1
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Liang ZL, Zhang ZH, Jiao YE, Xu H, Hu HS, Zhao B. Highly Stable 72-Nuclearity Nanocages for Efficient Synthesis of Aryl Nitriles via Ni/Cu Synergistic Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10776-10784. [PMID: 38578219 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Seeking noble-metal-free catalysts for efficient synthesis of aryl nitriles under mild conditions poses a significant challenge due to the use of hypertoxic cyanides or high-pressure/temperature NH3/O2 in conventional synthesis processes. Herein, we developed a novel framework 1 assembled by [Ni72] nanocages with excellent solvents/pH stability. To investigate the structure-activity relationship of catalytic performance, several isostructural MOFs with different molar ratios of Ni/Cu by doping Cu2+ into framework 1 (Ni0.59Cu0.41 (2), Ni0.81Cu0.19 (3), Ni0.88Cu0.12 (4), and Ni0.92Cu0.08 (5)) were prepared. Catalytic studies revealed that catalyst 3 exhibited remarkable performance in the synthesis of aryl nitriles, utilizing a formamide alternative to hypertoxic NaCN/KCN. Notably, catalyst 3 achieved an excellent TOF value of 9.8 h-1. Furthermore, catalyst 3 demonstrated its applicability in a gram-scale experiment and maintained its catalytic performance even after six recycling cycles, owing to its high stability resulting from significant electrostatic and orbital interactions between the Ni center and ligands as well as a large SOMO-LUMO energy gap supported by DFT calculations. Control experiments and DFT calculations further revealed that the excellent catalytic performance of catalyst 3 originated from the synergistic effect of Ni/Cu. Importantly, this work not only provides a highly feasible method to construct highly stable MOFs containing multinuclear nanocages with exceptional catalytic performance but also represents the first example of a heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of aryl nitriles using formamide as the cyanide source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Long Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zi-He Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yue-E Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Han-Shi Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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2
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Yin F, Chen Y, Luo Z, Li S, Zhang Y, Wan S, Li X, Kong L, Wang X. Regioselective Olefination and Arylation of Arene-Tethered Diols Using the Easily Foldable Directing Groups. Org Lett 2024; 26:1463-1467. [PMID: 38349252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Arene-tethered diols constitute a valuable class of structural motifs of drug and bioactive natural product molecules. In this study, a regioselective protocol for olefination and arylation of arene-tethered 1,2-diols and 1,3-diols has been developed using easily foldable acetal structures for attaching pyridine and nitrile directing groups. The method overcomes the steric hindrance effect of the short-chain diols and affords products in high yield and regioselectivity. This efficient cascaded catalysis has been successfully utilized in the syntheses of natural products such as peucedanol, decursinol, and marmesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fucheng Yin
- China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Chen
- China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongwen Luo
- China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang Li
- China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonglei Zhang
- China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Wan
- China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Li
- China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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3
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Shim SY. Late-Stage C-H Activation of Drug (Derivative) Molecules with Pd(ll) Catalysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302620. [PMID: 37846586 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
This review comprehensively analyses representative examples of Pd(II)-catalyzed late-stage C-H activation reactions and demonstrates their efficacy in converting C-H bonds at multiple positions within drug (derivative) molecules into diverse functional groups. These transformative reactions hold immense potential in medicinal chemistry, enabling the efficient and selective functionalization of specific sites within drug molecules, thereby enhancing their pharmacological activity and expanding the scope of potential drug candidates. Although notable articles have focused on late-stage C-H functionalization reactions of drug-like molecules using transition-metal catalysts, reviews specifically focusing on late-stage C-H functionalization reactions of drug (derivative) molecules using Pd(II) catalysts are required owing to their prominence as the most widely utilized metal catalysts for C-H activation and their ability to introduce a myriad of functional groups at specific C-H bonds. The utilization of Pd-catalyzed C-H activation methodologies demonstrates impressive success in introducing various functional groups, such as cyano (CN), fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), aromatic rings, olefin, alkyl, alkyne, and hydroxyl groups, to drug (derivative) molecules with high regioselectivity and functional-group tolerance. These breakthroughs in late-stage C-H activation reactions serve as invaluable tools for drug discovery and development, thereby offering strategic options to optimize drug candidates and drive the exploration of innovative therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yong Shim
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) KRICT School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
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4
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de Carvalho RL, Diogo EBT, Homölle SL, Dana S, da Silva Júnior EN, Ackermann L. The crucial role of silver(I)-salts as additives in C-H activation reactions: overall analysis of their versatility and applicability. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6359-6378. [PMID: 37655711 PMCID: PMC10714919 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00328k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal catalyzed C-H activation reactions have been proven to be useful methodologies for the assembly of synthetically meaningful molecules. This approach bears intrinsic peculiarities that are important to be studied and comprehended in order to achieve its best performance. One example is the use of additives for the in situ generation of catalytically active species. This strategy varies according to the type of additive and the nature of the pre-catalyst that is being used. Thus, silver(I)-salts have proven to play an important role, due to the resulting high reactivity derived from the pre-catalysts of the main transition metals used so far. While being powerful and versatile, the use of silver-based additives can raise concerns, since superstoichiometric amounts of silver(I)-salts are typically required. Therefore, it is crucial to first understand the role of silver(I) salts as additives, in order to wisely overcome this barrier and shift towards silver-free systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato L de Carvalho
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais-UFMG, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Emilay B T Diogo
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais-UFMG, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Simon L Homölle
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Suman Dana
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Eufrânio N da Silva Júnior
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais-UFMG, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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5
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Zhang P, Jiang Z, Fan Z, Li G, Ma Q, Huang J, Tang J, Xu X, Yu JQ, Jin Z. Macrocyclization via remote meta-selective C-H olefination using a practical indolyl template. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8279-8287. [PMID: 37564415 PMCID: PMC10411616 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01670f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of macrocyclic compounds with different sizes and linkages remains a great challenge via transition metal-catalysed intramolecular C-H activation. Herein, we disclose an efficient macrocyclization strategy via Pd-catalysed remote meta-C-H olefination using a practical indolyl template. This approach was successfully employed to access macrolides and coumarins. In addition, the intermolecular meta-C-H olefination also worked well and was exemplified by the synthesis of antitumor drug belinostat from inexpensive and readily available benzenesulfonyl chloride. Notably, catalytic copper acetate and molecular oxygen were used in place of silver salts as oxidants. Furthermore, for the first time, the formation of a macrocyclophane cyclopalladated intermediate was detected through in situ Fourier-transform infrared monitoring experiments and ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhoulong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 United States
