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Fan J, Wei PL, Yin WB. Formation of Bridged Disulfide in Epidithiodioxopiperazines. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300770. [PMID: 38116907 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Epidithiodioxopiperazine (ETP) alkaloids, featuring a 2,5-diketopiperazine core and transannular disulfide bridge, exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities. However, the structural complexity has prevented efficient chemical synthesis and further clinical research. In the past few decades, many achievements have been made in the biosynthesis of ETPs. Here, we discuss the biosynthetic progress and summarize them as two comprehensible metabolic principles for better understanding the complex pathways of α, α'- and α, β'-disulfide bridged ETPs. Specifically, we systematically outline the catalytic machineries to install α, α'- and α, β'-disulfide by flavin-containing oxygenases. This concept would contribute to the medical and industrial applications of ETPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Lin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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2
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Yang J, Zhou Z, Chen Y, Song Y, Ju J. Characterization of the depsidone gene cluster reveals etherification, decarboxylation and multiple halogenations as tailoring steps in depsidone assembly. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3919-3929. [PMID: 37719379 PMCID: PMC10501868 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Depsides and depsidones have attracted attention for biosynthetic studies due to their broad biological activities and structural diversity. Previous structure‒activity relationships indicated that triple halogenated depsidones display the best anti-pathogenic activity. However, the gene cluster and the tailoring steps responsible for halogenated depsidone nornidulin (3) remain enigmatic. In this study, we disclosed the complete biosynthetic pathway of the halogenated depsidone through in vivo gene disruption, heterologous expression and in vitro biochemical experiments. We demonstrated an unusual depside skeleton biosynthesis process mediated by both highly-reducing polyketide synthase and non-reducing polyketide synthase, which is distinct from the common depside skeleton biosynthesis. This skeleton was subsequently modified by two in-cluster enzymes DepG and DepF for the ether bond formation and decarboxylation, respectively. In addition, the decarboxylase DepF exhibited substrate promiscuity for different scaffold substrates. Finally, and interestingly, we discovered a halogenase encoded remotely from the biosynthetic gene cluster, which catalyzes triple-halogenation to produce the active end product nornidulin (3). These discoveries provide new insights for further understanding the biosynthesis of depsidones and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 110039, China
| | - Zhenbin Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 110039, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yongxiang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 110039, China
| | - Jianhua Ju
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 110039, China
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3
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Shende VV, Harris NR, Sanders JN, Newmister SA, Khatri Y, Movassaghi M, Houk KN, Sherman DH. Molecular Dynamics Simulations Guide Chimeragenesis and Engineered Control of Chemoselectivity in Diketopiperazine Dimerases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202210254. [PMID: 36610039 PMCID: PMC10159983 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the biosynthesis of the tryptophan-linked dimeric diketopiperazines (DKPs), cytochromes P450 selectively couple DKP monomers to generate a variety of intricate and isomeric frameworks. To determine the molecular basis for selectivity of these biocatalysts we obtained a high-resolution crystal structure of selective Csp2 -N bond forming dimerase, AspB. Overlay of the AspB structure onto C-C and C-N bond forming homolog NzeB revealed no significant structural variance to explain their divergent chemoselectivities. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations identified a region of NzeB with increased conformational flexibility relative to AspB, and interchange of this region along with a single active site mutation led to a variant that catalyzes exclusive C-N bond formation. MD simulations also suggest that intermolecular C-C or C-N bond formation results from a change in mechanism, supported experimentally through use of a substrate mimic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram V Shende
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MÌ 48109, USA
| | - Natalia R Harris
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MÌ 48109, USA
| | - Jacob N Sanders
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sean A Newmister
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MÌ 48109, USA
| | - Yogan Khatri
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MÌ 48109, USA
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MÌ 48109, USA
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4
