1
|
Antolín F, Jacomet S, Soteras R, Gerling C, Bernasconi SM, Follmann F, Hajdas I, Jaggi M, Jesus A, Martínez-Grau H, Oms FX, Röder B, Steiner BL, van Willigen S. An archaeobotanical and stable isotope approach to changing agricultural practices in the NW Mediterranean region around 4000 BC. Holocene 2024; 34:239-254. [PMID: 38259723 PMCID: PMC10799764 DOI: 10.1177/09596836231211848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
It has recently been observed, that a change in the crop spectrum happened during the so-called Middle Neolithic in France at ca. 4000 BC. An agricultural system based on free-threshing cereals (naked wheat and naked barley) seems to shift to one based on glume wheats. This is a major change for traditional farmers and this paper aims to shed light on its possible causes. Here we describe the results of new investigations in a key area for the understanding of this process: the NW Mediterranean arch, where free-threshing cereals are the main cultivars since ca. 5100 BC. New data confirm that the shift towards glume wheats is also observed in some sites of the NE of the Iberian Peninsula and that among the glume wheats that spread at ca. 4000 BC we should not only consider emmer and einkorn but also Timopheevi's wheat. Stable isotope analyses indicate no major decrease in soil fertility or alterations in local precipitation regimes. The agricultural change may be the result of a combination of the spread of damaging pests for free-threshing cereals and presumably new networks being developed with the North-eastern part of Italy and the Balkans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Antolín
- German Archaeological Institute, Natural Sciences Unit, Germany
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Jacomet
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, Switzerland
| | - Raül Soteras
- German Archaeological Institute, Natural Sciences Unit, Germany
| | - Claudia Gerling
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, Switzerland
- Departement Altertumswissenschaften, Ur- und Frühgeschichtliche und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Basel University, Switzerland
| | | | - Franziska Follmann
- German Archaeological Institute, Natural Sciences Unit, Germany
- Institut für Prähistorische Archäologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Irka Hajdas
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics (LIP), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Madalina Jaggi
- Department of Earth Sciences, Geological Institute, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana Jesus
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, Switzerland
| | - Héctor Martínez-Grau
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, Switzerland
| | - Francesc Xavier Oms
- Seminari d’Estudis i Recerques Prehistòriques (SERP). Secció de Prehistòria i Arqueologia, Dept. d’Història i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història. Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona. Facultat de Geografia i Història. Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Brigitte Röder
- Departement Altertumswissenschaften, Ur- und Frühgeschichtliche und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Basel University, Switzerland
| | - Bigna L Steiner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jesus A, Bonhomme V, Evin A, Soteras R, Jacomet S, Bouby L, Antolín F. Morphometrics of waterlogged archaeological seeds give new insights into the domestication and spread of Papaver somniferum L. in Western Europe. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286190. [PMID: 37228077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Domesticated opium poppy Papaver somniferum L. subsp. somniferum probably originated in the Western Mediterranean from its possible wild progenitor, Papaver somniferum L. subsp. setigerum and spread to other European regions. Seeds of opium poppy have been identified in different European regions since the Early Neolithic (from the 6th millennium cal. BC onwards) period. However, until recently, the absence of morphological identification criteria has prevented the discrimination between wild and domestic morphotypes. New morphometric approaches to distinguish modern subspecies have been proven to be applicable to waterlogged archaeological remains, opening the possibility of understanding the process of domestication of the plant in both time and space. This paper applies seed outline analyses, namely elliptic Fourier transforms, combined with size and number of cells to archaeological waterlogged Papaver seeds throughout the Neolithic period in the NW Mediterranean and the surroundings of the Alps. Furthermore, one example from the Late Bronze Age (LBA) was added to see what kind of differences appeared during the >1000 years between the end of the Neolithic and the LBA. The aim of the study is to classify the archaeological seeds as domestic or wild morphotypes and observe morphometric changes in connection to geographical and chronological patterns that can explain the spread and domestication process(es) of this important crop. A total of 295 archaeological seeds coming from 10 waterlogged sites dating between 5300-2300 cal. BC (Neolithic), and one LBA site dating to 1070 cal. BC were analysed. The results indicate the presence of seeds, similar to the wild morphotype, in the Mediterranean sites and larger seeds, similar to the domestic morphotype, in the regions surrounding the Alps. The number of cells mainly increased during the Late Neolithic (3300 to 2300 cal. BC) and, finally, in the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1050-800 cal. BC), larger, morphologically domesticated seeds are clearly predominant. A change in the shape of the seeds is only clearly visible in the LBA material. Altogether our results suggest that opium poppy seeds show no sign of domestication in the early periods of the Neolithic, despite the fact that the plant was very probably already cultivated at that time in the western Mediterranean region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jesus
