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Yadav N, Mahato R, Khan J, Jaiswal H, Hazra CK. Synthesis of tetralone and indanone derivatives via cascade reductive Friedel-Crafts alkylation/cyclization of keto acids/esters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:9274-9277. [PMID: 39129437 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02754j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
We disclose herein a metal-free cascade reductive Friedel-Crafts alkylation/cyclization of keto acids/esters for the synthesis of tetralones and indanones. Owing to the simple reaction conditions and setup, this protocol features broad substrate generality, facile scalability, and remarkable functional group tolerance, including the synthesis of bioactive molecule sertraline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Rina Mahato
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Jabir Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Harshit Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Chinmoy Kumar Hazra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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2
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Lee K, Cho Y, Kim JC, Choi C, Kim J, Lee JK, Li S, Kwak SK, Choi SQ. Catalyst-free selective oxidation of C(sp 3)-H bonds in toluene on water. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6127. [PMID: 39033208 PMCID: PMC11271591 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The anisotropic water interfaces provide an environment to drive various chemical reactions not seen in bulk solutions. However, catalytic reactions by the aqueous interfaces are still in their infancy, with the emphasis being on the reaction rate acceleration on water. Here, we report that the oil-water interface activates and oxidizes C(sp3)-H bonds in toluene, yielding benzaldehyde with high selectivity (>99%) and conversion (>99%) under mild, catalyst-free conditions. Collision at the interface between oil-dissolved toluene and hydroxyl radicals spontaneously generated near the water-side interfaces is responsible for the unexpectedly high selectivity. Protrusion of free OH groups from interfacial water destabilizes the transition state of the OH-addition by forming π-hydrogen bonds with toluene, while the H-abstraction remains unchanged to effectively activate C(sp3)-H bonds. Moreover, the exposed free OH groups form hydrogen bonds with the produced benzaldehyde, suppressing it from being overoxidized. Our investigation shows that the oil-water interface has considerable promise for chemoselective redox reactions on water without any catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungmun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumi Cho
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Chul Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiyoung Choi
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyoo Lee
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Kwak
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Siyoung Q Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Chan SC, Palone A, Bietti M, Costas M. tert-Butyl as a Functional Group: Non-Directed Catalytic Hydroxylation of Sterically Congested Primary C-H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402858. [PMID: 38688859 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The tert-butyl group is a common aliphatic motif extensively employed to implement steric congestion and conformational rigidity in organic and organometallic molecules. Because of the combination of a high bond dissociation energy (~100 kcal mol-1) and limited accessibility, in the absence of directing groups, neither radical nor organometallic approaches are effective for the chemical modification of tert-butyl C-H bonds. Herein we overcome these limits by employing a highly electrophilic manganese catalyst, [Mn(CF3bpeb)(OTf)2], that operates in the strong hydrogen bond donor solvent nonafluoro-tert-butyl alcohol (NFTBA) and catalytically activates hydrogen peroxide to generate a powerful manganese-oxo species that effectively oxidizes tert-butyl C-H bonds. Leveraging on the interplay of steric, electronic, medium and torsional effects, site-selective and product chemoselective hydroxylation of the tert-butyl group is accomplished with broad reaction scope, delivering primary alcohols as largely dominant products in preparative yields. Late-stage hydroxylation at tert-butyl sites is demonstrated on 6 densely functionalized molecules of pharmaceutical interest. This work uncovers a novel disconnection approach, harnessing tert-butyl as a potential functional group in strategic synthetic planning for complex molecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu-Chung Chan
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andrea Palone
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata"; Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
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4
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Li M, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Zhang R, Wang Y, Teng Y, Su Z, Zhang J. High-Efficiency Photocatalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol by NH 2-UiO-66-(Indole-2,3-Dione)-Fe. Chem Asian J 2024:e202400346. [PMID: 38878296 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
The photocatalytic oxidation of biomass-derived benzyl alcohol provides a promising way for the synthesis of benzoic acid, which is an important intermediate with wide applications. To improve the efficiency of photocatalytic benzyl alcohol oxidation to benzoic acid is of great interest. In this work, we propose the utilization of NH2-UiO-66-ID-Fe catalyst for photocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid, where NH2-UiO-66 is a typically used metal-organic framework, ID is indole-2,3-dione (ID) that has biocompatibility, light absorption property and can be covalently combined with amino-functionalized substances. The NH2-UiO-66-ID-Fe catalyst exhibits improved light absorption and photo-generated electron-hole separation ability compared with NH2-UiO-66. The photocatalytic performance of NH2-UiO-66-ID-Fe was examined for the oxidation of bio-based benzyl alcohol under mild conditions of air atmosphere, room temperature and no additive or additional oxidant involved. The results show that the conversion of benzyl alcohol and the selectivity to benzoic acid could both reach over 99 % in 6 h, and the generation rate of benzoic acid per gram of catalyst is 3.36 mmol g-1 h-1. The reaction mechanism was detected by radical trapping method and in situ electron paramagnetic resonance. This study presents an efficient and environmentally benign avenue for the synthesis of carboxylic acid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yingzhe Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yisen Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Renjie Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanyue Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yunan Teng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhuizhui Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianling Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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5
