1
|
Ambach SJ, Pritzl RM, Bhat S, Farla R, Schnick W. Nitride Synthesis under High-Pressure, High-Temperature Conditions: Unprecedented In Situ Insight into the Reaction. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:3535-3543. [PMID: 38324917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
High-pressure, high-temperature (HP/HT) syntheses are essential for modern high-performance materials. Phosphorus nitride, nitridophosphate, and more generally nitride syntheses benefit greatly from HP/HT conditions. In this contribution, we present the first systematic in situ investigation of a nitridophosphate HP/HT synthesis using the reaction of zinc nitride Zn3N2 and phosphorus(V) nitride P3N5 to the nitride semiconductor Zn2PN3 as a case study. At a pressure of 8 GPa and temperatures up to 1300 °C, the reaction was monitored by energy-dispersive powder X-ray diffraction (ED-PXRD) in a large-volume press at beamline P61B at DESY. The experiments investigate the general behavior of the starting materials under extreme conditions and give insight into the reaction. During cold compression and subsequent heating, the starting materials remain crystalline above their ambient-pressure decomposition points, until a sufficient minimum temperature is reached and the reaction starts. The reaction proceeds via ion diffusion at grain boundaries with an exponential decay in the reaction rate. Raising the temperature above the minimum required value quickly completes the reaction and initiates single-crystal growth. After cooling and decompression, which did not influence the resulting product, the recovered sample was analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J Ambach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard M Pritzl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Shrikant Bhat
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Farla
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schneider S, Kreiner ST, Balzat LG, Lotsch BV, Schnick W. Finding Order in Disorder: The Highly Disordered Lithium Oxonitridophosphate Double Salt Li 8+x P 3 O 10-x N 1+x (x=1.4(5)). Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301986. [PMID: 37436099 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The crystalline lithium oxonitridophosphate Li8+x P3 O10-x N1+x , was obtained in an ampoule synthesis from P3 N5 and Li2 O. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 - ${\mathrel{\mathop{{\rm { 1}}}\limits^{{\rm -}}}}$ with a=5.125(2), b=9.888(5), c=10.217(5) Å, α=70.30(2), β=76.65(2), γ=77.89(2)°. Li8+x P3 O10-x N1+x is a double salt, the structure of which contains distinctive complex anion species, namely non-condensed P(O,N)4 tetrahedra, and P(O,N)7 double tetrahedra connected by one N atom. Additionally, there is mixed occupation of O/N positions, which enables further anionic species by variation of O/N occupancies. To characterize these motifs in detail, complementary analytical methods were applied. The double tetrahedron exhibits significant disorder in single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the title compound is a Li+ ion conductor with a total ionic conductivity of 1.2×10-7 S cm-1 at 25 °C, and a corresponding total activation energy of 0.47(2) eV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra T Kreiner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucas G Balzat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Department of Nanochemistry, Heisenbergstraße 1 (D), 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Department of Nanochemistry, Heisenbergstraße 1 (D), 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schneider S, Balzat LG, Lotsch BV, Schnick W. Structure Determination of the Crystalline LiPON Model Structure Li 5+x P 2 O 6-x N 1+x with x≈0.9. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202984. [PMID: 36382621 PMCID: PMC10107624 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-crystalline lithium oxonitridophosphate (LiPON) is used as solid electrolyte in all-solid-state batteries. Crystalline lithium oxonitridophosphates are important model structures to retrieve analytical information that can be used to understand amorphous phases better. The new crystalline lithium oxonitridophosphate Li5+x P2 O6-x N1+x was synthesized as an off-white powder by ampoule synthesis at 750-800 °C under Ar atmosphere. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21 /c with a=15.13087(11) Å, b=9.70682(9) Å, c=8.88681(7) Å, and β=106.8653(8)°. Two P(O,N)4 tetrahedra connected by an N atom form the structural motif [P2 O6-x N1+x ](5+x)- . The structure was elucidated from X-ray diffraction data and the model corroborated by NMR and infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analyses. Measurements of ionic conductivity show a total ionic conductivity of 6.8×10-7 S cm-1 at 75 °C with an activation energy of 0.52±0.01 eV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, (D) 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucas G Balzat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, (D) 81377, Munich, Germany.,MPI for Solid State Research, Department of Nanochemistry, Heisenbergstraße 1, (D) 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, (D) 81377, Munich, Germany.,MPI for Solid State Research, Department of Nanochemistry, Heisenbergstraße 1, (D) 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, (D) 81377, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bedard J, Roberts NJ, Shayan M, Bamford KL, Werner-Zwanziger U, Marczenko KM, Chitnis SS. (PNSiMe 3 ) 4 (NMe) 6 : A Robust Tetravalent Phosphaza-adamantane Scaffold for Molecular and Macromolecular Construction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204851. [PMID: 35384216 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tetraarylmethanes and adamantanes are important rigid covalent connectors that play a four-way scaffolding role in molecular and materials chemistry. We report the synthesis of a new tetravalent phosphaza-adamantane cage, (PNSiMe3 )4 (NMe)6 (2), that shows high thermal, air, and redox stability due to its geometry. It nevertheless participates in covalent four-fold functionalization reactions along its periphery. The combination of a robust core and reactive corona makes 2 a convenient inorganic scaffold upon which tetrahedral molecular and macromolecular chemistry can be constructed. This potential is demonstrated by the synthesis of a tetrakis(bis(phosphine)iminium) ion (in compound 3) and the first all P/N poly(phosphazene) network (5).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Bedard
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Roberts
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Mohsen Shayan