| | - Guoshuai Li
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Qingxue Ma
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Native Medicinal and Edible Plant Resource Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Kashi University Kashgar 844007 China
| | - Jinghong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Native Medicinal and Edible Plant Resource Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Kashi University Kashgar 844007 China
| | - Xiaohua Xu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 United States
| | - Zhong Jin
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Native Medicinal and Edible Plant Resource Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Kashi University Kashgar 844007 China
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6
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Chen J, Song W, Yao J, Wu Z, Lee YM, Wang Y, Nam W, Wang B. Hydrogen Bonding-Assisted and Nonheme Manganese-Catalyzed Remote Hydroxylation of C-H Bonds in Nitrogen-Containing Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5456-5466. [PMID: 36811463 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of catalytic systems capable of oxygenating unactivated C-H bonds with excellent site-selectivity and functional group tolerance under mild conditions remains a challenge. Inspired by the secondary coordination sphere (SCS) hydrogen bonding in metallooxygenases, reported herein is an SCS solvent hydrogen bonding strategy that employs 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as a strong hydrogen bond donor solvent to enable remote C-H hydroxylation in the presence of basic aza-heteroaromatic rings with a low loading of a readily available and inexpensive manganese complex as a catalyst and hydrogen peroxide as a terminal oxidant. We demonstrate that this strategy represents a promising compliment to the current state-of-the-art protection approaches that rely on precomplexation with strong Lewis and/or Brønsted acids. Mechanistic studies with experimental and theoretical approaches reveal the existence of a strong hydrogen bonding between the nitrogen-containing substrate and HFIP, which prevents the catalyst deactivation by nitrogen binding and deactivates the basic nitrogen atom toward oxygen atom transfer and the α-C-H bonds adjacent to the nitrogen center toward H-atom abstraction. Moreover, the hydrogen bonding exerted by HFIP has also been demonstrated not only to facilitate the O-O bond heterolytic cleavage of a putative MnIII-OOH precursor to generate MnV(O)(OC(O)CH2Br) as an active oxidant but also to affect the stability and the activity of MnV(O)(OC(O)CH2Br).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Wenxun Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Jinping Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Zhimin Wu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yong-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
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7
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Xu F, Zhang F, Wang W, Yao M, Lin X, Yang F, Qian Y, Chen Z. Iron(III)-catalyzed α-cyanation and carbonylation with 2-pyridylacetonitrile: divergent synthesis of α-amino nitriles and tetrahydroisoquinolinones. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:7031-7035. [PMID: 36018561 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01199a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron-catalyzed oxidative synthesis of N-aryl-substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) toward tetrahydroisoquinoline-based derivatives is reported. A wide range of α-amino nitriles and tetrahydroisoquinolinones are synthesized in moderate to good yields. This approach involves a new organic nitrile source, a cheap iron catalyst under an oxygen atmosphere, and temperature-controlled divergent synthesis and features complete selectivity and operational simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Fanglian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Wenjia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Mingxu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Xing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Yiping Qian
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Zhengwang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
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8
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Xiao B, Sun TY, Wu YD. Study of Pd-catalyzed Selective Mono- and Di-C(sp 3)-H Bond Activation: A Bi-ligand Model. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10958-10966. [PMID: 35901268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the number of C-H bond activation is a long-standing challenge in organic synthesis. Recently, Yu's group demonstrated that in Pd-catalyzed alanine's arylation, pyridine-type ligands favor a mono-C-H bond activation, while quinoline-type ligands favor a di-C-H bond activation. To disclose the underlying principles, a theoretical study (density functional theory (DFT)) has been carried out. Our study indicates that a mono-ligand model, which is generally adopted in the community, does not reproduce the experimentally observed mono-/di-selectivity, while a bi-ligand model can rationalize the experimental observations well, including the observed diastereoselectivity in diarylation. The electron-rich pyridine-type ligands with less steric congestion can promote the C-H bond activation reaction of alanine derivatives. The quinoline-type ligands have a better π back-donation interaction with the metal, which makes a more active C-H bond activation than the pyridine-type ligands for this reaction. This bi-ligand model, which is a necessity, allows the understanding and future design of a dual ligand effect in C-H bond activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tian-Yu Sun
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Yun-Dong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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9
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Gupta A, Saha A, Rahaman A, Kumar J, Suresh E, Ganguly B, Bhadra S. Cooperativity between the Substrate and Ligand in Palladium-Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation Using 1-Aryl-1-propynes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10366-10371. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Gupta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Anusuya Saha
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ajijur Rahaman
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Jogendra Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Eringathodi Suresh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Bishwajit Ganguly
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sukalyan Bhadra
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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10
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Sinha SK, Panja S, Grover J, Hazra PS, Pandit S, Bairagi Y, Zhang X, Maiti D. Dual Ligand Enabled Nondirected C-H Chalcogenation of Arenes and Heteroarenes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12032-12042. [PMID: 35759373 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chalcogenide motifs are present as principal moieties in a vast array of natural products and complex molecules. Till date, the construction of these chalcogen motifs has been restricted to either the use of directing groups or the employment of a large excess of electronically activated arenes, typically employed as a cosolvent. Despite being highly effective, these methods have their own limitations in the step economy and the deployment of an excess amount of arenes. Herein, we report the evolution of a catalytic system employing arene-limited, nondirected thioarylation of arenes and heteroarenes using a complimentary dual-ligand approach. The reaction is controlled by a combination of steric and electronic factors, and the utilization of a suitable ligand enables the generation of products on a complimentary spectrum to that generated by classical methods. The combination of ligands remains imperative in the reaction protocol with theoretical calculations pointing towards a monoprotected amino acid ligand being crucial in the concerted metalation deprotonation (CMD) mechanism by a characteristic [5,6]-palladacyclic transition state, while the pyridine moiety assists in the active catalyst species formation and product release. Combined experimental and computational mechanistic investigations point toward the C-H activation step being both regio- and rate-determining. Interestingly, oxidative addition of the diphenyl disulfide substrate is found to be unlikely, and an alternative transmetalation-like mechanism involving the Pd-Ag heterometallic complex is proposed to be operative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Kumar Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Subir Panja