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Chu F, Lu B, Zhao G, Zhu Z, Yang K, Su T, Zhang Q, Chen C, Lü H. Aerobic Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural via Hydrogen Bonds Reconstruction with Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvents. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301385. [PMID: 37994243 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonding effect exists widely in various chemical and biochemical systems, primarily stabilizing the molecular structure as a positive factor. However, the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonds among biomass molecules results in a formidable challenge for the efficient utilization of biomass resources. Here in, a novel strategy of "hydrogen bonds reconstruction" was developed by a series of ternary deep eutectic solvent (DESs) as molecular scissors, which disrupting the initial intermolecular hydrogen bonds and reconstructing the new ones to increase the reactivity of the biomass-based compound. The DESs played a crucial role in enhancing the reactivity of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and promoting its oxidation through reconstructing the hydrogen bonds interactions. Furthermore, DESs was also found to activate the Anderson-type catalyst Na5IMo6O24 (IMo6) through an electron-transfer mechanism, which facilitated the generation of oxygen vacancies and significantly enhances its ability to activate molecular oxygen. With this novel catalytic system, oxidation of HMF exhibited remarkable efficiency as HMF was almost entirely converted into FFCA with an impressive yield of 98 % under the optimized conditions. This finding offers novel insights into the utilization of biomass resources and endows the solvent with new functions in the chemical reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhao Chu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, 264005, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Bo Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, 264005, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Guiyi Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, 264005, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, 264005, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Kaixuan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, 264005, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Ting Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, 264005, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Qiaohong Zhang
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, 315211, Ningbo, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, 315211, Ningbo, China
| | - Hongying Lü
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, 264005, Yantai, Shandong, China
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6
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Li Y, Li X, An Z, Chu Y, Wang X. A Metal-Organic Complex Constructed from Co(II), Azo-amide-pyridyl and Benzenetricarboxylate Mixed Ligands: Efficient Catalysis for Selective Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohols to Benzyl Acids. Chem Asian J 2023:e202300814. [PMID: 37881156 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
By using one-step hydrothermal synthesis, a novel metal-organic complex containing Co(II), the azo-amide-pyridyl ligand (E)-4,4'-(diazene-1,2-diyl)bis(N-(pyridin-3-yl)benzamide (DABA) and benzenetricarboxylate was synthesized, with a molecular formula of [Co2 (DABA)0.5 (MTC)(μ3 -OH)(H2 O)2 ] ⋅ 2H2 O (namely 1, DABA=(E)-4,4'-(diazene-1,2-diyl)bis(N-(pyridin-3-yl)benzamide, H3 MTC=1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid) which was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, PXRD, IR spectroscopy, TGA, and XPS. In the structure of complex 1, tetranuclear Co(II) clusters were connected by MTC to form a 2D bilayer structure and further constructed a 3D structure with DABA ligand. Complex 1 was used as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol, and the conversion rate of benzyl alcohol reached 98.6 % and the selectivity of benzoic acid reached 94.8 %. In addition, complex 1 can be reused 5 times without significant loss of activity. The oxidation of benzyl alcohol with different substituents also showed satisfactory conversion and selectivity, indicating that complex 1 had good catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121013, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121013, P. R. China
| | - Zhixuan An
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121013, P. R. China
| | - Yang Chu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121013, P. R. China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121013, P. R. China
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7
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Sisti S, Galeotti M, Scarchilli F, Salamone M, Costas M, Bietti M. Highly Selective C(sp 3)-H Bond Oxygenation at Remote Methylenic Sites Enabled by Polarity Enhancement. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22086-22096. [PMID: 37751483 PMCID: PMC10571082 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
A detailed study on the C(sp3)-H bond oxygenation reactions with H2O2 catalyzed by the [Mn(OTf)2(TIPSmcp)] complex at methylenic sites of cycloalkyl and 1-alkyl substrates bearing 19 different electron-withdrawing functional groups (EW FGs) was carried out. Oxidations in MeCN were compared to the corresponding ones in the strong hydrogen bond donating (HBD) solvents 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) and nonafluoro tert-butyl alcohol (NFTBA). Formation of the products deriving from oxygenation at the most remote methylenic sites was observed, with yields, product ratios (PR) for oxygenation at the most remote over the next methylenic sites, and associated site-selectivities that significantly increased going from MeCN to HFIP and NFTBA. Unprecedented site-selectivities were obtained in the oxidation of cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, 1-pentyl, 1-hexyl, and 1-heptyl substrates, approaching >99%, >99%, 90%, >99%, 93%, and 88% (PR >99, >99, 9.4, >99, 14, and 7.5) with cyclohexyl-2-pyridinecarboxylate, cycloheptyl-2-pyridinecarboxylate, cyclooctyl-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide, 1-pentyl-3,5-dinitrobenzoate, 1-hexyl-3,5-dinitrobenzoate, and 1-heptyl-3,5-dinitrobenzoate, respectively. The results are rationalized on the basis of a polarity enhancement effect via synergistic electronic deactivation of proximal methylenic sites imparted by the EWG coupled to solvent HB. Compared to previous procedures, polarity enhancement provides the opportunity to tune site-selectivity among multiple methylenes in different substrate classes, extending the strong electronic deactivation determined by native EWGs by two carbon atoms. This study uncovers a simple procedure for predictable, high-yielding, and highly site-selective oxidation at remote methylenes of cycloalkyl and 1-alkyl substrates that occurs under mild conditions, with a large substrate scope, providing an extremely powerful tool to be implemented in synthetically useful procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Sisti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Galeotti
- QBIS
Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi
(IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Filippo Scarchilli
- QBIS
Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi
(IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Miquel Costas
- QBIS
Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi
(IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Nitroxides, also known as nitroxyl radicals, are long-lived or stable radicals with the general structure R1R2N-O•. The spin distribution over the nitroxide N and O atoms contributes to the thermodynamic stability of these radicals. The presence of bulky N-substituents R1 and R2 prevents nitroxide radical dimerization, ensuring their kinetic stability. Despite their reactivity toward various transient C radicals, some nitroxides can be easily stored under air at room temperature. Furthermore, nitroxides can be oxidized to oxoammonium salts (R1R2N═O+) or reduced to anions (R1R2N-O-), enabling them to act as valuable oxidants or reductants depending on their oxidation state. Therefore, they exhibit interesting reactivity across all three oxidation states. Due to these fascinating properties, nitroxides find extensive applications in diverse fields such as biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, materials science, and organic synthesis. This review focuses on the versatile applications of nitroxides in organic synthesis. For their use in other important fields, we will refer to several review articles. The introductory part provides a brief overview of the history of nitroxide chemistry. Subsequently, the key methods for preparing nitroxides are discussed, followed by an examination of their structural diversity and physical properties. The main portion of this review is dedicated to oxidation reactions, wherein parent nitroxides or their corresponding oxoammonium salts serve as active species. It will be demonstrated that various functional groups (such as alcohols, amines, enolates, and alkanes among others) can be efficiently oxidized. These oxidations can be carried out using nitroxides as catalysts in combination with various stoichiometric terminal oxidants. By reducing nitroxides to their corresponding anions, they become effective reducing reagents with intriguing applications in organic synthesis. Nitroxides possess the ability to selectively react with transient radicals, making them useful for terminating radical cascade reactions by forming alkoxyamines. Depending on their structure, alkoxyamines exhibit weak C-O bonds, allowing for the thermal generation of C radicals through reversible C-O bond cleavage. Such thermally generated C radicals can participate in various radical transformations, as discussed toward the end of this review. Furthermore, the application of this strategy in natural product synthesis will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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9
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Meger FS, Murphy JA. Recent Advances in C-H Functionalisation through Indirect Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Molecules 2023; 28:6127. [PMID: 37630379 PMCID: PMC10459052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionalisation of C-H bonds has been an enormous achievement in synthetic methodology, enabling new retrosynthetic disconnections and affording simple synthetic equivalents for synthons. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is a key method for forming alkyl radicals from C-H substrates. Classic reactions, including the Barton nitrite ester reaction and Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag reaction, among others, provided early examples of HAT. However, recent developments in photoredox catalysis and electrochemistry have made HAT a powerful synthetic tool capable of introducing a wide range of functional groups into C-H bonds. Moreover, greater mechanistic insights into HAT have stimulated the development of increasingly site-selective protocols. Site-selectivity can be achieved through the tuning of electron density at certain C-H bonds using additives, a judicious choice of HAT reagent, and a solvent system. Herein, we describe the latest methods for functionalizing C-H/Si-H/Ge-H bonds using indirect HAT between 2018-2023, as well as a critical discussion of new HAT reagents, mechanistic aspects, substrate scopes, and background contexts of the protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip S. Meger
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 16 Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
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10
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Noß C, Göttlich R, Schindler S. Photochemically Mediated Toluene Oxidation through a Copper Complex. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301142. [PMID: 37194744 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A method is described to photochemically oxidize toluene selectively to benzaldehyde, an essential compound in the chemical industry. Copper(I) complexes with different ligands were applied in combination with [Ru(bipy)3 ](PF6 )2 and dioxygen as the oxidant. As a result, a "dioxygen adduct" copper complex, for example, a peroxido complex, is formed as the active species. The copper(II) complex obtained after oxidation can be photochemically reduced to the starting copper(I) species, and the process can be repeated continuously. The ligand tris(2-methylpyridyl)amine (tmpa) led to the highest conversion rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Noß
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Richard Göttlich
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Siegfried Schindler
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
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11
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Chambers RK, Weaver JD, Kim J, Hoar JL, Krska SW, White MC. A preparative small-molecule mimic of liver CYP450 enzymes in the aliphatic C-H oxidation of carbocyclic N-heterocycles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300315120. [PMID: 37428920 PMCID: PMC10629554 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300315120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An emerging trend in small-molecule pharmaceuticals, generally composed of nitrogen heterocycles (N-heterocycles), is the incorporation of aliphatic fragments. Derivatization of the aliphatic fragments to improve drug properties or identify metabolites often requires lengthy de novo syntheses. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are capable of direct site- and chemo-selective oxidation of a broad range of substrates but are not preparative. A chemoinformatic analysis underscored limited structural diversity of N-heterocyclic substrates oxidized using chemical methods relative to pharmaceutical chemical space. Here, we describe a preparative chemical method for direct aliphatic oxidation that tolerates a wide range of nitrogen functionality (chemoselective) and matches the site of oxidation (site-selective) of liver CYP450 enzymes. Commercial small-molecule catalyst Mn(CF3-PDP) selectively effects direct methylene oxidation in compounds bearing 25 distinct heterocycles including 14 out of 27 of the most frequent N-heterocycles found in U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs. Mn(CF3-PDP) oxidations of carbocyclic bioisostere drug candidates (for example, HCV NS5B and COX-2 inhibitors including valdecoxib and celecoxib derivatives) and precursors of antipsychotic drugs blonanserin, buspirone, and tiospirone and the fungicide penconazole are demonstrated to match the major site of aliphatic metabolism obtained with liver microsomes. Oxidations are demonstrated at low Mn(CF3-PDP) loadings (2.5 to 5 mol%) on gram scales of substrate to furnish preparative amounts of oxidized products. A chemoinformatic analysis supports that Mn(CF3-PDP) significantly expands the pharmaceutical chemical space accessible to small-molecule C-H oxidation catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Chambers
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Jacob D. Weaver
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Jinho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Jason L. Hoar
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ07065
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ07065
| | - M. Christina White
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL61801
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12
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Maciuk S, Wood SH, Patel VK, Shapland PDP, Tomkinson NCO. Peracid Oxidation of Unactivated sp 3 C-H Bonds: An Important Solvent Effect. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202204007. [PMID: 36888902 PMCID: PMC10946557 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202204007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