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archeological Science (IPAS), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Bonhomme
- Département Paléo-Ecosystèmes, Climat, Sociétés (PAST), ISEM, University of Montpellier-CNRS-IRD-EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Allowen Evin
- Département Paléo-Ecosystèmes, Climat, Sociétés (PAST), ISEM, University of Montpellier-CNRS-IRD-EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Raül Soteras
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archeological Science (IPAS), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Natural Sciences, German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Jacomet
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archeological Science (IPAS), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Bouby
- Département Paléo-Ecosystèmes, Climat, Sociétés (PAST), ISEM, University of Montpellier-CNRS-IRD-EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Ferran Antolín
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archeological Science (IPAS), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Natural Sciences, German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Steiner BL, Martínez-Grau H, Bernasconi SM, Gross E, Hajdas I, Jacomet S, Jaggi M, Schaeren GF, Antolín F. Archaeobotanical and isotopic analyses of waterlogged remains from the Neolithic pile-dwelling site of Zug-Riedmatt (Switzerland): Resilience strategies of a plant economy in a changing local environment. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274361. [PMID: 36170265 PMCID: PMC9518907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The excellent preservation of the waterlogged botanical remains of the multiphase Neolithic pile-dwelling site of Zug-Riedmatt (Central Switzerland) yielded an ideal dataset to delve into the issue of plant economy of a community spanning several decades. The study identified a major change in crops where oil plants played a key role in the site’s initial phase before being supplanted over the course of a few decades by naked wheat, barley and pea. Wild plants continued to be gathered albeit in different proportions. In the latest settlement phase, the changes in the local vegetation and in the values of the analyses of carbon stable isotopes suggest a less humid environment. The hypothesis is that the changes perceived in the plant economy represent a resilience strategy adopted by the inhabitants in reaction to short term local climatic alterations. The two types of soil sampling techniques (monolith and bulk) allowed comparing these results. While the density of plant remains appears to be underestimated among the samples collected by the monolith technique, the proportions of economic taxa remain unaffected. The findings thus reveal that when the bulk samplings are distributed carefully throughout multiphase sites and avoid mixing stratigraphical units, and if the samplings are representative of all archaeological features from a whole area, then each of the two techniques offer analogous results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bigna L. Steiner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Héctor Martínez-Grau
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Eda Gross
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Irka Hajdas
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Jacomet
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ferran Antolín
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Häberle S, Schäfer M, Soteras R, Martínez-Grau H, Hajdas I, Jacomet S, Röder B, Schibler J, van Willigen S, Antolín F. Small Animals, Big Impact? Early Farmers and Pre- and Post-Harvest Pests from the Middle Neolithic Site of Les Bagnoles in the South-East of France (L’Isle-sur-la-Sorgue, Vaucluse, Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121511. [PMID: 35739848 PMCID: PMC9219518 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pests appear to have accompanied humans and their crops since the beginning of farming. Nevertheless, their study is only rarely integrated into research on farming in prehistory. An assemblage of invertebrates and small mammals was recovered from the waterlogged layers of three wells at the Middle Neolithic site (4250–3700 cal B.C.) of Les Bagnoles (SE France). The microfaunal remains were retrieved from sediment samples by wet sieving (wash-over technique). The most common among the rodents is the wood mouse. The assemblage also consists of insect remains of grain weevil, seed beetle, and corn ground beetle. The different finds not only offer data on the role of insect and rodent pests in the Neolithic but on the possible strategies adopted by the early farming communities in the western Mediterranean in response to pest infestation. The findings appear to confirm the hypothesis that the wood mouse was a commensal and storage pest in settlements long before the arrival of the invasive house mouse during the Bronze Age. The presence of the main storage pest, the grain weevil, suggests a long-term grain storage issue at Les Bagnoles. The combination of the results of the site’s archaeobotanical findings with those of other sites in the western Mediterranean suggests that the shift from naked to glume wheat around 4000 B.C. may also stem from a reaction to the problem of grain weevil infestation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Häberle
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (R.S.); (H.M.-G.); (S.J.); (J.S.); (F.A.)
