1
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Molkenova A, Choi HE, Lee G, Baek H, Kwon M, Lee SB, Park J, Kim J, Han D, Park J, Hahn SK, Kim KS. Cold-Responsive Hyaluronated Upconversion Nanoplatform for Transdermal Cryo-Photodynamic Cancer Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306684. [PMID: 38482992 PMCID: PMC11109644 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Cryotherapy leverages controlled freezing temperature interventions to engender a cascade of tumor-suppressing effects. However, its bottleneck lies in the standalone ineffectiveness. A promising strategy is using nanoparticle therapeutics to augment the efficacy of cryotherapy. Here, a cold-responsive nanoplatform composed of upconversion nanoparticles coated with silica - chlorin e6 - hyaluronic acid (UCNPs@SiO2-Ce6-HA) is designed. This nanoplatform is employed to integrate cryotherapy with photodynamic therapy (PDT) in order to improve skin cancer treatment efficacy in a synergistic manner. The cryotherapy appeared to enhance the upconversion brightness by suppressing the thermal quenching. The low-temperature treatment afforded a 2.45-fold enhancement in the luminescence of UCNPs and a 3.15-fold increase in the photodynamic efficacy of UCNPs@SiO2-Ce6-HA nanoplatforms. Ex vivo tests with porcine skins and the subsequent validation in mouse tumor tissues revealed the effective HA-mediated transdermal delivery of designed nanoplatforms to deep tumor tissues. After transdermal delivery, in vivo photodynamic therapy using the UCNPs@SiO2-Ce6-HA nanoplatforms resulted in the optimized efficacy of 79% in combination with cryotherapy. These findings underscore the Cryo-PDT as a truly promising integrated treatment paradigm and warrant further exploring the synergistic interplay between cryotherapy and PDT with bright upconversion to unlock their full potential in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anara Molkenova
- School of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Organic Materials Science and EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Organic MaterialsPusan National UniversityBusan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Eun Choi
- School of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Organic Materials Science and EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Organic MaterialsPusan National UniversityBusan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Gibum Lee
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Hayeon Baek
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringCollege of EngineeringSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Kwon
- School of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Organic Materials Science and EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Organic MaterialsPusan National UniversityBusan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Su Bin Lee
- School of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Organic Materials Science and EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Organic MaterialsPusan National UniversityBusan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong‐Min Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringPusan National UniversityBusan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Jae‐Hyuk Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringPusan National UniversityBusan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Dong‐Wook Han
- Department of Cogno‐Mechatronics EngineeringBIO‐IT Fusion Technology Research InstitutePusan National UniversityBusan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Park
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringCollege of EngineeringSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Sei Kwang Hahn
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Su Kim
- School of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Organic Materials Science and EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Organic MaterialsPusan National UniversityBusan46241Republic of Korea
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2
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Duivenvoorden JR, Caporaletti F, Woutersen S, Keune K, Hermans JJ. Nanoconfined Water Clusters in Zinc White Oil Paint. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:19269-19277. [PMID: 37791101 PMCID: PMC10544026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c04720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Pigments in oil paint are bound by a complex oil polymer network that is prone to water-related chemical degradation. We use cryo-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry to study how water distributes inside zinc white oil paint. By measuring water freezing and melting transitions, we show that water-saturated zinc white oil paint contains both liquid-like clustered water and nonclustered water. A comparison of titanium white paint and nonpigmented model systems indicates that water clustering happens near the pigment-polymer interface. The cluster size was estimated in the nanometer range based on the ice melting and freezing temperatures and on the position of the O-D vibration band. As liquid-like water can play a crucial role in the dissolution and transport of ions and molecules, understanding the factors that favor this phenomenon is essential for establishing safe conditions for the conservation of painted works of art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorien R. Duivenvoorden
- Van
‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Conservation
& Science, Rijksmuseum Hobbemastraat 22, 1071 ZC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Caporaletti
- Laboratory
of Polymer and Soft Matter Dynamics, Experimental Soft Matter and
Thermal Physics, Université Libre
de Bruxelles Avenue, Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sander Woutersen
- Van
‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katrien Keune
- Van
‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Conservation
& Science, Rijksmuseum Hobbemastraat 22, 1071 ZC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joen J. Hermans
- Van
‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Conservation
& Science, Rijksmuseum Hobbemastraat 22, 1071 ZC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Conservation
& Restoration, Amsterdam School of Heritage, Memory and Material
Culture, University of Amsterdam Turfdraagsterpad 15-17, 1012 XT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Hermans J, Helwig K, Woutersen S, Keune K. Traces of water catalyze zinc soap crystallization in solvent-exposed oil paints. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:5701-5709. [PMID: 36734512 PMCID: PMC9930726 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04861b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The crystallization of metal soaps in polymer matrices is a complex process that affects the stability of oil paintings, as well as the properties of commercial ionomer materials. In the context of conservation of paintings, it is crucial to investigate the influence of solvent exposure on such detrimental chemical processes. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and a polymer model system that contains metastable amorphous zinc soaps, it is shown that water induces zinc soap crystallization, while solvent swelling alone has no effect. In particular fast-diffusing polar organic solvents with water impurities are able to induce extensive crystallization, delivering high concentrations of water quickly deep into paint layers. Finally, it is demonstrated, both with the model system and real oil paint samples, that even with very short solvent exposure times, significant quantities of crystalline zinc soaps are formed. This strong effect of water impurities in common solvents gives reason to be cautious when conservation treatments are being considered for oil paints that contain zinc white or other water-sensitive chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joen Hermans
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Conservation & Science, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sander Woutersen
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Katrien Keune
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Conservation & Science, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Garrappa S, Frøysaker T, Streeton NLW, Hradil D, Platania E, Beltinger K, Caruso F. Micro-spectroscopic study of late 19th-early 20th century tube paints. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 279:121414. [PMID: 35640470 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many issues in the conservation of paintings from the early modern period are still unresolved due to lack of information on paints from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, in particular their production, formulations, and later degradation processes. The inconsistency of the names that paint manufacturers chose for their products furthermore compounds the challenges faced by conservators and chemists wishing to study them. This paper addresses a number of these issues through investigations of commercial tube oil paints from a paint box owned by the Norwegian painter Harriet Backer (1845-1932). Samples were analyzed using a multi-instrumental approach. Micro-attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy - supported by micro-X-ray powder diffraction - allowed the identification of binders, pigments, and extenders. The data highlight the use of materials that were new at the time and not reported in the manufacturer's catalog. Furthermore, zinc stearate has been detected for the first time. Its detection and the absence of any zinc-based pigments confirms that zinc stearate was already used as dispersing agent in paint formulations at that time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Garrappa
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, ALMA Laboratory, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic.
