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Antolín F, Jacomet S, Soteras R, Gerling C, Bernasconi SM, Follmann F, Hajdas I, Jaggi M, Jesus A, Martínez-Grau H, Oms FX, Röder B, Steiner BL, van Willigen S. An archaeobotanical and stable isotope approach to changing agricultural practices in the NW Mediterranean region around 4000 BC. Holocene 2024; 34:239-254. [PMID: 38259723 PMCID: PMC10799764 DOI: 10.1177/09596836231211848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
It has recently been observed, that a change in the crop spectrum happened during the so-called Middle Neolithic in France at ca. 4000 BC. An agricultural system based on free-threshing cereals (naked wheat and naked barley) seems to shift to one based on glume wheats. This is a major change for traditional farmers and this paper aims to shed light on its possible causes. Here we describe the results of new investigations in a key area for the understanding of this process: the NW Mediterranean arch, where free-threshing cereals are the main cultivars since ca. 5100 BC. New data confirm that the shift towards glume wheats is also observed in some sites of the NE of the Iberian Peninsula and that among the glume wheats that spread at ca. 4000 BC we should not only consider emmer and einkorn but also Timopheevi's wheat. Stable isotope analyses indicate no major decrease in soil fertility or alterations in local precipitation regimes. The agricultural change may be the result of a combination of the spread of damaging pests for free-threshing cereals and presumably new networks being developed with the North-eastern part of Italy and the Balkans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Antolín
- German Archaeological Institute, Natural Sciences Unit, Germany
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Jacomet
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, Switzerland
| | - Raül Soteras
- German Archaeological Institute, Natural Sciences Unit, Germany
| | - Claudia Gerling
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, Switzerland
- Departement Altertumswissenschaften, Ur- und Frühgeschichtliche und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Basel University, Switzerland
| | | | - Franziska Follmann
- German Archaeological Institute, Natural Sciences Unit, Germany
- Institut für Prähistorische Archäologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Irka Hajdas
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics (LIP), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Madalina Jaggi
- Department of Earth Sciences, Geological Institute, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana Jesus
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, Switzerland
| | - Héctor Martínez-Grau
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, Switzerland
| | - Francesc Xavier Oms
- Seminari d’Estudis i Recerques Prehistòriques (SERP). Secció de Prehistòria i Arqueologia, Dept. d’Història i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història. Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona. Facultat de Geografia i Història. Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Brigitte Röder
- Departement Altertumswissenschaften, Ur- und Frühgeschichtliche und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Basel University, Switzerland
| | - Bigna L Steiner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, Switzerland
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Depaermentier ML, Krause-Kyora B, Hajdas I, Kempf M, Kuhn T, Spichtig N, Schwarz PA, Gerling C. Bioarchaeological analyses reveal long-lasting continuity at the periphery of the Late Antique Roman Empire. iScience 2023; 26:107034. [PMID: 37360687 PMCID: PMC10285633 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Basel-Waisenhaus burial community (Switzerland) has been traditionally interpreted as immigrated Alamans because of the location and dating of the burial ground - despite the typical late Roman funeral practices. To evaluate this hypothesis, multi-isotope and aDNA analyses were conducted on the eleven individuals buried there. The results show that the burial ground was occupied around AD 400 by people belonging largely to one family, whereas isotope and genetic records most probably point toward a regionally organized and indigenous, instead of an immigrated, community. This strengthens the recently advanced assumption that the withdrawal of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian limes after the "Crisis of the Third Century AD" was not necessarily related to a replacement of the local population by immigrated Alamannic peoples, suggesting a long-lasting continuity of occupation at the Roman periphery at the Upper and High Rhine region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux L.C. Depaermentier
- Department of Ancient Civilizations, Prehistoric and Early Historic and Provincial Roman Archaeology, Vindonissa Professorship, University of Basel, Petersgraben 51, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ben Krause-Kyora
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Rosalind-Franklin-Straße 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Irka Hajdas
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5 HPK H31, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kempf
- Department of Geography, Physical Geography, Landscape Ecology and Geoinformation, Kiel University, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 8, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuhn
- Aquatic and Isotope Biogeochemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Spichtig
- Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt, Petersgraben 11, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter-Andrew Schwarz
- Department of Ancient Civilizations, Prehistoric and Early Historic and Provincial Roman Archaeology, Vindonissa Professorship, University of Basel, Petersgraben 51, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Gerling
- Department of Ancient Civilizations, Prehistoric and Early Historic and Provincial Roman Archaeology, Vindonissa Professorship, University of Basel, Petersgraben 51, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Spalenring 145, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
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Stegner MA, Hadly EA, Barnosky AD, La Selle S, Sherrod B, Anderson RS, Redondo SA, Viteri MC, Weaver KL, Cundy AB, Gaca P, Rose NL, Yang H, Roberts SL, Hajdas I, Black BA, Spanbauer TL. The Searsville Lake Site (California, USA) as a candidate Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the Anthropocene series. Anthropocene Rev 2023; 10:116-145. [PMID: 37213212 PMCID: PMC10193828 DOI: 10.1177/20530196221144098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cores from Searsville Lake within Stanford University's Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve, California, USA, are examined to identify a potential GSSP for the Anthropocene: core JRBP2018-VC01B (944.5 cm-long) and tightly correlated JRBP2018-VC01A (852.5 cm-long). Spanning from 1900 CE ± 3 years to 2018 CE, a secure chronology resolved to the sub-annual level allows detailed exploration of the Holocene-Anthropocene transition. We identify the primary GSSP marker as first appearance of 239,240Pu (372-374 cm) in JRBP2018-VC01B and designate the GSSP depth as the distinct boundary between wet and dry season at 366 cm (6 cm above the first sample containing 239,240Pu) and corresponding to October-December 1948 CE. This is consistent with a lag of 1-2 years between ejection of 239,240Pu into the atmosphere and deposition. Auxiliary markers include: first appearance of 137Cs in 1958; late 20th-century decreases in δ15N; late 20th-century elevation in SCPs, Hg, Pb, and other heavy metals; and changes in abundance and presence of ostracod, algae, rotifer and protozoan microfossils. Fossil pollen document anthropogenic landscape changes related to logging and agriculture. As part of a major university, the Searsville site has long been used for research and education, serves users locally to internationally, and is protected yet accessible for future studies and communication about the Anthropocene. Plain Word Summary The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the proposed Anthropocene Series/Epoch is suggested to lie in sediments accumulated over the last ~120 years in Searsville Lake, Woodside, California, USA. The site fulfills all of the ideal criteria for defining and placing a GSSP. In addition, the Searsville site is particularly appropriate to mark the onset of the Anthropocene, because it was anthropogenic activities-the damming of a watershed-that created a geologic record that now preserves the very signals that can be used to recognize the Anthropocene worldwide.
