1
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Ma X, Beard AM, Burgess SA, Darlak M, Newman JA, Nogle LM, Pietrafitta MJ, Smith DA, Wang X, Yue L. General Synthesis of Conformationally Constrained Noncanonical Amino Acids with C( sp3)-Rich Benzene Bioisosteres. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5010-5018. [PMID: 38532573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Recent years have seen novel modalities emerge for the treatment of human diseases resulting in an increase in beyond rule of 5 (bRo5) chemical matter. As a result, synthetic innovations aiming to enable rapid access to complex bRo5 molecular entities have become increasingly valuable for medicinal chemists' toolkits. Herein, we report the general synthesis of a new class of noncanonical amino acids (ncAA) with a cyclopropyl backbone to achieve conformational constraint and bearing C(sp3)-rich benzene bioisosteres. We also demonstrate preliminary studies toward utilities of these ncAA as building blocks for medicinal chemistry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshen Ma
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Adam M Beard
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Samantha A Burgess
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Miroslawa Darlak
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Justin A Newman
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lisa M Nogle
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Mark J Pietrafitta
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - David A Smith
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Xiao Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lei Yue
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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2
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Pharr CR, Esselman BJ, McMahon RJ. Photochemistry of 1-(2- and 3-Thienyl)diazoethanes: Spectroscopy and Tunneling Reaction of Triplet 1-(3-Thienyl)ethylidene. J Org Chem 2023; 88:16176-16185. [PMID: 37948641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Photolysis (λ > 613 nm) of 1-(3-thienyl)diazoethane (21) yields the s-E rotamer of triplet 1-(3-thienyl)ethylidene (3), as characterized by UV/vis and EPR spectroscopy. The s-Z rotamer of 3 was not observed. EPR and UV/vis signals attributed to carbene 3 decrease by approximately 50% upon standing in the dark for 68 h at 10 K. Although formally spin-forbidden, an intramolecular [1,2]-hydrogen shift in triplet carbene 3 to afford singlet s-E 3-vinylthiophene (8) is presumed to occur via quantum mechanical tunneling. The behavior of the CD3 analogue supports this interpretation. Photolysis (λ > 613 nm) of 1-(3-thienyl)diazoethane-d3 (21-d3) yields triplet 1-(3-thienyl)ethylidene-d3 (3-d3), as characterized by IR, UV/vis, and EPR spectroscopy. No change in the signal intensity of EPR and UV/vis signals of triplet 3-d3 is observed upon standing in the dark for 68 h at 10 K. In a series of 2-substituted thienyl derivatives, irradiation of 1-(2-thienyl)diazoethane (22), 1-(2-thienyl)diazoethane-d3 (22-d3), or (3-methyl-2-thienyl)diazomethane (23) does not yield triplet carbene intermediates. Positioning and labeling of the methyl group proved to have a large effect on products observed for these species. 1-(2-Thienyl)diazoethane (22) yields the products of [1,2]-hydrogen migration, s-Z and s-E 2-vinylthiophene (7), while 22-d3 and 23 give products derived from opening of the thiophene ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Pharr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - Brian J Esselman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - Robert J McMahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
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3
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Peeters M, Decaens J, Fürstner A. Taming of Furfurylidenes by Chiral Bismuth-Rhodium Paddlewheel Catalysts. Preparation and Functionalization of Optically Active 1,1-Disubstituted (Trifluoromethyl)cyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311598. [PMID: 37698240 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Although 2-furyl-carbenes (furfurylidenes) are prone to instantaneous electrocyclic ring opening, chiral [BiRh]-paddlewheel complexes empowered by London dispersion allow (trifluoromethyl)furfurylidene metal complexes to be generated from a bench-stable triftosylhydrazone precursor. These reactive intermediates engage in asymmetric [2+1] cycloadditions and hence open entry into valuable trifluoromethylated cyclopropane or -cyclopropene derivatives in optically active form, which are important building blocks for medicinal chemistry but difficult to make otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Peeters
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470, RuhrMülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jonathan Decaens
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470, RuhrMülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470, RuhrMülheim/Ruhr, Germany
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4
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Liu M, Le N, Uyeda C. Nucleophilic Carbenes Derived from Dichloromethane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308913. [PMID: 37661190 PMCID: PMC10591934 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Nickel PyBox catalysts promote nucleophilic cyclopropanation reactions using CH2 Cl2 as a methylene source and Mn as a stoichiometric reductant. The substrate scope includes a broad range of alkenes bearing electron-withdrawing substituents, including esters, amides, ketones, nitriles, sulfones, phosphonate esters, trifluoromethyl groups, and electron-deficient arenes. Enantioselective cyclopropanations of α,β-unsaturated esters have been developed using chiral PyBox ligands. Mechanistic studies suggest the intermediacy of a (PyBox)Ni=CH2 species, which adds to the alkene by a stepwise [2+2]-cycloaddition/C-C reductive elimination mechanism. DFT models provide a rationale for the nucleophilic character of the nickel carbene and the sense of enantioinduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Nguyen Le
