1
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Zhang G, Wodrich MD, Cramer N. Catalytic enantioselective reductive Eschenmoser-Claisen rearrangements. Science 2024; 383:395-401. [PMID: 38271525 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl3369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
An important challenge in enantioselective catalysis is developing strategies for the precise synthesis of neighboring congested all-carbon quaternary stereocenters. The well-defined transition states of [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangements and their underlying stereospecificity render them powerful tools for the synthesis of such arrays. However, this type of pericyclic reaction remains notoriously difficult to catalyze, especially in an enantioselective fashion. Herein, we describe an enantioselective reductive Eschenmoser-Claisen rearrangement catalyzed by chiral 1,3,2-diazaphospholene-hydrides. This developed transformation enables full control of the two newly formed acyclic stereogenic centers, leading to amides with vicinal all-carbon quaternary-tertiary or quaternary-quaternary carbon atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoting Zhang
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthew D Wodrich
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolai Cramer
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Yang D, Zhang S, Zeng G, Chen ZX. Metal-free catalytic hydroboration of imine with pinacolborane using a pincer-type phosphorus compound: mechanistic insight and improvement of the reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37378853 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01709e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
A mechanistic study of the catalytic hydroboration of imine using a pincer-type phosphorus compound 1NP was performed through the combination of DFT and DLPNO-CCSD(T) calculations. The reaction proceeds through a phosphorus-ligand cooperative catalytic cycle, where the phosphorus center and triamide ligand work in a synergistic manner. First, the pinB-H bond activation by 1NP occurs through the cooperative functions of the phosphorus center and the triamide ligand, leading to a phosphorus-hydride intermediate 2NP. This is the rate-determining step, with the Gibbs energy barrier and Gibbs reaction energy of 25.3 and -17.0 kcal mol-1, respectively. Subsequently, the hydroboration of phenylmethanimine takes place through a concerted transition state through the cooperative function of the phosphorus center and the triamide ligand. It leads to the final hydroborated product 4 with the regeneration of 1NP. Our computational results reveal that the experimentally isolated intermediate 3NP is a resting state of the reaction. It is formed through the B-N bond activation of 4 by 1NP, rather than via the insertion of the CN double bond of phenylmethanimine into the P-H bond of 2NP. However, this side reaction can be suppressed by utilizing a planar phosphorus compound AcrDipp-1NP as the catalyst, which features steric-demanding substituents on the chelated N atom of the ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshuai Yang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuoqi Zhang
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guixiang Zeng
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhao-Xu Chen
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Zhang G, Cramer N. Reductive Asymmetric Aza-Mislow-Evans Rearrangement by 1,3,2-Diazaphospholene Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202301076. [PMID: 36820495 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202301076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
1,3,2-diazaphospholene hydrides (DAP-H) enable smooth conjugate reduction of polarized double bonds. The transiently formed phosphorus-enolate provides a potential platform for reductive α-functionalizations. In this respect, asymmetric C-heteroatom bond forming processes are synthetically appealing but remain elusive. We report a 1,3,2-diazaphospholene-catalyzed three-step cascade reaction of N-sulfinyl acrylamides comprised of conjugate reduction, [2,3]-sigmatropic aza-Mislow-Evans rearrangement and subsequent S-O bond cleavage. The obtained enantio-enriched α-hydroxy amides are formed in good yields and excellent enantiospecificity. The stereo-defined P-bound N,O-ketene aminal ensures an excellent transfer of chirality from the sulfur stereocenter to α-carbon. The transformation operates under mild conditions at ambient temperature. Moreover, DAP-H is a competent reductant for the cleavage of formed sulfenate ester, eliminating the extra step in traditional Mislow-Evans processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoting Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), EPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolai Cramer
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), EPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Lonardi G, Parolin R, Licini G, Orlandi M. Catalytic Asymmetric Conjugate Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216649. [PMID: 36757599 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective reduction reactions are privileged transformations for the construction of trisubstituted stereogenic centers. While these include established synthetic strategies, such as asymmetric hydrogenation, methods based on the enantioselective addition of hydridic reagents to electrophilic prochiral substrates have also gained importance. In this context, the asymmetric conjugate reduction (ACR) of α,β-unsaturated compounds has become a convenient approach for the synthesis of chiral compounds with trisubstituted stereocenters in α-, β-, or γ-position to electron-withdrawing functional groups. Because such activating groups are diverse and amenable of further derivatizations, ACRs provide a general and powerful synthetic entry towards a variety of valuable chiral building blocks. This Review provides a comprehensive collection of catalytic ACR methods involving transition-metal, organic, and enzymatic catalysis since its first versions dating back to the late 1970s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lonardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Parolin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Licini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Manuel Orlandi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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5