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McCarthy FM, Patterson RT, Head MJ, Riddick NL, Cumming BF, Hamilton PB, Pisaric MF, Gushulak AC, Leavitt PR, Lafond KM, Llew-Williams B, Marshall M, Heyde A, Pilkington PM, Moraal J, Boyce JI, Nasser NA, Walsh C, Garvie M, Roberts S, Rose NL, Cundy AB, Gaca P, Milton A, Hajdas I, Crann CA, Boom A, Finkelstein SA, McAndrews JH. The varved succession of Crawford Lake, Milton, Ontario, Canada as a candidate Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the Anthropocene series. Anthropocene Rev 2023; 10:146-176. [PMID: 37255737 PMCID: PMC10226010 DOI: 10.1177/20530196221149281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An annually laminated succession in Crawford Lake, Ontario, Canada is proposed for the Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) to define the Anthropocene as a series/epoch with a base dated at 1950 CE. Varve couplets of organic matter capped by calcite precipitated each summer in alkaline surface waters reflect environmental change at global to local scales. Spheroidal carbonaceous particles and nitrogen isotopes record an increase in fossil fuel combustion in the early 1950s, coinciding with early fallout from nuclear and thermonuclear testing - 239+240Pu and 14C:12C, the latter more than compensating for the effects of old carbon in this dolomitic basin. Rapid industrial expansion in the North American Great Lakes region led to enhanced leaching of terrigenous elements by acid precipitation during the Great Acceleration, and calcite precipitation was reduced, producing thin calcite laminae around the GSSP that is marked by a sharp decline in elm pollen (Dutch Elm disease). The lack of bioturbation in well-oxygenated bottom waters, supported by the absence of fossil pigments from obligately anaerobic purple sulfur bacteria, is attributed to elevated salinities and high alkalinity below the chemocline. This aerobic depositional environment, highly unusual in a meromictic lake, inhibits the mobilization of Pu, the proposed primary stratigraphic guide for the Anthropocene.
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Steiner BL, Martínez-Grau H, Bernasconi SM, Gross E, Hajdas I, Jacomet S, Jaggi M, Schaeren GF, Antolín F. Archaeobotanical and isotopic analyses of waterlogged remains from the Neolithic pile-dwelling site of Zug-Riedmatt (Switzerland): Resilience strategies of a plant economy in a changing local environment. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274361. [PMID: 36170265 PMCID: PMC9518907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The excellent preservation of the waterlogged botanical remains of the multiphase Neolithic pile-dwelling site of Zug-Riedmatt (Central Switzerland) yielded an ideal dataset to delve into the issue of plant economy of a community spanning several decades. The study identified a major change in crops where oil plants played a key role in the site’s initial phase before being supplanted over the course of a few decades by naked wheat, barley and pea. Wild plants continued to be gathered albeit in different proportions. In the latest settlement phase, the changes in the local vegetation and in the values of the analyses of carbon stable isotopes suggest a less humid environment. The hypothesis is that the changes perceived in the plant economy represent a resilience strategy adopted by the inhabitants in reaction to short term local climatic alterations. The two types of soil sampling techniques (monolith and bulk) allowed comparing these results. While the density of plant remains appears to be underestimated among the samples collected by the monolith technique, the proportions of economic taxa remain unaffected. The findings thus reveal that when the bulk samplings are distributed carefully throughout multiphase sites and avoid mixing stratigraphical units, and if the samplings are representative of all archaeological features from a whole area, then each of the two techniques offer analogous results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bigna L. Steiner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Héctor Martínez-Grau
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Eda Gross
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Irka Hajdas
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Jacomet
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ferran Antolín
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Chan A, Sadykov T, Blochin J, Hajdas I, Caspari G. The polymorphism and tradition of funerary practices of medieval Turks in light of new findings from Tuva Republic. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274537. [PMID: 36137099 PMCID: PMC9499277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The medieval Turks of the eastern Asian steppe are known for funerary finds exalting horsemanship and military heroism that thrived on intertribal warfare. Existing bodies of research on various categories of objects—which include architecture, stelae, grave goods and inhumations—are in depth but highly regionalized. As a result, our understanding of the archaeological culture of the Turks on a spatio-temporal scale commensurate with territorial shifts in their political dominion throughout the period of the Turk khaganates (mid-6th to mid-8th centuries CE) remains disjunct. The present paper addresses this problem of disparate data. We present a synthesis of the archaeological research of medieval Turks spanning Mongolia, southern Siberia, and Xinjiang in view of results of the excavation of medieval burials at Tunnug 1 in Tuva Republic—where Turkic remains are dispersed and not easily distinguishable from other funerary cultures of connecting time periods. We argue that Turkic funerary culture can be better characterized as polymorphic–the presence of different regional amalgams of burial traditions. The horse-and-human burials and commemorative ogradka known to be quintessentially Turkic are but one of the more dominant amalgams. This pattern of differential practices is congruent with the history of medieval Turks evolving as peoples of mixed lineages and political groupings, rather than people of a unitary culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Chan
- Institute for Sinology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Centre de Recherche sur les Civilisations de l’Asie Orientale (CRCAO), Paris, France
| | - Timur Sadykov
- Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jegor Blochin
- Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irka Hajdas
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gino Caspari
- Department of Archaeology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Häberle S, Schäfer M, Soteras R, Martínez-Grau H, Hajdas I, Jacomet S, Röder B, Schibler J, van Willigen S, Antolín F. Small Animals, Big Impact? Early Farmers and Pre- and Post-Harvest Pests from the Middle Neolithic Site of Les Bagnoles in the South-East of France (L’Isle-sur-la-Sorgue, Vaucluse, Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121511. [PMID: 35739848 PMCID: PMC9219518 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pests appear to have accompanied humans and their crops since the beginning of farming. Nevertheless, their study is only rarely integrated into research on farming in prehistory. An assemblage of invertebrates and small mammals was recovered from the waterlogged layers of three wells at the Middle Neolithic site (4250–3700 cal B.C.) of Les Bagnoles (SE France). The microfaunal remains were retrieved from sediment samples by wet sieving (wash-over technique). The most common among the rodents is the wood mouse. The assemblage also consists of insect remains of grain weevil, seed beetle, and corn ground beetle. The different finds not only offer data on the role of insect and rodent pests in the Neolithic but on the possible strategies adopted by the early farming communities in the western Mediterranean in response to pest infestation. The findings appear to confirm the hypothesis that the wood mouse was a commensal and storage pest in settlements long before the arrival of the invasive house mouse during the Bronze Age. The presence of the main storage pest, the grain weevil, suggests a long-term grain storage issue at Les Bagnoles. The combination of the results of the site’s archaeobotanical findings with those of other sites in the western Mediterranean suggests that the shift from naked to glume wheat around 4000 B.C. may also stem from a reaction to the problem of grain weevil infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Häberle
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (R.S.); (H.M.-G.); (S.J.); (J.S.); (F.A.)