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jagrit Grover
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Partha Sarathi Hazra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Saikat Pandit
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Yogesh Bairagi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Xinglong Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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11
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Gou Q, Chen Q, Tan Q, Zhu M, Huang H, Deng M, Yi W, He S. Divergent Regioselective Csp 2-H Difluoromethylation of Aromatic Amines Enabled by Nickel Catalysis. Org Lett 2022; 24:3549-3554. [PMID: 35522204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the first catalytic protocol for nickel-catalyzed ortho or para position difluoromethylation of various aromatic amines has been developed with the assistance of a bidentate phosphine ligand, offering an invaluable synthesis means to construct extensive p-difluoromethylated products and difluorooxindole derivatives with significant functional fragments. Furthermore, the gram-scale reaction, broad substrate scope, excellent functional-group compatibility, late-stage difluoromethylation of pesticides, and even formal synthesis of HDAC6 inhibitors further demonstrate the usefulness of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Gou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100 China
| | - Qianqiong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100 China
| | - Qiujian Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100 China
| | - Minghong Zhu
- Fuling Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing 408000 China
| | - Huisheng Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100 China
| | - Mengjiao Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100 China
| | - Wei Yi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100 China
| | - Shuhua He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100 China
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12
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Das KM, Pal A, Adarsh NN, Thakur A. A novel quinoline-based NNN-pincer Cu(II) complex as a superior catalyst for oxidative esterification of allylic C(sp 3)-H bonds. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3540-3549. [PMID: 35393991 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00220e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report for the first time that the quinoline-based NNN-pincer Cu(II) complex acts as an air stable superior catalyst for the oxidative cross-coupling of the allyl sp3 C-H bond with an acid for the synthesis of allyl esters in a homogeneous system at ambient temperature. The synthesized catalyst, 1, has been well characterized by various analytical techniques (HRMS, single crystal X-ray diffraction, CV, EPR, UV-vis spectroscopy) and showed excellent catalytic activity for the oxidative esterification of allylic C(sp3)-H bonds at 40 °C within a very short period of time (1 h) using only 1 mol% of the catalyst. A wide variety of aromatic allylic esters were synthesized in moderate to good yields, which could be extended to aliphatic allyl esters as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Mohan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Adwitiya Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Nayarassery N Adarsh
- Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave., Potsdam, New York, 13699, USA
| | - Arunabha Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India.
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13
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Lam NYS, Fan Z, Wu K, Park HS, Shim SY, Strassfeld DA, Yu JQ. Empirical Guidelines for the Development of Remote Directing Templates through Quantitative and Experimental Analyses. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2793-2803. [PMID: 35108009 PMCID: PMC9170077 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to differentiate and selectively activate remote C-H bonds represents a perennial challenge in the field of C-H activation. Since its first report in 2012, a now-established "directing template" (DT) approach remains demonstrably effective for the functionalization of remote C-H bonds. As selectivity is hypothesized to be principally determined by the optimal positioning of the reactive catalyst to a target C-H bond, a DT's spatial factors are particularly important toward achieving high selectivity, though a systematic study on its requisite factors remain unelucidated. Through an in-depth analysis of 119 structurally unique published remote DTs, this report summarizes the key factors that are central toward achieving high selectivity at defined aryl positions, which are experimentally corroborated through the development of new aliphatic meta and para-selective DTs for electronically unbiased arenes. These empirical rules, which summarize key distance and geometric factors, are expected to be useful tools for the future development of site-selective arene C-H activation as well as other reactions that rely on covalent/noncovalent DT-mediated remote regioselection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Y. S. Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zhoulong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kevin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Han Seul Park
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Su Yong Shim
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Daniel A. Strassfeld
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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14
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Dutta U, Maiti D. Emergence of Pyrimidine-Based meta-Directing Group: Journey from Weak to Strong Coordination in Diversifying meta-C-H Functionalization. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:354-372. [PMID: 35021007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
C-H activation has emerged as a powerful transformative synthetic tool to construct complex molecular frameworks, which are ubiquitous in natural products, medicines, dyes, polymers, and many more. However, reactivity and selectivity, arising from the inertness of C-H bonds and their overabundance in organic molecules, are the two major fundamental challenges in developing various carbon-carbon (C-C) and carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bond formation reactions via C-H activation technique. Functional groups with coordinating capacity to the transition metal catalysts, profoundly known as directing groups (DGs), have shown great promise in exerting selective C-H activation, often called site-selective or regioselective transformation of a target molecule. Advent of directing group (DG)-assisted strategies not only has resolved the selectivity issues but also offers a unique solution to the rapid synthesis of complex molecules in a convenient and predictable manner. Our laboratory, in this regard, is fascinated by the prospect of DG-assisted distal C-H functionalization of arenes, in which the target C-H bond is remotely located from the existing directing group. Notably, in opposition to proximal ortho-C-H activation, which proceeded via an energetically favorable five- to seven-membered metallacycle, distal C-H activation remained a formidable challenge as it required formation of a large macrocyclic metallacycle. Therefore, designing a suitable directing template that would maintain the required distance and geometric relationship between the target C-H bond and the appended directing auxiliary in order to ensure the prolific delivery of the metal catalyst to the closest proximity of targeted distal C-H bond was the key to success. In