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Cui M, Feng K, Tian R, Duan Z. Phosphorus-Involved Wagner-Meerwein Rearrangement of Phosphiranes: An Entry to Four-Membered Phosphacycles. Org Lett 2023; 25:205-209. [PMID: 36583566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phosphenium ions [R2P]+ are important and highly reactive dicoordinate phosphorus species. Herein, we report a rearrangement of the carbocation into the phosphenium cation driven by ring strain. This phosphorus-involved Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement pathway converted the 1-acylphosphirane complex into phosphetane and 1,2-dihydrophosphete derivatives depending on the reaction temperature. The generation of the intermediate phosphenium cation was identified by the intramolecular reaction with ether, which also disclosed its strong Lewis acidity. This work expands the boundary of the phosphorus-carbon analogy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Cui
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Ke Feng
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Rongqiang Tian
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Duan
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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6
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Riley RD, Huchenski BSN, Bamford KL, Speed AWH. Diazaphospholene‐Catalyzed Radical Reactions from Aryl Halides**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204088. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Riley
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
| | | | - Karlee L. Bamford
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
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7
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Klett J, Woźniak Ł, Cramer N. 1,3,2‐Diazaphospholene‐Catalyzed Reductive Cyclizations of Organohalides**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202306. [PMID: 35419901 PMCID: PMC9401058 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
1,3,2‐diazaphospholenes hydrides (DAP‐Hs) are highly nucleophilic organic hydrides serving as main‐group catalysts for a range of attractive transformations. DAP hydrides can act as stoichiometric hydrogen atom transfer agents in radical reactions. Herein, we report a DAP‐catalyzed reductive radical cyclization of a broad range of aryl and alkyl halides under mild conditions. The pivotal DAP catalyst turnover was achieved by a DBU‐assisted σ‐bond metathesis between the formed DAP halide and HBpin, which rapidly regenerates DAP‐H. The transformation is significantly accelerated by irradiation with visible light. Mechanistic investigations indicate that visible light irradiation leads to the formation of DAP dimers, which are in equilibrium with DAP radicals and accelerate the cyclization. The direct use of (DAP)2 enabled a catalytic protocol in the absence of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Klett
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC) EPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Łukasz Woźniak
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC) EPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Nicolai Cramer
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC) EPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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8
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Riley RD, Huchenski BSN, Bamford KL, Speed AWH. Diazaphospholene‐Catalyzed Radical Reactions from Aryl Halides**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Riley
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
| | | | - Karlee L. Bamford
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
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9
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Klett J, Wozniak L, Cramer N. 1,3,2‐Diazaphospholene‐Catalyzed Reductive Cyclizations of Organohalides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Klett
- EPFL: Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne ISIC SWITZERLAND
| | - Lukasz Wozniak
- EPFL: Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne ISIC SWITZERLAND
| | - Nicolai Cramer
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne ISIC, LCSA EPFL SB ISIC LCSA BCH 4305 Bat. BCH 1015 Lausanne SWITZERLAND
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10
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Zhang YS, Huan Z, Yang JD, Cheng JP. Synthetic applications of NHPs: from the hydride pathway to a radical mechanism. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:12528-12543. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04844b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We briefly summarized synthetic applications of N-heterocyclic phosphines in both hydridic and radical reductions with an emphasis on their recently discovered radical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shan Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhen Huan
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jin-Dong Yang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Keyan West Road, Tianjin, 300192, China
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11