The peracid oxidation of hydrocarbons in chlorinated solvents is a low yielding and poorly selective process. Through a combination of DFT calculations, spectroscopic studies, and kinetic measurement it is shown that the origin of this is electronic in nature and can be influenced through the addition of hydrogen bond donors (HBD) and hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA). Performing the reaction of a cycloalkane with mCPBA in a fluorinated alcohol solvent such as nonafluoro-tert-butanol (NFTB) or hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), which act as strong HBD and poor HBA, leads to significantly higher yields and selectivities being observed for the alcohol product. Application of the optimised reaction conditions allows for the selective oxidation of both cyclic and linear alkane substrates delivering the corresponding alcohol in up to 86 % yield. The transformation shows selectivity for tertiary centres over secondary centres and the oxidation of secondary centres is strongly influenced by stereoelectronic effects. Primary centres are not oxidised by this method. A simple computational model developed to understand this transformation provides a powerful tool to reliably predict the influence of substitution and functionality on reaction outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej Maciuk
- Department Pure and Applied Chemistry Thomas Graham BuildingUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Susanna H. Wood
- Department Pure and Applied Chemistry Thomas Graham BuildingUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | | | | | - Nicholas C. O. Tomkinson
- Department Pure and Applied Chemistry Thomas Graham BuildingUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
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13
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Chen J, Song W, Yao J, Wu Z, Lee YM, Wang Y, Nam W, Wang B. Hydrogen Bonding-Assisted and Nonheme Manganese-Catalyzed Remote Hydroxylation of C-H Bonds in Nitrogen-Containing Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5456-5466. [PMID: 36811463 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of catalytic systems capable of oxygenating unactivated C-H bonds with excellent site-selectivity and functional group tolerance under mild conditions remains a challenge. Inspired by the secondary coordination sphere (SCS) hydrogen bonding in metallooxygenases, reported herein is an SCS solvent hydrogen bonding strategy that employs 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as a strong hydrogen bond donor solvent to enable remote C-H hydroxylation in the presence of basic aza-heteroaromatic rings with a low loading of a readily available and inexpensive manganese complex as a catalyst and hydrogen peroxide as a terminal oxidant. We demonstrate that this strategy represents a promising compliment to the current state-of-the-art protection approaches that rely on precomplexation with strong Lewis and/or Brønsted acids. Mechanistic studies with experimental and theoretical approaches reveal the existence of a strong hydrogen bonding between the nitrogen-containing substrate and HFIP, which prevents the catalyst deactivation by nitrogen binding and deactivates the basic nitrogen atom toward oxygen atom transfer and the α-C-H bonds adjacent to the nitrogen center toward H-atom abstraction. Moreover, the hydrogen bonding exerted by HFIP has also been demonstrated not only to facilitate the O-O bond heterolytic cleavage of a putative MnIII-OOH precursor to generate MnV(O)(OC(O)CH2Br) as an active oxidant but also to affect the stability and the activity of MnV(O)(OC(O)CH2Br).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Wenxun Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Jinping Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Zhimin Wu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yong-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
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14
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Nguyen K, Nguyen V, Tran H, Pham P. Organo-photocatalytic C-H bond oxidation: an operationally simple and scalable method to prepare ketones with ambient air. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7168-7178. [PMID: 36891491 PMCID: PMC9986805 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00332a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative C-H functionalization with O2 is a sustainable strategy to convert feedstock-like chemicals into valuable products. Nevertheless, eco-friendly O2-utilizing chemical processes, which are scalable yet operationally simple, are challenging to develop. Here, we report our efforts, via organo-photocatalysis, in devising such protocols for catalytic C-H bond oxidation of alcohols and alkylbenzenes to ketones using ambient air as the oxidant. The protocols employed tetrabutylammonium anthraquinone-2-sulfonate as the organic photocatalyst which is readily available from a scalable ion exchange of inexpensive salts and is easy to separate from neutral organic products. Cobalt(ii) acetylacetonate was found to be greatly instrumental to oxidation of alcohols and therefore was included as an additive in evaluating the alcohol scope. The protocols employed a nontoxic solvent, could accommodate a variety of functional groups, and were readily scaled to 500 mmol scale in a simple batch setting using round-bottom flasks and ambient air. A preliminary mechanistic study of C-H bond oxidation of alcohols supported the validity of one possible mechanistic pathway, nested in a more complex network of potential pathways, in which the anthraquinone form - the oxidized form - of the photocatalyst activates alcohols and the anthrahydroquinone form - the relevant reduced form of the photocatalyst - activates O2. A detailed mechanism, which reflected such a pathway and was consistent with previously accepted mechanisms, was proposed to account for formation of ketones from aerobic C-H bond oxidation of both alcohols and alkylbenzenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ky Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Van Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Hieu Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Phong Pham
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University Hanoi Vietnam
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15
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5,8-Di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione—A New Lipophilic N-oxyl Radical Precursor. MOLBANK 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/m1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
N-hydroxyimides are widely known as organocatalysts for aerobic oxidation and oxidative coupling reactions, in which corresponding imide-N-oxyl radicals play the role of catalytically active hydrogen atom abstracting species. The drawbacks of many N-hydroxyimides are poor solubility in low polarity solvents and limited activity in the cleavage of unactivated C–H bonds. To overcome these shortcomings, we have synthesized a new lipophilic N-hydroxyimide, 5,8-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione, with high solubility in low-polarity solvents such as DCM. According to the EPR study, the stability of the corresponding imide-N-oxyl radical is comparable to that of the non-tert-butylated analogue, naphthalimide-N-oxyl radical. DFT calculations showed that the NO–H bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) in the synthesized tert-butylated-N-hydroxynaphthalimide is one of the highest in N-hydroxyimide series, which corresponds to high hydrogen atom abstracting reactivity and may be useful in catalysis of strong C–H bond oxidative cleavage. The synthesized compound can be considered as catalyst for liquid-phase free-radical oxidation and oxidative coupling reactions in non-polar media where solubility was previously the limiting factor.