| | - Tine Frøysaker
- Department of Archaeology, Conservation, and History (IAKH), Conservation Studies, University of Oslo (UiO), Postboks 1008, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Noëlle Lynn Wenger Streeton
- Department of Archaeology, Conservation, and History (IAKH), Conservation Studies, University of Oslo (UiO), Postboks 1008, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - David Hradil
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, ALMA Laboratory, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic; Academy of Fine Arts in Prague, ALMA Laboratory, U Akademie 4, 170 22 Prague 7, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Platania
- Department of Archaeology, Conservation, and History (IAKH), Conservation Studies, University of Oslo (UiO), Postboks 1008, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research (NIKU), Storgata 2, 0155 Oslo, Norway
| | - Karoline Beltinger
- Swiss Institute for Art Research (SIK-ISEA), Department of Art Technology, Zollikerstrasse 32, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Caruso
- Department of Archaeology, Conservation, and History (IAKH), Conservation Studies, University of Oslo (UiO), Postboks 1008, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway; Swiss Institute for Art Research (SIK-ISEA), Department of Art Technology, Zollikerstrasse 32, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Chua L, Banas A, Banas K. Comparison of ATR–FTIR and O-PTIR Imaging Techniques for the Characterisation of Zinc-Type Degradation Products in a Paint Cross-Section. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196301. [PMID: 36234838 PMCID: PMC9572732 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ATR–FTIR (attenuated total reflection–Fourier-transform infrared) microscopy with imaging is widely used in the heritage field to characterise complex compositions of paint cross-sections. However, some limitations include the need for ATR crystal contact with the sample and the inability to resolve particle size below the IR diffraction limit. Recently, a novel O-PTIR (optical-photothermal infrared) spectroscopy technique claimed to open a new avenue for non-invasive, efficient, and reliable analysis at sub-micron resolution. O-PTIR produces transmission-like FTIR spectra for interpretation, without the need to touch the sample, which are highly favourable attributes for analysing heritage samples. This paper reports the comparison of O-PTIR and ATR–FTIR techniques applied to a cross-section embedding a thin paint fragment that delaminated from a late 19th to early 20th-century oil portrait. The hazy paint fragment consisted of zinc soaps (both crystalline and amorphous), gordaite (NaZn4Cl(OH)6SO4·6H2O), and zinc lactate, that could not all be well-resolved with ATR–FTIR imaging. With O-PTIR analysis, the degradation compounds could be resolved at sub-micron resolution with an equivalent or better signal-to-noise ratio. This case study shows how the two techniques can be used to obtain comprehensive information at a broad level with ATR–FTIR and a detailed level with O-PTIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Chua
- Heritage Conservation Centre, National Heritage Board, Singapore 619104, Singapore
| | - Agnieszka Banas
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117603, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6516-7005
| | - Krzysztof Banas
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117603, Singapore
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6
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Alunni Cardinali M, Cartechini L, Paolantoni M, Miliani C, Fioretto D, Pensabene Buemi L, Comez L, Rosi F. Microscale mechanochemical characterization of drying oil films by in situ correlative Brillouin and Raman spectroscopy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo4221. [PMID: 35767625 PMCID: PMC9242584 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo4221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Correlative Brillouin and Raman microspectroscopy (BRaMS) is applied for the in situ monitoring of the chemical and physical changes of linseed oil during polymerization. The viscoelastic properties of the drying oil throughout the phase transition were determined by Brillouin light scattering (BLS) and joined to the Raman spectroscopic information about the chemical process responsible for the oil hardening. A comparative study was then performed on an oil mock-up containing ZnO, one of the most common white pigments used in cultural heritage. The intriguing outcomes open new research perspectives for a deeper comprehension of the processes leading to the conversion of a fluid binder into a dry adhering film. The description of both chemical and structural properties of the polymeric network and their evolution are the basis for a better understanding of oil painting degradation. Last, as a feasibility test, BRaMS was applied to study a precious microfragment from J. Pollock's masterpiece Alchemy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Alunni Cardinali
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 6 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Cartechini
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies-SCITEC, National Research Council-CNR, Via Elce di Sotto, Perugia I-06123, Italy
| | - Marco Paolantoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 6 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Costanza Miliani
- Institute of Heritage Science-ISPC, National Research Council-CNR, Via Cardinale Guglielmo Sanfelice 8, 80134 Napoli (NA), Italy
| | - Daniele Fioretto
- Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Via Pascoli, Perugia I-06123, Italy
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali-IOM, National Research Council-CNR, Via Pascoli, Perugia I-06123, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Comez
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali-IOM, National Research Council-CNR, Via Pascoli, Perugia I-06123, Italy
| | - Francesca Rosi
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies-SCITEC, National Research Council-CNR, Via Elce di Sotto, Perugia I-06123, Italy
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7
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Modelling the Interaction between Carboxylic Acids and Zinc Oxide: Insight into Degradation of ZnO Pigments. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113362. [PMID: 35684300 PMCID: PMC9181975 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Computational modelling applied to cultural heritage can assist the characterization of painting materials and help to understand their intrinsic and external degradation processes. The degradation of the widely employed zinc oxide (ZnO)—a white pigment mostly used in oil paints—leads to the formation of metal soaps, complexes of Zn ions and long-chain fatty acids coming from the degradation of the oil binder. Being a serious problem affecting the appearance and the structural integrity of many oil paintings, it is relevant to characterize the structure of these complexes and to understand the reaction pathways associated with this degradation process. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to investigate the adsorption of the acetate and acetic acid on relatively large ZnO clusters and the formation of Zn–acetate complexes. Carboxylic acids with longer alkyl chains were then investigated as more realistic models of the fatty acids present in the oil medium. In addition, DFT calculations using a periodic ZnO slab were performed in order to compare the obtained results at different levels of theory. Optimization calculations as well as the formation energies of the ZnO@carboxylate coupled systems and the thermodynamics leading to possible degradation products were computed. Our results highlight the potential for DFT calculations to provide a better understanding of oil paint degradation, with the aim of contributing to the development of strengthening and conservation strategies of paintings.
