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Li S, Czap G, Li J, Zhang Y, Yu A, Yuan D, Kimura H, Wu R, Ho W. Confinement-Induced Catalytic Dissociation of Hydrogen Molecules in a Scanning Tunneling Microscope. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9618-9623. [PMID: 35486711 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic scission of single chemical bonds has been induced by the nanoscale confinement in a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) junction. Individual hydrogen molecules sandwiched between the STM tip and a copper substrate can be dissociated solely by the reciprocating movement of the tip. The reaction rate depends sensitively on the local molecular environment, as exemplified by the effects of a nearby carbon monoxide molecule or a gold adatom. Detailed mechanisms and the nature of the transition states are revealed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This work provides insights into chemical reactions at the atomic scale induced by localized confinement applied by the STM tip. Furthermore, a single diatomic molecule can act as a molecular catalyst to enhance the reaction rate on a surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, United States
| | - Gregory Czap
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, United States
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, United States
| | - Yanxing Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, United States.,College of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Arthur Yu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, United States
| | - Dingwang Yuan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, United States.,College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Hikari Kimura
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, United States
| | - Ruqian Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, United States
| | - W Ho
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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Michalchuk AAL, Boldyreva EV, Belenguer AM, Emmerling F, Boldyrev VV. Tribochemistry, Mechanical Alloying, Mechanochemistry: What is in a Name? Front Chem 2021; 9:685789. [PMID: 34164379 PMCID: PMC8216082 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.685789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the decades, the application of mechanical force to influence chemical reactions has been called by various names: mechanochemistry, tribochemistry, mechanical alloying, to name but a few. The evolution of these terms has largely mirrored the understanding of the field. But what is meant by these terms, why have they evolved, and does it really matter how a process is called? Which parameters should be defined to describe unambiguously the experimental conditions such that others can reproduce the results, or to allow a meaningful comparison between processes explored under different conditions? Can the information on the process be encoded in a clear, concise, and self-explanatory way? We address these questions in this Opinion contribution, which we hope will spark timely and constructive discussion across the international mechanochemical community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena V. Boldyreva
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ana M. Belenguer
- Yusef Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vladimir V. Boldyrev
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Voevodski Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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O’Neill RT, Boulatov R. The many flavours of mechanochemistry and its plausible conceptual underpinnings. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:148-167. [PMID: 37117533 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-00249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry describes diverse phenomena in which mechanical load affects chemical reactivity. The fuzziness of this definition means that it includes processes as seemingly disparate as motor protein function, organic synthesis in a ball mill, reactions at a propagating crack, chemical actuation, and polymer fragmentation in fast solvent flows and in mastication. In chemistry, the rate of a reaction in a flask does not depend on how fast the flask moves in space. In mechanochemistry, the rate at which a material is deformed affects which and how many bonds break. In other words, in some manifestations of mechanochemistry, macroscopic motion powers otherwise endergonic reactions. In others, spontaneous chemical reactions drive mechanical motion. Neither requires thermal or electrostatic gradients. Distinct manifestations of mechanochemistry are conventionally treated as being conceptually independent, which slows the field in its transformation from being a collection of observations to a rigorous discipline. In this Review, we highlight observations suggesting that the unifying feature of mechanochemical phenomena may be the coupling between inertial motion at the microscale to macroscale and changes in chemical bonding enabled by transient build-up and relaxation of strains, from macroscopic to molecular. This dynamic coupling across multiple length scales and timescales also greatly complicates the conceptual understanding of mechanochemistry.