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Marguerita Schäfer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (R.S.); (H.M.-G.); (S.J.); (J.S.); (F.A.)
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Raül Soteras
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (R.S.); (H.M.-G.); (S.J.); (J.S.); (F.A.)
- Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Referat Naturwissenschaften an der Zentrale, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Héctor Martínez-Grau
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (R.S.); (H.M.-G.); (S.J.); (J.S.); (F.A.)
| | - Irka Hajdas
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics (LIP), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Stefanie Jacomet
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (R.S.); (H.M.-G.); (S.J.); (J.S.); (F.A.)
| | - Brigitte Röder
- Departement Altertumswissenschaften, Ur- und Frühgeschichtliche und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Basel University, 4051 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Jörg Schibler
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (R.S.); (H.M.-G.); (S.J.); (J.S.); (F.A.)
| | | | - Ferran Antolín
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (R.S.); (H.M.-G.); (S.J.); (J.S.); (F.A.)
- Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Referat Naturwissenschaften an der Zentrale, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Calligaro T, Banas A, Banas K, Radović IB, Brajković M, Chiari M, Forss AM, Hajdas I, Krmpotić M, Mazzinghi A, Menart E, Mizohata K, Oinonen M, Pichon L, Raisanen J, Siketić Z, Šmit Ž, Simon A. Emerging nuclear methods for historical painting authentication: AMS-14C dating, MeV-SIMS and O-PTIR imaging, Global IBA, Differential-PIXE and Full-field PIXE mapping. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 336:111327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Hajdas I, Calcagnile L, Molnár M, Varga T, Quarta G. The potential of radiocarbon analysis for the detection of art forgeries. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 335:111292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pérez-Escobar OA, Bellot S, Przelomska NAS, Flowers JM, Nesbitt M, Ryan P, Gutaker RM, Gros-Balthazard M, Wells T, Kuhnhäuser BG, Schley R, Bogarín D, Dodsworth S, Diaz R, Lehmann M, Petoe P, Eiserhardt WL, Preick M, Hofreiter M, Hajdas I, Purugganan M, Antonelli A, Gravendeel B, Leitch IJ, Torres Jimenez MF, Papadopulos AST, Chomicki G, Renner SS, Baker WJ. Molecular clocks and archaeogenomics of a Late Period Egyptian date palm leaf reveal introgression from wild relatives and add timestamps on the domestication. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:4475-4492. [PMID: 34191029 PMCID: PMC8476131 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The date palm, Phoenix dactylifera, has been a cornerstone of Middle Eastern and North African agriculture for millennia. It was first domesticated in the Persian Gulf, and its evolution appears to have been influenced by gene flow from two wild relatives, P. theophrasti, currently restricted to Crete and Turkey, and P. sylvestris, widespread from Bangladesh to the West Himalayas. Genomes of ancient date palm seeds show that gene flow from P. theophrasti to P. dactylifera may have occurred by ∼2,200 years ago, but traces of P. sylvestris could not be detected. We here integrate archeogenomics of a ∼2,100-year-old P. dactylifera leaf from Saqqara (Egypt), molecular-clock dating, and coalescence approaches with population genomic tests, to probe the hybridization between the date palm and its two closest relatives and provide minimum and maximum timestamps for its reticulated evolution. The Saqqara date palm shares a close genetic affinity with North African date palm populations, and we find clear genomic admixture from both P. theophrasti, and P. sylvestris, indicating that both had contributed to the date palm genome by 2,100 years ago. Molecular-clocks placed the divergence of P. theophrasti from P. dactylifera/P. sylvestris and that of P. dactylifera from P. sylvestris in the Upper Miocene, but strongly supported, conflicting topologies point to older gene flow between P. theophrasti and P. dactylifera, and P. sylvestris and P. dactylifera. Our work highlights the ancient hybrid origin of the date palms, and prompts the investigation of the functional significance of genetic material introgressed from both close relatives, which in turn could prove useful for modern date palm breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sidonie Bellot
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE. London, UK
| | - Natalia A S Przelomska
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE. London, UK.,National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jonathan M Flowers
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mark Nesbitt
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE. London, UK
| | - Philippa Ryan
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE. London, UK
| | | | - Muriel Gros-Balthazard
- French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development, Montpellier, BP 64501 - 34394 Cedex 5, France
| | - Tom Wells
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | | | - Rowan Schley
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE. London, UK
| | - Diego Bogarín
- Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica, San José, 302-7050, Costa Rica
| | - Steven Dodsworth
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE. London, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK
| | - Rudy Diaz
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE. London, UK
| | | | - Peter Petoe
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Wolf L Eiserhardt
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE. London, UK.,Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Michaela Preick
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Hofreiter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Irka Hajdas
- Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Michael Purugganan
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE. London, UK.,Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre and Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 413 19, Sweden
| | | | - Ilia J Leitch
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE. London, UK
| | - Maria Fernanda Torres Jimenez
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre and Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 413 19, Sweden
| | - Alexander S T Papadopulos
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bangor, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Guillaume Chomicki
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Susanne S Renner
- Department of Biology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
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Sá S, Hendriks L, Pombo Cardoso I, Hajdas I. Radiocarbon dating of lead white: novel application in the study of polychrome sculpture. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13210. [PMID: 34168176 PMCID: PMC8225632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, radiocarbon dating underwent considerable technological advances allowing unprecedented sample size downscaling. These achievements introduced novel opportunities in dating cultural heritage objects. Within this pioneering research, the possibility of a direct 14C dating of lead white pigment and organic binder in paint samples was investigated on polychrome sculptures, a foremost artistic expression in human history. The polychromy, an indivisible part of polychrome sculpture, holds a key role in the interpretation and understanding of these artworks. Unlike in other painted artworks, the study of polychromies is repeatedly hampered by repaints and degradation. The omnipresence of lead white within the original polychromy was thus pursued as dating proxy. Thermal decomposition allowed bypassing geologic carbonate interferences caused by the object's support material, while an added solvent extraction successfully removed conservation products. This radiocarbon dating survey of the polychromy from 16 Portuguese medieval limestone sculptures confirmed that some were produced within the proposed chronologies while others were revised. Within this multidisciplinary study, the potential of radiocarbon dating as a complementary source of information about these complex paint systems guiding their interpretation is demonstrated. The challenges of this innovative approach are highlighted and improvements on sampling and sample preparation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sá