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Stalder T, Krischer F, Steinert H, Neigenfind P, Däschlein-Gessner VH. Ylide-stabilized phosphenium cations: Impact of the substitution pattern on the coordination chemistry. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104074. [PMID: 34890085 PMCID: PMC9303317 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although N‐heterocyclic phosphenium (NHP) cations have received considerable research interest due to their application in organocatalysis, including asymmetric synthesis, phosphenium cations with other substitution patterns have hardly been explored. Herein, the preparation of a series of ylide‐substituted cations of type [YPR]+ (with Y=Ph3PC(Ph), R=Ph, Cy or Y) and their structural and coordination properties are reported. Although the diylide‐substituted cation forms spontaneous from the chlorophosphine precursor, the monoylidylphosphenium ions required the addition of a halide‐abstraction reagent. The molecular structures of the cations reflected the different degrees of electron donation from the ylide to the phosphorus center depending on the second substituent. Molecular orbital analysis confirmed the stronger donor properties of the ylide systems compared to NHPs with the mono‐ylide substituted cations featuring a more pronounced electrophilicity. This was mirrored by the reaction of the cations towards gold chloride, in which only the diylide‐substituted cation [Y2P]+ formed the expected LAuCl]+ complex, while the monoylide‐substituted compounds reacted to the chlorophosphine ligands by transfer of the chloride from gold to the phosphorus center. These results demonstrate the tunability of ylide‐functionalized phosphorus cations, which should allow for further applications in coordination chemistry in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Stalder
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, GERMANY
| | - Felix Krischer
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, GERMANY
| | - Henning Steinert
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, GERMANY
| | - Philipp Neigenfind
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, GERMANY
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12
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Liao X, Zhou Y, Ai C, Ye C, Chen G, Yan Z, Lin S. SO2F2-mediated oxidation of primary and tertiary amines with 30% aqueous H2O2 solution. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Zhang J, Yang JD, Cheng JP. Recent progress in reactivity study and synthetic application of N-heterocyclic phosphorus hydrides. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 8:nwaa253. [PMID: 34691616 PMCID: PMC8288402 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
N-heterocyclic phosphines (NHPs) have recently emerged as a new group of promising catalysts for metal-free reductions, owing to their unique hydridic reactivity. The excellent hydricity of NHPs, which rivals or even exceeds those of many metal-based hydrides, is the result of hyperconjugative interactions between the lone-pair electrons on N atoms and the adjacent σ*(P–H) orbital. Compared with the conventional protic reactivity of phosphines, this umpolung P–H reactivity leads to hydridic selectivity in NHP-mediated reductions. This reactivity has therefore found many applications in the catalytic reduction of polar unsaturated bonds and in the hydroboration of pyridines. This review summarizes recent progress in studies of the reactivity and synthetic applications of these phosphorus-based hydrides, with the aim of providing practical information to enable exploitation of their synthetically useful chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Dong Yang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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14
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Biswas K, Das A, Ganesh V. Recent Advances in Organophosphorus‐Catalyzed Borylation and Silylation Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Biswas
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721 302 West Bengal India
| | - Aniruddha Das
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721 302 West Bengal India
| | - Venkataraman Ganesh
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721 302 West Bengal India
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15
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Kawamoto T, Morioka T, Noguchi K, Curran DP, Kamimura A. Inverse Hydroboration of Imines with NHC-Boranes Is Promoted by Diphenyl Disulfide and Visible Light. Org Lett 2021; 23:1825-1828. [PMID: 33621108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simple and efficient procedure for nucleophilic borylation of imines in the absence of a photoredox catalyst. Visible light irradiation of an acetonitrile solution of an imine, an NHC-borane, and diphenyl disulfide (10 mol %) provides various stable α-amino NHC-boranes in good yields. The reaction proceeds via addition of a nucleophilic boryl radical to an imine, followed by hydrogen abstraction from thiophenol, which is generated from NHC-borane and diphenyl disulfide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Kawamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Morioka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Kohki Noguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Dennis P Curran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Akio Kamimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
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16
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Geier SJ, Binder JF, Vogels CM, Watanabe LK, Macdonald CLB, Westcott SA. The hydroboration of α-diimines. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01025e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The uncatalyzed addition of catecholborane to α-diimines has been examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Geier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G8, Canada
| | - Justin F. Binder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Christopher M. Vogels
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G8, Canada
| | - Lara K. Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Charles L. B. Macdonald
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Stephen A. Westcott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G8, Canada
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17
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Abstract
Diazaphospholenes have recently emerged as main-group hydride transfer catalysts. This review will briefly summarize the common structural variants of diazaphospholenes, and the properties that make them superb hydride transfer catalysts, followed by a critical examination of the various preparative routes toward diazaphospholenes. Finally, an in-depth examination of the reactivity of diazaphospholenes in contemporary catalysis, including asymmetric catalysis will be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W H Speed
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, CanadaB3H 4R2.
