1
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Alvarez EM, Stewart G, Ullah M, Lalisse R, Gutierrez O, Malapit CA. Site-Selective Electrochemical Arene C-H Amination. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3591-3597. [PMID: 38295054 PMCID: PMC11071122 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Here we present the discovery and development of a highly selective aromatic C-H amination reaction. This electrochemical strategy involves a cathodic reduction process that generates highly electrophilic dicationic N-centered radicals that can efficiently engage in aromatic C-H functionalization and channel the regioselectivity of the aromatic substitution. The nitrogen-radical cation-pi interaction with arenes used throughout nature leads to a charge transfer mechanism, with subsequent aromatic C-N bond formation. This electrochemical process generates aryl DABCOnium salts in excellent yields and regioselectivities (single regioisomer in most cases). The scope of the reaction on arene is broad where various functionalities such as aryl halides (bromides, chlorides, fluorides), carbonyls (ketones, esters, imides), sulfonamides, and heteroarenes (pyridines, bipyridines, and terpyridines) are well tolerated. Moreover, we disclose the synthetic utility of the aryl DABCOnium salt adducts leading to the direct access of diverse aryl piperazines and the chemoselective cleavage of the exocyclic aryl C(sp2)-N bond over electrophilic C(sp3)-N+ bonds via photoredox catalysis to afford synthetically useful aryl radicals that can engage in aryl C-C and C-P bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Alvarez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Technological Institute, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Griffin Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Technological Institute, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mohammed Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Technological Institute, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Remy Lalisse
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Christian A Malapit
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Technological Institute, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Catalysis and Surface Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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2
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Zhang L, Yan J, Ahmadli D, Wang Z, Ritter T. Electron-Transfer-Enabled Concerted Nucleophilic Fluorination of Azaarenes: Selective C-H Fluorination of Quinolines. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20182-20188. [PMID: 37695320 PMCID: PMC10515641 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Direct C-H fluorination is an efficient strategy to construct aromatic C-F bonds, but the cleavage of specific C-H bonds in the presence of other functional groups and the high barrier of C-F bond formation make the transformation challenging. Progress for the electrophilic fluorination of arenes has been reported, but a similar transformation for electron-deficient azaarenes has remained elusive due to the high energy of the corresponding Wheland intermediates. Nucleophilic fluorination of electron-deficient azaarenes is difficult owing to the identity of the Meisenheimer intermediate after fluoride attack, from which fluoride elimination to regenerate the substrate is favored over hydride elimination to form the product. Herein, we report a new concept for C-H nucleophilic fluorination without the formation of azaarene Meisenheimer intermediates through a chain process with an asynchronous concerted F--e--H+ transfer. The concerted nucleophilic aromatic substitution strategy allows for the first successful nucleophilic oxidative fluorination of quinolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jiyao Yan
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dilgam Ahmadli
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Zikuan Wang
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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3
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Chiodi D, Ishihara Y. "Magic Chloro": Profound Effects of the Chlorine Atom in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2023; 66:5305-5331. [PMID: 37014977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c02015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine is one of the most common atoms present in small-molecule drugs beyond carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. There are currently more than 250 FDA-approved chlorine-containing drugs, yet the beneficial effect of the chloro substituent has not yet been reviewed. The seemingly simple substitution of a hydrogen atom (R = H) with a chlorine atom (R = Cl) can result in remarkable improvements in potency of up to 100,000-fold and can lead to profound effects on pharmacokinetic parameters including clearance, half-life, and drug exposure in vivo. Following the literature terminology of the "magic methyl effect" in drugs, the term "magic chloro effect" has been coined herein. Although reports of 500-fold or 1000-fold potency improvements are often serendipitous discoveries that can be considered "magical" rather than planned, hypotheses made to explain the magic chloro effect can lead to lessons that accelerate the cycle of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Chiodi
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yoshihiro Ishihara
- Department of Chemistry, Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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4
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Hogg A, Wheatley M, Domingo-Legarda P, Carral-Menoyo A, Cottam N, Larrosa I. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Monoselective C-H Methylation and d 3-Methylation of Arenes. JACS AU 2022; 2:2529-2538. [PMID: 36465534 PMCID: PMC9709947 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective installation of C-Me bonds remains a powerful and sought-after tool to alter the chemical and pharmacological properties of a molecule. Direct C-H functionalization provides an attractive means of achieving this transformation. Such protocols, however, typically utilize harsh conditions and hazardous methylating agents with poor applicability toward late-stage functionalization. Furthermore, highly monoselective methylation protocols remain scarce. Herein, we report an efficient monoselective, directed ortho-methylation of arenes using N,N,N-trimethylanilinium salts as noncarcinogenic, bench-stable methylating agents. We extend this protocol to d 3-methylation in addition to the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutically active compounds. Detailed kinetic studies indicate the rate-limiting in situ formation of MeI is integral to the observed reactivity.