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16
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Liu H, Li H, Lu B, Li S, Zhao J, Cai Q. Multicomponent Co-Zr-P-W-O immobilized zeolites toward solvent-free oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Deng C, Wang K, Qian X, Yao J, Xue N, Peng L, Guo X, Zhu Y, Ding W. Mild Oxidation of Toluene to Benzaldehyde by Air. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changshun Deng
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xiaofeng Qian
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Nianhua Xue
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Luming Peng
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Weiping Ding
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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18
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Lopat’eva ER, Krylov IB, Lapshin DA, Terent’ev AO. Redox-active molecules as organocatalysts for selective oxidative transformations - an unperceived organocatalysis field. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1672-1695. [PMID: 36570566 PMCID: PMC9749543 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organocatalysis is widely recognized as a key synthetic methodology in organic chemistry. It allows chemists to avoid the use of precious and (or) toxic metals by taking advantage of the catalytic activity of small and synthetically available molecules. Today, the term organocatalysis is mainly associated with redox-neutral asymmetric catalysis of C-C bond-forming processes, such as aldol reactions, Michael reactions, cycloaddition reactions, etc. Organophotoredox catalysis has emerged recently as another important catalysis type which has gained much attention and has been quite well-reviewed. At the same time, there are a significant number of other processes, especially oxidative, catalyzed by redox-active organic molecules in the ground state (without light excitation). Unfortunately, many of such processes are not associated in the literature with the organocatalysis field and thus many achievements are not fully consolidated and systematized. The present article is aimed at overviewing the current state-of-art and perspectives of oxidative organocatalysis by redox-active molecules with the emphasis on challenging chemo-, regio- and stereoselective CH-functionalization processes. The catalytic systems based on N-oxyl radicals, amines, thiols, oxaziridines, ketone/peroxide, quinones, and iodine(I/III) compounds are the most developed catalyst types which are covered here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena R Lopat’eva
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Igor B Krylov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Lapshin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander O Terent’ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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19
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Goncharova IK, Kutumov SP, Novikov RA, Shiryaeva TY, Volodin AD, Korlyukov AA, Arzumanyan AV. The selective synthesis of di- and cyclosiloxanes bearing several hidden p-tolyl-functionalities. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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20
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Hu J, Zhu Y, Gao H, Zhang F, Zhang Z. Rapid Catalysis for Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols Based on Nitroxyl-Radical-Free Copper(II) under Ambient Conditions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yongkang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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21
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Sun W, Wang Y, Wen Z, Yao J, Li H. Mechanistic insights on base-DMSO mediated aerobic oxidation of (hetero)benzylic C-H bonds. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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22
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Carbon-based nanostructures for emerging photocatalysis: CO2 reduction, N2 fixation, and organic conversion. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Liu XH, Yu HY, Huang JY, Su JH, Xue C, Zhou XT, He YR, He Q, Xu DJ, Xiong C, Ji HB. Biomimetic catalytic aerobic oxidation of C-sp(3)-H bonds under mild conditions using galactose oxidase model compound Cu IIL. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9560-9568. [PMID: 36091900 PMCID: PMC9400635 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02606f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing highly efficient catalytic protocols for C-sp(3)-H bond aerobic oxidation under mild conditions is a long-desired goal of chemists. Inspired by nature, a biomimetic approach for the aerobic oxidation of C-sp(3)-H by galactose oxidase model compound CuIIL and NHPI (N-hydroxyphthalimide) was developed. The CuIIL-NHPI system exhibited excellent performance in the oxidation of C-sp(3)-H bonds to ketones, especially for light alkanes. The biomimetic catalytic protocol had a broad substrate scope. Mechanistic studies revealed that the CuI-radical intermediate species generated from the intramolecular redox process of CuIILH2 was critical for O2 activation. Kinetic experiments showed that the activation of NHPI was the rate-determining step. Furthermore, activation of NHPI in the CuIIL-NHPI system was demonstrated by time-resolved EPR results. The persistent PINO (phthalimide-N-oxyl) radical mechanism for the aerobic oxidation of C-sp(3)-H bond was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Liu
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519082 China
| | - Hai-Yang Yu
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519082 China
| | - Jia-Ying Huang
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519082 China
| | - Ji-Hu Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Can Xue
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519082 China
| | - Xian-Tai Zhou
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519082 China
| | - Yao-Rong He
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Qian He
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - De-Jing Xu
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519082 China
| | - Chao Xiong
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Hong-Bing Ji
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
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24
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Hoque MA, Twilton J, Zhu J, Graaf MD, Harper KC, Tuca E, DiLabio GA, Stahl SS. Electrochemical PINOylation of Methylarenes: Improving the Scope and Utility of Benzylic Oxidation through Mediated Electrolysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15295-15302. [PMID: 35972068 PMCID: PMC9420808 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A mediated electrosynthetic method has been developed for selective benzylic oxidation of methylarenes. Phthalimide-N-oxyl (PINO) radical generated by proton-coupled electrochemical oxidation of N-hydroxypthalimide serves as a hydrogen atom-transfer (HAT) mediator and as a radical trap for the benzylic radicals generated in situ. This mediated electrolysis method operates at much lower anode potentials relative to direct electrolysis methods for benzylic oxidation initiated by single-electron transfer (SET). A direct comparison of SET and mediated-HAT electrolysis methods with a common set of substrates shows that the HAT reaction exhibits a significantly improved substrate scope and functional group compatibility. The PINOylated products are readily converted into the corresponding benzylic alcohol or benzaldehyde derivative under photochemical conditions, and the synthetic utility of this method is highlighted by the late-stage functionalization of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asmaul Hoque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jack Twilton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jieru Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Matthew D. Graaf
- Abbvie Process Research and Development, 1401 North Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Kaid C. Harper
- Abbvie Process Research and Development, 1401 North Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Emilian Tuca
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Gino A. DiLabio
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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25
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Oxyfunctionalization of Benzylic C-H Bonds of Toluene Mediated by Covalently Anchored Co-Schiff Bases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165302. [PMID: 36014538 PMCID: PMC9416660 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxyfunctionalization of toluene to value-added benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid is of great significance. In this work, Co-Schiff bases were immobilized on commercial silica gel by covalent anchoring, and resulting catalysts were used to catalyze the oxidation of toluene in the presence of the cocatalyst N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI). The catalysts exhibited excellent textural and structural properties, reliable bonding and a predomination of the cobaltous ions. The catalyst synthesized by diethylamino salicylaldehyde (EASA) possessed a grafting density of 0.14 mmol/g and exhibited a toluene conversion of 37.5%, with predominant selectivities to benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid under solvent-free conditions. It is concluded that the effect of ligands on their catalytic performance might be related to their electron-donating or -withdrawing properties.