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18
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Lipshultz JM, Fu Y, Liu P, Radosevich AT. Organophosphorus-catalyzed relay oxidation of H-Bpin: electrophilic C-H borylation of heteroarenes. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1031-1037. [PMID: 34163869 PMCID: PMC8179051 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05620k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A nontrigonal phosphorus triamide (1, P{N[o-NMe-C6H4]2}) is shown to catalyze C–H borylation of electron-rich heteroarenes with pinacolborane (HBpin) in the presence of a mild chloroalkane reagent. C–H borylation proceeds for a range of electron-rich heterocycles including pyrroles, indoles, and thiophenes of varied substitution. Mechanistic studies implicate an initial P–N cooperative activation of HBpin by 1 to give P-hydrido diazaphospholene 2, which is diverted by Atherton–Todd oxidation with chloroalkane to generate P-chloro diazaphospholene 3. DFT calculations suggest subsequent oxidation of pinacolborane by 3 generates chloropinacolborane (ClBpin) as a transient electrophilic borylating species, consistent with observed substituent effects and regiochemical outcomes. These results illustrate the targeted diversion of established reaction pathways in organophosphorus catalysis to enable a new mode of main group-catalyzed C–H borylation. A nontrigonal phosphorus triamide (1, P{N[o-NMe-C6H4]2}) is shown to catalyze C–H borylation of electron-rich heteroarenes with pinacolborane (HBpin) in the presence of a mild chloroalkane reagent.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Lipshultz
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Yue Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Alexander T Radosevich
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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19
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Zhang Z, Huang S, Huang L, Xu X, Zhao H, Yan X. Synthesis of Mesoionic N-Heterocyclic Olefins and Catalytic Application for Hydroboration Reactions. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12036-12043. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zengyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Shiqing Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Linwei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xingyu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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20
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Blasius CK, Heinrich NF, Vasilenko V, Gade LH. Tackling
N
‐Alkyl Imines with 3d Metal Catalysis: Highly Enantioselective Iron‐Catalyzed Synthesis of α‐Chiral Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens K. Blasius
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Niklas F. Heinrich
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Vladislav Vasilenko
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lutz H. Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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21
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Blasius CK, Heinrich NF, Vasilenko V, Gade LH. Tackling N-Alkyl Imines with 3d Metal Catalysis: Highly Enantioselective Iron-Catalyzed Synthesis of α-Chiral Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15974-15977. [PMID: 32453491 PMCID: PMC7539954 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A readily activated iron alkyl precatalyst effectively catalyzes the highly enantioselective hydroboration of N-alkyl imines. Employing a chiral bis(oxazolinylmethylidene)isoindoline pincer ligand, the asymmetric reduction of various acyclic N-alkyl imines provided the corresponding α-chiral amines in excellent yields and with up to >99 % ee. The applicability of this base metal catalytic system was further demonstrated with the synthesis of the pharmaceuticals Fendiline and Tecalcet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens K. Blasius
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Niklas F. Heinrich
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Vladislav Vasilenko
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Lutz H. Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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22
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Pizarro JD, Molina F, Fructos MR, Pérez PJ. Alkoxydiaminophosphine Ligands as Surrogates of NHCs in Copper Catalysis. Chemistry 2020; 26:10330-10335. [PMID: 32329536 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A family of phosphine ligands containing a five-membered ring similar to the popular N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and an alkoxy third substituent has been developed. These alkoxydiaminophosphine ligands (ADAP) can be generated in one pot and reacted with a copper(I) source leading to the high yield isolation of complexes [(ADAP)CuX]2 (X=Cl, Br). The dinuclear nature of these compounds has been established by means of X-ray studies and DOSY experiments. A screening of the catalytic properties of these complexes toward carbene-transfer reactions from diazocompounds to C-H bonds (alkane, arene), olefins or N-H bonds, as well as in CuAAC or nitrene transfer reactions have shown a performance at least similar, if not better, than their (NHC)CuCl analogues, opening a new window in copper catalysis with these readily tunable ADAP ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Diego Pizarro
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC CIQSO-Centro de, Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - Francisco Molina
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC CIQSO-Centro de, Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - Manuel R Fructos
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC CIQSO-Centro de, Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - Pedro J Pérez
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC CIQSO-Centro de, Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain
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23
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Ould DMC, Melen RL. Diazaphospholene and Diazaarsolene Derived Homogeneous Catalysis. Chemistry 2020; 26:9835-9845. [PMID: 32452586 PMCID: PMC7496616 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The past 20 years has seen significant advances in main group chemistry and their use in catalysis. This Minireview showcases the recent emergence of phosphorus and arsenic containing heterocycles as catalysts. With that, we discuss how the Group 15 compounds diazaphospholenes, diazaarsolenes, and their cationic counterparts have proven to be highly effective catalysts for a wide range of reduction transformations. This Minireview highlights how the initial discovery by Gudat of the hydridic nature of the P−H bond in these systems led to these compounds being used as catalysts and discusses the wide range of examples currently present in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren M C Ould