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Bodek L, Engelund M, Cebrat A, Such B. Adsorption behavior of tin phthalocyanine onto the (110) face of rutile TiO 2. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:821-828. [PMID: 32551207 PMCID: PMC7277932 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption behavior of tin phthalocyanine (SnPc) molecules on rutile TiO2(110) was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Low-temperature STM measurements of single molecules reveal the coexistence of two conformations of molecules on the TiO2 surface. Density functional theory-based simulations (DFT) indicate that the difference originates from the position of the tin atom protruding from the molecule plane. The irreversible switching of Sn-up molecules into the Sn-down conformation was observed either after sample annealing at 200 °C or as a result of tip-induced manipulation. Room-temperature measurements conducted for a coverage of close to a monolayer showed no tendency for molecular arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Bodek
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, ul. S. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mads Engelund
- Espeem S.A.R.L., c/o Technoport S.A., 9 Avenue des Haut-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Aleksandra Cebrat
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, ul. S. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Bartosz Such
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, ul. S. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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5
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SnPc Molecules on Surfaces Studied by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. J CLUST SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-019-01610-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Forker R, Gruenewald M, Sojka F, Peuker J, Mueller P, Zwick C, Huempfner T, Meissner M, Fritz T. Fraternal twins: distinction between PbPc and SnPc by their switching behaviour in a scanning tunnelling microscope. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:134004. [PMID: 30729922 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aafeae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, we compare the optical absorbance behaviour and the structural properties of lead(II)-phthalocyanine (PbPc) and tin(II)-phthalocyanine (SnPc) thin films. To this end, we employ a Ag(1 1 1) substrate terminated with a monolayer of 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride constituting an internal interface whose main effect is an electronic decoupling of the phthalocyanine adlayer from the metal surface. As deduced from low-energy electron diffraction and scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) measurements, the epitaxial relations and unit cell compositions of the prevailing PbPc monolayer and multilayer domains are confusingly similar to those of SnPc on PTCDA/Ag(1 1 1). However, SnPc and PbPc can be readily distinguished by their STM-induced switching behaviours: while the former is capable of reversible configurational changes, no effect on the latter could be achieved by us under comparable conditions. This corroborates earlier theoretical predictions and even renders the chemical identification of individual shuttlecock-shaped metal-phthalocyanines feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Forker
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 5, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Bettens T, Alonso M, Geerlings P, De Proft F. Implementing the mechanical force into the conceptual DFT framework: understanding and predicting molecular mechanochemical properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:7378-7388. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07349j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Studying mechanochemical properties through the implementation of the mechanical force into the conceptual DFT framework (E = E[N,v,Fext]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bettens
- Algemene Chemie (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- Pleinlaan 2
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Algemene Chemie (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- Pleinlaan 2
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Algemene Chemie (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- Pleinlaan 2
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Algemene Chemie (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- Pleinlaan 2
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
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Shiotari A, Odani T, Sugimoto Y. Torque-Induced Change in Configuration of a Single NO Molecule on Cu(110). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:116101. [PMID: 30265092 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.116101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated that a nitric oxide (NO) molecule on Cu(110) acts as an "ON-OFF-ON toggle switch" that can be turned on and off by repulsive force and electron injection, respectively. On the surface, NO molecules exist in three configurations: flat along the [001] direction (ON), upright (OFF), and flat along [001[over ¯]] (ON). An NO-functionalized tip, which was characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy and inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy, can convert an upright NO adsorbate into a flat-lying NO. Atomic force microscopy and a simulation of the interactions between the NO molecules reveal that a repulsive force not aligned with the N-O bond provides the torque that detrudes the NO toggle; i.e., the upright NO adsorbate is tilted away from the tip. Therefore, the NO adsorbate behaves as a nonvolatile sensor for the detection of locally applied repulsive torque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitoshi Shiotari
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan
| | - Takafumi Odani
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sugimoto
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan
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Ziatdinov M, Dyck O, Maksov A, Li X, Sang X, Xiao K, Unocic RR, Vasudevan R, Jesse S, Kalinin SV. Deep Learning of Atomically Resolved Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Images: Chemical Identification and Tracking Local Transformations. ACS NANO 2017; 11:12742-12752. [PMID: 29215876 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in scanning transmission electron and scanning probe microscopies have opened exciting opportunities in probing the materials structural parameters and various functional properties in real space with angstrom-level precision. This progress has been accompanied by an exponential increase in the size and quality of data sets produced by microscopic and spectroscopic experimental techniques. These developments necessitate adequate methods for extracting relevant physical and chemical information from the large data sets, for which a priori information on the structures of various atomic configurations and lattice defects is limited or absent. Here we demonstrate an application of deep neural networks to extract information from atomically resolved images including location of the atomic species and type of defects. We develop a "weakly supervised" approach that uses information on the coordinates of all atomic species in the image, extracted via a deep neural network, to identify a rich variety of defects that are not part of an initial training set. We further apply our approach to interpret complex atomic and defect transformation, including switching between different coordination of silicon dopants in graphene as a function of time, formation of peculiar silicon dimer with mixed 3-fold and 4-fold coordination, and the motion of molecular "rotor". This deep learning-based approach resembles logic of a human operator, but can be scaled leading to significant shift in the way of extracting and analyzing information from raw experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Artem Maksov
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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