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Christopher Uyeda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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5
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Berger KE, Martinez RJ, Zhou J, Uyeda C. Catalytic Asymmetric Cyclopropanations with Nonstabilized Carbenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9441-9447. [PMID: 37086176 PMCID: PMC10226076 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopropanes are common building blocks in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and organic materials. The most general methods for the synthesis of chiral cyclopropanes are catalytic additions of diazoalkanes to alkenes. However, a limitation of this approach is that diazoalkanes can only be safely handled on preparative scales if they possess stabilizing substituents. Here we show that gem-dichloroalkanes can serve as precursors to nonstabilized carbenes for asymmetric cyclopropanation reactions of alkenes. The process uses a cobalt catalyst and is proposed to involve the formation of a cationic carbenoid species bearing structural resemblance to the Simmons-Smith reagent. High levels of enantioselectivity are observed for monosubstituted, 1,1-disubstituted, and internal alkenes. The reaction is compatible with alkyl-substituted carbenes, which are susceptible to undergoing competing 1,2-hydride shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E. Berger
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University; 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Raymond J. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University; 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jianhan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University; 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Christopher Uyeda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University; 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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6
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Steiniger KA, Lambert TH. Olefination of carbonyls with alkenes enabled by electrophotocatalytic generation of distonic radical cations. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg3026. [PMID: 37058559 PMCID: PMC10104462 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of carbonyls to olefins is a transformation of great importance for complex molecule synthesis. Standard methods use stoichiometric reagents that have poor atom economy and require strongly basic conditions, which limit their functional group compatibility. An ideal solution would be to catalytically olefinate carbonyls under nonbasic conditions using simple and widely available alkenes, yet no such broadly applicable reaction is known. Here, we demonstrate a tandem electrochemical/electrophotocatalytic reaction to olefinate aldehydes and ketones with a broad range of unactivated alkenes. This method involves the oxidation-induced denitrogenation of cyclic diazenes to form 1,3-distonic radical cations that rearrange to yield the olefin products. This olefination reaction is enabled by an electrophotocatalyst that inhibits back-electron transfer to the radical cation intermediate, thus allowing for the selective formation of olefin products. The method is compatible with a wide range of aldehydes, ketones, and alkene partners.
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7
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Tanbouza N, Petti A, Leech MC, Caron L, Walsh JM, Lam K, Ollevier T. Electrosynthesis of Stabilized Diazo Compounds from Hydrazones. Org Lett 2022; 24:4665-4669. [PMID: 35727690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical synthesis of diazo compounds from hydrazones in yields as high as 99% was performed. This method was elaborated as a useful synthetic method and demonstrated on various diazo compounds (24 examples). Apart from exhibiting an efficiency that matched that of commonly used harsh and toxic chemical oxidants, this reaction is practically simple to set up, requires mild conditions, and is highly electron efficient (3 F/mol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Tanbouza
- Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Alessia Petti
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, U.K
| | - Matthew C Leech
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, U.K
| | - Laurent Caron
- Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jamie M Walsh
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, U.K
| | - Kevin Lam
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, U.K
| | - Thierry Ollevier
- Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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8