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK
| | - Rebecca L Melen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK
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24
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Zhang J, Yang JD, Cheng JP. Diazaphosphinyl radical-catalyzed deoxygenation of α-carboxy ketones: a new protocol for chemo-selective C-O bond scission via mechanism regulation. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8476-8481. [PMID: 34123107 PMCID: PMC8163385 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03220d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
C-O bond cleavage is often a key process in defunctionalization of organic compounds as well as in degradation of natural polymers. However, it seldom occurs regioselectively for different types of C-O bonds under metal-free mild conditions. Here we report a facile chemo-selective cleavage of the α-C-O bonds in α-carboxy ketones by commercially available pinacolborane under the catalysis of diazaphosphinane based on a mechanism switch strategy. This new reaction features high efficiency, low cost and good group-tolerance, and is also amenable to catalytic deprotection of desyl-protected carboxylic acids and amino acids. Mechanistic studies indicated an electron-transfer-initiated radical process, underlining two crucial steps: (1) the initiator azodiisobutyronitrile switches originally hydridic reduction to kinetically more accessible electron reduction; and (2) the catalytic phosphorus species upconverts weakly reducing pinacolborane into strongly reducing diazaphosphinane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Basic Molecular Science, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jin-Dong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Basic Molecular Science, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Basic Molecular Science, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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25
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Reed JH, Cramer N. 1,3,2‐Diazaphospholenes Catalyze the Conjugate Reduction of Substituted Acrylic Acids. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John H. Reed
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis EPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland)
| | - Nicolai Cramer
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis EPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland)
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26
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Zhang J, Yang JD, Cheng JP. Exploiting the radical reactivity of diazaphosphinanes in hydrodehalogenations and cascade cyclizations. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4786-4790. [PMID: 34122935 PMCID: PMC8159257 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01352h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable reducibility of diazaphosphinanes has been extensively applied in various hydrogenations, based on and yet limited by their well-known hydridic reactivity. Here we exploited their unprecedented radical reactivity to implement hydrodehalogenations and cascade cyclizations originally inaccessible by hydride transfer. These reactions feature a broad substrate scope, high efficiency and simplicity of manipulation. Mechanistic studies suggested a radical chain process in which a phosphinyl radical is generated in a catalytic cycle via hydrogen-atom transfer from diazaphosphinanes. The radical reactivity of diazaphosphinanes disclosed here differs from their well-established hydridic reactivity, and hence, opens a new avenue for diazaphosphinane applications in organic syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jin-Dong Yang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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27
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Zhang J, Yang JD, Cheng JP. Diazaphosphinanes as hydride, hydrogen atom, proton or electron donors under transition-metal-free conditions: thermodynamics, kinetics, and synthetic applications. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3672-3679. [PMID: 34094055 PMCID: PMC8152589 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05883d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploration of new hydrogen donors is in large demand in hydrogenation chemistry. Herein, we developed a new 1,3,2-diazaphosphinane 1a, which can serve as a hydride, hydrogen atom or proton donor without transition-metal mediation. The thermodynamics and kinetics of these three pathways of 1a, together with those of its analog 1b, were investigated in acetonitrile. It is noteworthy that, the reduction potentials (Ered) of the phosphenium cations 1a-[P]+ and 1b-[P]+ are extremely low, being −1.94 and −2.39 V (vs. Fc+/0), respectively, enabling corresponding phosphinyl radicals to function as neutral super-electron-donors. Kinetic studies revealed an extraordinarily large kinetic isotope effect KIE(1a) of 31.3 for the hydrogen atom transfer from 1a to the 2,4,6-tri-(tert-butyl)-phenoxyl radical, implying a tunneling effect. Furthermore, successful applications of these diverse P–H bond energetic parameters in organic syntheses were exemplified, shedding light on more exploitations of these versatile and powerful diazaphosphinane reagents in organic chemistry. A new 1,3,2-diazaphosphinane, serving as a formal hydride, hydrogen-atom or proton donor without transition-metal mediation was exploited thermodynamically and kinetically. And, its promising potentials in versatile syntheses have been demonstrated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jin-Dong Yang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China .,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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28
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Lundrigan T, Tien CH, Robertson KN, Speed AWH. Air and water stable secondary phosphine oxides as diazaphospholene precatalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8027-8030. [PMID: 32159538 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01072c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Secondary phosphine oxides, which are air and water stable, and purifiable by chromatography generate phosphenium or phosphorus hydride catalysts in situ.