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5
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Bartlett ME, Zhu Y, Gaffney UB, Lee J, Wu M, Sharew B, Chavez AK, Gorin DJ. Cu‐Catalyzed Phenol O‐Methylation with Methylboronic Acid. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yingchuan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry Smith College Northampton MA 01063 USA
| | | | - Joyce Lee
- Department of Chemistry Smith College Northampton MA 01063 USA
| | - Miranda Wu
- Department of Chemistry Smith College Northampton MA 01063 USA
| | | | | | - David J. Gorin
- Department of Chemistry Smith College Northampton MA 01063 USA
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6
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Liu F, Ye ZP, Hu YZ, Gao J, Zheng L, Chen K, Xiang HY, Chen XQ, Yang H. N, N, N', N'-Tetramethylethylenediamine-Enabled Photoredox-Catalyzed C-H Methylation of N-Heteroarenes. J Org Chem 2021; 86:11905-11914. [PMID: 34344150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at the valuable methylation process, readily available and inexpensive N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) was first identified as a new methyl source in photoredox-catalyzed transformation in this work. By virtue of this simple methylating reagent, a facile and practical protocol for the direct C-H methylation of N-heteroarenes was developed, featuring mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope, and scalability. Mechanistic studies disclosed that a sequential photoredox, base-assisted proton shift, fragmentation, and tautomerization process was essentially involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Peng Ye
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Zhuo Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Lan Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Kai Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Yue Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
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7
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Lansbergen B, Granatino P, Ritter T. Site-Selective C-H alkylation of Complex Arenes by a Two-Step Aryl Thianthrenation-Reductive Alkylation Sequence. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7909-7914. [PMID: 34028272 PMCID: PMC8297726 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present an undirected para-selective two-step C-H alkylation of complex arenes useful for late-stage functionalization. The combination of a site-selective C-H thianthrenation with palladium-catalyzed reductive electrophile cross-coupling grants access to a diverse range of synthetically useful alkylated arenes which cannot be accessed otherwise with comparable selectivity, diversity, and practicality. The robustness of this transformation is further demonstrated by thianthrenium-based reductive coupling of two complex fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Lansbergen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der
Ruhr, Germany
| | - Paola Granatino
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der
Ruhr, Germany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der
Ruhr, Germany
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8
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Weis E, Hayes MA, Johansson MJ, Martín-Matute B. Iridium-catalyzed C-H methylation and d 3-methylation of benzoic acids with application to late-stage functionalizations. iScience 2021; 24:102467. [PMID: 34027322 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) has over the past years emerged as a powerful approach in the drug discovery process. At its best, it allows for rapid access to new analogues from a single drug-like molecule, bypassing the need for de novo synthesis. To be successful, methods able to tolerate the diverse functional groups present in drug-like molecules that perform under mild conditions are required. C-H methylation is of particular interest due to the magic methyl effect in medicinal chemistry. Herein we report an iridium-catalyzed carboxylate-directed ortho C-H methylation and d 3-methylation of benzoic acids. The method uses commercially available reagents and precatalyst and requires no inert atmosphere or exclusion of moisture. Substrates bearing electron-rich and electron-poor groups were successfully methylated, including compounds with competing directing/coordinating groups. The method was also applied to the LSF of several marketed drugs, forming analogues with increased metabolic stability compared with the parent drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Weis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden.,Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin A Hayes
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus J Johansson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Belén Martín-Matute
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
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9
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Ni S, Hribersek M, Baddigam SK, Ingner FJL, Orthaber A, Gates PJ, Pilarski LT. Mechanochemical Solvent-Free Catalytic C-H Methylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6660-6666. [PMID: 33031646 PMCID: PMC7986365 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanochemical, solvent-free, highly regioselective, rhodium-catalyzed C-H methylation of (hetero)arenes is reported. The reaction shows excellent functional-group compatibility and is demonstrated to work for the late-stage C-H methylation of biologically active compounds. The method requires no external heating and benefits from considerably shorter reaction times than previous solution-based C-H methylation protocols. Additionally, the mechanochemical approach is shown to enable the efficient synthesis of organometallic complexes that are difficult to generate conventionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjun Ni
- Department of Chemistry—BMCUppsala UniversityBox 57675123UppsalaSweden
| | - Matic Hribersek
- Department of Chemistry—BMCUppsala UniversityBox 57675123UppsalaSweden
| | | | | | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström LaboratoriesUppsala UniversityBox 52375120UppsalaSweden
| | - Paul J. Gates
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's Close, CliftonBristolBS8 1TSUK
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10