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8
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Liu GL, Kazarian SG. Recent advances and applications to cultural heritage using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging. Analyst 2022; 147:1777-1797. [PMID: 35388386 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00005a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Scientific investigation of cultural heritage objects plays a vital role in a responsible modern approach to conservation and archaeology. Recent advances in spectroscopy, such as the development of Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging, have opened up a window of opportunities for characterisation of materials in artefacts and collections from museums. This review summarises some of the recent advances and applications of these ATR-FTIR spectroscopic analytical techniques in the area of cultural heritage studies, including examples of cross-sections of oil paintings, paper, textiles, plastic objects, potteries, glasses and mineral artefacts. Two of the major advantages of ATR mode measurements are minimal or no requirements for sample preparation and its provision for high lateral spatial resolution. In addition to conventional single point detection, two-dimensional mapping and imaging is especially beneficial for chemical visualisation of multi-layered structure cultural objects. This review also explores the implications of these advantages as well as some limitations and provides a brief outlook for the possible future developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Lin Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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9
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Ma X, Pavlidis G, Dillon E, Beltran V, Schwartz JJ, Thoury M, Borondics F, Sandt C, Kjoller K, Berrie BH, Centrone A. Micro to Nano: Multiscale IR Analyses Reveal Zinc Soap Heterogeneity in a 19th-Century Painting by Corot. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3103-3110. [PMID: 35138807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Formation and aggregation of metal carboxylates (metal soaps) can degrade the appearance and integrity of oil paints, challenging efforts to conserve painted works of art. Endeavors to understand the root cause of metal soap formation have been hampered by the limited spatial resolution of Fourier transform infrared microscopy (μ-FTIR). We overcome this limitation using optical photothermal infrared spectroscopy (O-PTIR) and photothermal-induced resonance (PTIR), two novel methods that provide IR spectra with ≈500 and ≈10 nm spatial resolutions, respectively. The distribution of chemical phases in thin sections from the top layer of a 19th-century painting is investigated at multiple scales (μ-FTIR ≈ 102 μm3, O-PTIR ≈ 10-1 μm3, PTIR ≈ 10-5 μm3). The paint samples analyzed here are found to be mixtures of pigments (cobalt green, lead white), cured oil, and a rich array of intermixed, small (often ≪ 0.1 μm3) zinc soap domains. We identify Zn stearate and Zn oleate crystalline soaps with characteristic narrow IR peaks (≈1530-1558 cm-1) and a heterogeneous, disordered, water-permeable, tetrahedral zinc soap phase, with a characteristic broad peak centered at ≈1596 cm-1. We show that the high signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution afforded by O-PTIR are ideal for identifying phase-separated (or locally concentrated) species with low average concentration, while PTIR provides an unprecedented nanoscale view of distributions and associations of species in paint. This newly accessible nanocompositional information will advance our knowledge of chemical processes in oil paint and will stimulate new art conservation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Shanghai University, No. 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Georges Pavlidis
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Eoghan Dillon
- Photothermal Spectroscopy Corporation, 325 Chapala Street, Santa Barbara, California 93101, United States
| | - Victoria Beltran
- IPANEMA, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, USR 3461, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jeffrey J Schwartz
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States.,Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Mathieu Thoury
- IPANEMA, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, USR 3461, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ferenc Borondics
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers Saint-Aubin BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Sandt
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers Saint-Aubin BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Kevin Kjoller
- Photothermal Spectroscopy Corporation, 325 Chapala Street, Santa Barbara, California 93101, United States
| | - Barbara H Berrie
- Scientific Research Department, National Gallery of Art, 2000B South Club Drive, Landover, Maryland 20785, United States
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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10
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Giménez P, Linares A, Sessa C, Bagán H, García JF. Capability of Far-Infrared for the selective identification of red and black pigments in paint layers. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 266:120411. [PMID: 34601369 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Artworks are complex objects that merit study and preservation. Far-infrared spectroscopy in ATR mode appears to be a suitable technique for this purpose because it enables information to be obtained regarding the material's composition in a non-destructive way. The use of Far-infrared is especially interesting because most organic compounds do not absorb in this energy range, suggesting the possibility of identifying inorganic pigments. Based on works performed by two research groups from the University of Bologna and the University of Tartu, this study attempts to obtain additional information regarding the capabilities and limitations of Far-infrared spectroscopy when it is applied to objects as complex as artworks. This article first studies the capability of the technique for identifying pigments by following the stability of the position of their absorption bands when mixed with linseed oil, the minimum amount of pigment necessary to be detected and how this amount changes when it is part of a paint layer. The consequences of the pigment: linseed oil interaction and the ageing process are also studied through changes in the linseed oil signal absorptions related to the acid carboxylic and carboxylate bands. The entire study leads to the conclusion that Far-Infrared in ATR mode is an interesting option for the selective identification of some inorganic pigments, but their potential application depends on each case considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Giménez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - A Linares
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - C Sessa
- TUM Department of Architecture, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - H Bagán
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - J F García
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
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11
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Izzo FC, Kratter M, Nevin A, Zendri E. A Critical Review on the Analysis of Metal Soaps in Oil Paintings. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:904-921. [PMID: 34532965 PMCID: PMC8446710 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to 70 % of the oil paintings conserved in collections present metal soaps, which result from the chemical reaction between metal ions present in the painted layers and free fatty acids from the lipidic binders. In recent decades, conservators and conservation scientists have been systematically identifying various and frequent conservation problems that can be linked to the formation of metal soaps. It is also increasingly recognized that metal soap formation may not compromise the integrity of paint so there is a need for careful assessment of the implications of metal soaps for conservation. This review aims to critically assess scientific literature related to commonly adopted analytical techniques for the analysis of metal soaps in oil paintings. A comparison of different analytical methods is provided, highlighting advantages associated with each, as well as limitations identified through the analysis of reference materials and applications to the analysis of samples from historical paintings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Caterina Izzo
- Sciences and Technologies for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Department ofEnvironmental Sciences, Informatics and StatisticsCa' Foscari University of VeniceVia Torino 155/b30173VeniceItaly
| | - Matilde Kratter
- Sciences and Technologies for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Department ofEnvironmental Sciences, Informatics and StatisticsCa' Foscari University of VeniceVia Torino 155/b30173VeniceItaly
| | - Austin Nevin
- Head of Conservation The Courtauld Institute of ArtVernon Square, Penton RiseKings CrossWC1X 9EWLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Elisabetta Zendri
- Sciences and Technologies for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Department ofEnvironmental Sciences, Informatics and StatisticsCa' Foscari University of VeniceVia Torino 155/b30173VeniceItaly
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12