- Department of Conservation and Restoration and LAQV-REQUIMTE , NOVA School of Science and Technology, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Laura Hendriks
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institut Chemtech, School of Engineering and Architecture of Fribourg, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Delémont, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Pombo Cardoso
- Department of Conservation and Restoration and LAQV-REQUIMTE , NOVA School of Science and Technology, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Irka Hajdas
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Hendriks L, Caseri W, Ferreira ESB, Scherrer NC, Zumbühl S, Küffner M, Hajdas I, Wacker L, Synal HA, Günther D. The Ins and Outs of 14C Dating Lead White Paint for Artworks Application. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7674-7682. [PMID: 32396364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lead white is known as one of the oldest pigments in art and can be used as a dating material. Upon production following the Stack process, the 14C isotope of atmospheric carbon dioxide is fixed in the carbonate, and its radiocarbon dating can be used as a proxy for the age of a painting. The previously reported carbonate hydrolysis protocol reaches its limitation when confronted with samples presenting a mixture of carbonates, such as lead carbonate (cerussite or hydrocerussite), calcium carbonate (calcite), and/or calcium magnesium carbonate (dolomite). Thermogravimetric analyses indicate that decomposition of lead carbonate can be achieved at 350 °C in TGA diagrams, as other mineral carbonates only decompose to carbon dioxide at temperatures above 700 °C. Thus, a thermal approach is proposed to separate the various carbonates and isolate the specific 14C signature to the lead carbonate. In practice, however, discrepancies between the measured radiocarbon ages and expected ages were observed. FTIR analyses pointed to the formation of metal carboxylates, an indicator that the organic binder is not inert and plays a role in the dating strategy. Upon drying, oxidation and hydrolysis take place leading to the formation of free fatty acids, which in turn interact with the different carbonates upon heating. Their removal was achieved by introduction of a solvent extraction step prior to the thermal treatment, which was confirmed by GC-MS analyses, and thus, the collected carbon dioxide at 350 °C results can be assigned correctly to the decomposition of the lead white pigment. The proposed procedure was furthermore verified on mixed carbonate-bearing paint samples collected from a Baroque oil painting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hendriks
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH-Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH-Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter Caseri
- Department of Materials Science, ETH-Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ester S B Ferreira
- CICS - Cologne Institute of Conservation Sciences, TH Köln, University of Applied Sciences, Campus Südstadt, Ubierring 40, 50678 Köln, Germany
| | - Nadim C Scherrer
- HKB - Bern University of Applied Sciences, Fellerstrasse 11, 3027 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Zumbühl
- HKB - Bern University of Applied Sciences, Fellerstrasse 11, 3027 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Küffner
- HKB - Bern University of Applied Sciences, Fellerstrasse 11, 3027 Bern, Switzerland.,SIK-ISEA - Swiss Institute for Art Research, Zollikerstrasse 32, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irka Hajdas
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH-Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Wacker
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH-Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Arno Synal
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH-Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Detlef Günther
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH-Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Kradolfer S, Synal A, Hattendorf B, Hajdas I, Khandekar N, Küffner M, Hubert V, Lombardo T, Hendriks L, Günther D. Age and Provenance Analysis from Micrograms of Artwork Pigments. Chimia (Aarau) 2020. [DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2020.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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14
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Hendriks L, Kradolfer S, Lombardo T, Hubert V, Küffner M, Khandekar N, Hajdas I, Synal HA, Hattendorf B, Günther D. Dual isotope system analysis of lead white in artworks. Analyst 2020; 145:1310-1318. [PMID: 31935004 DOI: 10.1039/c9an02346a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Isotopic studies are gaining much interest in heritage science, as they can provide insight into a material's age and provenance. Radiocarbon (14C) dating affords a time frame for the materials being studied, thus providing a historical context, whereas the specific pattern of lead isotope ratios may be used to set geographical constraints on the source of the original materials. Both methods require invasive sampling from the object, and henceforth limits their respective application. With the focus on lead white paint (2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2), in this study we extract the time of production of the pigment from the carbonate anion by radiocarbon dating while its origin is traced by lead isotope analysis on the cation. The methodology was applied to 12 British and 8 Swiss paintings from the 18th to 20th century, with known dates and provenance. The 14C analysis of the lead white in combination with the organic binder and canvas alone places all objects between the 17th and 20th centuries, which is in agreement with their signed date, wheras the lead isotope analysis of all samples are consistent with lead ores from European deposits. In most of the cases the combined results are consistent with the art historical data and prove that isotope analysis is intrinsic to the object. This feasibility study conducted on paintings of known age demonstrates the possibility to maximize the information output from lead white paint, thus increasing the benefits of a single sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hendriks
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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15