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29
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Reed JH, Klett J, Steven C, Cramer N. Stay positive: catalysis with 1,3,2-diazaphospholenes. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00848f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental properties and recent advances in the catalytic application of 1,3,2-diazaphospholenes are reviewed, and future directions for the field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H. Reed
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis and Catalysis
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Chemical Engineering
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Johannes Klett
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis and Catalysis
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Chemical Engineering
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Craig Steven
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis and Catalysis
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Chemical Engineering
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Nicolai Cramer
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis and Catalysis
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Chemical Engineering
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F. Cain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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31
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Huchenski BSN, Christopherson CJ, Robertson KN, Speed AWH. Bis-aminocyclopropenylidene carbene borane catalyzed imine hydrogenation. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6158-6164. [PMID: 31183491 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01053j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Certain borenium cations supported by carbenes can function as hydrogenation catalysts for imines. While many carbenes have been explored, variation of the other groups on boron has been less common. We have investigated several carbene-borane adducts in an attempt to understand the ability of a bis-amino cyclopropenylidene (BAC) carbene dicyclohexylborane adduct to hydrogenate relatively sterically unhindered benzyl imines. As an additional variant, a BAC carbene adduct of diphenylborane was prepared. A convenient preparation of diphenylboron fluoride via a potassium fluoroborinate salt was employed in this chemistry. Reaction of diphenylboron fluoride with a BAC carbene afforded a modest yield of a carbene-fluoroborane adduct. Reaction between the fluoroborinate salt and a lithium tetrafluoroborate adduct of the carbene provided the adduct in much improved yield and cleanliness, and the product was structurally characterized. The fluoroborate could be converted to a boron hydride through fluoride-hydride exchange with dimethylchlorosilane. The boron hydride adduct was also structurally characterized. Unlike the BAC carbene dicyclohexylborane adduct, the BAC carbene diphenylborane adduct showed essentially no activity in hydrogenation of imines or enamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake S N Huchenski
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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32
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Lebedev Y, Polishchuk I, Maity B, Dinis Veloso Guerreiro M, Cavallo L, Rueping M. Asymmetric Hydroboration of Heteroaryl Ketones by Aluminum Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19415-19423. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yury Lebedev
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Iuliia Polishchuk
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Bholanath Maity
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Miguel Dinis Veloso Guerreiro
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
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33
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Lundrigan T, Welsh EN, Hynes T, Tien CH, Adams MR, Roy KR, Robertson KN, Speed AWH. Enantioselective Imine Reduction Catalyzed by Phosphenium Ions. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14083-14088. [PMID: 31441650 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The first use of phosphenium cations in asymmetric catalysis is reported. A diazaphosphenium triflate, prepared in two or three steps on a multigram scale from commercially available materials, catalyzes the hydroboration or hydrosilylation of cyclic imines with enantiomeric ratios of up to 97:3. Catalyst loadings are as low as 0.2 mol %. Twenty-two aryl/heteroaryl pyrrolidines and piperidines were prepared using this method. Imines containing functional groups such as thiophenes or pyridyl rings that can challenge transition-metal catalysts were reduced employing these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Lundrigan
- Department of Chemistry , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Erin N Welsh
- Department of Chemistry , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Toren Hynes
- Department of Chemistry , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Chieh-Hung Tien
- Department of Chemistry , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Matt R Adams
- Department of Chemistry , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Kayelani R Roy
- Department of Chemistry , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Katherine N Robertson
- Department of Chemistry , Saint Mary's University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada B3H 3C3
| | - Alexander W H Speed
- Department of Chemistry , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada B3H 4R2
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34
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Chacón‐Terán MA, Rodríguez‐Lugo RE, Wolf R, Landaeta VR. Transfer Hydrogenation of Azo Compounds with Ammonia Borane Using a Simple Acyclic Phosphite Precatalyst. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Chacón‐Terán
- Departamento de Química Universidad Simón Bolívar Valle de Sartenejas, Apartado 89000 Caracas 1020-A Venezuela