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Transport of Propylene Carbonate-LiTFSI Electrolytes in P(VDF-HFP) Using Time-resolved ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy: Diffusion Coefficients and Molecular Interactions. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Ojha N, Bajpai A, Kumar S. Enriched oxygen vacancies of Cu2O/SnS2/SnO2 heterostructure for enhanced photocatalytic reduction of CO2 by water and nitrogen fixation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 585:764-777. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Špačková J, Fabra C, Mittelette S, Gaillard E, Chen CH, Cazals G, Lebrun A, Sene S, Berthomieu D, Chen K, Gan Z, Gervais C, Métro TX, Laurencin D. Unveiling the Structure and Reactivity of Fatty-Acid Based (Nano)materials Thanks to Efficient and Scalable 17O and 18O-Isotopic Labeling Schemes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21068-21081. [PMID: 33264006 PMCID: PMC7877562 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are ubiquitous in biological systems and widely used in materials science, including for the formulation of drugs and the surface-functionalization of nanoparticles. However, important questions regarding the structure and reactivity of these molecules are still to be elucidated, including their mode of binding to certain metal cations or materials surfaces. In this context, we have developed novel, efficient, user-friendly, and cost-effective synthetic protocols based on ball-milling, for the 17O and 18O isotopic labeling of two key fatty acids which are widely used in (nano)materials science, namely stearic and oleic acid. Labeled molecules were analyzed by 1H and 13C solution NMR, IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF and LC-MS), as well as 17O solid state NMR (for the 17O labeled species). In both cases, the labeling procedures were scaled-up to produce up to gram quantities of 17O- or 18O-enriched molecules in just half-a-day, with very good synthetic yields (all ≥84%) and enrichment levels (up to an average of 46% per carboxylic oxygen). The 17O-labeled oleic acid was then used for the synthesis of a metal soap (Zn-oleate) and the surface-functionalization of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), which were characterized for the first time by high-resolution 17O NMR (at 14.1 and 35.2 T). This allowed very detailed insight into (i) the coordination mode of the oleate ligand in Zn-oleate to be achieved (including information on Zn···O distances) and (ii) the mode of attachment of oleic-acid at the surface of ZnO (including novel information on its photoreactivity upon UV-irradiation). Overall, this work demonstrates the high interest of these fatty acid-enrichment protocols for understanding the structure and reactivity of a variety of functional (nano)materials systems using high resolution analyses like 17O NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlyn Fabra
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS,
ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | | | | | - Chia-Hsin Chen
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS,
ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | | | - Aurélien Lebrun
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS,
ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Saad Sene
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS,
ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | | | - Kuizhi Chen
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL),
Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306,
United States
| | - Zhehong Gan
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL),
Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306,
United States
| | - Christel Gervais
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière
Condensée de Paris (LCMCP), UMR 7574, Sorbonne Université,
CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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15
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Hermans J, Helwig K. The Identification of Multiple Crystalline Zinc Soap Structures Using Infrared Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:1505-1514. [PMID: 33035076 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820935183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The formation of crystalline zinc soaps (zinc salts of fatty acids) in oil paint layers is a common sign of paint degradation. In this study, we have used infrared spectroscopy to systematically identify differences in structure and composition of crystalline zinc soap phases, and report data analysis methods for structure attribution in challenging oil paint samples. Supported by reported crystal structures, it was possible to distinguish two distinct types of zinc soap geometry: a highly symmetrical packing for long-chain saturated soaps (type B) and an alternating packing for zinc soaps with short, unsaturated, or dicarboxylic chains (type A). These two types of packing can be identified by a single or split asymmetric COO stretch vibration band. With this new information, we studied the structure and composition of zinc soaps formed in a zinc white model paint and in a cross-section from the painting Equations in Space by Lawren Harris. Using non-negative matrix factorization, band integration and band position maps, it was possible to clearly identify zinc azelate in the model paint and map its spatial distribution. The same methods showed that the paint cross-section contained both types of zinc soap structure within the same paint layer, with the less symmetrical structure appearing only at the interface with the ground layer. The results give valuable information on the internal chemistry of oil paint layers, and the demonstrated methods can find widespread application for in-depth analysis of infrared microscopy data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joen Hermans
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Conservation & Science, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kate Helwig
- Canadian Conservation Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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16
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Liu X, Di Tullio V, Lin YC, De Andrade V, Zhao C, Lin CH, Wagner M, Zumbulyadis N, Dybowski C, Centeno SA, Chen-Wiegart YCK. Nano- to microscale three-dimensional morphology relevant to transport properties in reactive porous composite paint films. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18320. [PMID: 33110102 PMCID: PMC7591493 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantitative evaluation of the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of porous composite materials is important for understanding mass transport phenomena, which further impact their functionalities and durability. Reactive porous paint materials are composites in nature and widely used in arts and technological applications. In artistic oil paintings, ambient moisture and water and organic solvents used in conservation treatments are known to trigger multiple physical and chemical degradation processes; however, there is no complete physical model that can quantitatively describe their transport in the paint films. In the present study, model oil paints with lead white (2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2) and zinc white (ZnO) pigments, which are frequently found in artistic oil paintings and are associated with the widespread heavy metal soap deterioration, were studied using synchrotron X-ray nano-tomography and unilateral nuclear magnetic resonance. This study aims to establish a relationship among the paints’ compositions, the 3D morphological properties and degradation. This connection is crucial for establishing reliable models that can predict transport properties of solvents used in conservation treatments and of species involved in deterioration reactions, such as soap formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Valeria Di Tullio
- Department of Scientific Research, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, 10028, USA.,"Segre-Capitani" Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Istituto Per I Sistemi Biologi, (ISB) CNR, CNR Area Della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29, 300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Yu-Chung Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Vincent De Andrade
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Chonghang Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Cheng-Hung Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Molly Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | | | - Cecil Dybowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Silvia A Centeno
- Department of Scientific Research, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, 10028, USA.
| | - Yu-Chen Karen Chen-Wiegart
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA. .,National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
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17
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Non-invasive identification of lead soaps in painted miniatures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:263-278. [PMID: 33078251 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02998-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The lack of an appropriate methodology makes numerous important issues related to miniature paintings unresolved-despite the fact that the portrait miniatures of the seventeenth to the nineteenth century represent a highly specific and significant field of European fine art. One of these issues is represented by chemical degradation of miniatures and its analytical evidence. Fragility, variability of the employed materials, and detailed execution make their analysis highly challenging-since no sampling is usually allowed and any change on their surface is immediately noticeable. Therefore, this study focused on finding a fully non-invasive multi-analytical approach to describe degradation processes resulting from the interaction of lead pigments and oils. For this purpose, a representative set of miniature portraits on various supports (ivory, metal, glass) has been selected. For the first time, Pb carboxylates (lead soaps) have been evidenced in miniatures painted in oil and also in a combined technique (gum + oil). Their distribution and crystallinity was described by a combination of X-ray-based (X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction) and micro-spectroscopic methods. At the same time, a number of new findings about the employed painting technique and involvement of various pigments in the degradation processes were obtained. For example, a possible saponification of a mixed Pb-Sn-Sb yellow was indicated for the first time. Although the degradation is clearly at an advanced stage, it has not shown yet any visible symptoms that might warn restorers and curators. Therefore, without targeted analysis, it would remain overlooked.