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Waelbroeck C, Lougheed BC, Vazquez Riveiros N, Missiaen L, Pedro J, Dokken T, Hajdas I, Wacker L, Abbott P, Dumoulin JP, Thil F, Eynaud F, Rossignol L, Fersi W, Albuquerque AL, Arz H, Austin WEN, Came R, Carlson AE, Collins JA, Dennielou B, Desprat S, Dickson A, Elliot M, Farmer C, Giraudeau J, Gottschalk J, Henderiks J, Hughen K, Jung S, Knutz P, Lebreiro S, Lund DC, Lynch-Stieglitz J, Malaizé B, Marchitto T, Martínez-Méndez G, Mollenhauer G, Naughton F, Nave S, Nürnberg D, Oppo D, Peck V, Peeters FJC, Penaud A, Portilho-Ramos RDC, Repschläger J, Roberts J, Rühlemann C, Salgueiro E, Sanchez Goni MF, Schönfeld J, Scussolini P, Skinner LC, Skonieczny C, Thornalley D, Toucanne S, Rooij DV, Vidal L, Voelker AHL, Wary M, Weldeab S, Ziegler M. Consistently dated Atlantic sediment cores over the last 40 thousand years. Sci Data 2019; 6:165. [PMID: 31477737 PMCID: PMC6718518 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid changes in ocean circulation and climate have been observed in marine-sediment and ice cores over the last glacial period and deglaciation, highlighting the non-linear character of the climate system and underlining the possibility of rapid climate shifts in response to anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing. To date, these rapid changes in climate and ocean circulation are still not fully explained. One obstacle hindering progress in our understanding of the interactions between past ocean circulation and climate changes is the difficulty of accurately dating marine cores. Here, we present a set of 92 marine sediment cores from the Atlantic Ocean for which we have established age-depth models that are consistent with the Greenland GICC05 ice core chronology, and computed the associated dating uncertainties, using a new deposition modeling technique. This is the first set of consistently dated marine sediment cores enabling paleoclimate scientists to evaluate leads/lags between circulation and climate changes over vast regions of the Atlantic Ocean. Moreover, this data set is of direct use in paleoclimate modeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Waelbroeck
- LSCE/IPSL, Laboratoire CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, 91191, Orme des Merisiers, France.
| | - Bryan C Lougheed
- LSCE/IPSL, Laboratoire CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, 91191, Orme des Merisiers, France
| | - Natalia Vazquez Riveiros
- LSCE/IPSL, Laboratoire CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, 91191, Orme des Merisiers, France
- Ifremer, Unité de Geosciences Marines, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Lise Missiaen
- LSCE/IPSL, Laboratoire CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, 91191, Orme des Merisiers, France
| | - Joel Pedro
- Uni Research, Nygårdsgaten 112, 5008, Bergen, Norway
| | - Trond Dokken
- Uni Research, Nygårdsgaten 112, 5008, Bergen, Norway
| | - Irka Hajdas
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Wacker
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Abbott
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT, Cardiff, UK
- Institute of Geological Sciences and Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pascal Dumoulin
- LSCE/IPSL, Laboratoire CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, 91191, Orme des Merisiers, France
- LMC14, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - François Thil
- LSCE/IPSL, Laboratoire CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, 91191, Orme des Merisiers, France
| | - Frédérique Eynaud
- EPOC, Université Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy St Hilaire, 33615, Pessac, France
| | - Linda Rossignol
- EPOC, Université Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy St Hilaire, 33615, Pessac, France
| | - Wiem Fersi
- LSCE/IPSL, Laboratoire CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, 91191, Orme des Merisiers, France
| | | | - Helge Arz
- Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, 18119, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Rosemarie Came
- University of New Hampshire, 56 College Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | | | | | | | - Stéphanie Desprat
- EPOC, Université Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy St Hilaire, 33615, Pessac, France
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE, PSL), 4-14 rue Ferrus, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Alex Dickson
- Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Mary Elliot
- LPG-Nantes, Université de Nantes, 44300, Nantes, France
| | | | - Jacques Giraudeau
- EPOC, Université Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy St Hilaire, 33615, Pessac, France
| | - Julia Gottschalk
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W - PO Box 1000, Palisades, NY, 10964-1000, USA
| | | | - Konrad Hughen
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd., Woods Hole, MA, 02543-1050, USA
| | - Simon Jung
- University of Edinburgh, School of Geosciences, Edinburgh, EH9 3FE, UK
| | - Paul Knutz
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susana Lebreiro
- IGME - Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Calle Ríos Rosas, 23, 28003, Madrid, Spain
| | - David C Lund
- University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | | | - Bruno Malaizé
- EPOC, Université Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy St Hilaire, 33615, Pessac, France
| | | | | | | | - Filipa Naughton
- IPMA-DivGM, Avenida Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165, Alges, Portugal
- CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Silvia Nave
- LNEG, Bairro do Zambujal, 2610-999, Amadora, Portugal
| | | | - Delia Oppo
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd., Woods Hole, MA, 02543-1050, USA
| | - Victoria Peck
- UK British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Frank J C Peeters
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aurélie Penaud
- Université de Bretragne Occidentale, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | | | | | - Jenny Roberts
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hanna-Kunath Straße 11, Bremen, 28199, Germany
| | | | - Emilia Salgueiro
- IPMA-DivGM, Avenida Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165, Alges, Portugal
- CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria Fernanda Sanchez Goni
- EPOC, Université Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy St Hilaire, 33615, Pessac, France
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE, PSL), 4-14 rue Ferrus, 75014, Paris, France
| | | | - Paolo Scussolini
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Luke C Skinner
- University of Cambridge, Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
| | | | | | - Samuel Toucanne
- Ifremer, Unité de Geosciences Marines, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Laurence Vidal
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Europole de l'Arbois, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Antje H L Voelker
- IPMA-DivGM, Avenida Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165, Alges, Portugal
- CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Mélanie Wary
- ICTA, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Syee Weldeab
- University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, 1006 Webb Hall, CA, 93106-9630, USA
| | - Martin Ziegler
- University of Utrecht, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Van Damme K, Benda P, Van Damme D, De Geest P, Hajdas I. The first vertebrate fossil from Socotra Island (Yemen) is an early Holocene Egyptian fruit bat. J NAT HIST 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1510996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kay Van Damme
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Natural History Museum Frankfurt (SGN) and Senckenberg Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum (SBIK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Petr Benda
- Department of Zoology, National Museum (Natural History), Praha 1, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Dirk Van Damme
- Department of Paleontology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Irka Hajdas
- Department of Earth Sciences, Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Brockbals L, Habicht M, Hajdas I, Galassi FM, Rühli FJ, Kraemer T. Untargeted metabolomics-like screening approach for chemical characterization and differentiation of canopic jar and mummy samples from Ancient Egypt using GC-high resolution MS. Analyst 2018; 143:4503-4512. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01288a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Canopic jarsvs.mummies: first time use of modern metabolomic techniques to unravel ancient embalming chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Brockbals
