1
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Hawkins BC, Chalker JM, Coote ML, Bissember AC. Electrochemically Generated Carbocations in Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407207. [PMID: 39075778 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
This Minireview examines a selection of case studies that showcase distinctive and enabling electrochemical approaches that have allowed for the generation and reaction of carbocation intermediates under mild conditions. Particular emphasis is placed on the progress that has been made in this area of organic synthesis and polymer chemistry over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill C Hawkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, 9054, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Justin M Chalker
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, 5042, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michelle L Coote
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, 5042, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alex C Bissember
- School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, 7001, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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2
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Singha S, Pan S, Tallury SS, Nguyen G, Tripathy R, De P. Recent Developments on Cationic Polymerization of Vinyl Ethers. ACS POLYMERS AU 2024; 4:189-207. [PMID: 38882029 PMCID: PMC11177306 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
In recent times, the evolution of cationic polymerization has taken a multidirectional approach, with the development of cationic reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. In contrast to the conventional cationic polymerization methods, which were typically carried out under inert atmospheres and low temperatures, various novel polymerization techniques have been developed where the reactions are carried out in open air, operate at room temperature, are cost-effective, and are environmentally friendly. Besides, several external stimuli, such as heat, light, chemicals, electrical potential, etc. have been employed to activate and control the polymerization process. It also enables the combination of cationic polymerization with other polymerization methods in a single reaction vessel, eliminating the necessity for isolation and purification during intermediate steps. In addition, significant advancements have been made through various modifications in catalyst systems, resulting in polymers with an exceptionally high level of stereoregularity. This review article comprehensively analyses the recent developments in cationic polymerization, encompassing their applications and offering insights into future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Singha
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Swagata Pan
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Syamal S Tallury
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, 5200 Bayway Drive, Baytown, Texas 77520-2101, United States
| | - Giang Nguyen
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, 5200 Bayway Drive, Baytown, Texas 77520-2101, United States
| | - Ranjan Tripathy
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, 5200 Bayway Drive, Baytown, Texas 77520-2101, United States
| | - Priyadarsi De
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, Nadia, West Bengal, India
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3
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Bellotti V, Wang HS, Truong NP, Simonutti R, Anastasaki A. Temporal Regulation of PET-RAFT Controlled Radical Depolymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313232. [PMID: 37814385 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
A photocatalytic RAFT-controlled radical depolymerization method is introduced for precisely conferring temporal control under visible light irradiation. By regulating the deactivation of the depropagating chains and suppressing thermal initiation, an excellent temporal control was enabled, exemplified by several consecutive "on" and "off" cycles. Minimal, if any, depolymerization could be observed during the dark periods while the polymer chain-ends could be efficiently re-activated and continue to depropagate upon re-exposure to light. Notably, favoring deactivation resulted in the gradual unzipping of polymer chains and a stepwise decrease in molecular weight over time. This synthetic approach constitutes a simple methodology to modulate temporal control during the chemical recycling of RAFT-synthesized polymers while offering invaluable mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bellotti
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- Department of Material Science, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, Milan, 20125, Italy
| | - Hyun Suk Wang
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Simonutti
- Department of Material Science, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, Milan, 20125, Italy
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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4
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Bai H, Wang Y, Han L, Wang X, Yan H, Li X, Chen S, Leng H, Yao Z, Ma H. Selective Frustrated/Nonfrustrated Anion-Migrated Ring-Opening Polymerization of 1-Cyclopropylvinylbenzene. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Bai
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yinran Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Li Han
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuwen Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Siwei Chen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Haitao Leng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zijing Yao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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5
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E. S. Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, United States
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6
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Yang Z, Xiao W, Zhang X, Liao S. Organocatalytic cationic degenerate chain transfer polymerization of vinyl ethers with excellent temporal control. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00134a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A photo-controlled cationic degenerate chain transfer polymerization of vinyl ethers has been developed by using a bisphosphonium organophotocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wenpei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Saihu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Beijing 100190, China
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7
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8
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Lin X, Li J, Pan X, Zhang Z, Zhu J. Controlled Cationic Polymerization Using RAFT Agents with Selenonium Cations as Metal-Free Lewis Acids: From Homogeneous to Heterogeneous Catalysis. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00089j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Living cationic polymerization is a well-known technique, but it is generally limited by strict operating conditions. Here, a series of selenonium cations was used as a new class of catalysts...