this regard, the Yu group devised an elegant "U-shaped" template for the first time to execute distal meta-C-H activation recruiting a cyano-based directing group. Our initial effort to diversify the scope of meta-C-H functionalization using a cyano-based template led us to realize that the "cyano-based DGs" are intrinsically limited with weak coordinating ability, competitive binding mode (end-on vs side-on), and incompatibility with acidic and basic reaction conditions. In search of a robust directing auxiliary, we were intrigued by the possibility of using the strongly coordinating ability of pyrimidine and quinoline-based DGs.In this Account, we describe our journey from the weakly coordinating cyano-based DG to the strongly coordinating pyrimidine-based DG to achieve diverse meta-C-H functionalization of electronically and sterically unbiased arenes. While some of the functionalizations were achieved by finding suitable reaction conditions, others were led by mechanistic understanding. Notably, initial development in this realm was constrained with short linkers, in which the DG was attached to the arene of interest through 2-4 atoms. In later studies, we demonstrated that the selective meta-C-H activation can be attained even though the DG is 10-atoms away from the targeted arene. More importantly, a transient DG was successfully utilized to deliver meta-C-H olefination of arenes via in situ imine formation, which provided a step-economic route to meta-C-H activation.We hope that this Account will stimulate further template design and will provide a guiding platform for the future development of distal meta-C-H functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI) Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
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15
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Zhang JQ, Liu J, Hu D, Song J, Zhu G, Ren H. Rapid and Simple Access to α-(Hetero)arylacetonitriles from Gem-Difluoroalkenes. Org Lett 2022; 24:786-790. [PMID: 34989584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A scalable cyanation of gem-difluoroalkenes to (hetero)arylacetonitrile derivatives was developed. This strategy features mild reaction conditions, excellent yields, wide substrate scope, and broad functional group tolerance. Significantly, in this reaction, aqueous ammonia offers a "N" source for the "CN" reagent and entirely avoids the use of toxic cyanating reagents or metal catalysis. Hence, we provide a green and alternative method for the synthesis of arylacetonitriles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Qi Zhang
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jiayue Liu
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Hu
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jinyu Song
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Guorong Zhu
- Zhejiang Tianyu Pharmaceutical Co., Lddd., Jiangkou Development Zone, Huangyan 318020, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Hongjun Ren
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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16
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Jana R, Begam HM, Dinda E. The emergence of the C-H functionalization strategy in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10842-10866. [PMID: 34596175 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04083a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the market competitiveness and urgent societal need, an optimum speed of drug discovery is an important criterion for successful implementation. Despite the rapid ascent of artificial intelligence and computational and bioanalytical techniques to accelerate drug discovery in big pharma, organic synthesis of privileged scaffolds predicted in silico for in vitro and in vivo studies is still considered as the rate-limiting step. C-H activation is the latest technology added into an organic chemist's toolbox for the rapid construction and late-stage modification of functional molecules to achieve the desired chemical and physical properties. Particularly, elimination of prefunctionalization steps, exceptional functional group tolerance, complexity-to-diversity oriented synthesis, and late-stage functionalization of privileged medicinal scaffolds expand the chemical space. It has immense potential for the rapid synthesis of a library of molecules, structural modification to achieve the required pharmacological properties such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicology (ADMET) and attachment of chemical reporters for proteome profiling, metabolite synthesis, etc. for preclinical studies. Although heterocycle synthesis, late-stage drug modification, 18F labelling, methylation, etc. via C-H functionalization have been reviewed from the synthetic standpoint, a general overview of these protocols from medicinal and drug discovery aspects has not been reviewed. In this feature article, we will discuss the recent trends of C-H activation methodologies such as synthesis of medicinal scaffolds through C-H activation/annulation cascade; C-H arylation for sp2-sp2 and sp2-sp3 cross-coupling; C-H borylation/silylation to introduce a functional linchpin for further manipulation; C-H amination for N-heterocycles and hydrogen bond acceptors; C-H fluorination/fluoroalkylation to tune polarity and lipophilicity; C-H methylation: methyl magic in drug discovery; peptide modification and macrocyclization for therapeutics and biologics; fluorescent labelling and radiolabelling for bioimaging; bioconjugation for chemical biology studies; drug-metabolite synthesis for biodistribution and excretion studies; late-stage diversification of drug-molecules to increase efficacy and safety; cutting-edge DNA encoded library synthesis and improved synthesis of drug molecules via C-H activation in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Jana
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Hasina Mamataj Begam
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Enakshi Dinda
- Department of Chemistry and Environment, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata-700107, India
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17
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Sinha SK, Guin S, Maiti S, Biswas JP, Porey S, Maiti D. Toolbox for Distal C-H Bond Functionalizations in Organic Molecules. Chem Rev 2021; 122:5682-5841. [PMID: 34662117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal catalyzed C-H activation has developed a contemporary approach to the omnipresent area of retrosynthetic disconnection. Scientific researchers have been tempted to take the help of this methodology to plan their synthetic discourses. This paradigm shift has helped in the development of industrial units as well, making the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceutical drugs step-economical. In the vast zone of C-H bond activation, the functionalization of proximal C-H bonds has gained utmost popularity. Unlike the activation of proximal C-H bonds, the distal C-H functionalization is more strenuous and requires distinctly specialized techniques. In this review, we have compiled various methods adopted to functionalize distal C-H bonds, mechanistic insights within each of these procedures, and the scope of the methodology. With this review, we give a complete overview of the expeditious progress the distal C-H activation has made in the field of synthetic organic chemistry while also highlighting its pitfalls, thus leaving the field open for further synthetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Kumar Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Srimanta Guin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sudip Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jyoti Prasad Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sandip Porey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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18