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18
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Catalano J, Di Tullio V, Wagner M, Zumbulyadis N, Centeno SA, Dybowski C. Review of the use of NMR spectroscopy to investigate structure, reactivity, and dynamics of lead soap formation in paintings. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2020; 58:798-811. [PMID: 32247290 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal carboxylate or soap formation is a widespread deterioration problem affecting oil paintings and other works of art bearing oil-based media. Lead soaps are prevalent in traditional oil paintings because lead white was the white pigment most frequently chosen by old masters for the paints and in some cases for the ground preparations, until the development of other white pigments from approximately the middle of the 18th century on, and because of the wide use of lead-tin yellow. In the latter part of the 19th century, lead white began to be replaced by zinc white. The factors that influence soap formation have been the focus of intense study starting in the late 1990s. Since 2014, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies have contributed a unique perspective on the issue by providing chemical, structural, and dynamic information about the species involved in the process, as well as the effects of environmental conditions such as relative humidity and temperature on the kinetics of the reaction(s). In this review, we explore recent insights into soap formation gained through solid-state NMR and single-sided NMR techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Catalano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
| | - Valeria Di Tullio
- Magnetic Resonance Laboratory "Annalaura Segre", ISB-CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Molly Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Nicholas Zumbulyadis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Silvia A Centeno
- Department of Scientific Research, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cecil Dybowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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19
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Computational modelling of metal soap formation in historical oil paintings: the influence of fatty acid concentration and nucleus geometry on the induced chemo-mechanical damage. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-3038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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20
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Baij L, Buijs J, Hermans JJ, Raven L, Iedema PD, Keune K, Sprakel J. Quantifying solvent action in oil paint using portable laser speckle imaging. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10574. [PMID: 32601362 PMCID: PMC7324590 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The exposure of oil paintings to organic solvents for varnish removal or to water for the removal of surface dirt can affect the chemical and physical properties of oil paint in an undesired way. Solvents can temporarily plasticise and swell the polymerised oil paint binding medium, enhancing both the thermal mobility and mechanical displacement of pigments embedded in this film. The enhancement of these microscopic motions can affect both the chemical and physical stability of the object as a whole. In order to minimise solvent exposure during cleaning, an analytical method that can quantitatively measure the microscopic motions induced by solvent uptake, is required first. In this study, we use Fourier Transform Laser Speckle Imaging (FT-LSI) and a newly developed portable FT-LSI setup as highly resolved motion detection instruments. We employ FT-LSI to probe pigment motion, with high spatiotemporal resolution, as a proxy for the destabilising effects of cleaning solvents. In this way, we can study solvent diffusion and evaporation rates and the total solvent retention time. In addition, qualitative spatial information on the spreading and homogeneity of the applied solvent is obtained. We study mobility in paint films caused by air humidity, spreading of solvents as a result of several cleaning methods and the protective capabilities of varnish. Our results show that FT-LSI is a powerful technique for the study of solvent penetration during oil paint cleaning and has a high potential for future use in the conservation studio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambert Baij
- University of Amsterdam, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, PO box 94720, 1090GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Rijksmuseum, Conservation and Science, PO box 74888, 1070DN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jesse Buijs
- Wageningen University and Research, Department of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joen J Hermans
- University of Amsterdam, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, PO box 94720, 1090GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Rijksmuseum, Conservation and Science, PO box 74888, 1070DN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Raven
- Rijksmuseum, Conservation and Science, PO box 74888, 1070DN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Piet D Iedema
- University of Amsterdam, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, PO box 94720, 1090GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katrien Keune
- University of Amsterdam, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, PO box 94720, 1090GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Rijksmuseum, Conservation and Science, PO box 74888, 1070DN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Wageningen University and Research, Department of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Hendriks L, Caseri W, Ferreira ESB, Scherrer NC, Zumbühl S, Küffner M, Hajdas I, Wacker L, Synal HA, Günther D. The Ins and Outs of 14C Dating Lead White Paint for Artworks Application. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7674-7682. [PMID: 32396364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lead white is known as one of the oldest pigments in art and can be used as a dating material. Upon production following the Stack process, the 14C isotope of atmospheric carbon dioxide is fixed in the carbonate, and its radiocarbon dating can be used as a proxy for the age of a painting. The previously reported carbonate hydrolysis protocol reaches its limitation when confronted with samples presenting a mixture of carbonates, such as lead carbonate (cerussite or hydrocerussite), calcium carbonate (calcite), and/or calcium magnesium carbonate (dolomite). Thermogravimetric analyses indicate that decomposition of lead carbonate can be achieved at 350 °C in TGA diagrams, as other mineral carbonates only decompose to carbon dioxide at temperatures above 700 °C. Thus, a thermal approach is proposed to separate the various carbonates and isolate the specific 14C signature to the lead carbonate. In practice, however, discrepancies between the measured radiocarbon ages and expected ages were observed. FTIR analyses pointed to the formation of metal carboxylates, an indicator that the organic binder is not inert and plays a role in the dating strategy. Upon drying, oxidation and hydrolysis take place leading to the formation of free fatty acids, which in turn interact with the different carbonates upon heating. Their removal was achieved by introduction of a solvent extraction step prior to the thermal treatment, which was confirmed by GC-MS analyses, and thus, the collected carbon dioxide at 350 °C results can be assigned correctly to the decomposition of the lead white pigment. The proposed procedure was furthermore verified on mixed carbonate-bearing paint samples collected from a Baroque oil painting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hendriks
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH-Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH-Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter Caseri
- Department of Materials Science, ETH-Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ester S B Ferreira
- CICS - Cologne Institute of Conservation Sciences, TH Köln, University of Applied Sciences, Campus Südstadt, Ubierring 40, 50678 Köln, Germany
| | - Nadim C Scherrer
- HKB - Bern University of Applied Sciences, Fellerstrasse 11, 3027 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Zumbühl
- HKB - Bern University of Applied Sciences, Fellerstrasse 11, 3027 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Küffner
- HKB - Bern University of Applied Sciences, Fellerstrasse 11, 3027 Bern, Switzerland.,SIK-ISEA - Swiss Institute for Art Research, Zollikerstrasse 32, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irka Hajdas
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH-Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Wacker
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH-Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Arno Synal
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH-Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Detlef Günther
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH-Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Monico L, Cartechini L, Rosi F, Chieli A, Grazia C, De Meyer S, Nuyts G, Vanmeert F, Janssens K, Cotte M, De Nolf W, Falkenberg G, Sandu ICA, Tveit ES, Mass J, de Freitas RP, Romani A, Miliani C. Probing the chemistry of CdS paints in The Scream by in situ noninvasive spectroscopies and synchrotron radiation x-ray techniques. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay3514. [PMID: 32440540 PMCID: PMC7228759 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay3514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of cadmium sulfide (CdS)-based oil paints is a phenomenon potentially threatening the iconic painting The Scream (ca. 1910) by Edvard Munch (Munch Museum, Oslo) that is still poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence for the presence of cadmium sulfate and sulfites as alteration products of the original CdS-based paint and explore the external circumstances and internal factors causing this transformation. Macroscale in situ noninvasive spectroscopy studies of the painting in combination with synchrotron-radiation x-ray microspectroscopy investigations of a microsample and artificially aged mock-ups show that moisture and mobile chlorine compounds are key factors for promoting the oxidation of CdS, while light (photodegradation) plays a less important role. Furthermore, under exposure to humidity, parallel/secondary reactions involving dissolution, migration through the paint, and recrystallization of water-soluble phases of the paint are associated with the formation of cadmium sulfates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Monico
- CNR-SCITEC, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- SMAArt Centre and Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- AXES Research Group, NANOlab Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Corresponding author. (L.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Laura Cartechini
- CNR-SCITEC, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- SMAArt Centre and Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Rosi
- CNR-SCITEC, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- SMAArt Centre and Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Chieli
- CNR-SCITEC, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- SMAArt Centre and Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Grazia
- CNR-SCITEC, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- SMAArt Centre and Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Steven De Meyer
- AXES Research Group, NANOlab Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gert Nuyts
- AXES Research Group, NANOlab Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Frederik Vanmeert
- AXES Research Group, NANOlab Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Janssens
- AXES Research Group, NANOlab Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Rijksmuseum, Conservation & Restoration—Scientific Research, Hobbemastraat 22, 1071 ZC Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marine Cotte
- ESRF, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
- LAMS, CNRS UMR 8220, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Wout De Nolf
- ESRF, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | | - Jennifer Mass
- Bard Graduate Center, 86th St., New York, NY 10024, USA
- Scientific Analysis of Fine Art LLC, 843 Old State Rd., Berwyn, PA 19312, USA
| | - Renato Pereira de Freitas
- CNR-SCITEC, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- LISComp Laboratory, Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro, Paracambi, RJ 26600000, Brazil
| | - Aldo Romani
- CNR-SCITEC, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- SMAArt Centre and Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Costanza Miliani
- CNR-SCITEC, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- SMAArt Centre and Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- CNR-ISPC, via Cardinale Guglielmo Sanfelice 8, 80134 Napoli, Italy
- Corresponding author. (L.M.); (C.M.)