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine
- University of Zurich
- Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Michael Habicht
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine
- University of Zurich
- Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Irka Hajdas
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics
- ETH Zurich
- Zurich
- Switzerland
| | | | - Frank J. Rühli
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine
- University of Zurich
- Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine
- University of Zurich
- Zurich
- Switzerland
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18
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Abstract
New chronologic and stratigraphic constraints from the Garda morainic amphitheater define the extension of the last glaciation in the Adige-Sarca system and improve the Alpine LGM dataset. Together with the available chronology of the Rhine and Tagliamento systems, our results indicate a synchronous maximum culmination of Alpine glaciers during the LGM, which anticipated by about 3.5 ka the maximum extension of the Eurasian Ice Sheet (EIS). This is ascribed to the sensitivity of Alpine glaciers to the availability of moisture from southerly circulation, as recently documented by speleothem δ18O curve from Sieben Hengste (7 H). According to global circulation models, the waxing of the North American Ice Sheet (NAIS) at 26-23 ka pushed the North Atlantic jet stream southwards. This enhanced precipitation rates in southern Europe by advection of moisture from the Mediterranean Sea, triggering expansion of the Alpine glaciers. NAIS waning after 23 ka led to the gradual re-establishment of westerly circulation and renewal of a moisture supply to northern Europe, feeding the EIS to its maximum volume. Reduced supply of moisture from the Mediterranean Sea sealed the fate of the Alpine glaciers, which entered a final recessional phase after 22 ka and faded out after 17.5 ka.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giancarlo Scardia
- Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Irka Hajdas
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Rizzini
- Mantova Province, Environment and Land Planning Sector, Mantova, Italy
| | - Andrea Piccin
- Lombardia Region, Territorial Department, Milano, Italy
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19
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Habicht ME, Bianucci R, Buckley SA, Fletcher J, Bouwman AS, Öhrström LM, Seiler R, Galassi FM, Hajdas I, Vassilika E, Böni T, Henneberg M, Rühli FJ. Queen Nefertari, the Royal Spouse of Pharaoh Ramses II: A Multidisciplinary Investigation of the Mummified Remains Found in Her Tomb (QV66). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166571. [PMID: 27902731 PMCID: PMC5130223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Queen Nefertari, the favourite Royal Consort of Pharaoh Ramses II (Ancient Egypt, New Kingdom, 19th Dynasty c. 1250 BC) is famous for her beautifully decorated tomb in the Valley of the Queens. Her burial was plundered in ancient times yet still many objects were found broken in the debris when the tomb was excavated. Amongst the found objects was a pair of mummified legs. They came to the Egyptian Museum in Turin and are henceforth regarded as the remains of this famous Queen, although they were never scientifically investigated. The following multidisciplinary investigation is the first ever performed on those remains. The results (radiocarbon dating, anthropology, paleopathology, genetics, chemistry and Egyptology) all strongly speak in favour of an identification of the remains as Nefertari’s, although different explanations—albeit less likely—are considered and discussed. The legs probably belong to a lady, a fully adult individual, of about 40 years of age. The materials used for embalming are consistent with Ramesside mummification traditions and indeed all objects within the tomb robustly support the burial as of Queen Nefertari.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Habicht
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Bianucci
- University of Turin, Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, Legal Medicine Section, Turin, Italy
- UMR 7258, Laboratoire d’Anthropologie bio-culturelle, Droit, Etique & Santé (Adés), Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Stephen A. Buckley
- University of York, Department of Archaeology, York, United Kingdom
- BioArCh, Departments of Archaeology, Biology & Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Joann Fletcher
- University of York, Department of Archaeology, York, United Kingdom
- BioArCh, Departments of Archaeology, Biology & Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail S. Bouwman
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lena M. Öhrström
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Hospital Zurich, Department of Radiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Seiler
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Irka Hajdas
- Ion Beam Physics. Labor f. Ionenstrahlphysik (LIP), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Böni
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Frank J. Rühli
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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20
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Wiedemeier DB, Lang SQ, Gierga M, Abiven S, Bernasconi SM, Früh-Green GL, Hajdas I, Hanke UM, Hilf MD, McIntyre CP, Scheider MPW, Smittenberg RH, Wacker L, Wiesenberg GLB, Schmidt MWI. Characterization, Quantification and Compound-specific Isotopic Analysis of Pyrogenic Carbon Using Benzene Polycarboxylic Acids (BPCA). J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27214064 PMCID: PMC4942176 DOI: 10.3791/53922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Fire-derived, pyrogenic carbon (PyC), sometimes called black carbon (BC), is the carbonaceous solid residue of biomass and fossil fuel combustion, such as char and soot. PyC is ubiquitous in the environment due to its long persistence, and its abundance might even increase with the projected increase in global wildfire activity and the continued burning of fossil fuel. PyC is also increasingly produced from the industrial pyrolysis of organic wastes, which yields charred soil amendments (biochar). Moreover, the emergence of nanotechnology may also result in the release of PyC-like compounds to the environment. It is thus a high priority to reliably detect, characterize and quantify these charred materials in order to investigate their environmental properties and to understand their role in the carbon cycle. Here, we present the benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) method, which allows the simultaneous assessment of PyC's characteristics, quantity and isotopic composition (13C and 14C) on a molecular level. The method is applicable to a very wide range of environmental sample materials and detects PyC over a broad range of the combustion continuum, i.e., it is sensitive to slightly charred biomass as well as high temperature chars and soot. The BPCA protocol presented here is simple to employ, highly reproducible, as well as easily extendable and modifiable to specific requirements. It thus provides a versatile tool for the investigation of PyC in various disciplines, ranging from archeology and environmental forensics to biochar and carbon cycling research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Q Lang
- Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of South Carolina
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21
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Frey B, Rime T, Phillips M, Stierli B, Hajdas I, Widmer F, Hartmann M. Microbial diversity in European alpine permafrost and active layers. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw018. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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22