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Murali K, Machado LA, Carvalho RL, Pedrosa LF, Mukherjee R, Da Silva Júnior EN, Maiti D. Decoding Directing Groups and Their Pivotal Role in C-H Activation. Chemistry 2021; 27:12453-12508. [PMID: 34038596 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic organic chemistry has witnessed a plethora of functionalization and defunctionalization strategies. In this regard, C-H functionalization has been at the forefront due to the multifarious applications in the development of simple to complex molecular architectures and holds a brilliant prospect in drug development and discovery. Despite been explored tremendously by chemists, this functionalization strategy still enjoys the employment of novel metal catalysts as well metal-free organic ligands. Moreover, the switch to photo- and electrochemistry has widened our understanding of the alternative pathways via which a reaction can proceed and these strategies have garnered prominence when applied to C-H activation. Synthetic chemists have been foraging for new directing groups and templates for the selective activation of C-H bonds from a myriad of carbon-hydrogen bonds in aromatic as well as aliphatic systems. As a matter of fact, by varying the templates and directing groups, scientists found the answer to the challenge of distal C-H bond activation which remained an obstacle for a very long time. These templates have been frequently harnessed for selectively activating C-H bonds of natural products, drugs, and macromolecules decorated with multiple C-H bonds. This itself was a challenge before the commencement of this field as functionalization of a site other than the targeted site could modify and hamper the biological activity of the pharmacophore. Total synthesis and pharmacophore development often faces the difficulty of superfluous reaction steps towards selective functionalization. This obstacle has been solved by late-stage functionalization simply by harnessing C-H bond activation. Moreover, green chemistry and metal-free reaction conditions have seen light in the past few decades due to the rising concern about environmental issues. Therefore, metal-free catalysts or the usage of non-toxic metals have been recently showcased in a number of elegant works. Also, research groups across the world are developing rational strategies for directing group free or non-directed protocols that are just guided by ligands. This review encapsulates the research works pertinent to C-H bond activation and discusses the science devoted to it at the fundamental level. This review gives the readers a broad understanding of how these strategies work, the execution of various metal catalysts, and directing groups. This not only helps a budding scientist towards the commencement of his/her research but also helps a matured mind searching out for selective functionalization. A detailed picture of this field and its progress with time has been portrayed in lucid scientific language with a motive to inculcate and educate scientific minds about this beautiful strategy with an overview of the most relevant and significant works of this era. The unique trait of this review is the detailed description and classification of various directing groups and their utility over a wide substrate scope. This allows an experimental chemist to understand the applicability of this domain and employ it over any targeted substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunanidhi Murali
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Luana A Machado
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renato L Carvalho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Leandro F Pedrosa
- Department of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rishav Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | | | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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19
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Xu XK, Liu JW, Li DY, Liu PN. Pd-Catalyzed Direct C-H Activation for the C5-Olefination of Methyleneindolinones. J Org Chem 2021; 86:7288-7295. [PMID: 33955751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The direct C-H activation without directing groups can realize the para-selectivity, which is a powerful and concise approach for functionalization of arenes. Utilizing the strategy, a C5-olefination of methyleneindolinones has been successfully developed by palladium-catalyzed direct C-H activation, which provides an expeditious access to 5-vinylindolin-2-ones with high regioselectivity. The protocol is distinguished by a mild reaction system avoiding ligand and high temperature. The kinetic isotope experiments indicate that the C-H bond cleavage is the rate-limiting step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Kuan Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jian-Wei Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Deng-Yuan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Pei-Nian Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
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20
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Dutta U, Maiti S, Bhattacharya T, Maiti D. Arene diversification through distal C(sp
2
)−H functionalization. Science 2021; 372:372/6543/eabd5992. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abd5992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Dutta
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sudip Maiti
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | | | - Debabrata Maiti
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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21
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Zhan Y, Li Y, Tong J, Liu P, Sun P. Electrochemical Oxidative C−H Cyanation of Quinoxalin‐2(1
H
)‐ones with TMSCN. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Zhan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Jinwen Tong
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Sun
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 People's Republic of China
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22
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Gou XY, Li Y, Luan YY, Shi WY, Wang CT, An Y, Zhang BS, Liang YM. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Radical Cyclization/meta-Selective C–H Alkylation of Arenes via σ-Activation Strategy. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ya Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuke Li
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Modeling and Computation, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Yong Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wei-Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Cui-Tian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang An
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bo-Sheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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23
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Zhu ZF, Chen GL, Liu F. Ruthenium-catalysed meta-selective C Ar-H bond alkylation via a deaminative strategy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3411-3414. [PMID: 33687414 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00039j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of aliphatic amines as alkylating reagents in organic synthesis via C-N bond activation remains underdeveloped. We herein describe a novel ruthenium-catalysed and directing-group assisted protocol for the synthesis of meta-alkylated arenes via dual C-H and C-N activation. Bench-stable and easily handled redox-active Katritzky pyridinium salts derived from abundant amines and amino acid species were used as alkyl radical precursors. This catalytic reaction could accommodate a broad range of functional groups and provide access to various meta-alkylated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Fan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Imine as a linchpin approach for meta-C-H functionalization. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1393. [PMID: 33654108 PMCID: PMC7925593 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21633-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread applications of C–H functionalization, controlling site selectivity remains a significant challenge. Covalently attached directing groups (DGs) served as ancillary ligands to ensure ortho-, meta- and para-C–H functionalization over the last two decades. These covalently linked DGs necessitate two extra steps for a single C–H functionalization: introduction of DG prior to C–H activation and removal of DG post-functionalization. Here we report a temporary directing group (TDG) for meta-C–H functionalization via reversible imine formation. By overruling facile ortho-C–H bond activation by imine-N atom, a suitably designed pyrimidine-based TDG successfully delivered selective meta-C–C bond formation. Application of this temporary directing group strategy for streamlining the synthesis of complex organic molecules without any necessary pre-functionalization at the meta position has been explored. Site-selective C–H functionalization still faces some challenges, such as the introduction and removal of an appropriate directing group. Here, the authors introduce a temporary directing group for selective meta-C–H functionalization of 2-arylbenzaldehydes via reversible imine formation.