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Marguerita Schäfer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (R.S.); (H.M.-G.); (S.J.); (J.S.); (F.A.)
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Raül Soteras
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (R.S.); (H.M.-G.); (S.J.); (J.S.); (F.A.)
- Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Referat Naturwissenschaften an der Zentrale, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Héctor Martínez-Grau
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (R.S.); (H.M.-G.); (S.J.); (J.S.); (F.A.)
| | - Irka Hajdas
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics (LIP), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Stefanie Jacomet
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (R.S.); (H.M.-G.); (S.J.); (J.S.); (F.A.)
| | - Brigitte Röder
- Departement Altertumswissenschaften, Ur- und Frühgeschichtliche und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Basel University, 4051 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Jörg Schibler
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (R.S.); (H.M.-G.); (S.J.); (J.S.); (F.A.)
| | | | - Ferran Antolín
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Basel University, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (R.S.); (H.M.-G.); (S.J.); (J.S.); (F.A.)
- Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Referat Naturwissenschaften an der Zentrale, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Heiss AG, Antolín F, Bleicher N, Harb C, Jacomet S, Kühn M, Marinova E, Stika HP, Valamoti SM. State of the (t)art. Analytical approaches in the investigation of components and production traits of archaeological bread-like objects, applied to two finds from the Neolithic lakeshore settlement Parkhaus Opéra (Zürich, Switzerland). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182401. [PMID: 28771539 PMCID: PMC5542691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The site of Parkhaus Opéra is located on the north-eastern shore of Lake Zürich (Switzerland) and was documented during a rescue excavation in 2010 and 2011 by the Office for Urbanism, City of Zürich. Two charred bread-like objects were found in late Neolithic Layer 13 of the pile-dwelling, and are investigated using a novel set of analyses for cereal-based foodstuffs. Tissue remains of barley and wheat were identified, as well as a schizocarp of celery (cf. Apium graveolens), providing the first evidence for the use of bread condiments in the Neolithic. Cereal particle sizes were recorded and used to draw conclusions regarding milling and sieving of the raw material. Gas bubbles in the charred objects were measured in order to evaluate possible leavening of the dough. The outcomes of this research significantly advance the understanding of the production traits of cereal-based food during the Neolithic. The analytical techniques proposed by this study open up new possibilities for systematic and consistent investigations of cereal-based archaeological foodstuffs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas G. Heiss
- Austrian Archaeological Institute (ÖAI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW), Wien/Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Ferran Antolín
- Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS/IPNA), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Niels Bleicher
- Office for Urbanism Zürich, Underwater Archaeology and Laboratory for Dendrochronology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Stefanie Jacomet
- Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS/IPNA), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marlu Kühn
- Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS/IPNA), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elena Marinova
- Center for Archaeological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences (RBINS), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hans-Peter Stika
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Botany (210), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Soultana Maria Valamoti