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9
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Lu Z, Yang H, Fu X, Zhao Y, Xiao L, Zhang Z, Hou L. Visible Light-Regulated Heterogeneous Catalytic PET-RAFT by High Crystallinity Covalent Organic Framework. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100384. [PMID: 34418210 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of promising photocatalysts for conversing light energy into chemical energy. Based on the tunable building blocks, COFs can be well-designed as photocatalyst for mediating reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Herein, 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(4-formylphenyl)pyrene (TFPPy) and 2,2″-bipyridine-5,5″-diamine (Bpy) are chosen to construct imine-based TFPPy-Bpy-COFs for catalyzing RAFT polymerization of methacrylates under white light irradiation. The well-defined polymers with precise molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution are obtained. The switch on/off light experiments suggest excellent temporal control toward RAFT polymerization system and the chain-extension reaction indicates high chain-end fidelity of macro-initiators. Mechanism study clarifies that the electron transfer between excited state of TFPPy-Bpy-COFs and RAFT agent can form living radicals to mediate polymerization. This methodology provides a novel platform for reversible-deactivation radical polymerization using COFs as heterogeneous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lu
- Department of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Hongjie Yang
- Department of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Xiaoling Fu
- Department of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Yulai Zhao
- Department of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China.,Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Fuzhou University, Quanzhou, 362801, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Specialty Chemicals, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Longqiang Xiao
- Department of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China.,Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Fuzhou University, Quanzhou, 362801, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Specialty Chemicals, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Zhuofan Zhang
- Department of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Linxi Hou
- Department of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China.,Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Fuzhou University, Quanzhou, 362801, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Specialty Chemicals, Fuzhou, 350116, China
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10
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Li J, Kerr A, Song Q, Yang J, Häkkinen S, Pan X, Zhang Z, Zhu J, Perrier S. Manganese-Catalyzed Batch and Continuous Flow Cationic RAFT Polymerization Induced by Visible Light. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:570-575. [PMID: 35570764 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a robust manganese-catalyzed cationic reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization induced by visible light. Well-defined poly(vinyl ether)s with controlled molecular weight and molecular weight distributions (MWDs) can be conveniently prepared at room temperature without monomer purification. The commercially available manganese carbonyl bromide is used as the photocatalyst for cationic RAFT polymerization. Moreover, this method has been further applied in both batch and continuous flow systems, providing a visible light induced flow cationic polymerization under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Li
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Andrew Kerr
- Department of Chemistry and Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Qiao Song
- Department of Chemistry and Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Satu Häkkinen
- Department of Chemistry and Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Xiangqiang Pan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry and Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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11
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Chen Y, Zhang L, Jin Y, Lin X, Chen M. Recent Advances in Living Cationic Polymerization with Emerging Initiation/Controlling Systems. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100148. [PMID: 33969566 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
While the conventional living cationic polymerization (LCP) provided opportunities to synthesizing well-defined polymers with predetermined molecular weights, desirable chemical structures and narrow dispersity, it is still important to continuously innovate new synthetic methods to meet the increasing requirements in advanced material engineering. Consequently, a variety of novel initiation/controlling systems have be demonstrated recently, which have enabled LCP with spatiotemporal control, broadened scopes of monomers and terminals, more user-friendly operations and reaction conditions, as well as improved thermomechanical properties for obtained polymers. In this work, recent advances in LCP is summarized with emerging initiation/controlling systems, including chemical-initiated/controlled cationic reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, photoinitiated/controlled LCP, electrochemical-controlled LCP, thionyl/selenium halide-initiated LCP, organic acid-assisted LCP, and stereoselective LCP. It is hoped that this summary will provide useful knowledge to people in related fields and stimulate new ideas to promote the development and application of LCP in both academia and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Xinrong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Mao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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12
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Lin X, Li J, Zhang J, Liu S, Lin X, Pan X, Zhu J, Zhu X. Living cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers initiated by electrophilic selenium reagents under ambient conditions. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01691h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We present a living cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers utilizing electrophilic selenium reagents as initiators and pentacarbonylbromomanganese (Mn(CO)5Br) as the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Jiajia Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Shaoxiang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Xiaofang Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Xiangqiang Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Jian Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
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13