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26
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Baeza Cinco MÁ, Wu G, Telser J, Hayton TW. Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization of a Zinc-Bound N-Oxyphthalimide Radical. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:13250-13255. [PMID: 35972238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thermolysis of a 1:1:1 mixture of MeLH (MeL = {(2,6-iPr2C6H3)NC(Me)}2CH), N-hydroxyphthalimide (HOPth), and diethylzinc in toluene at 77 °C provided [MeLZn(OPth)] (1) in good yield after workup. The subsequent reduction of 1 with 1.3 equiv of KC8 and 1 equiv of 2.2.2-cryptand, in tetrahydrofuran, provided [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][MeLZn(OPth)] (2) in 74% yield after workup. Characterization of 2 via X-ray crystallography and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals the presence of an S = 1/2 radical on the N-oxyphthalimide ligand. Importantly, these data represent the first structural and spectroscopic confirmation of the redox activity of a metal-bound N-oxyphthalimide fragment, expanding the range of structurally characterized redox-active ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Á Baeza Cinco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93016, United States
| | - Guang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93016, United States
| | - Joshua Telser
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Physical Sciences, Roosevelt University, 430 South Michigan Avenue. Chicago, Illinois 60605-1394, United States
| | - Trevor W Hayton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93016, United States
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27
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Motiwala HF, Armaly AM, Cacioppo JG, Coombs TC, Koehn KRK, Norwood VM, Aubé J. HFIP in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12544-12747. [PMID: 35848353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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28
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Alsaiari RA. Supported ruthenium catalyst as an effective catalyst for selective oxidation of toluene. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Hou ZW, Zhang MM, Yang WC, Wang L. Catalyst- and Oxidizing Reagent-Free Electrochemical Benzylic C(sp 3)-H Oxidation of Phenol Derivatives. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7806-7817. [PMID: 35648817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A site-selective electrochemical approach for the benzylic C(sp3)-H oxidation reaction of phenol derivatives along with hydrogen evolution has been developed. The protocol proceeds in an easily available undivided cell at room temperature under catalyst- and oxidizing reagent-free conditions. The corresponding aryl aldehydes and ketones are obtained in satisfactory yields, and the gram-scale synthesis is easy to be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Hou
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, Taizhou 318000, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhang
- Guangling College and School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Chao Yang
- Guangling College and School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, Taizhou 318000, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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30
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Golden DL, Suh SE, Stahl SS. Radical C(sp3)–H functionalization and cross-coupling reactions. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:405-427. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Galeotti M, Vicens L, Salamone M, Costas M, Bietti M. Resolving Oxygenation Pathways in Manganese-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-H Functionalization via Radical and Cationic Intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7391-7401. [PMID: 35417154 PMCID: PMC9052745 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The C(sp3)–H bond oxygenation of the cyclopropane-containing
mechanistic probes 6-tert-butylspiro[2.5]octane and
spiro[2.5]octane with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by manganese complexes
bearing aminopyridine tetradentate ligands has been studied. Mixtures
of unrearranged and rearranged oxygenation products (alcohols, ketones,
and esters) are obtained, suggesting the involvement of cationic intermediates
and the contribution of different pathways following the initial hydrogen
atom transfer-based C–H bond cleavage step. Despite such a
complex mechanistic scenario, a judicious choice of the catalyst structure
and reaction conditions (solvent, temperature, and carboxylic acid)
could be employed to resolve these oxygenation pathways, leading,
with the former substrate, to conditions where a single unrearranged
or rearranged product is obtained in good isolated yield. Taken together,
the work demonstrates an unprecedented ability to precisely direct
the chemoselectivity of the C–H oxidation reaction, discriminating
among multiple pathways. In addition, these results conclusively demonstrate
that stereospecific C(sp3)–H oxidation can take
place via a cationic intermediate and that this path can become exclusive
in governing product formation, expanding the available toolbox of
aliphatic C–H bond oxygenations. The implications of these
findings are discussed in the framework of the development of synthetically
useful C–H functionalization procedures and the associated
mechanistic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Galeotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università"Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Laia Vicens
- QBIS Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università"Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Miquel Costas
- QBIS Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università"Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
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32
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Shibata T, Akino M, Sekine A, Ito M. Metal-Free Aerobic C–H Oxidation of Methylarenes to Aromatic Aldehydes by Sulfur-Containing Tetracyclic Compounds as Visible-Light Photocatalysts. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Shibata
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Mika Akino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Ayato Sekine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Mamoru Ito
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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33
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Galeotti M, Salamone M, Bietti M. Electronic control over site-selectivity in hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) based C(sp 3)-H functionalization promoted by electrophilic reagents. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2171-2223. [PMID: 35229835 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00556a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds represents one of the most investigated approaches to develop new synthetic methodology. Among the available strategies for intermolecular C-H bond functionalization, increasing attention has been devoted to hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) based procedures promoted by radical or radical-like reagents, that offer the opportunity to introduce a large variety of atoms and groups in place of hydrogen under mild conditions. Because of the large number of aliphatic C-H bonds displayed by organic molecules, in these processes control over site-selectivity represents a crucial issue, and the associated factors have been discussed. In this review article, attention will be devoted to the role of electronic effects on C(sp3)-H bond functionalization site-selectivity. Through an analysis of the recent literature, a detailed description of the HAT reagents employed in these processes, the associated mechanistic features and the selectivity patterns observed in the functionalization of substrates of increasing structural complexity will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Galeotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy.