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23
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Platania E, Streeton NLW, Vila A, Buti D, Caruso F, Uggerud E. Investigation of mineralization products of lead soaps in a late medieval panel painting. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 228:117844. [PMID: 31784229 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal soaps pose significant concerns in the preservation of paintings made with oil as a binding medium. In highly alkaline environments, metal soap aggregates may undergo mineralization processes with the formation of new phases, such as carbonates, chlorides, oxides and sulfates of the metal cations that are present in pigments or paint additives. In this work, we report new examples of the mineralization of lead soaps in paint-cross sections taken from a late-medieval panel painting owned by the Museum of Cultural History at the University of Oslo. Scientific analyses were carried out with optical microscopy under UV and visible light, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy to investigate and characterize the nature of the compounds present in the samples. Lead (II,IV) oxide, which is presumed to be a secondary product in the mineralization of lead soaps, has been identified in lead-based paint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Platania
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway; Conservation Studies, Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1008 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Noëlle L W Streeton
- Conservation Studies, Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1008 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anna Vila
- Statens Museum for Kunst, Centre for Art Technological Studies and Conservation, Sølvgade 48, 50, 1307 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - David Buti
- Statens Museum for Kunst, Centre for Art Technological Studies and Conservation, Sølvgade 48, 50, 1307 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Francesco Caruso
- Conservation Studies, Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1008 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway; Department of Art Technology, Swiss Institute for Art Research (SIK-ISEA), Zollikerstrasse 32, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Einar Uggerud
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
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24
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Zhou Z, Shen L, Wang N, Ren X, Yang J, Shi Y, Zhang H. Identification of Organic Materials Used in Gilding Technique in Wall Paintings of Kizil Grottoes. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201903688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Zhou
- Conservation and Restoration Department The Kucha Academy of Xinjiang Urumqi 830000 China
| | - Ling Shen
- School of Art and Archaeology Zhejiang University 148 Tianmushan Rd. Hangzhou 310028 China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Conservation Science The Palace Museum 4 Jingshanqian Rd. Beijing 100000 China
| | - Xiaoxu Ren
- School of Art and Archaeology Zhejiang University 148 Tianmushan Rd. Hangzhou 310028 China
| | - Jie Yang
- Conservation and Restoration Department The Kucha Academy of Xinjiang Urumqi 830000 China
| | - Yanchao Shi
- Waters Corporation Shanghai Science & Technology Co Ltd, Building 13 1000 Jinhai Rd. Shanghai 200000 China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Art and Archaeology Zhejiang University 148 Tianmushan Rd. Hangzhou 310028 China
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25
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Romano C, Lam T, Newsome GA, Taillon JA, Little N, Tsang JS. Characterization of Zinc Carboxylates in an Oil Paint Test Panel. STUDIES IN CONSERVATION = ETUDES DE CONSERVATION 2020; 65:10.1080/00393630.2019.1666467. [PMID: 32103842 PMCID: PMC7043324 DOI: 10.1080/00393630.2019.1666467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (carboxylate) soaps, formed by reactions between zinc oxide (ZnO) and fatty acids in a drying oil, are known to cause deterioration in the paint layers of modern and contemporary oil paintings. This study investigates zinc carboxylates that developed in an oil painting test panel designed to mimic the aging and degradation encountered in actual works of art. Following accelerated and natural aging, protrusions were noted on the surface of the test panel. A large protrusion with erupted gel features was extracted from the test panel, mounted in top view, and then cut to reveal the sample's cross section. The gel features, which resulted from the unreacted oil binder's separation from the paint matrix, facilitated zinc carboxylate formation. Using reflectance μ-FTIR and SEM-EDX analysis, the morphologies and spatial distributions of zinc carboxylates within the gel regions of the protrusion were studied. A concentration gradient of zinc within the gel material was observed in the cross-sectional view, indicating patterns of zinc carboxylate formation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Romano
- Museum Conservation Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Lam
- Museum Conservation Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD, USA
| | - G. Asher Newsome
- Museum Conservation Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD, USA
| | - Joshua A. Taillon
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Nicole Little
- Museum Conservation Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD, USA
| | - Jia-sun Tsang
- Museum Conservation Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD, USA
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26
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Bonaduce I, Duce C, Lluveras-Tenorio A, Lee J, Ormsby B, Burnstock A, van den Berg KJ. Conservation Issues of Modern Oil Paintings: A Molecular Model on Paint Curing. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:3397-3406. [PMID: 31742382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The 20th and 21st century oil paintings are presenting a range of challenging conservation problems that can be distinctly different from those noted in paintings from previous centuries. These include the formation of vulnerable surface "skins" of medium and exudates on paint surfaces, efflorescence, unpredictable water and solvent sensitivity, and incidence of paint dripping which can occur within a few years after the paintings were completed. Physicochemical studies of modern oil paints and paintings in recent years have identified a range of possible causal factors for the noted sensitivity of painting surfaces to water and protic solvents, including the formation of water-soluble inorganic salts and/or the accumulation of diacids at the paint surface, which are oxidation products of the oil binder. Other studies have investigated the relationship between water sensitivity and the degree of hydrolysis of the binder, the proportions of free fatty and dicarboxylic acids formed, as well as the relative content of free metal soaps. Thus far, data indicate that the qualitative and quantitative composition of the nonpolymerized fractions of the oil binder cannot be solely or directly related to the solvent sensitivity of the paint film. Conclusions therefore indicate that the polymeric network, formed upon the curing of the oil, plays a fundamental role, suggesting that water sensitivity, at least in some cases, may be related to the poor development and/or polar nature of the formed polymeric network rather than the composition of the nonpolymerized fractions. Poorly developed polymeric networks, in combination with the migration of polar fractions, i.e., dicarboxylic and hydroxylated fatty acids toward the paint surface, can be related to other degradation phenomena, including the separation and migration of the paint binder which can lead to the presence of observable skins of medium as well as the more alarming phenomenon of liquefying or dripping oil paints. It is thus crucial to understand the molecular composition of these paints and their physicochemical behavior to aid the further development of appropriate conservation and preservation strategies, as the risks currently associated with surface cleaning treatments and other conservation procedures can be unacceptably high. This Account reviews the relationships between the degradation phenomena associated with modern oil paintings and the chemical composition of the oil binder and proposes a molecular model for the development of water sensitivity and other noted degradation phenomena. It is suggested that water sensitivity (and possibly other degradation phenomena) is a consequence of processes that take place upon curing, and in particular to the rate of formation and decomposition of alkoxyl and peroxyl radicals. These reactions are strongly dependent on the type of oil present, the ambient environmental conditions, and the chemical and physical nature of the pigments and additives present in the paint formulation. When the curing environment is oxidizing, the chemistry of peroxyl radicals dominates the reaction pathways, and oxidative decomposition of the paint film overwhelms cross-linking reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bonaduce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Celia Duce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Lluveras-Tenorio
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Judith Lee
- Conservation Department, Tate, Millbank, London SW1P 4RG, United Kingdom
| | - Bronwyn Ormsby
- Conservation Department, Tate, Millbank, London SW1P 4RG, United Kingdom
| | - Aviva Burnstock