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Dutra GVS, Silvério Neto W, Araújo PHHD, Sayer C, Silveira Neto BAD, Machado F. Cationic polymerization of styrene using iron-containing ionic liquid catalysts in an aqueous dispersed medium. POLIMEROS 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.04620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Doerr AM, Burroughs JM, Gitter SR, Yang X, Boydston AJ, Long BK. Advances in Polymerizations Modulated by External Stimuli. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M. Doerr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
| | - Justin M. Burroughs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
| | - Sean R. Gitter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Xuejin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Andrew J. Boydston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Brian K. Long
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
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15
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Bai H, Leng X, Han L, Yang L, Li C, Shen H, Lei L, Zhang S, Wang X, Ma H. Thermally Controlled On/Off Switch in a Living Anionic Polymerization of 1-Cyclopropylvinylbenzene with an Anion Migrated Ring-Opening Mechanism. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Bai
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuefei Leng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Li Han
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lincan Yang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Heyu Shen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lan Lei
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Songbo Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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16
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Nothling MD, Fu Q, Reyhani A, Allison‐Logan S, Jung K, Zhu J, Kamigaito M, Boyer C, Qiao GG. Progress and Perspectives Beyond Traditional RAFT Polymerization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001656. [PMID: 33101866 PMCID: PMC7578854 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of advanced materials based on well-defined polymeric architectures is proving to be a highly prosperous research direction across both industry and academia. Controlled radical polymerization techniques are receiving unprecedented attention, with reversible-deactivation chain growth procedures now routinely leveraged to prepare exquisitely precise polymer products. Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is a powerful protocol within this domain, where the unique chemistry of thiocarbonylthio (TCT) compounds can be harnessed to control radical chain growth of vinyl polymers. With the intense recent focus on RAFT, new strategies for initiation and external control have emerged that are paving the way for preparing well-defined polymers for demanding applications. In this work, the cutting-edge innovations in RAFT that are opening up this technique to a broader suite of materials researchers are explored. Emerging strategies for activating TCTs are surveyed, which are providing access into traditionally challenging environments for reversible-deactivation radical polymerization. The latest advances and future perspectives in applying RAFT-derived polymers are also shared, with the goal to convey the rich potential of RAFT for an ever-expanding range of high-performance applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell D. Nothling
- Polymer Science GroupDepartment of Chemical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3010Australia
| | - Qiang Fu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater Treatment (CTWW)School of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNSW2007Australia
| | - Amin Reyhani
- Polymer Science GroupDepartment of Chemical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3010Australia
| | - Stephanie Allison‐Logan
- Polymer Science GroupDepartment of Chemical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3010Australia
| | - Kenward Jung
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN)School of Chemical EngineeringUNWSSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Jian Zhu
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Material ScienceDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Masami Kamigaito
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya UniversityFuro‐cho, Chikusa‐kuNagoya464‐8603Japan
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN)School of Chemical EngineeringUNWSSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Greg G. Qiao
- Polymer Science GroupDepartment of Chemical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3010Australia
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17
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Kirillov E, Rodygin K, Ananikov V. Recent advances in applications of vinyl ether monomers for precise synthesis of custom-tailored polymers. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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18
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Liu T, Hu Z, Chen J, Zhao Y, Ge H. Sodium Citrate Kolbe Electrolysis Polymerization in Aqueous Solution with Controlled Molecular Weight Distribution. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting‐Ran Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy‐Saving in Heat Exchange SystemsShanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric PowerShanghai University of Electric Power Shanghai 200090 China
- 319 Fenjin BuildingNo. 2103, Pingliang RoadYangpu District Shanghai 200090 China
| | - Zhi‐Yang Hu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy‐Saving in Heat Exchange SystemsShanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric PowerShanghai University of Electric Power Shanghai 200090 China
- 319 Fenjin BuildingNo. 2103, Pingliang RoadYangpu District Shanghai 200090 China
| | - Jian‐Qiu Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy‐Saving in Heat Exchange SystemsShanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric PowerShanghai University of Electric Power Shanghai 200090 China
- 319 Fenjin BuildingNo. 2103, Pingliang RoadYangpu District Shanghai 200090 China
| | - Yu‐Zeng Zhao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy‐Saving in Heat Exchange SystemsShanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric PowerShanghai University of Electric Power Shanghai 200090 China
- 319 Fenjin BuildingNo. 2103, Pingliang RoadYangpu District Shanghai 200090 China
| | - Hong‐Hua Ge
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy‐Saving in Heat Exchange SystemsShanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric PowerShanghai University of Electric Power Shanghai 200090 China
- 319 Fenjin BuildingNo. 2103, Pingliang RoadYangpu District Shanghai 200090 China
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19