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34
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Triandafillidi I, Nikitas NF, Gkizis PL, Spiliopoulou N, Kokotos CG. Hexafluoroisopropanol-Promoted or Brønsted Acid-Mediated Photochemical [2+2] Cycloadditions of Alkynes with Maleimides. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102441. [PMID: 34978379 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although the use of light stimulating organic transformations has been known for more than a century, there is an increasing research interest on expanding the established knowledge. While [2+2] cycloadditions are promoted photochemically, literature precedent on the reaction between alkynes and maleimides is limited and only a handful of examples exist, focusing mainly on N-aliphatic maleimides. Herein, the differences in reactivity between N-alkyl and N-aryl maleimides were identified, and the use of hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) or trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as viable solutions was proposed in order to achieve high yields. In the case of N-alkyl maleimides, both HFIP-mediated or TFA-promoted reactions were established using LED 370 nm irradiation, without the use of an external photocatalyst. In the case of N-aryl maleimides, thioxanthone (THX) was employed as the energy transfer photocatalyst along with LED 427 nm irradiation and HFIP. Mechanistic studies were performed, supporting the pivotal role of HFIP or TFA, in acquiring good to high yields in both classes of maleimides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ierasia Triandafillidi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros L Gkizis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoleta Spiliopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
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35
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Highly Crystalline Lead-Free Cs3Sb2Br9 Perovskite Microcrystals Enable Efficient and Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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36
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Zhang J, Du J, Zhang C, Liu K, Yu F, Yuan Y, Duan B, Liu R. Selective Oxidation of Alkylarenes to the Aromatic Ketones or Benzaldehydes with Water. Org Lett 2022; 24:1152-1157. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jihong Du
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Feifei Yu
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yongkun Yuan
- Suzhou Yacoo Science Co. Ltd., Jinhai Road 17, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu 215125, China
| | - Baogen Duan
- Suzhou Yacoo Science Co. Ltd., Jinhai Road 17, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu 215125, China
| | - Renhua Liu
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
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37
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Thiruvengetam P, Chand DK. Controlled and Predictably Selective Oxidation of Activated and Unactivated C(sp3)–H Bonds Catalyzed by a Molybdenum-Based Metallomicellar Catalyst in Water. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4061-4077. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dillip Kumar Chand
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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38
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High-efficient metal-free aerobic oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons by N, N-dihydroxypyromellitimide and 1,4-diamino-2,3-dichloroanthraquinone. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.112078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Tretyakov EV, Ovcharenko VI, Terent'ev AO, Krylov IB, Magdesieva TV, Mazhukin DG, Gritsan NP. Conjugated nitroxide radicals. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Mintz T, More NY, Gaster E, Pappo D. Iron-Catalyzed Oxidative Cross-Coupling of Phenols and Tyrosine Derivatives with 3-Alkyloxindoles. J Org Chem 2021; 86:18164-18178. [PMID: 34881564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel iron-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling reaction between phenols and 3-alkyloxindole derivatives is reported. The efficient method, which is based on the FeCl3 catalyst and the t-BuOOt-Bu oxidant in 1,2-dichloroethane at 70 °C, affords 3-alkyl-3-(hydroxyaryl)oxindole compounds with a high degree of selectivity. The generality of the conditions was proven by reacting various substituted phenols, naphthols, and tyrosine derivatives with 3-alkyloxindoles. To apply the chemistry for the conjugation of tyrosine-containing short peptides with oxindolylalanine (Oia) derivatives, the reaction conditions were modified [Fe(O2CCF3)3 catalyst, t-BuOOt-Bu, HFIP, 70 °C], and amino acids with acid-stable N-protecting groups were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Mintz
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Nagnath Yadav More
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Eden Gaster
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Doron Pappo
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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41
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SBA-15 Supported Silver Catalyst for the Efficient Aerobic Oxidation of Toluene Under Solvent-Free Conditions. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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42
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Xu D, He Y, Liu X, Xiong C, Zhou X, Xue C, Ji H. N
‐Hydroxyphthalimide‐Catalyzed Epoxidation of Inactive Aliphatic Olefins with Air at Room Temperature. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dejing Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Sun Yat-Sen University Zhuhai 519082 P. R. China
| | - Yaorong He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Sun Yat-Sen University Zhuhai 519082 P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Sun Yat-Sen University Zhuhai 519082 P. R. China
| | - Chao Xiong
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Xiantai Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Sun Yat-Sen University Zhuhai 519082 P. R. China
| | - Can Xue
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Sun Yat-Sen University Zhuhai 519082 P. R. China
| | - Hongbing Ji
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology Maoming 525000 P. R. China
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43
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Hu WJ, Zhou XT, Sun MZ, Ji HB. Efficient catalytic oxidation of primary benzylic C H bonds with molecular oxygen catalyzed by cobalt porphyrins and N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) in supercritical carbon dioxide. CATAL COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2021.106353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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44
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Costas M. Site and Enantioselective Aliphatic C-H Oxidation with Bioinspired Chiral Complexes. CHEM REC 2021; 21:4000-4014. [PMID: 34609780 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Selective oxidation of aliphatic C-H bonds stands as an unsolved problem in organic synthesis, with the potential to offer novel paths for preparing molecules of biological interest. The quest for reagents that can perform this class of reactions finds oxygenases and their mechanisms of action as inspiration motifs. Among the numerous families of synthetic catalysts that have been explored, complexes with linear tetraazadentate ligands combining two aliphatic amines and two aromatic amine heterocycles display a structural versatility proven instrumental in the design of C-H oxidation reactions showing site and enantioselectivities, not accessible by conventional oxidants. This manuscript makes a review of recent advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Costas
- Department of Chemistry and Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC), Universitat de Girona Facultat de Ciències, Campus de Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain
