1
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Luo Y, Huang W. Base-mediated carboxylation of C-nucleophiles with CO 2. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8628-8641. [PMID: 37860946 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01367g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an available, abundant, and renewable C1 resource, which could be converted into value-added chemicals. Due to its inherent thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness, it is difficult to realize its efficient utilization. Nevertheless, many elegant strategies for the utilization of CO2 have been developed using Lewis bases, frustrated Lewis pairs, hydroxyl-containing compounds, amino-group-containing compounds or transition metal catalysis. Among them, base-mediated carboxylation of C-nucleophiles is an environmentally friendly strategy for CO2 conversion, which is operationally simple, using low-toxicity bases and economical available promoters, without the use of complex ligands or cocatalysts. This review summarizes related work on the base-mediated carboxylation of C-nucleophiles with CO2, based on the effects of nucleophiles, promoters, additives, and solvents. The types of pronucleophile are categorized as follows: hydrocarbon with C(sp3)-H, C(sp2)-H or C(sp)-H bonds, organosilanes, organotin, organoboron, and N-tosylhydrazones. Typical mechanisms and applications of these carboxylation reactions are also depicted. Moreover, mechanistic comprehension of CO2 activation and conversion at a molecular level aims to further expand the repertoire of carboxylation transformations mediated by bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu 741001, China.
| | - Wenbin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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2
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Ju Y, Zhang H, Jiang Y, Wang W, Kan G, Yu K, Wang X, Liu J, Jiang J. Aqueous microdroplets promote C-C bond formation and sequences in the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1892-1902. [PMID: 37679455 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle (rTCA) is a central anabolic network that uses carbon dioxide (CO2) and may have provided complex carbon substrates for life before the advent of RNA or enzymes. However, non-enzymatic promotion of the rTCA cycle, in particular carbon fixation, remains challenging, even with primordial metal catalysis. Here, we report that the fixation of CO2 by reductive carboxylation of succinate and α-ketoglutarate was achieved in aqueous microdroplets under ambient conditions without the use of catalysts. Under identical conditions, the aqueous microdroplets also facilitated the sequences in the rTCA cycle, including reduction, hydration, dehydration and retro-aldol cleavage and linked with the glyoxylate cycle. These reactions of the rTCA cycle were compatible with the aqueous microdroplets, as demonstrated with two-reaction and four-reaction sequences. A higher selectivity giving higher product yields was also observed. Our results suggest that the microdroplets provide an energetically favourable microenvironment and facilitate a non-enzymatic version of the rTCA cycle in prebiotic carbon anabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ju
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, PR China.
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Yanxiao Jiang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
| | - Wenxin Wang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
| | - Guangfeng Kan
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, PR China
| | - Kai Yu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, PR China
| | - Jilin Liu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, PR China.
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China.
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3
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Wang S, Feng T, Wang Y, Qiu Y. Recent Advances in Electrocarboxylation with CO2. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200543. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Wang
- China University of Mining and Technology School of Chemical Engineering & Technology CHINA
| | - Tian Feng
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yanwei Wang
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Youai Qiu
- Nankai University College of Chemistry 94 Weijin Road 300071 Tianjin CHINA
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4
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Zhai G, Liu Q, Ji J, Wu Y, Geng J, Hu X. Recyclable polymerized Lewis acid poly-BPh(C6F5)2 catalyzed selective N-formylation and N-methylation of amines with carbon dioxide and phenylsilanes. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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5
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Cauwenbergh R, Goyal V, Maiti R, Natte K, Das S. Challenges and recent advancements in the transformation of CO 2 into carboxylic acids: straightforward assembly with homogeneous 3d metals. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9371-9423. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00921d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transformation of carbon dioxide (CO2) into valuable organic carboxylic acids is essential for maintaining sustainability. In this review, such CO2 thermo-, photo- and electrochemical transformations under 3d-transition metal catalysis are described from 2017 until 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Cauwenbergh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Vishakha Goyal
- Chemical and Material Sciences Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun-248005, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Joggers Road, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Rakesh Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Kishore Natte
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502 285, Telangana, India
| | - Shoubhik Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
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6