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25
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Strategic evolution in transition metal-catalyzed directed C–H bond activation and future directions. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, Okhla New Delhi 110025 India
| | - Rafia Siddiqui
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, Okhla New Delhi 110025 India
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28
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Farooq S, Ngaini Z. One‐pot
and
two‐pot
methods for chalcone derived pyrimidines synthesis and applications. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Farooq
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Kota Samarahan Malaysia
| | - Zainab Ngaini
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Kota Samarahan Malaysia
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29
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Pimparkar S, Koodan A, Maiti S, Ahmed NS, Mostafa MMM, Maiti D. C–CN bond formation: an overview of diverse strategies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2210-2232. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07783f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Aim for cyanation: a comprehensive overview on various approaches on C–CN bond formation in arenes/heteroarenes by activated halides/pseudohalide, directed, non-directed, electro-catalyzed, photoredox-catalyzed, and radical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nesreen S. Ahmed
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry
- National Research Centre
- Cairo-12622
- Egypt
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30
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Cheng HC, Guo PH, Ma JL, Hu XQ. Directing group strategies in catalytic sp2 C–H cyanations: scope, mechanism and limitations. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00241d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Directing group strategy in transition metal catalyzed sp2 C–H bond cyanation has contributed to the direct conversion of hydrocarbons to cyano-containing compounds. Recent developments in transition metal-mediated sp2 C–H bond cyanation using this strategy are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-cheng Cheng
- College of Chemistry
- Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology
- Maoming 525000
- PR China
| | - Peng-hu Guo
- College of Chemistry
- Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology
- Maoming 525000
- PR China
| | - Jiao-li Ma
- College of Chemistry
- Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology
- Maoming 525000
- PR China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan 430074
- China
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31
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Carvalho RL, Almeida RG, Murali K, Machado LA, Pedrosa LF, Dolui P, Maiti D, da Silva Júnior EN. Removal and modification of directing groups used in metal-catalyzed C–H functionalization: the magical step of conversion into ‘conventional’ functional groups. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:525-547. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02232b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This feature review is focused on recent approaches for removing versatile directing groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato L. Carvalho
- Institute of Exact Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - Renata G. Almeida
- Institute of Exact Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - Karunanidhi Murali
- Institute of Exact Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - Luana A. Machado
- Institute of Exact Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | | | - Pravas Dolui
- Department of Chemistry
- IIT Bombay
- Mumbai 400076
- India
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32
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Choi I, Müller V, Wang Y, Xue K, Kuniyil R, Andreas LB, Karius V, Alauzun JG, Ackermann L. Recyclable Ruthenium Catalyst for Distal meta-C-H Activation. Chemistry 2020; 26:15290-15297. [PMID: 32770682 PMCID: PMC7756437 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We disclose the unprecedented hybrid-ruthenium catalysis for distal meta-C-H activation. The hybrid-ruthenium catalyst was recyclable, as was proven by various heterogeneity tests, and fully characterized with various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, highlighting the physical and chemical stability. Thereby, the hybrid-ruthenium catalysis proved broadly applicable for meta-C-H alkylations of among others purine-based nucleosides and natural product conjugates. Additionally, its versatility was further reflected by meta-C-H activations through visible-light irradiation, as well as para-selective C-H activations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Choi
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie andWöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Valentin Müller
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie andWöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Yanhui Wang
- Institut Charles Gerhardt MontpellierUMR 5253CNRS-Université de Montpellier-ENSCMMontpellier Cedex 534095France
| | - Kai Xue
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryAm Faßberg 1137077GöttingenGermany
| | - Rositha Kuniyil
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie andWöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Loren B. Andreas
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryAm Faßberg 1137077GöttingenGermany
| | - Volker Karius
- Geowissenschaftliches ZentrumGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenGoldschmidtstraße 337077GöttingenGermany
| | - Johan G. Alauzun
- Institut Charles Gerhardt MontpellierUMR 5253CNRS-Université de Montpellier-ENSCMMontpellier Cedex 534095France
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie andWöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
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33
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Ansel AQ, Montgomery J. Combined Cyanoborylation, C-H Activation Strategy for Styrene Functionalization. Org Lett 2020; 22:8538-8543. [PMID: 33108197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot multicomponent copper-catalyzed protocol for borylation/ortho-cyanation of styrene derivatives followed by a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling provides a platform to explore the factors that control the selectivity between distal or proximal functionalization of arenes. The development of divergent nitrile-directed C-H functionalization (acetoxylation, pivalation, and methoxylation) offers an effective approach to rapidly increase synthetic complexity. Finally, the development of a mild reductive decyanation allows a traceless method to access functionalized biaryl motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Q Ansel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - John Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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34
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Sasmal S, Dutta U, Lahiri GK, Maiti D. Transition Metals and Transition Metals/Lewis Acid Cooperative Catalysis for Directing Group Assisted para-C–H Functionalization. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheuli Sasmal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Uttam Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Goutam Kumar Lahiri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI) Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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35
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Fu Z, Cao X, Wang S, Guo S, Cai H. Conversions of aryl carboxylic acids into aryl nitriles using multiple types of Cu-mediated decarboxylative cyanation under aerobic conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:8381-8385. [PMID: 33078806 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01945c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Here, we used malononitrile or AMBN as a cyanating agent to develop efficient and practical protocols for Cu-mediated decarboxylative cyanations, under aerobic conditions, of aryl carboxylic acids bearing nitro and methoxyl substituents at the ortho position as well as of heteroaromatic carboxylic acids. These protocols involved economical methods to synthesize value-added aryl nitriles from simple and inexpensive raw materials. Further diversification of the 2-nitrobenzonitrile product was performed to highlight the practicality of the protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjiang Fu
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China. and State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xihan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Shuiliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Shengmei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hu Cai
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
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36
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Cai L, Li S, Zhou C, Li G. Carboxyl-Assisted meta-Selective C-H Functionalizations of Benzylsulfonamides. Org Lett 2020; 22:7791-7796. [PMID: 32991192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A protocol of carboxyl-group-assisted, Pd(II)-catalyzed remote meta-C(sp2)-H olefination and arylation of benzylsulfonamides has been developed. It was supposed to proceed through a κ2 coordination of the carboxyl group to the Pd center. These findings demonstrated the versatility of carboxyl-assisted remote meta-C-H activation strategy and might stimulate the exploration of novel reactivity and selectivity of other traditional chelating groups in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.,Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shangda Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Chunlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.,Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.,Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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37