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Stalder C, Vertino A, Rosso A, Rüggeberg A, Pirkenseer C, Spangenberg JE, Spezzaferri S, Camozzi O, Rappo S, Hajdas I. Microfossils, a Key to Unravel Cold-Water Carbonate Mound Evolution through Time: Evidence from the Eastern Alboran Sea. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140223. [PMID: 26447699 PMCID: PMC4598112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold-water coral (CWC) ecosystems occur worldwide and play a major role in the ocean's carbonate budget and atmospheric CO2 balance since the Danian (~65 m.y. ago). However their temporal and spatial evolution against climatic and oceanographic variability is still unclear. For the first time, we combine the main macrofaunal components of a sediment core from a CWC mound of the Melilla Mounds Field in the Eastern Alboran Sea with the associated microfauna and we highlight the importance of foraminifera and ostracods as indicators of CWC mound evolution in the paleorecord. Abundances of macrofauna along the core reveal alternating periods dominated by distinct CWC taxa (mostly Lophelia pertusa, Madrepora oculata) that correspond to major shifts in foraminiferal and ostracod assemblages. The period dominated by M. oculata coincides with a period characterized by increased export of refractory organic matter to the seafloor and rather unstable oceanographic conditions at the benthic boundary layer with periodically decreased water energy and oxygenation, variable bottom water temperature/density and increased sediment flow. The microfaunal and geochemical data strongly suggest that M. oculata and in particular Dendrophylliidae show a higher tolerance to environmental changes than L. pertusa. Finally, we show evidence for sustained CWC growth during the Alleröd-Younger-Dryas in the Eastern Alboran Sea and that this period corresponds to stable benthic conditions with cold/dense and well oxygenated bottom waters, high fluxes of labile organic matter and relatively strong bottom currents
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Stalder
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Agostina Vertino
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonietta Rosso
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andres Rüggeberg
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Jorge E. Spangenberg
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Spezzaferri
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Osvaldo Camozzi
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sacha Rappo
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Irka Hajdas
- Ion Beam Physics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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23
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Jiskra M, Wiederhold JG, Skyllberg U, Kronberg RM, Hajdas I, Kretzschmar R. Mercury deposition and re-emission pathways in boreal forest soils investigated with Hg isotope signatures. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:7188-96. [PMID: 25946594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Soils comprise the largest terrestrial mercury (Hg) pool in exchange with the atmosphere. To predict how anthropogenic emissions affect global Hg cycling and eventually human Hg exposure, it is crucial to understand Hg deposition and re-emission of legacy Hg from soils. However, assessing Hg deposition and re-emission pathways remains difficult because of an insufficient understanding of the governing processes. We measured Hg stable isotope signatures of radiocarbon-dated boreal forest soils and modeled atmospheric Hg deposition and re-emission pathways and fluxes using a combined source and process tracing approach. Our results suggest that Hg in the soils was dominantly derived from deposition of litter (∼90% on average). The remaining fraction was attributed to precipitation-derived Hg, which showed increasing contributions in older, deeper soil horizons (up to 27%) indicative of an accumulation over decades. We provide evidence for significant Hg re-emission from organic soil horizons most likely caused by nonphotochemical abiotic reduction by natural organic matter, a process previously not observed unambiguously in nature. Our data suggest that Histosols (peat soils), which exhibit at least seasonally water-saturated conditions, have re-emitted up to one-third of previously deposited Hg back to the atmosphere. Re-emission of legacy Hg following reduction by natural organic matter may therefore be an important pathway to be considered in global models, further supporting the need for a process-based assessment of land/atmosphere Hg exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jiskra
- †Soil Chemistry Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- ‡Isotope Geochemistry Group, Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan G Wiederhold
- †Soil Chemistry Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- ‡Isotope Geochemistry Group, Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Skyllberg
- §Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skogmarksgränd, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rose-Marie Kronberg
- §Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skogmarksgränd, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Irka Hajdas
- ∥Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruben Kretzschmar
- †Soil Chemistry Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Herzog C, Steffen J, Graf Pannatier E, Hajdas I, Brunner I. Nine years of irrigation cause vegetation and fine root shifts in a water-limited pine forest. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96321. [PMID: 24802642 PMCID: PMC4011741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the inner-Alpine dry valleys of Switzerland have suffered from increased mortality during the past decades, which has been caused by longer and more frequent dry periods. In addition, a proceeding replacement of Scots pines by pubescent oaks (Quercus pubescens Willd.) has been observed. In 2003, an irrigation experiment was performed to track changes by reducing drought pressure on the natural pine forest. After nine years of irrigation, we observed major adaptations in the vegetation and shifts in Scots pine fine root abundance and structure. Irrigation permitted new plant species to assemble and promote canopy closure with a subsequent loss of herb and moss coverage. Fine root dry weight increased under irrigation and fine roots had a tendency to elongate. Structural composition of fine roots remained unaffected by irrigation, expressing preserved proportions of cellulose, lignin and phenolic substances. A shift to a more negative δ13C signal in the fine root C indicates an increased photosynthetic activity in irrigated pine trees. Using radiocarbon (14C) measurement, a reduced mean age of the fine roots in irrigated plots was revealed. The reason for this is either an increase in newly produced fine roots, supported by the increase in fine root biomass, or a reduced lifespan of fine roots which corresponds to an enhanced turnover rate. Overall, the responses belowground to irrigation are less conspicuous than the more rapid adaptations aboveground. Lagged and conservative adaptations of tree roots with decadal lifespans are challenging to detect, hence demanding for long-term surveys. Investigations concerning fine root turnover rate and degradation processes under a changing climate are crucial for a complete understanding of C cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Herzog
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Steffen
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Irka Hajdas
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivano Brunner
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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25