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45
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Li X, Bai F, Liu C, Ma X, Gu C, Dai B. Selective Electrochemical Oxygenation of Alkylarenes to Carbonyls. Org Lett 2021; 23:7445-7449. [PMID: 34517705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient electrochemical method for benzylic C(sp3)-H bond oxidation has been developed. A variety of methylarenes, methylheteroarenes, and benzylic (hetero)methylenes could be converted into the desired aryl aldehydes and aryl ketones in moderate to excellent yields in an undivided cell, using O2 as the oxygen source and lutidinium perchlorate as an electrolyte. On the basis of cyclic voltammetry studies, 18O labeling experiments, and radical trapping experiments, a possible single-electron transfer mechanism has been proposed for the electrooxidation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, Uygur Autonomous Region 832000, China
| | - Fang Bai
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, Uygur Autonomous Region 832000, China
| | - Chaogan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, Uygur Autonomous Region 832000, China
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, Uygur Autonomous Region 832000, China
| | - Chengzhi Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, Uygur Autonomous Region 832000, China
| | - Bin Dai
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, Uygur Autonomous Region 832000, China
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46
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Alabugin IV, Kuhn L, Medvedev MG, Krivoshchapov NV, Vil' VA, Yaremenko IA, Mehaffy P, Yarie M, Terent'ev AO, Zolfigol MA. Stereoelectronic power of oxygen in control of chemical reactivity: the anomeric effect is not alone. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10253-10345. [PMID: 34263287 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00386k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although carbon is the central element of organic chemistry, oxygen is the central element of stereoelectronic control in organic chemistry. Generally, a molecule with a C-O bond has both a strong donor (a lone pair) and a strong acceptor (e.g., a σ*C-O orbital), a combination that provides opportunities to influence chemical transformations at both ends of the electron demand spectrum. Oxygen is a stereoelectronic chameleon that adapts to the varying situations in radical, cationic, anionic, and metal-mediated transformations. Arguably, the most historically important stereoelectronic effect is the anomeric effect (AE), i.e., the axial preference of acceptor groups at the anomeric position of sugars. Although AE is generally attributed to hyperconjugative interactions of σ-acceptors with a lone pair at oxygen (negative hyperconjugation), recent literature reports suggested alternative explanations. In this context, it is timely to evaluate the fundamental connections between the AE and a broad variety of O-functional groups. Such connections illustrate the general role of hyperconjugation with oxygen lone pairs in reactivity. Lessons from the AE can be used as the conceptual framework for organizing disjointed observations into a logical body of knowledge. In contrast, neglect of hyperconjugation can be deeply misleading as it removes the stereoelectronic cornerstone on which, as we show in this review, the chemistry of organic oxygen functionalities is largely based. As negative hyperconjugation releases the "underutilized" stereoelectronic power of unshared electrons (the lone pairs) for the stabilization of a developing positive charge, the role of orbital interactions increases when the electronic demand is high and molecules distort from their equilibrium geometries. From this perspective, hyperconjugative anomeric interactions play a unique role in guiding reaction design. In this manuscript, we discuss the reactivity of organic O-functionalities, outline variations in the possible hyperconjugative patterns, and showcase the vast implications of AE for the structure and reactivity. On our journey through a variety of O-containing organic functional groups, from textbook to exotic, we will illustrate how this knowledge can predict chemical reactivity and unlock new useful synthetic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Leah Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Michael G Medvedev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.,A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova St., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolai V Krivoshchapov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1 (3), Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vera A Vil'
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan A Yaremenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Patricia Mehaffy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Meysam Yarie
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65167, Iran
| | - Alexander O Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mohammad Ali Zolfigol
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65167, Iran
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47
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Selective electrochemical oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons and preparation of mono/multi-carbonyl compounds. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-021-1061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Enzyme-like mechanism of selective toluene oxidation to benzaldehyde over organophosphoric acid-bonded nano-oxides. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(20)63758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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49
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Shibuya M, Orihashi T, Li Y, Yamamoto Y. N-Hydroxyphthalimide-catalyzed chemoselective intermolecular benzylic C-H amination of unprotected arylalkanols. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8742-8745. [PMID: 34374398 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03466a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
N-Hydroxyphthalimide-catalyzed chemoselective benzylic C(sp3)-H amination of unprotected arylalkanols using bis(2,2,2-trichloroethyl)azodicarboxylate has been developed. The use of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol as a solvent plays a critical role in chemoselectivity. The conversion of an aminated product to the corresponding free amino alcohol was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Shibuya
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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50
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Capaldo L, Ravelli D, Fagnoni M. Direct Photocatalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) for Aliphatic C-H Bonds Elaboration. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1875-1924. [PMID: 34355884 PMCID: PMC8796199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Direct photocatalyzed
hydrogen atom transfer (d-HAT) can be considered
a method of choice for the elaboration of
aliphatic C–H bonds. In this manifold, a photocatalyst (PCHAT) exploits the energy of a photon to trigger the homolytic
cleavage of such bonds in organic compounds. Selective C–H
bond elaboration may be achieved by a judicious choice of the hydrogen
abstractor (key parameters are the electronic character and the molecular
structure), as well as reaction additives. Different are the classes
of PCsHAT available, including aromatic ketones, xanthene
dyes (Eosin Y), polyoxometalates, uranyl salts, a metal-oxo porphyrin
and a tris(amino)cyclopropenium radical dication. The processes (mainly
C–C bond formation) are in most cases carried out under mild
conditions with the help of visible light. The aim of this review
is to offer a comprehensive survey of the synthetic applications of
photocatalyzed d-HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Capaldo
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Ravelli
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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