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Bag D, Verma PK, Sawant SD. Chiral Transient Directing Group Strategies in Asymmetric Synthesis. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3225-3238. [PMID: 32822121 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel methodologies for catalytic enantioselective functionalization reactions enabled by chiral transient directing groups is accompanying in a paradigm shift in the field of asymmetric synthesis. In particular, these highly atom- and step-economic enantioinduction processes commonly proceed either via enantioselective C-H functionalization, or via enantioselective hydroarylation of the pro-chiral substrates generating point, axial or planar chirality. The use of the transient directing group strategy in C-H functionalizations precludes the stoichiometric installations and removal of directing groups and enables efficient, more compatible and economical chemical routes. This minireview highlights asymmetric transition-metal-catalyzed methodologies involving chiral transient directing groups together with the scope, utility and future perspective of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debojyoti Bag
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Verma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Sanghapal D Sawant
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, 180001, India
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38
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Jayarajan R, Chandrashekar HB, Dalvi AK, Maiti D. Ultrasound-Facilitated Direct meta-C-H Functionalization of Arenes: A Time-Economical Strategy under Ambient Temperature with Improved Yield and Selectivity. Chemistry 2020; 26:11426-11430. [PMID: 32289187 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The horizon of ultrasound-assistance has been expanded to palladium-catalyzed distal C-H functionalization of arenes. Compared to thermal conditions, operationally simple ultrasound mediated distal C-H functionalization occurred with a shorter reaction time and enhanced reactivity of reactants to give superior yields with improved selectivity both in terms of meta:others and mono:di. A wide variety of meta-functionalizations such as olefination, alkylation, acetoxylation, allylation and cyanation were successfully carried out under ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Jayarajan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | | | - Aishwarya K Dalvi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.,Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
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39
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Ferri M, Alunno M, Greco FA, Mammoli A, Saluti G, Carotti A, Sardella R, Macchiarulo A, Camaioni E, Liscio P. Fragment based drug design and diversity-oriented synthesis of carboxylic acid isosteres. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115731. [PMID: 33007550 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal chemist toolbox is plenty of (bio)isosteres when looking for a carboxylic acid replacement. However, systematic assessment of acid surrogates is often time consuming and expensive, while prediction of both physicochemical properties (logP and logD) as well as acidity would be desirable at early discovery stages for a better analog design. Herein in this work, to enable decision making on a project, we have synthesized by employing a Diversity-Oriented Synthetic (DOS) methodology, a small library of molecular fragments endowed with acidic properties. By combining in-silico and experimental methodologies these compounds were chemically characterized and, particularly, with the aim to know their physicochemical properties, the aqueous ionization constants (pKa), partition coefficients logD and logP of each fragment was firstly estimated by using molecular modeling studies and then validated by experimental determinations. A face to face comparison between data and the corresponding carboxylic acid might help medicinal chemists in finding the best replacement to be used. Finally, in the framework of Fragment Based Drug Design (FBDD) the small library of fragments obtained with our approach showed good versatility both in synthetic and physico-chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ferri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Manuel Alunno
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Mammoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Saluti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, via G. Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Emidio Camaioni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Paride Liscio
- TES Pharma, via P. Togliatti 22bis, 06073 Terrioli, Corciano, Italy
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40
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Pimparkar S, Bhattacharya T, Maji A, Saha A, Jayarajan R, Dutta U, Lu G, Lupton DW, Maiti D. Para-Selective Cyanation of Arenes by H-Bonded Template. Chemistry 2020; 26:11558-11564. [PMID: 32196777 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The significance of site selective functionalization stands upon the superior selectivity, easy synthesis and diverse product utility. In this work, we demonstrate the para-selective introduction of versatile nitrile moiety, enabled by a detachable and reusable H-bonded auxiliary. The methodology holds its efficiency irrespective of substrate electronic bias. The conspicuous shift in the step energetics was probed by both experimental and computational mechanistic tools, which heralds the inception of para-deuteration. The synthetic impact of the methodology was highlighted with reusability of directing group and post synthetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Pimparkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.,IITB-Monash Research Academy, Near estate office, IIT Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.,School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Trisha Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Arun Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Argha Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Ramasamy Jayarajan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Uttam Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.,IITB-Monash Research Academy, Near estate office, IIT Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.,School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Gang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - David W Lupton
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Near estate office, IIT Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.,School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.,Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-104, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
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41
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Meng G, Lam NYS, Lucas EL, Saint-Denis TG, Verma P, Chekshin N, Yu JQ. Achieving Site-Selectivity for C-H Activation Processes Based on Distance and Geometry: A Carpenter's Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10571-10591. [PMID: 32437604 PMCID: PMC7485751 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to differentiate between highly similar C-H bonds in a given molecule remains a fundamental challenge in organic chemistry. In particular, the lack of sufficient steric and electronic differences between C-H bonds located distal to functional groups has prevented the development of site-selective catalysts with broad scope. An emerging approach to circumvent this obstacle is to utilize the distance between a target C-H bond and a coordinating functional group, along with the geometry of the cyclic transition state in directed C-H activation, as core molecular recognition parameters to differentiate between multiple C-H bonds. In this Perspective, we discuss the advent and recent advances of this concept. We cover a wide range of transition-metal-catalyzed, template-directed remote C-H activation reactions of alcohols, carboxylic acids, sulfonates, phosphonates, and amines. Additionally, we review eminent examples which take advantage of non-covalent interactions to achieve regiocontrol. Continued advancement of this distance- and geometry-based differentiation approach for regioselective remote C-H functionalization reactions may lead to the ultimate realization of molecular editing: the freedom to modify organic molecules at any site, in any order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Meng
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nelson Y. S. Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Erika L. Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tyler G. Saint-Denis
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Pritha Verma
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nikita Chekshin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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42
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Bag S, K S, Mondal A, Jayarajan R, Dutta U, Porey S, Sunoj RB, Maiti D. Palladium-Catalyzed meta-C–H Allylation of Arenes: A Unique Combination of a Pyrimidine-Based Template and Hexafluoroisopropanol. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12453-12466. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sukdev Bag