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Franceschi P, Nicoletti C, Bonetto R, Bonchio M, Natali M, Dell'Amico L, Sartorel A. Basicity as a Thermodynamic Descriptor of Carbanions Reactivity with Carbon Dioxide: Application to the Carboxylation of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones. Front Chem 2021; 9:783993. [PMID: 34900942 PMCID: PMC8652261 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.783993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of carbon dioxide as a raw material represents nowadays an appealing strategy in the renewable energy, organic synthesis, and green chemistry fields. Besides reduction strategies, carbon dioxide can be exploited as a single-carbon-atom building block through its fixation into organic scaffolds with the formation of new C-C bonds (carboxylation processes). In this case, activation of the organic substrate is commonly required, upon formation of a carbanion C-, being sufficiently reactive toward the addition of CO2. However, the prediction of the reactivity of C- with CO2 is often problematic with the process being possibly associated with unfavorable thermodynamics. In this contribution, we present a thermodynamic analysis combined with density functional theory calculations on 50 organic molecules enabling the achievement of a linear correlation of the standard free energy (ΔG0) of the carboxylation reaction with the basicity of the carbanion C-, expressed as the pKa of the CH/C- couple. The analysis identifies a threshold pKa of ca 36 (in CH3CN) for the CH/C- couple, above which the ΔG0 of the carboxylation reaction is negative and indicative of a favorable process. We then apply the model to a real case involving electrochemical carboxylation of flavone and chalcone as model compounds of α,β-unsaturated ketones. Carboxylation occurs in the β-position from the doubly reduced dianion intermediates of flavone and chalcone (calculated ΔG0 of carboxylation in β = -12.8 and -20.0 Kcalmol-1 for flavone and chalcone, respectively, associated with pKa values for the conjugate acids of 50.6 and 51.8, respectively). Conversely, the one-electron reduced radical anions are not reactive toward carboxylation (ΔG0 > +20 Kcalmol-1 for both substrates, in either α or β position, consistent with pKa of the conjugate acids < 18.5). For all the possible intermediates, the plot of calculated ΔG0 of carboxylation vs. pKa is consistent with the linear correlation model developed. The application of the ΔG0 vs. pKa correlation is finally discussed for alternative reaction mechanisms and for carboxylation of other C=C and C=O double bonds. These results offer a new mechanistic tool for the interpretation of the reactivity of CO2 with organic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Franceschi
- Nano and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Catia Nicoletti
- Nano and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ruggero Bonetto
- Nano and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Nano and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mirco Natali
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DOCPAS), University of Ferrara, and Centro Interuniversitario per La Conversione Chimica Dell'Energia Solare (SOLARCHEM), Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Nano and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- Nano and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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7
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Xu Z, Liu D, Yu H, Ahlquist MS, Fu Y. Mechanistic study on the photo carboxylation of benzylic C-H bonds by xanthone and Ni(0) catalysts. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Zhang L, Oestreich M. Nickel-Catalyzed, Reductive C(sp 3 )-Si Cross-Coupling of α-Cyano Alkyl Electrophiles and Chlorosilanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18587-18590. [PMID: 34213049 PMCID: PMC8456968 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A nickel/zinc-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling of alkyl electrophiles activated by an α-cyano group and chlorosilanes is reported. Elemental zinc is the stoichiometric reductant in this reductive coupling process. By this, a C(sp3 )-Si bond can be formed starting from two electrophilic reactants whereas previous methods rely on the combination of carbon nucleophiles and silicon electrophiles or vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Zhang
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 11510623BerlinGermany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 11510623BerlinGermany
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9
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Visible-light photoredox-catalyzed umpolung carboxylation of carbonyl compounds with CO 2. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3306. [PMID: 34083530 PMCID: PMC8175691 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoredox-mediated umpolung strategy provides an alternative pattern for functionalization of carbonyl compounds. However, general approaches towards carboxylation of carbonyl compounds with CO2 remain scarce. Herein, we report a strategy for visible-light photoredox-catalyzed umpolung carboxylation of diverse carbonyl compounds with CO2 by using Lewis acidic chlorosilanes as activating/protecting groups. This strategy is general and practical to generate valuable α-hydroxycarboxylic acids. It works well for challenging alkyl aryl ketones and aryl aldehydes, as well as for α-ketoamides and α-ketoesters, the latter two of which have never been successfully applied in umpolung carboxylations with CO2 (to the best of our knowledge). This reaction features high selectivity, broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, mild reaction conditions and facile derivations of products to bioactive compounds, including oxypheonium, mepenzolate bromide, benactyzine, and tiotropium. Moreover, the formation of carbon radicals and carbanions as well as the key role of chlorosilanes are supported by control experiments. Compounds bearing a carbonyl group, such as aldehydes and ketones, are important industrial chemicals and widespread in pharmaceuticals and natural products. Here, the authors report a strategy for visible-light photoredox-catalyzed umpolung carboxylation of diverse carbonyl compounds with CO2, to generate valuable α-hydroxycarboxylic acids.