| | - Rafael E. Rodríguez‐Lugo
- Laboratorio de Química Bioinorgánica Centro de Química Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC) Carretera Panamericana Km. 11. Caracas 1020‐A Venezuela
| | - Robert Wolf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Vanessa R. Landaeta
- Departamento de Química Universidad Simón Bolívar Valle de Sartenejas, Apartado 89000 Caracas 1020-A Venezuela
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35
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Reed JH, Donets PA, Miaskiewicz S, Cramer N. A 1,3,2-Diazaphospholene-Catalyzed Reductive Claisen Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8893-8897. [PMID: 31044498 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
1,3,2-Diazaphospholenes (DAPs) are an emerging class of organic hydrides. In this work, we exploited them as efficient catalysts for very mild reductive Claisen rearrangements. The method is tolerant towards a wide variety of functional groups and operates at ambient temperature. Besides being enantiospecific for substrates with existing stereogenic centers, the diastereoselectivity can be switched by varying solvents and DAP catalysts. The reaction kinetics show direct rearrangements of O-bound phospholene enolates and provide a proof-of-principle for catalytic enantioselective reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Reed
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, EPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pavel A Donets
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, EPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Solène Miaskiewicz
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, EPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolai Cramer
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, EPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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36
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Reed JH, Donets PA, Miaskiewicz S, Cramer N. A 1,3,2‐Diazaphospholene‐Catalyzed Reductive Claisen Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John H. Reed
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and SynthesisEPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Pavel A. Donets
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and SynthesisEPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Solène Miaskiewicz
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and SynthesisEPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Nicolai Cramer
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and SynthesisEPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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37
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Zhang J, Yang J, Cheng J. A Nucleophilicity Scale for the Reactivity of Diazaphospholenium Hydrides: Structural Insights and Synthetic Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jin‐Dong Yang
- Center of Basic Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jin‐Pei Cheng
- Center of Basic Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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38
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Zhang J, Yang JD, Cheng JP. A Nucleophilicity Scale for the Reactivity of Diazaphospholenium Hydrides: Structural Insights and Synthetic Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5983-5987. [PMID: 30805968 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nucleophilicity parameters (N, sN ) of a group of representative diazaphospholenium hydrides were derived by kinetic investigations of their hydride transfer to a series of reference electrophiles with known electrophilicity (E) values, using the Mayr equation log k2 =sN (N+E). The N scale covers over ten N units, ranging from the most reactive hydride donor (N=25.5) to the least of the scale (N=13.5). This discloses the highest N value ever quantified in terms of Mayr's nucleophilicity scales reported for neutral transition-metal-free hydride donors and implies an exceptional reactivity of this reagent. Even the least reactive hydride donor of this series is still a better hydride donor than those of many other nucleophiles such as the C-H, B-H, Si-H and transition-metal M-H hydride donors. Structure-reactivity analysis reveals that the outstanding hydricity of 2-H-1,3,2-diazaphospholene benefits from the unsaturated skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jin-Dong Yang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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39
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Huchenski BSN, Speed AWH. Protic additives or impurities promote imine reduction with pinacolborane. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:1999-2004. [PMID: 30426130 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02330a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We report here that addition of stoichiometric amounts of alcohols or water to mixtures of imines and pinacolborane promote reduction reactions. The reactions of several imines were examined, revealing that alkyl imines were reduced, while aniline derived imines were not effectively reduced. The use of binol as an additive resulted in modest enantioinduction, however other chiral additives that were screened gave negligible enantioinduction. While the reactions described herein are not competitive in conversion with established imine reduction technologies, this work reveals that the presence of protic impurities must be considered as a promoter of side reactions in catalyzed imine hydroborations. Amines also promote imine reduction in certain cases, raising the possibility of a slow autocatalytic reaction. The ability of water or other protic impurities to promote the reduction of imines with pinacolborane represents an important identification of a potential source of background reaction in catalyzed reductions of imines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake S N Huchenski
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, CanadaB3H 4R2.