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Cyclopropenes and methylenecyclopropanes in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Efforts to develop catalytic carbene transfer reactions have largely relied on the use of diazo precursors. However, diazoalkanes are susceptible to undergoing violent exothermic decomposition unless they contain stabilizing substituents. Consequently, most synthetic methods are restricted to diazoacetates or related derivatives. In this Perspective, we describe an alternative approach to carbene transfer catalysis based on the generation of metal carbenoids from gem-dihaloalkanes and gem-dihaloalkenes. These precursors are readily available and stable in unsubstituted form or with a variety of donor and acceptor substituents. Using this approach, it is possible to design cyclopropanation reactions with non-stabilized carbenes, such as methylene, isopropylidene, and vinylidene. Furthermore, due to the distinct mechanistic pathways of these reactions, novel modes of cycloaddition can be carried out, including [4 + 1]-cycloadditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Uyeda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Annah E. Kalb
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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10
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Tanbouza N, Carreras V, Ollevier T. Photochemical Cyclopropenation of Alkynes with Diazirines as Carbene Precursors in Continuous Flow. Org Lett 2021; 23:5420-5424. [PMID: 34228924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of 3-trifluoromethyl-3-aryl-cyclopropenes via the cyclopropenation reaction of alkynes with photolytically generated carbenes from diazirine compounds is described. This reaction is performed in continuous flow using readily available LEDs under mild reaction conditions. This new and efficient method describes the synthesis of 25 examples of 3-trifluoromethyl-3-aryl-cyclopropenes with yields up to 97%, achieved in continuous flow with a 5 min residence time. Control experiments highlighted that diazirines are more efficient than diazo compounds for this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Tanbouza
- Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Virginie Carreras
- Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Thierry Ollevier
- Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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11
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Chowdhury R, Mendoza A. N-Hydroxyphthalimidyl diazoacetate (NHPI-DA): a modular methylene linchpin for the C-H alkylation of indoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4532-4535. [PMID: 33956022 PMCID: PMC8101283 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01026c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the extensive studies on the reactions between conventional diazocompounds and indoles, these are still limited by the independent synthesis of the carbene precursors, the specific catalysts, and the required multi-step manipulation of the products. In this work, we explore redox-active carbenes in the expedited and divergent synthesis of functionalized indoles. NHPI-DA displays unusual efficiency and selectivity to yield insertion products that can be swiftly elaborated into boron and carbon substituents that are particularly problematic in carbene-mediated reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajdip Chowdhury
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Abraham Mendoza
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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12
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Wang HX, Wan Q, Low KH, Zhou CY, Huang JS, Zhang JL, Che CM. Stable group 8 metal porphyrin mono- and bis(dialkylcarbene) complexes: synthesis, characterization, and catalytic activity. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2243-2259. [PMID: 32180931 PMCID: PMC7047983 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05432d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkyl-substituted carbene (CHR or CR2, R = alkyl) complexes have been extensively studied for alkylcarbene (CHR) ligands coordinated with high-valent early transition metal ions (a.k.a. Schrock carbenes or alkylidenes), yet dialkylcarbene (CR2) complexes remain less developed with bis(dialkylcarbene) species being little (if at all) explored. Herein, several group 8 metal porphyrin dialkylcarbene complexes, including Fe- and Ru-mono(dialkylcarbene) complexes [M(Por)(Ad)] (1a,b, M = Fe, Por = porphyrinato dianion, Ad = 2-adamantylidene; 2a,b, M = Ru) and Os-bis(dialkylcarbene) complexes [Os(Por)(Ad)2] (3a-c), are synthesized and crystallographically characterized. Detailed investigations into their electronic structures reveal that these complexes are formally low-valent M(ii)-carbene in nature. These complexes display remarkable thermal stability and chemical inertness, which are rationalized by a synergistic effect of strong metal-carbene covalency, hyperconjugation, and a rigid diamondoid carbene skeleton. Various spectroscopic techniques and DFT calculations suggest that the dialkylcarbene Ad ligand is unique compared to other common carbene ligands as it acts as both a potent σ-donor and π-acceptor; its unique electronic and structural features, together with the steric effect of the porphyrin macrocycle, make its Fe porphyrin complex 1a an active and robust catalyst for intermolecular diarylcarbene transfer reactions including cyclopropanation (up to 90% yield) and X-H (X = S, N, O, C) insertion (up to 99% yield) reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , China .
| | - Qingyun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , China .
| | - Kam-Hung Low
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , China .
| | - Cong-Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , China .
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jie-Sheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , China .
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , China .