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10
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Juhl M, Petersen AR, Lee JW. CO 2 -Enabled Cyanohydrin Synthesis and Facile Iterative Homologation Reactions*. Chemistry 2021; 27:228-232. [PMID: 32812672 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Thermodynamic and kinetic control of a chemical process is the key to access desired products and states. Changes are made when a desired product is not accessible; one may manipulate the reaction with additional reagents, catalysts and/or protecting groups. Here we report the use of carbon dioxide to accelerate cyanohydrin synthesis under neutral conditions with an insoluble cyanide source (KCN) without generating toxic HCN. Under inert atmosphere, the reaction is essentially not operative due to the unfavored equilibrium. The utility of CO2 -mediated selective cyanohydrin synthesis was further showcased by broadening Kiliani-Fischer synthesis under neutral conditions. This protocol offers an easy access to a variety of polyols, cyanohydrins, linear alkylnitriles, by simply starting from alkyl- and arylaldehydes, KCN and an atmospheric pressure of CO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Juhl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan R Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ji-Woong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Liu J, Kragh RR, Kamounah FS, Lee JW. Extended Pummerer fragmentation mediated by carbon dioxide and cyanide. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Masada K, Kusumoto S, Nozaki K. Reductive Coupling of Carbon Dioxide and an Aldehyde Mediated by a Copper(I) Complex toward the Synthesis of α-Hydroxycarboxylic Acids. Org Lett 2020; 22:4922-4926. [PMID: 32282211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Copper-mediated reductive coupling between CO2 and an aldehyde to form α-hydroxycarboxylic acid was achieved using silylborane as a reductant. CO2 cleanly inserted into a copper-carbon bond that was formed by the reaction between a silylcopper-NHC complex and an aldehyde. A series of reactions that regenerate the silylcopper complex were developed for the synthesis of an α-hydroxycarboxylic acid. After repeating each step iteratively for two cycles, 0.62 equiv of α-hydroxycarboxylic acid based on the copper complex was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Masada
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shuhei Kusumoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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13
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Valera Lauridsen JM, Cho SY, Bae HY, Lee JW. CO 2 (De)Activation in Carboxylation Reactions: A Case Study Using Grignard Reagents and Nucleophilic Bases. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung Yeon Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16410, Korea
| | - Han Yong Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16410, Korea
| | - Ji-Woong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
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Zhang L, Oestreich M. Copper-Catalyzed Enantio- and Diastereoselective Addition of Silicon Nucleophiles to 3,3-Disubstituted Cyclopropenes. Chemistry 2019; 25:14304-14307. [PMID: 31531992 PMCID: PMC6899982 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A highly stereocontrolled syn-addition of silicon nucleophiles across cyclopropenes with two different geminal substituents at C3 is reported. Diastereomeric ratios are excellent throughout (d.r.≥98:2) and enantiomeric excesses usually higher than 90 %, even reaching 99 %. This copper-catalyzed C-Si bond formation closes the gap of the direct synthesis of α-chiral cyclopropylsilanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Zhang
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 11510623BerlinGermany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 11510623BerlinGermany
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15
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Meng QY, Schirmer TE, Berger AL, Donabauer K, König B. Photocarboxylation of Benzylic C-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11393-11397. [PMID: 31280561 PMCID: PMC6686948 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The carboxylation of sp3-hybridized C–H bonds
with CO2 is a challenging transformation. Herein, we report
a visible-light-mediated carboxylation of benzylic C–H bonds
with CO2 into 2-arylpropionic acids under metal-free conditions.