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Aynetdinova D, Callens MC, Hicks HB, Poh CYX, Shennan BDA, Boyd AM, Lim ZH, Leitch JA, Dixon DJ. Installing the “magic methyl” – C–H methylation in synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5517-5563. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00973c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Following notable cases of remarkable potency increases in methylated analogues of lead compounds, this review documents the state-of-the-art in C–H methylation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniya Aynetdinova
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Mia C. Callens
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Harry B. Hicks
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Charmaine Y. X. Poh
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | | | - Alistair M. Boyd
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Zhong Hui Lim
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Jamie A. Leitch
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
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11
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Tong X, Luo SS, Shen H, Zhang S, Cao T, Luo YP, Huang LL, Ma XT, Liu XW. Nickel-catalyzed defluorinative alkylation of C(sp 2)–F bonds. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00549a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A nickel-catalyzed defluorinative alkylation of unactivated C(sp2)–F electrophiles using commercially available trialkylaluminum reagents, thus forming the C(sp2)–C(sp3) bonds is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Tong
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs
- School of Life Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
- China
| | - Si-Si Luo
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs
- School of Life Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
- China
| | - Hua Shen
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs
- School of Life Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
- China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs
- School of Life Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
- China
| | - Tian Cao
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs
- School of Life Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
- China
| | - Yi-Peng Luo
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs
- School of Life Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
- China
| | - Long-Ling Huang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs
- School of Life Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
- China
| | - Xi-Tao Ma
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Chengdu 610072
- China
| | - Xiang-Wei Liu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs
- School of Life Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
- China
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12
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Ni S, Hribersek M, Baddigam SK, Ingner FJL, Orthaber A, Gates PJ, Pilarski LT. Mechanochemical Solvent‐Free Catalytic C−H Methylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengjun Ni
- Department of Chemistry—BMC Uppsala University Box 576 75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Matic Hribersek
- Department of Chemistry—BMC Uppsala University Box 576 75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Swarna K. Baddigam
- Department of Chemistry—BMC Uppsala University Box 576 75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratories Uppsala University Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Paul J. Gates
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close, Clifton Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Lukasz T. Pilarski
- Department of Chemistry—BMC Uppsala University Box 576 75123 Uppsala Sweden
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13
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C-Methylation of Organic Substrates: A Comprehensive Overview. Part II—Methyl Metals as Methylating Agents. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-020-00172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Wang M, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Shi Z. Bioinspired design of a robust d 3-methylating agent. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba0946. [PMID: 32426486 PMCID: PMC7209982 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba0946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Methods to incorporate deuterium atoms into organic molecules are valuable for the pharmaceutical industry. The introduction of deuterium atoms by a synthetic method enables the direct tracing of the drug molecule without substantially altering its structure or function. The methyl group is one of the most commonly occurring carbon fragments in biologically active molecules. Here, a biomimetic design reagent, 5-(methyl-d 3)-5H-dibenzo[b,d]thiophen-5-ium trifluoromethane sulfonate (DMTT), as an analog of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), has been developed for the selective d 3-methylation of complex molecules bearing several possible reactive sites with excellent selectivity and high-level deuterium incorporation. A series of d 3-methylated organic molecules and deuterated pharmaceuticals were synthesized under the mild system with excellent functional group compatibility.
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15
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Pennington LD, Aquila BM, Choi Y, Valiulin RA, Muegge I. Positional Analogue Scanning: An Effective Strategy for Multiparameter Optimization in Drug Design. J Med Chem 2020; 63:8956-8976. [PMID: 32330036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Minimizing the number and duration of design cycles needed to optimize hit or lead compounds into high-quality chemical probes or drug candidates is an ongoing challenge in biomedical research. Small structure modifications to hit or lead compounds can have meaningful impacts on pharmacological profiles due to significant effects on molecular and physicochemical properties and intra- and intermolecular interactions. Rapid pharmacological profiling of an efficiently prepared series of positional analogues stemming from the systematic exchange of methine groups with heteroatoms or other substituents in aromatic or heteroaromatic ring-containing hit or lead compounds is one approach toward minimizing design cycles (e.g., exchange of aromatic or heteroaromatic CH groups with N atoms or CF, CMe, or COH groups). In this Perspective, positional analogue scanning is shown to be an effective strategy for multiparameter optimization in drug design, whereby substantial improvements in a variety of pharmacological parameters can be achieved.