- Courtauld Institute of Art, Somerset House,
Strand, London WC2R 0RN, United Kingdom
| | - Klaas Jan van den Berg
- Cultural Heritage Agency of The Netherlands (RCE), Hobbemastraat 22, 1071 ZC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Hageraats S, Keune K, Réfrégiers M, van Loon A, Berrie B, Thoury M. Synchrotron Deep-UV Photoluminescence Imaging for the Submicrometer Analysis of Chemically Altered Zinc White Oil Paints. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14887-14895. [PMID: 31660714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a II-VI semiconductor that has been used for the last 150 years as an artists' pigment under the name of zinc white. Oil paints containing zinc white are known to be prone to the formation of zinc carboxylates, which can cause protrusions and mechanical failure. In this article, it is demonstrated how a multispectral synchrotron-based deep-UV photoluminescence microimaging technique can be used to show the distribution of zinc soaps on the submicrometer scale and how this information is used to further the understanding of zinc white degradation processes in oil paint. The technique is based on the luminescence of zinc soaps in the near-UV (∼3.65 eV) upon excitation in the deep-UV (4.51 eV), involving transitions that are argued to subsequently involve ligand-to-metal and metal-to-ligand charge transfer with intermediate structural reconfiguration. Because the primary emission peak lies at a higher energy than the band gap of ZnO (3.3 eV), the signal can easily be isolated from the pigment's very intense band gap and trap state emission by employing a multispectral acquisition approach. Moreover, analysis at such short wavelengths, in combination with a UV-transparent optical setup, allows for lateral resolution on the order of 200 nm to be obtained. The unprecedented capabilities of the microimaging technique are illustrated by showing its application to the study of a historical cross section from an early 20th century painting by Piet Mondrian. Revealing the submicrometer distribution of crystalline zinc soaps in this cross section provides new insights that suggest that microfissures, the starting points of paint delamination, are the result of an overall expansion of a heavily saponified zinc white layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwin Hageraats
- Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conversation and Science , P.O. Box 74888, 1070DN Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,IPANEMA, CNRS, Ministére de la Culture, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay , BP48 St. Aubin , 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette , France.,Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science , University of Amsterdam , P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Katrien Keune
- Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conversation and Science , P.O. Box 74888, 1070DN Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science , University of Amsterdam , P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Matthieu Réfrégiers
- Synchrotron Soleil, l'Orme des Merisiers , BP48 St. Aubin , 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Annelies van Loon
- Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conversation and Science , P.O. Box 74888, 1070DN Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Berrie
- Scientific Research Department, Conservation Division , National Gallery of Art , 2000B South Club Drive , Landover , Maryland 20785 , United States
| | - Mathieu Thoury
- IPANEMA, CNRS, Ministére de la Culture, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay , BP48 St. Aubin , 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette , France
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28
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Artesani A, Binet L, Tana F, Comelli D, De Nardo L, Nevin A, Touati N, Valentini G, Gourier D. Monitoring metal ion leaching in oil-ZnO paint systems with a paramagnetic probe. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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29
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Ma X, Beltran V, Ramer G, Pavlidis G, Parkinson DY, Thoury M, Meldrum T, Centrone A, Berrie BH. Revealing the Distribution of Metal Carboxylates in Oil Paint from the Micro- to Nanoscale. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11652-11656. [PMID: 31226237 PMCID: PMC9798385 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oil paints comprise pigments, drying oils, and additives that together confer desirable properties, but can react to form metal carboxylates (soaps) that may damage artworks over time. To obtain information on soap formation and aggregation, we introduce a new tapping-mode measurement paradigm for the photothermal induced resonance (PTIR) technique that enables nanoscale IR spectroscopy and imaging on highly heterogenous and rough paint thin sections. PTIR is used in combination with μ-computed tomography and IR microscopy to determine the distribution of metal carboxylates in a 23-year old oil paint of known formulation. Results show that heterogeneous agglomerates of Al-stearate and a Zn-carboxylate complex with Zn-stearate nano-aggregates in proximity are distributed randomly in the paint. The gradients of zinc carboxylates are unrelated to the Al-stearate distribution. These measurements open a new chemically sensitive nanoscale observation window on the distribution of metal soaps that can bring insights for understanding soap formation in oil paint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- Scientific Research Department, Division of Conservation, National Gallery of Art, 2000B South Club Drive, Landover, MD 20785 (USA)
| | | | | | - Georges Pavlidis
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (USA)
| | - Dilworth Y. Parkinson
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Mathieu Thoury
- IPANEMA, CNRS, ministère de la Culture et de la Communication Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, USR 3461, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128 Gif-sur-Yvette (France)
| | - Tyler Meldrum
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William & Mary, 540 Landrum Drive, Williamsburg, VA 23188 (USA)
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (USA)
| | - Barbara H. Berrie
- Scientific Research Department, Division of Conservation, National Gallery of Art, 2000B South Club Drive, Landover, MD 20785 (USA)
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30
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Ma X, Beltran V, Ramer G, Pavlidis G, Parkinson DY, Thoury M, Meldrum T, Centrone A, Berrie BH. Revealing the Distribution of Metal Carboxylates in Oil Paint from the Micro‐ to Nanoscale. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- Scientific Research Department, Division of Conservation National Gallery of Art 2000B South Club Drive Landover MD 20785 USA
| | - Victoria Beltran
- IPANEMA CNRS ministère de la Culture et de la Communication Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, USR 3461 Université Paris-Saclay 91128 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Georg Ramer
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division Physical Measurement Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA
- Maryland Nanocenter University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Georges Pavlidis
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division Physical Measurement Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA
| | - Dilworth Y. Parkinson
- Advanced Light Source Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Rd. Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Mathieu Thoury
- IPANEMA CNRS ministère de la Culture et de la Communication Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, USR 3461 Université Paris-Saclay 91128 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Tyler Meldrum
- Department of Chemistry William & Mary 540 Landrum Drive Williamsburg VA 23188 USA
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division Physical Measurement Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA
| | - Barbara H. Berrie
- Scientific Research Department, Division of Conservation National Gallery of Art 2000B South Club Drive Landover MD 20785 USA
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31
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Hermans JJ, Baij L, Koenis M, Keune K, Iedema PD, Woutersen S. 2D-IR spectroscopy for oil paint conservation: Elucidating the water-sensitive structure of zinc carboxylate clusters in ionomers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw3592. [PMID: 31245541 PMCID: PMC6588360 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw3592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The molecular structure around metal ions in polymer materials has puzzled researchers for decades. This question has acquired new relevance with the discovery that aged oil paint binders can adopt an ionomer structure when metal ions leached from pigments bind to carboxylate groups on the polymerized oil network. The characteristics of the metal-polymer structure are expected to have important consequences for the rate of oil paint degradation reactions such as metal soap formation and oil hydrolysis. Here, we use two-dimensional infrared (2D-IR) spectroscopy to demonstrate that zinc carboxylates formed in paint films containing zinc white pigment adopt either a coordination chain- or an oxo-type cluster structure. Moreover, it was found that the presence of water governs the relative concentration of these two types of zinc carboxylate coordination. The results pave the way for a molecular approach to paintings conservation and the application of 2D-IR spectroscopy to the study of polymer structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joen. J. Hermans