Photo-oxidized triisopropylsilanethiol was used as the hydrogen atom
transfer catalyst to afford a benzylic radical that accepts an electron
from the reduced form of 2,3,4,6-tetra(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-5-(1-phenylethyl)benzonitrile
generated in situ. The resulting benzylic carbanion
reacts with CO2 to generate the corresponding carboxylic
acid after protonation. The reaction proceeded without the addition
of any sacrificial electron donor, electron acceptor or stoichiometric
additives. Moderate to good yields of the desired products were obtained
in a broad substrate scope. Several drugs were successfully synthesized
using the novel strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yuan Meng
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , D-93040 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Tobias E Schirmer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , D-93040 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Anna Lucia Berger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , D-93040 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Karsten Donabauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , D-93040 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , D-93040 Regensburg , Germany
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16
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Yang Y, Lee JW. Toward ideal carbon dioxide functionalization. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3905-3926. [PMID: 31015931 PMCID: PMC6457084 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05539d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This Perspective recapitulates recent developments of carbon dioxide utilization in carbon-carbon bond formation reactions, with an intention of paving a way toward sustainable CO2-functionalization and its tangible applications in synthetic chemistry. CO2 functionalization reactions possess intrinsic drawbacks: the high kinetic inertness and thermodynamic stability of CO2. Numerous procedures for CO2 utilization depend on energy-intensive processes (i.e. high pressure and/or temperature), often solely relying on reactive substrates, hampering its general applications. Recent efforts thus have been dedicated to catalytic CO2-utilization under ambient reaction conditions, however, it is still limited to a few activation modes and the use of reactive substrates. Herein, ideal CO2-functionalization with particular emphasis on sustainability will be discussed based on the following sub-categories; (1) metal-catalyzed 'reductive' carboxylation reaction of halides, olefins and allyl alcohols, (2) photochemical CO2-utilization, (3) redox-neutral CO2-functionalization, and (4) enantioselective catalysis incorporating CO2 to form C-CO2 bonds (excluding strain mediated reactions with epoxide- and aziridine-based substrates). Recent progress in these fields will be discussed with the proposed reaction mechanisms and selected examples, highlighting redox-neutral, umpolung, and asymmetric carboxylation to postulate ideal CO2 functionalization reactions to be developed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , Copenhagen Ø , 2100 , Denmark .
| | - Ji-Woong Lee
- Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , Copenhagen Ø , 2100 , Denmark .
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17
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Hong J, Li M, Zhang J, Sun B, Mo F. C-H Bond Carboxylation with Carbon Dioxide. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:6-39. [PMID: 30381905 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide is a nontoxic, renewable, and abundant C1 source, whereas C-H bond functionalization represents one of the most important approaches to the construction of carbon-carbon bonds and carbon-heteroatom bonds in an atom- and step-economical manner. Combining the chemical transformation of CO2 with C-H bond functionalization is of great importance in the synthesis of carboxylic acids and their derivatives. The contents of this Review are organized according to the type of C-H bond involved in carboxylation. The primary types of C-H bonds are as follows: C(sp)-H bonds of terminal alkynes, C(sp2 )-H bonds of (hetero)arenes, vinylic C(sp2 )-H bonds, the ipso-C(sp2 )-H bonds of the diazo group, aldehyde C(sp2 )-H bonds, α-C(sp3 )-H bonds of the carbonyl group, γ-C(sp3 )-H bonds of the carbonyl group, C(sp3 )-H bonds adjacent to nitrogen atoms, C(sp3 )-H bonds of o-alkyl phenyl ketones, allylic C(sp3 )-H bonds, C(sp3 )-H bonds of methane, and C(sp3 )-H bonds of halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons. In addition, multicomponent reactions, tandem reactions, and key theoretical studies related to the carboxylation of C-H bonds are briefly summarized. Transition-metal-free, organocatalytic, electrochemical, and light-driven methods are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Hong
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No.5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No.5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No.5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Beiqi Sun
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No.5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Fanyang Mo
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No.5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, PR China
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18
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Zheng ZJ, Jiang C, Shao PC, Liu WF, Zhao TT, Xu PF, Wei H. Controlled Ni-catalyzed mono- and double-decarbonylations of α-ketothioesters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:1907-1910. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09352k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A method for Ni-catalyzed controlled decarbonylation of α-ketothioesters via changing the ligand was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Jing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of Education
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Northwest University)
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi’an 710127
| | - Peng-Cheng Shao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of Education
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Northwest University)
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi’an 710127
| | - Wen-Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of Education
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Northwest University)
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi’an 710127
| | - Tian-Tian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of Education
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Northwest University)
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi’an 710127
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Hao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of Education
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Northwest University)
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi’an 710127
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