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research & Innovation , Shenzhen , China
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13
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Mahajani NS, Meador RIL, Smith TJ, Canarelli SE, Adhikari AA, Shah JP, Russo CM, Wallach DR, Howard KT, Millimaci AM, Chisholm JD. Ester Formation via Symbiotic Activation Utilizing Trichloroacetimidate Electrophiles. J Org Chem 2019; 84:7871-7882. [PMID: 31117564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Trichloroacetimidates are useful reagents for the synthesis of esters under mild conditions that do not require an exogenous promoter. These conditions avoid the undesired decomposition of substrates with sensitive functional groups that are often observed with the use of strong Lewis or Brønsted acids. With heating, these reactions have been extended to benzyl esters without electron-donating groups. These inexpensive and convenient methods should find application in the formation of esters in complex substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita S Mahajani
- Department of Chemistry , Syracuse University , 1-014 Center for Science and Technology , Syracuse , New York 13244 , United States
| | - Rowan I L Meador
- Department of Chemistry , Syracuse University , 1-014 Center for Science and Technology , Syracuse , New York 13244 , United States
| | - Tomas J Smith
- Department of Chemistry , Syracuse University , 1-014 Center for Science and Technology , Syracuse , New York 13244 , United States
| | - Sarah E Canarelli
- Department of Chemistry , Syracuse University , 1-014 Center for Science and Technology , Syracuse , New York 13244 , United States
| | - Arijit A Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry , Syracuse University , 1-014 Center for Science and Technology , Syracuse , New York 13244 , United States
| | - Jigisha P Shah
- Department of Chemistry , Syracuse University , 1-014 Center for Science and Technology , Syracuse , New York 13244 , United States
| | - Christopher M Russo
- Department of Chemistry , Syracuse University , 1-014 Center for Science and Technology , Syracuse , New York 13244 , United States
| | - Daniel R Wallach
- Department of Chemistry , Syracuse University , 1-014 Center for Science and Technology , Syracuse , New York 13244 , United States
| | - Kyle T Howard
- Department of Chemistry , Syracuse University , 1-014 Center for Science and Technology , Syracuse , New York 13244 , United States
| | - Alexandra M Millimaci
- Department of Chemistry , Syracuse University , 1-014 Center for Science and Technology , Syracuse , New York 13244 , United States
| | - John D Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry , Syracuse University , 1-014 Center for Science and Technology , Syracuse , New York 13244 , United States
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14
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Sullivan RJ, Freure GPR, Newman SG. Overcoming Scope Limitations in Cross-Coupling of Diazo Nucleophiles by Manipulating Catalyst Speciation and Using Flow Diazo Generation. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Sullivan
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Garrett P. R. Freure
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Stephen G. Newman
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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15
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Qiu Z, Lv L, Li J, Li CC, Li CJ. Direct conversion of phenols into primary anilines with hydrazine catalyzed by palladium. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4775-4781. [PMID: 31160954 PMCID: PMC6509994 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00595a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary anilines are essential building blocks to synthesize various pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, pigments, electronic materials, and others. To date, the syntheses of primary anilines mostly rely on the reduction of nitroarenes or the transition-metal-catalyzed Ullmann, Buchwald-Hartwig and Chan-Lam cross-coupling reactions with ammonia, in which non-renewable petroleum-based chemicals are typically used as feedstocks via multiple step syntheses. A long-standing scientific challenge is to synthesize various primary anilines directly from renewable sources. Herein, we report a general method to directly convert a broad range of phenols into the corresponding primary anilines with the cheap and widely available hydrazine as both amine and hydride sources with simple Pd/C as the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihang Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke St. W. , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada .
| | - Leiyang Lv
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke St. W. , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada .
| | - Jianbin Li
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke St. W. , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada .
| | - Chen-Chen Li
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke St. W. , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada .
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke St. W. , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada .
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16
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Zhan W, Tong M, Ji L, Zhang H, Ge Z, Wang X, Li R. Continuous-flow synthesis of nitriles from aldehydes via Schmidt reaction. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Montesinos‐Magraner M, Costantini M, Ramírez‐Contreras R, Muratore ME, Johansson MJ, Mendoza A. General Cyclopropane Assembly by Enantioselective Transfer of a Redox‐Active Carbene to Aliphatic Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Costantini
- Dept. of Organic ChemistryStockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratory 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Michael E. Muratore
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism IMED Biotech UnitAstraZeneca Gothenburg 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Magnus J. Johansson
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism IMED Biotech UnitAstraZeneca Gothenburg 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Abraham Mendoza
- Dept. of Organic ChemistryStockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratory 10691 Stockholm Sweden
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18
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Allouche EMD, Charette AB. Non-stabilized diazoalkane synthesis via the oxidation of free hydrazones by iodosylbenzene and application in in situ MIRC cyclopropanation. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3802-3806. [PMID: 31015921 PMCID: PMC6457201 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05558k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron-rich alkyl diazo compounds are powerful reagents in organic synthesis, but the risks associated with their toxicity and instability often limit their uses. Herein we describe an efficient, easy-to-handle and safe batch protocol for the in situ generation and cyclopropanation of these highly reactive non-stabilized diazoalkanes through the oxidation of free hydrazones using iodosylbenzene. Numerous substituted cyclopropanes have been synthesized using this methodology, including various gem-dimethylcyclopropanes of particular interest in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle M D Allouche
- Department of Chemistry , Université de Montréal , P. O. Box 6128 Station Downtown , Montreal , Quebec , H3C 3J7 Canada .
| | - André B Charette
- Department of Chemistry , Université de Montréal , P. O. Box 6128 Station Downtown , Montreal , Quebec , H3C 3J7 Canada .