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Surya K
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Arup Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Ramasamy Jayarajan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Uttam Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sandip Porey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Raghavan B. Sunoj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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43
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Santiago C, Rubio I, Sotomayor N, Lete E. Selective PdII
-Catalyzed Acylation of Pyrrole with Aldehydes. Application to the Synthesis of Celastramycin Analogues and Tolmetin. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Santiago
- Departamento de Química Orgánica II; Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología; Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU; Apdo. 644. 48080 Bilbao Spain
| | - Ibon Rubio
- Departamento de Química Orgánica II; Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología; Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU; Apdo. 644. 48080 Bilbao Spain
| | - Nuria Sotomayor
- Departamento de Química Orgánica II; Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología; Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU; Apdo. 644. 48080 Bilbao Spain
| | - Esther Lete
- Departamento de Química Orgánica II; Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología; Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU; Apdo. 644. 48080 Bilbao Spain
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44
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qiangqiang Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jianfei Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yuehui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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46
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Shao Q, Wu K, Zhuang Z, Qian S, Yu JQ. From Pd(OAc) 2 to Chiral Catalysts: The Discovery and Development of Bifunctional Mono-N-Protected Amino Acid Ligands for Diverse C-H Functionalization Reactions. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:833-851. [PMID: 32227915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The functionalization of unactivated carbon-hydrogen bonds is a transformative strategy for the rapid construction of molecular complexity given the ubiquitous presence of C-H bonds in organic molecules. It represents a powerful tool for accelerating the synthesis of natural products and bioactive compounds while reducing the environmental and economic costs of synthesis. At the same time, the ubiquity and strength of C-H bonds also present major challenges toward the realization of transformations that are both highly selective and efficient. The development of practical C-H functionalization reactions has thus remained a compelling yet elusive goal in organic chemistry for over a century.Specifically, the capability to form useful new C-C, C-N, C-O, and C-X bonds via direct C-H functionalization would have wide-ranging impacts in organic synthesis. Palladium is especially attractive as a catalyst for such C-H functionalizations because of the diverse reactivity of intermediate palladium-carbon bonds. Early efforts using cyclopalladation with Pd(OAc)2 and related salts led to the development of many Pd-catalyzed C-H functionalization reactions. However, Pd(OAc)2 and other simple Pd salts perform only racemic transformations, which prompted a long search for effective chiral catalysts dating back to the 1970s. Pd salts also have low reactivity with synthetically useful substrates. To address these issues, effective and reliable ligands capable of accelerating and improving the selectivity of Pd-catalyzed C-H functionalizations are needed.In this Account, we highlight the discovery and development of bifunctional mono-N-protected amino acid (MPAA) ligands, which make great strides toward addressing these two challenges. MPAAs enable numerous Pd(II)-catalyzed C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H functionalization reactions of synthetically relevant substrates under operationally practical conditions with excellent stereoselectivity when applicable. Mechanistic studies indicate that MPAAs operate as unique bifunctional ligands for C-H activation in which both the carboxylate and amide are coordinated to Pd. The N-acyl group plays an active role in the C-H cleavage step, greatly accelerating C-H activation. The rigid MPAA chelation also results in a predictable transfer of chiral information from a single chiral center on the ligand to the substrate and permits the development of a rational stereomodel to predict the stereochemical outcome of enantioselective reactions.We also describe the application of MPAA-enabled C-H functionalization in total synthesis and provide an outlook for future development in this area. We anticipate that MPAAs and related next-generation ligands will continue to stimulate development in the field of Pd-catalyzed C-H functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Shao
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kevin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zhe Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Shaoqun Qian
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Gholap
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Sukdev Bag
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sukumar Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anant R. Kapdi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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Jia C, Wu N, Cai X, Li G, Zhong L, Zou L, Cui X. Ruthenium-Catalyzed meta-Selective C Ar-H Bond Formylation of Arenes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:4536-4542. [PMID: 32133850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The meta-CAr-H bond formylation of arenes has been achieved using CHBr3 as a formyl source in the presence of [Ru(p-cym)(OAc)2] as a catalyst. This method provides efficient access to the preparation of various meta-substituted aromatic compounds, such as alcohols, ethers, amines, nitriles, alkenes, halogens, carboxylic acids, and their derivatives, through transformation of the versatile formyl group. Furthermore, mechanistic studies show that the key active species is a pentagonal ruthenacycle complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqi Jia
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Nini Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Province Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Cai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Province Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Province Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Province Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Province Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, P. R. China
| | - Xiuling Cui
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
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49
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Prévost S. Regioselective C−H Functionalization of Naphthalenes: Reactivity and Mechanistic Insights. Chempluschem 2020; 85:476-486. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Prévost
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Ecole Polytechnique ENSTA CNRSInstitut Polytechnique de Paris 828 boulevard des Maréchaux 91120 Palaiseau France
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50
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Porey S, Zhang X, Bhowmick S, Kumar Singh V, Guin S, Paton RS, Maiti D. Alkyne Linchpin Strategy for Drug:Pharmacophore Conjugation: Experimental and Computational Realization of a Meta-Selective Inverse Sonogashira Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3762-3774. [PMID: 31910623 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The late-stage functionalization (LSF) of pharmaceutical and agrochemical compounds by the site-selective activation of C-H bonds provides access to diverse structural analogs and expands synthetically-accessible chemical space. We report a C-H functionalization LSF strategy that hinges on the use of an alkyne linchpin to assemble conjugates of sp2-rich marketed pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals with sp3-rich 3D fragments and natural products. This is accomplished through a template-assisted inverse Sonogashira reaction that displays high levels of selectivity for the meta position. This protocol is also amenable to distal structural modifications of α-amino acids. The transformation of alkyne functionality to other functional groups further highlights the applicative potential. Computational and experimental mechanistic studies shed light on the detailed mechanism. Turnover-limiting 1,2-migratory insertion of the bromoalkyne coupling partner occurs after relatively fast C-H activation. While this insertion occurs unselectively, regioconvergence results from one of the adducts undergoing a 1,2-trialkylsilyl migration to form the alkynylated product. A heterobimetallic Pd-Ag transition structure is essential for product formation in the β-bromide elimination step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Porey
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Xinglong Zhang
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Suman Bhowmick
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Vikas Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Srimanta Guin
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Robert S Paton
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India.,Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science , Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo 152-8550 , Japan
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