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Zhou YN, Li JJ, Wu YY, Luo ZH. Role of External Field in Polymerization: Mechanism and Kinetics. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2950-3048. [PMID: 32083844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed an increasing interest in developing advanced polymerization techniques subjected to external fields. Various physical modulations, such as temperature, light, electricity, magnetic field, ultrasound, and microwave irradiation, are noninvasive means, having superb but distinct abilities to regulate polymerizations in terms of process intensification and spatial and temporal controls. Gas as an emerging regulator plays a distinctive role in controlling polymerization and resembles a physical regulator in some cases. This review provides a systematic overview of seven types of external-field-regulated polymerizations, ranging from chain-growth to step-growth polymerization. A detailed account of the relevant mechanism and kinetics is provided to better understand the role of each external field in polymerization. In addition, given the crucial role of modeling and simulation in mechanisms and kinetics investigation, an overview of model construction and typical numerical methods used in this field as well as highlights of the interaction between experiment and simulation toward kinetics in the existing systems are given. At the end, limitations and future perspectives for this field are critically discussed. This state-of-the-art research progress not only provides the fundamental principles underlying external-field-regulated polymerizations but also stimulates new development of advanced polymerization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Jin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Yang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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20
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Kong WJ, Finger LH, Oliveira JCA, Ackermann L. Rhodaelectrocatalysis for Annulative C-H Activation: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons through Versatile Double Electrocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6342-6346. [PMID: 30835907 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Rapid access to structurally diversified polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a controlled manner is of key significance in materials sciences. Herein, we describe a strategy featuring two distinct electrocatalytic C-H transformations for the synthesis of novel nonplanar PAHs. The combination of rhodaelectrooxidative C-H activation/[2+2+2] alkyne annulation of easily accessible boronic acids with electrocatalytic cyclodehydrogenation provided modular access to diversely substituted PAHs with electricity as a sustainable oxidant. The unique molecular topology as well as the photophysical and electronic properties of the thus obtained PAHs were fully analyzed. The unique power of this metallaelectrocatalysis method was demonstrated by the chemoselective assembly of synthetically useful iodo-substituted PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jun Kong
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars H Finger
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - João C A Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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21
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Kong W, Finger LH, Oliveira JCA, Ackermann L. Rhodaelectrocatalysis for Annulative C−H Activation: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons through Versatile Double Electrocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Jun Kong
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lars H. Finger
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - João C. A. Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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22
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Zhu J, Hao X, Yan Q. Electro-selective interconversion of living cationic and radical polymerizations. Sci China Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-019-9450-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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23
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A User-friendly Living Cationic Polymerization: Degenerative Chain-transfer Polymerization of Vinyl Ethers by Simply Using Mixtures of Weak and Superstrong Protonic Acids. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-019-2233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Zhang J, Wu Y, Li X, Yang D, Zhang M, Wang H, Shang Y, Ren P, Mu X, Li S, Guo W. Characteristics and Mechanism of Styrene Cationic Polymerization in Aqueous Media Initiated by Cumyl Alcohol/B(C 6F 5) 3. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghan Zhang
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yibo Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology; Beijing 102617 China
- Beijing Key Lab of Special Elastomeric Composite Materials; Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology; Beijing 102617 China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology; Beijing 102617 China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology; Beijing 102617 China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology; Beijing 102617 China
| | - Yuwei Shang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology; Beijing 102617 China
| | - Ping Ren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology; Beijing 102617 China
| | - Xin Mu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology; Beijing 102617 China
| | - Shuxin Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology; Beijing 102617 China
| | - Wenli Guo
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Lab of Special Elastomeric Composite Materials; Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology; Beijing 102617 China
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25
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Kamigaito M, Satoh K, Uchiyama M. Degenerative chain‐transfer process: Controlling all chain‐growth polymerizations and enabling novel monomer sequences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masami Kamigaito
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular ChemistryGraduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Furo‐cho, Chikusa‐ku Nagoya 464‐8603 Japan
| | - Kotaro Satoh
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular ChemistryGraduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Furo‐cho, Chikusa‐ku Nagoya 464‐8603 Japan
| | - Mineto Uchiyama
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular ChemistryGraduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Furo‐cho, Chikusa‐ku Nagoya 464‐8603 Japan
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26
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Transformation from xanthate-type cationogen mediated metal-free RAFT cationic polymerization with “HCl·Et2O” into RAFT radical polymerization to form poly(alkyl vinyl ether)-b-polyvinyl alcohol amphiphiles. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Wang Y, Fantin M, Matyjaszewski K. Synergy between Electrochemical ATRP and RAFT for Polymerization at Low Copper Loading. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800221. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
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