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19
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Bogdan AR, Dombrowski AW. Emerging Trends in Flow Chemistry and Applications to the Pharmaceutical Industry. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6422-6468. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Bogdan
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology, AbbVie, Inc. 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Amanda W. Dombrowski
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology, AbbVie, Inc. 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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20
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Montesinos-Magraner M, Costantini M, Ramírez-Contreras R, Muratore ME, Johansson MJ, Mendoza A. General Cyclopropane Assembly by Enantioselective Transfer of a Redox-Active Carbene to Aliphatic Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5930-5935. [PMID: 30675970 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric cyclopropane synthesis currently requires bespoke strategies, methods, substrates, and reagents, even when targeting similar compounds. This approach slows down discovery and limits available chemical space. Introduced herein is a practical and versatile diazocompound and its performance in the first unified asymmetric synthesis of functionalized cyclopropanes. The redox-active leaving group in this reagent enhances the reactivity and selectivity of geminal carbene transfer. This effect allowed the asymmetric cyclopropanation of various olefins, including unfunctionalized aliphatic alkenes, that enables the three-step total synthesis of (-)-dictyopterene A. This unified synthetic approach delivers high enantioselectivities that are independent of the stereoelectronic properties of the functional groups transferred. Our results demonstrate that orthogonally differentiated diazocompounds are viable and advantageous equivalents of single-carbon chirons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Montesinos-Magraner
- Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratory, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matteo Costantini
- Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratory, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Michael E Muratore
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Magnus J Johansson
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Abraham Mendoza
- Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratory, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Electrochemical Synthesis of [1,2,3]Triazolo[1,5‐
a
]pyridines through Dehydrogenative Cyclization. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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22
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Keipour H, Jalba A, Tanbouza N, Carreras V, Ollevier T. α-Thiocarbonyl synthesisviathe FeII-catalyzed insertion reaction of α-diazocarbonyls into S–H bonds. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:3098-3102. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00261h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fe(OTf)2was used to catalyze the insertion reaction of α-diazocarbonyls into S–H bonds at 40 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Keipour
- Département de chimie
- Université Laval
- Québec
- Canada
| | - Angela Jalba
- Département de chimie
- Université Laval
- Québec
- Canada
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23
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Chen Y, Leonardi M, Dingwall P, Labes R, Pasau P, Blakemore DC, Ley SV. Photochemical Homologation for the Preparation of Aliphatic Aldehydes in Flow. J Org Chem 2018; 83:15558-15568. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiding Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Marco Leonardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Departmento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul Dingwall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Ricardo Labes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Patrick Pasau
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemical Research R5, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-L’Alleud, Belgium
| | - David C. Blakemore
- Medicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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24
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McWilliams JC, Allian AD, Opalka SM, May SA, Journet M, Braden TM. The Evolving State of Continuous Processing in Pharmaceutical API Manufacturing: A Survey of Pharmaceutical Companies and Contract Manufacturing Organizations. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Christopher McWilliams
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ayman D. Allian
- Department of Pivotal Drug Substance Technologies, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Suzanne M. Opalka
- Chemical Process Development, Biogen Idec, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Scott A. May
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Michel Journet
- API Chemistry, GSK, 709 Swedeland Road, UW2810, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Timothy M. Braden
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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25
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Dingwall P, Greb A, Crespin LNS, Labes R, Musio B, Poh JS, Pasau P, Blakemore DC, Ley SV. C–H functionalisation of aldehydes using light generated, non-stabilised diazo compounds in flow. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:11685-11688. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06202a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Here we explore further the use of oxadiazolines, non-stabilised diazo precursors which are bench stable, in direct, non-catalytic, aldehyde C–H functionalisation reactions under UV photolysis in flow and free from additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dingwall
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Lensfield Road
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
| | - Andreas Greb
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Lensfield Road
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
| | | | - Ricardo Labes
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Lensfield Road
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
| | - Biagia Musio
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Lensfield Road
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
| | - Jian-Siang Poh
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Lensfield Road
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
| | | | | | - Steven V. Ley
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Lensfield Road
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
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