China
| | - Xiang‐Ai Yuan
- School of chemistry and chemical engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu 273165 China
| | - Shouyun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC) School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Xie T, Sui QB, Qin LZ, Wen X, Sun H, Xu QL, Zhen L. Cu-Catalyzed Dimerization of Indole Derived Oxime Acetate for Synthesis of Biimidazo[1,2- a]indoles. J Org Chem 2021; 86:5518-5529. [PMID: 33779172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A copper-mediated cyclization and dimerization of indole derived oxime acetate was developed to generate a series of biimidazo[1,2-a]indole scaffolds with two contiguous stereogenic quaternary carbons in one step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qi-Bang Sui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lu-Zhe Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoan Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qing-Long Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Le Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| |
Collapse
|