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Lachner J, Christl M, Alfimov V, Hajdas I, Kubik PW, Schulze-König T, Wacker L, Synal HA. 41Ca, 14C and 10Be concentrations in coral sand from the Bikini atoll. J Environ Radioact 2014; 129:68-72. [PMID: 24378732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Activation measurements of materials exposed to nuclear bomb explosions are widely used to reconstruct the neutron flux for retrospective dosimetry. In this study the applicability of coral CaCO3 as a biogenic neutron fluence dosimeter is tested. The long-lived radioisotopes (41)Ca, (14)C and (10)Be, which had been produced in nuclear bomb explosions, are measured in several coral sand samples from the Bikini atoll at the 600 kV and 200 kV AMS facilities of ETH Zurich. Elevated concentrations of all studied isotopes are found in a sample from the crater that was initially formed by the high-yield nuclear explosion Castle Bravo in 1954 and that had been used as site for several tests afterward. The observed (14)C concentration is considered too large to originate from neutron irradiation of CaCO3 alone. The relatively low concentration of (10)Be found in the crater sample indicates that production of (10)Be during nuclear bomb testing is generally minor. A simple neutron fluence reconstruction is performed on basis of the (41)Ca/(40)Ca ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Lachner
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Marcus Christl
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vasily Alfimov
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irka Hajdas
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter W Kubik
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tim Schulze-König
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Wacker
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Arno Synal
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Kennett DJ, Hajdas I, Culleton BJ, Belmecheri S, Martin S, Neff H, Awe J, Graham HV, Freeman KH, Newsom L, Lentz DL, Anselmetti FS, Robinson M, Marwan N, Southon J, Hodell DA, Haug GH. Correlating the ancient Maya and modern European calendars with high-precision AMS 14C dating. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1597. [PMID: 23579869 PMCID: PMC3623374 DOI: 10.1038/srep01597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The reasons for the development and collapse of Maya civilization remain controversial and historical events carved on stone monuments throughout this region provide a remarkable source of data about the rise and fall of these complex polities. Use of these records depends on correlating the Maya and European calendars so that they can be compared with climate and environmental datasets. Correlation constants can vary up to 1000 years and remain controversial. We report a series of high-resolution AMS (14)C dates on a wooden lintel collected from the Classic Period city of Tikal bearing Maya calendar dates. The radiocarbon dates were calibrated using a Bayesian statistical model and indicate that the dates were carved on the lintel between AD 658-696. This strongly supports the Goodman-Martínez-Thompson (GMT) correlation and the hypothesis that climate change played an important role in the development and demise of this complex civilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Kennett
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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27
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Szidat S, Jenk TM, Synal HA, Kalberer M, Wacker L, Hajdas I, Kasper-Giebl A, Baltensperger U. Contributions of fossil fuel, biomass-burning, and biogenic emissions to carbonaceous aerosols in Zurich as traced by14C. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Lowell T, Waterson N, Fisher T, Loope H, Glover K, Comer G, Hajdas I, Denton G, Schaefer J, Rinterknecht V, Broecker W, Teller J. Testing the Lake Agassiz meltwater trigger for the Younger Dryas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005eo400001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Measurements of the age difference between coexisting benthic and planktic foraminifera from western equatorial Pacific deep-sea cores suggest that during peak glacial time the radiocarbon age of water at 2-kilometers depth was no greater than that of today. These results make unlikely suggestions that a slowdown in deep-ocean ventilation was responsible for a sizable fraction of the increase of the ratio of carbon-14 (14C) to carbon in the atmosphere and surface ocean during glacial time. Comparison of 14C ages for coexisting wood and planktic foraminifera from the same site suggests that the atmosphere to surface ocean 14C to C ratio difference was not substantially different from today's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace Broecker
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W/Post Office Box 1000, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.
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30
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Bond G, Kromer B, Beer J, Muscheler R, Evans MN, Showers W, Hoffmann S, Lotti-Bond R, Hajdas I, Bonani G. Persistent solar influence on North Atlantic climate during the Holocene. Science 2001; 294:2130-6. [PMID: 11739949 DOI: 10.1126/science.1065680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Surface winds and surface ocean hydrography in the subpolar North Atlantic appear to have been influenced by variations in solar output through the entire Holocene. The evidence comes from a close correlation between inferred changes in production rates of the cosmogenic nuclides carbon-14 and beryllium-10 and centennial to millennial time scale changes in proxies of drift ice measured in deep-sea sediment cores. A solar forcing mechanism therefore may underlie at least the Holocene segment of the North Atlantic's "1500-year" cycle. The surface hydrographic changes may have affected production of North Atlantic Deep Water, potentially providing an additional mechanism for amplifying the solar signals and transmitting them globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bond
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.
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31
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Bond GC, Showers W, Elliot M, Evans M, Lotti R, Hajdas I, Bonani G, Johnson S. The North Atlantic's 1–2 kyr climate rhythm: Relation to Heinrich events, Dansgaard/Oeschger cycles and the Little Ice Age. Mechanisms of Global Climate Change at Millennial Time Scales 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/gm112p0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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32
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Beck W, Donahue DJ, Jull AJT, Burr G, Broecker WS, Bonani G, Hajdas I, Malotki E. Ambiguities in Direct Dating of Rock Surfaces Using Radiocarbon Measurements. Science 1998. [DOI: 10.1126/science.280.5372.2132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Beck
- NSF AMS Facility, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - D. J. Donahue
- NSF AMS Facility, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - A. J. T. Jull
- NSF AMS Facility, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - G. Burr
- NSF AMS Facility, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - W. S. Broecker
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University,
Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - G. Bonani
- Institut fuer Teilchenphysik, AMS Laboratory, ETH Hoenggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - I. Hajdas
- Institut fuer Teilchenphysik, AMS Laboratory, ETH Hoenggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E. Malotki
- Department of Modern Languages,
Northern Arizona University,
Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
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