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94720, 1090 GD Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Science, PO Box 74888, 1070 DN Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lambert Baij
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94720, 1090 GD Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Science, PO Box 74888, 1070 DN Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark Koenis
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94720, 1090 GD Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katrien Keune
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94720, 1090 GD Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Science, PO Box 74888, 1070 DN Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Piet D. Iedema
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94720, 1090 GD Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander Woutersen
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94720, 1090 GD Amsterdam, Netherlands
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32
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Watts KE, Blackburn TJ, Pemberton JE. Optical Spectroscopy of Surfaces, Interfaces, and Thin Films: A Status Report. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4235-4265. [PMID: 30790520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Watts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arizona 1306 East University Boulevard , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - Thomas J Blackburn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arizona 1306 East University Boulevard , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - Jeanne E Pemberton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arizona 1306 East University Boulevard , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
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33
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Baij L, Chassouant L, Hermans JJ, Keune K, Iedema PD. The concentration and origins of carboxylic acid groups in oil paint. RSC Adv 2019; 9:35559-35564. [PMID: 35528099 PMCID: PMC9074637 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06776k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the concentration of carboxylic acid (COOH) groups is crucial to understand oil paint chemistry, analytical challenges hindered COOH quantification in complex polymerised oil samples thus far. The concentration of COOH groups is important in understanding oil paint degradation because it drives the breakdown of reactive inorganic pigments to dissolve in the oil network and form metal carboxylates. The metal ions in such an ionomeric polymer network can exchange with saturated fatty acids to form crystalline metal soaps (metal complexes of saturated fatty acids), leading to serious problems in many paintings worldwide. We developed two methods based on ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to accurately estimate the COOH concentration in artificially aged oil paint models. Using tailored model systems composed of linseed oil, ZnO and inert filler pigments, these dried oil paints were found to contain one COOH group per triacylglycerol unit. Model systems based on a mixture of long chain alcohols showed that the calculated COOH concentration originates from side chain autoxidation at low relative humidity (RH). The influence of increasing RH and ZnO concentration on COOH formation was studied and high relative humidity conditions were shown to promote the formation of COOH groups. No significant ester hydrolysis was found under the conditions studied. Our results show the potential of quantitative analysis of oil paint model systems for aiding careful (re)evaluation of conservation strategies. Zinc complexation can be used to quantify the concentration of carboxylic acid groups in an oil painting.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambert Baij
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- 1090GD Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
- Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Science
| | - Louise Chassouant
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- 1090GD Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Joen J. Hermans
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- 1090GD Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
- Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Science
| | - Katrien Keune
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- 1090GD Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
- Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Science
| | - Piet D. Iedema
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- 1090GD Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
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34
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Baij L, Hermans JJ, Keune K, Iedema PD. Time-Dependent ATR-FTIR Spectroscopic Studies on Solvent Diffusion and Film Swelling in Oil Paint Model Systems. Macromolecules 2018; 51:7134-7144. [PMID: 30270940 PMCID: PMC6158679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the restoration of paintings, solvent diffusion and swelling of polymeric oil paint binding media are important factors to consider. Common cleaning methods with organic solvents or aqueous solutions could lead to undesirable physicochemical changes in the paint in the long term, though the extent of this effect is not yet clear. We used tailored nonporous model systems for aged oil paint to measure paint swelling and solvent diffusion for a wide range of relevant solvents. Using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), the glass transition temperature of our model systems was found to be close to room temperature. Subsequently, with a custom sample cell and time-dependent attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, we were able to accurately track swelling and diffusion processes in the polymer films. To quantify the spectroscopic data, we developed a model that completely describes the solvent migration process, including significant film swelling and non-Fickian solvent diffusion. The relation between solvent properties, the diffusion coefficient, and the swelling capacity proved to be rather complex and could not be explained using a single solvent parameter. However, it was found that strongly swelling solvents generally diffuse faster than weakly swelling solvents and that pigmentation does not significantly influence solvent diffusion. These results contribute to a better understanding of transport phenomena in paintings and support the development of improved paint restoration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambert Baij
- Van‘t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Conservation
and Restoration, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, PO Box 74888, 1070DN Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joen J. Hermans
- Van‘t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Conservation
and Restoration, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, PO Box 74888, 1070DN Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katrien Keune
- Conservation
and Restoration, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, PO Box 74888, 1070DN Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Piet D. Iedema
- Van‘t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Baij L, Hermans JJ, Keune K, Iedema P. Time-Dependent ATR-FTIR Spectroscopic Studies on Fatty Acid Diffusion and the Formation of Metal Soaps in Oil Paint Model Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7351-7354. [PMID: 29411920 PMCID: PMC6033171 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The formation of metal soaps (metal complexes of saturated fatty acids) is a serious problem affecting the appearance and structural integrity of many oil paintings. Tailored model systems for aged oil paint and time-dependent attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy were used to study the diffusion of palmitic acid and subsequent metal soap crystallization. The simultaneous presence of free saturated fatty acids and polymer-bound metal carboxylates leads to rapid metal soap crystallization, following a complex mechanism that involves both acid and metal diffusion. Solvent flow, water, and pigments all enhance metal soap crystallization in the model systems. These results contribute to the development of paint cleaning strategies, a better understanding of oil paint degradation, and highlight the potential of time-dependent ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for studying dynamic processes in polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambert Baij
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94720, 1090GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Restoration, P.O. Box 74888, 1070DN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joen J Hermans
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94720, 1090GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Restoration, P.O. Box 74888, 1070DN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katrien Keune
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94720, 1090GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Restoration, P.O. Box 74888, 1070DN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Piet Iedema
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94720, 1090GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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