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40
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41
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Carden JL, Gierlichs LJ, Wass DF, Browne DL, Melen RL. Unlocking the catalytic potential of tris(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)borane with microwave irradiation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:318-321. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09459d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic activity of tris(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)borane has been explored in the 1,2-hydroboration reactions of unsaturated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. Carden
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Main Building
- Park Place
- Cardiff
| | | | - Duncan F. Wass
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Main Building
- Park Place
- Cardiff
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Main Building
- Park Place
- Cardiff
| | - Rebecca L. Melen
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Main Building
- Park Place
- Cardiff
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42
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Ould DMC, Tran TTP, Rawson JM, Melen RL. Structure–property-reactivity studies on dithiaphospholes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:16922-16935. [PMID: 31687708 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03577j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of P-halo-1,2,3-dithiaphospholes and the reduced P–P coupled dimer are reported. Treatment with Lewis acids affords phosphenium cations which are shown to be active catalysts for hydroboration reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren M. C. Ould
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cymru/Wales
- UK
| | - Thao T. P. Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Windsor
- Windsor
- Canada
| | - Jeremy M. Rawson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Windsor
- Windsor
- Canada
| | - Rebecca L. Melen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cymru/Wales
- UK
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43
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Yang M, Tofan D, Chen CH, Jack KM, Gabbaï FP. Digging the Sigma-Hole of Organoantimony Lewis Acids by Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13868-13872. [PMID: 30151881 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of group 15 Lewis acids is an area of active investigation that has led to numerous advances in anion sensing and catalysis. While phosphorus has drawn considerable attention, emerging research shows that organoantimony(III) reagents may also act as potent Lewis acids. Comparison of the properties of SbPh3 , Sb(C6 F5 )3 , and SbArF 3 with those of their tetrachlorocatecholate analogues SbPh3 Cat, Sb(C6 F5 )3 Cat, and SbArF 3 Cat (Cat=o-O2 C6 Cl4 , ArF =3,5-(CF3 )2 C6 H3 ) demonstrates that the Lewis acidity of electron deficient organoantimony(III) reagents can be readily enhanced by oxidation to the +V state-as verified by binding studies, organic reaction catalysis, and computational studies. The results are rationalized by explaining that oxidation of the antimony center leads to a lowering of the accepting σ* orbital and a deeper carving of the associated σ-hole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Daniel Tofan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Chang-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Kevin M Jack
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - François P Gabbaï
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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44
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Yang M, Tofan D, Chen C, Jack KM, Gabbaï FP. Digging the Sigma‐Hole of Organoantimony Lewis Acids by Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Yang
- Department of ChemistryTexas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Daniel Tofan
- Department of ChemistryTexas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Chang‐Hong Chen
- Department of ChemistryTexas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Kevin M. Jack
- Department of ChemistryTexas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - François P. Gabbaï
- Department of ChemistryTexas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
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45
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Ould DMC, Melen RL. Arsenic Catalysis: Hydroboration of Aldehydes Using a Benzo‐Fused Diaza‐benzyloxy‐arsole. Chemistry 2018; 24:15201-15204. [PMID: 30088671 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darren M. C. Ould
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Cymru/Wales UK
| | - Rebecca L. Melen
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Cymru/Wales UK
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46
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Zhou Q, Meng W, Yang J, Du H. A Continuously Regenerable Chiral Ammonia Borane for Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12111-12115. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess; College of Life Sciences and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Wei Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess; College of Life Sciences and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Haifeng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
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47
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Zhou Q, Meng W, Yang J, Du H. A Continuously Regenerable Chiral Ammonia Borane for Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess; College of Life Sciences and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Wei Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess; College of Life Sciences and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Haifeng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
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48
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Zhou N, Yuan XA, Zhao Y, Xie J, Zhu C. Synergistic Photoredox Catalysis and Organocatalysis for Inverse Hydroboration of Imines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nengneng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Ai Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Qufu Normal University; Qufu 273165 P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
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49
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Zhou N, Yuan XA, Zhao Y, Xie J, Zhu C. Synergistic Photoredox Catalysis and Organocatalysis for Inverse Hydroboration of Imines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3990-3994. [PMID: 29446188 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The first catalytic inverse hydroboration of imines with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) boranes has been realized by means of cooperative organocatalysis and photocatalysis. This catalytic combination provides a promising platform for promoting NHC-boryl radical chemistry under sustainable and radical-initiator-free conditions. The highly important functional-group compatibility and possible application in late-stage hydroborations represent an important step forward to an enhanced α-amino organoboron library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengneng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Ai Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
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50
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Miaskiewicz S, Reed JH, Donets PA, Oliveira CC, Cramer N. Chiral 1,3,2-Diazaphospholenes as Catalytic Molecular Hydrides for Enantioselective Conjugate Reductions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Solène Miaskiewicz
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis; EPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - John H. Reed
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis; EPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Pavel A. Donets
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis; EPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Caio C. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis; EPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Nicolai Cramer
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis; EPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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