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16
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Magre M, Szewczyk M, Rueping M. N-Methylation and Trideuteromethylation of Amines via Magnesium-Catalyzed Reduction of Cyclic and Linear Carbamates. Org Lett 2020; 22:3209-3214. [PMID: 32216366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new reduction of carbamates to N-methyl amines is presented. The magnesium-catalyzed reduction reaction allows the conversion of cyclic and linear carbamates, including N-Boc protected amines, into the corresponding N-methyl amines and amino alcohols which are of significant interest due to their presence in many biologically active molecules. Furthermore, the reduction can be extended to the formation of N-trideuteromethyl labeled amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Magre
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcin Szewczyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Magnus Rueping
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Jin S, Yao H, Lin S, You X, Yang Y, Yan Z. Peroxide-mediated site-specific C–H methylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones under metal-free conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:205-210. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02328c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An effective approach to realize the direct methylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with peroxides under metal-free conditions is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhou Jin
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- P. R. China
| | - Hua Yao
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- P. R. China
| | - Sen Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing You
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- P. R. China
| | - Yao Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- P. R. China
| | - Zhaohua Yan
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- P. R. China
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18
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Ye R, Cao Y, Xi X, Liu L, Chen T. Metal- and radical-free aerobic oxidation of heteroaromatic methanes: an efficient synthesis of heteroaromatic aldehydes. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:4220-4224. [PMID: 30946414 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00490d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A metal-free and radical-free synthesis of heteroaromatic aldehydes was developed through aerobic oxidation of methyl groups in an I2/DMSO/O2 catalytic system. Under the reaction conditions, various functional groups such as methoxy, aldehyde, ester, nitro, amide, and halo (F, Cl, Br) groups were well tolerated. The bioactive compounds like chlorchinaldin derivative and papaverine were also oxidized to the corresponding aldehydes and ketones. This reaction provided an efficient method for preparing the valuable heteroaromatic aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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Mi X, Kong Y, Zhang J, Pi C, Cui X. Visible-light-promoted sulfonylmethylation of imidazopyridines. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Liao C, Seebeck FP. S-adenosylhomocysteine as a methyl transfer catalyst in biocatalytic methylation reactions. Nat Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-019-0300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Zhang X, McNally A. Cobalt-Catalyzed Alkylation of Drug-Like Molecules and Pharmaceuticals Using Heterocyclic Phosphonium Salts. ACS Catal 2019; 9:4862-4866. [PMID: 31656687 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alkylated pyridines are common in pharmaceuticals, and metal catalysis is frequently used to prepare this motif via Csp2-Csp3 coupling processes. We present a cobalt-catalyzed coupling reaction between pyridine phosphonium salts and alkylzinc reagents that can be applied to complex drug-like fragments and for late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals. The reaction generally proceeds at room temperature, and 4-position pyridine C-H bonds are the precursors in this strategy. Given the challenges in selectively installing (pseudo)halides in complex pyridines, this two-step process enables sets of molecules to be alkylated that would be challenging using traditional cross-coupling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Andrew McNally
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Haydl AM, Hartwig JF. Palladium-Catalyzed Methylation of Aryl, Heteroaryl, and Vinyl Boronate Esters. Org Lett 2019; 21:1337-1341. [PMID: 30763109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A method for the direct methylation of aryl, heteroaryl, and vinyl boronate esters is reported, involving the reaction of iodomethane with aryl-, heteroaryl-, and vinylboronate esters catalyzed by palladium and PtBu2Me. This transformation occurs with a remarkably broad scope and is suitable for late-stage derivatization of biologically active compounds via the boronate esters. The unique capabilities of this method are demonstrated by combining carbon-boron bond-forming reactions with palladium-catalyzed methylation in a tandem transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Haydl
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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Yang H, Wang F, Jiang X, Zhou Y, Xu X, Tang P. Silver-Promoted Oxidative Benzylic C-H Trifluoromethoxylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13266-13270. [PMID: 30085396 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A silver-promoted oxidative benzylic C-H trifluoromethoxylation has been reported for the first time. With trifluoromethyl arylsulfonate as the trifluoromethoxylation reagent, various arenes, having diverse functional groups, undergo trifluoromethoxylation of their benzylic C-H bonds to form trifluoromethyl ethers under mild reaction conditions. In addition, the trifluoromethoxylation and the fluorination of methyl groups of electron-rich arenes have been achieved to prepare α-fluorobenzyl trifluoromethyl ethers in one step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Yang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaohuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiufang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Pingping Tang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300071, China
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Yang H, Wang F, Jiang X, Zhou Y, Xu X, Tang P. Silver‐Promoted Oxidative Benzylic C−H Trifluoromethoxylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Yang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xiaohuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xiufang Xu
- Department of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Pingping Tang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300071 China
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