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Karlee L Bamford
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Ulrike Werner-Zwanziger
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | | | - Saurabh S Chitnis
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bedard J, Roberts N, Shayan M, Bamford KL, Werner-Zwanziger U, Marczenko KM, Chitnis SS. (PNSiMe3)4(NMe)6: A Robust Tetravalent Phosphaza‐adamantane Scaffold for Molecular and Macromolecular Construction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Saurabh S. Chitnis
- Dalhousie University Department of Chemistry Chemistry Building, 6274 Coburg Road B3H 4R2 Halifax CANADA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wegner F, Kamm F, Pielnhofer F, Pfitzner A. Li3As and Li3P revisited: DFT modelling on phase stability and ion conductivity. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202100358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arno Pfitzner
- University of Regensburg: Universitat Regensburg Institut fuer Anorganische Chemie Universitaetsstrasse 93053 Regensburg GERMANY
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Haffner A, Zeman OEO, Bräuniger T, Johrendt D. Supertetrahedral anions in the phosphidosilicates Na 1.25Ba 0.875Si 3P 5 and Na 31Ba 5Si 52P 83. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:9123-9128. [PMID: 34115082 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01234g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solid ionic conductors are one key component of all-solid-state batteries, and recent studies with lithium, sodium and potassium phosphidosilicates revealed remarkable ion conduction capabilities in these compounds. We report the synthesis and crystal structures of two quaternary phosphidosilicates with sodium and barium, which crystallize in new structure types. Na1.25Ba0.875Si3P5 contains layers of T3 supertetrahedra, while Na31Ba5Si52P83 forms defect T5 entities and contains Si-Si bonds and P3 trimers. Though T1-relaxometry data indicate a relatively low activation energy for Na+ migration of 0.16 eV, the crystal structures lack sufficient three-dimensional migration paths necessary for fast sodium ion conductvity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Haffner
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (D), 83177 Munich, Germany.
| | - Otto E O Zeman
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (D), 83177 Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Bräuniger
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (D), 83177 Munich, Germany.
| | - Dirk Johrendt
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (D), 83177 Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kloß SD, Schnick W. Nitridophosphate – eine Erfolgsgeschichte der Nitridsynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon D. Kloß
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU) Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU) Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kloß SD, Schnick W. Nitridophosphates: A Success Story of Nitride Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7933-7944. [PMID: 30485618 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nitridophosphates and phosphorus nitrides are thoroughly investigated classes of nitrides. During thirty years of research, the methods for their synthesis evolved from the condensation of molecular precursors at moderate temperatures and ambient pressures to state-of-the-art high-pressure and high-temperature processes. Landmark breakthroughs made in recent years led to a comprehension-based proficiency in nitridophosphate synthesis that is illustrated by the large compositional and structural diversity of the nitridophosphates known today. Herein, we review the advances made in synthesis with regard to the prevalent problem of nitride synthesis: the susceptibility of nitride ions to oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Kloß
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vogel S, Buda AT, Schnick W. United in Nitride: The Highly Condensed Boron Phosphorus Nitride BP
3
N
6. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13202-13205. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Vogel
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Amalina T. Buda
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vogel S, Buda AT, Schnick W. United in Nitride: The Highly Condensed Boron Phosphorus Nitride BP
3
N
6. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Vogel
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Amalina T. Buda
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Bertschler EM, Dietrich C, Leichtweiß T, Janek J, Schnick W. Li + Ion Conductors with Adamantane-Type Nitridophosphate Anions β-Li 10 P 4 N 10 and Li 13 P 4 N 10 X 3 with X=Cl, Br. Chemistry 2017; 24:196-205. [PMID: 29027753 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
β-Li10 P4 N10 and Li13 P4 N10 X3 with X=Cl, Br have been synthesized from mixtures of P3 N5 , Li3 N, LiX, LiPN2 , and Li7 PN4 at temperatures below 850 °C. β-Li10 P4 N10 is the low-temperature polymorph of α-Li10 P4 N10 and crystallizes in the trigonal space group R3. It is made up of non-condensed [P4 N10 ]10- T2 supertetrahedra, which are arranged in sphalerite-analogous packing. Li13 P4 N10 X3 (X=Cl, Br) crystallizes in the cubic space group Fm3‾m . Both isomorphic compounds comprise adamantane-type [P4 N10 ]10- , Li+ ions, and halides, which form octahedra. These octahedra build up a face-centered cubic packing, whose tetrahedral voids are occupied by the [P4 N10 ]10- ions. The crystal structures have been elucidated from X-ray powder diffraction data and corroborated by EDX measurements, solid-state NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy. Furthermore, we have examined the phase transition between α- and β-Li10 P4 N10 . To confirm the ionic character, the migration pathways of the Li+ ions have been evaluated and the ion conductivity and its temperature dependence have been determined by impedance spectroscopy. XPS measurements have been carried out to analyze the stability with respect to Li metal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Bertschler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Christian Dietrich
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany.,Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig Universtiy Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Thomas Leichtweiß
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig Universtiy Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany.,Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig Universtiy Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|