- School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Blatter RHE, Jacomet S, Schlumbaum A. About the origin of European spelt ( Triticum spelta L.): allelic differentiation of the HMW Glutenin B1-1 and A1-2 subunit genes. Theor Appl Genet 2004; 108:360-7. [PMID: 14564390 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-003-1441-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2003] [Accepted: 08/13/2003] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the origin of European spelt ( Triticum spelta L., genome AABBDD) and its relation to bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L., AABBDD), we analysed an approximately 1-kb sequence, including a part of the promoter and the coding region, of the high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin B1-1 and A1-2 subunit genes in 58 accessions of hexa- and tetraploid wheat from different geographical regions. Six Glu-B1-1 and five Glu-A1-2 alleles were identified based on 21 and 19 informative sites, respectively, which suggests a polyphyletic origin of the A- and B-genomes of hexaploid wheat. In both genes, a group of alleles clustered in a distinct, so-called beta subclade. High frequencies of alleles from the Glu-B1-1 and Glu-A1-2 beta subclades differentiated European spelt from Asian spelt and bread wheat. This indicates different origins of European and Asian spelt, and that European spelt does not derive from the hulled progenitors of bread wheat. The conjoint differentiation of alleles of the A- and B-genome in European spelt suggests the introgression of a tetraploid wheat into free-threshing hexaploid wheat as the origin of European spelt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R H E Blatter
- Institut für Prähistorische und Naturwissenschaftliche Archäologie, Universität Basel, Spalenring 145, 4055, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Blatter RHE, Jacomet S, Schlumbaum A. Spelt-specific alleles in HMW glutenin genes from modern and historical European spelt ( Triticum spelta L.). Theor Appl Genet 2002; 104:329-337. [PMID: 12582705 DOI: 10.1007/s001220100680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A partial promoter region of the high-molecular weight (HMW) glutenin genes was studied in two wheat specimens, a 300 year-old spelt ( Triticum spelta L.) and an approximately 250 year-old bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) from Switzerland. Sequences were compared to a recent Swiss landrace T. spelta'Oberkulmer.' The alleles from the historical bread wheat were most similar to those of modern T. aestivumcultivars, whereas in the historical and the recent spelt specific alleles were detected. Pairwise genetic distances up to 0.03 within 200 bp from the HMW Glu-A1-2, Glu-B1-1 and Glu-B1-2 alleles in spelt to the most-similar alleles from bread wheat suggest a polyphyletic origin. The spelt Glu-B1-1 allele, which was unlike the corresponding alleles in bread wheat, was closer related to an allele found in tetraploid wheat cultivars. The results are discussed in context of the origin of European spelt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. E. Blatter
- Seminar für Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Labor für Archäobotanik, Botanisches Institut der Universität Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Blatter RH, Jacomet S, Schlumbaum A. Little Evidence for the Preservation of a Single-Copy Gene in Charred Archaeological Wheat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/1358612021000010677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
9
|
Jacomet S, Blöchliger C. Verkohlte Pflanzenreste aus einem frühmittelalterlichen Grubenhaus (7./8. Jh. AD) auf dem Basler Münsterhügel. Grabung Münsterplatz 16, Reischacherhof, 1977/3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.12685/jbab.1991.106-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Aus dem frühmittelalterlichen (7.18. Jh.) Grubenhaus A der Grabung Reischacherhof auf dem Basler Münsterhügel wurden 8 Bodenproben archäobotanisch untersucht.
Ausser verkohlten wurden auch mineralisierte Pflanzenreste sowie Fischreste, kleine Knochenfragmente und Eierschalen gefunden; daraus lässt sich ableiten, dass die Hausgrube A nach ihrer Auflassung sekundär mit Abfall, z.T. auch mit Fäkalien verfüllt wurde. Im ganzen konnten 52 Pflanzentaxa nachgewiesen werden. Die am besten vertretene Gruppe waren die Kulturpflanzen, gefolgt von den Ackerunkräutern. Es wurden die Getreide Dinkel, Einkorn, Emmer, Saatweizen, Roggen, Gerste und Rispenhirse sowie wahrscheinlich Saat-Hafer nachgewiesen. Das vielfältige Getreidespektrum entspricht demjenigen anderer Fundstellen aus der Region. An weiteren Kulturpflanzen fanden sich Linse, Kohl und Leindotter. Sammelfrüchte sind vor allem durch Bruchstücke von Haselnussschalen vertreten.
Collapse
|
10
|
Perrin MY, Jacomet S, Haudin JM, Montheillet F, Serre D, Exbrayat J. [Electron microscopy study of the structure of 2 non-precious dental alloys]. J Biomater Dent 1985; 1:10, 83-92. [PMID: 3870272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|