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Huber EM. Epipolythiodioxopiperazine-Based Natural Products: Building Blocks, Biosynthesis and Biological Activities. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200341. [PMID: 35997236 PMCID: PMC10086836 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Epipolythiodioxopiperazines (ETPs) are fungal secondary metabolites that share a 2,5-diketopiperazine scaffold built from two amino acids and bridged by a sulfide moiety. Modifications of the core and the amino acid side chains, for example by methylations, acetylations, hydroxylations, prenylations, halogenations, cyclizations, and truncations create the structural diversity of ETPs and contribute to their biological activity. However, the key feature responsible for the bioactivities of ETPs is their sulfide moiety. Over the last years, combinations of genome mining, reverse genetics, metabolomics, biochemistry, and structural biology deciphered principles of ETP production. Sulfurization via glutathione and uncovering of the thiols followed by either oxidation or methylation crystallized as fundamental steps that impact expression of the biosynthesis cluster, toxicity and secretion of the metabolite as well as self-tolerance of the producer. This article showcases structure and activity of prototype ETPs such as gliotoxin and discusses the current knowledge on the biosynthesis routes of these exceptional natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Huber
- Chair of Biochemistry, Center for Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
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5
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Liu H, Fan J, Zhang P, Hu Y, Liu X, Li SM, Yin WB. New insights into the disulfide bond formation enzymes in epidithiodiketopiperazine alkaloids. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4132-4138. [PMID: 34163685 PMCID: PMC8179532 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06647h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidithiodiketopiperazines (ETPs) are a group of bioactive fungal natural products and structurally feature unique transannular disulfide bridges between α, α or α, β carbons. However, no enzyme has yet been demonstrated to catalyse α, β-disulfide bond formation in these molecules. Through genome mining and gene deletion approaches in Trichoderma hypoxylon, we identified a putative biosynthetic gene cluster of pretrichodermamide A (1), which requires a FAD-dependent oxidoreductase, TdaR, for the irregular α, β-disulfide formation in 1 biosynthesis. In vitro assays of TdaR, together with AclT involved in aspirochlorine and GliT involved in gliotoxin biosynthesis, proved that all three enzymes catalyse not only the conversion of red-pretrichodermamide A (4) to α, β-disulfide-containing 1 but also that of red-gliotoxin (5) to α, α-disulfide-containing gliotoxin (6). These results provide new insights into the thiol-disulfide oxidases responsible for the disulfide bond formation in natural products with significant substrate and catalytic promiscuities. A FAD-dependent oxidoreductase TdaR was responsible for α, β-disulfide formation in the biosynthesis of pretrichodermamide A. TdaR, together with its homologs AclT and GliT, catalysed not only α, α- but also α, β-disulfide formation in fungi.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
| | - Jie Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
| | - Youcai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 P. R. China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Robert-Koch-Straße 4 Marburg 35037 Germany
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China .,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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6
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Zhang X, Guo J, Cheng F, Li S. Cytochrome P450 enzymes in fungal natural product biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1072-1099. [PMID: 33710221 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00004g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2015 to the end of 2020 Fungal-derived polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, terpenoids and their hybrids contribute significantly to the chemical space of total natural products. Cytochrome P450 enzymes play essential roles in fungal natural product biosynthesis with their broad substrate scope, great catalytic versatility and high frequency of involvement. Due to the membrane-bound nature, the functional and mechanistic understandings for fungal P450s have been limited for quite a long time. However, recent technical advances, such as the efficient and precise genome editing techniques and the development of several filamentous fungal strains as heterologous P450 expression hosts, have led to remarkable achievements in fungal P450 studies. Here, we provide a comprehensive review to cover the most recent progresses from 2015 to 2020 on catalytic functions and mechanisms, research methodologies and remaining challenges in the fast-growing field of fungal natural product biosynthetic P450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China. and Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Jiawei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Fangyuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China. and Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
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7
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Tsunematsu Y, Maeda N, Sato M, Hara K, Hashimoto H, Watanabe K, Hertweck C. Specialized Flavoprotein Promotes Sulfur Migration and Spiroaminal Formation in Aspirochlorine Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 143:206-213. [PMID: 33351612 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epidithiodiketopiperazines (ETPs) are a class of ecologically and medicinally important cyclodipeptides bearing a reactive transannular disulfide bridge. Aspirochlorine, an antifungal and toxic ETP isolated from Aspergillus oryzae used in sake brewing, deviates from the common ETP scaffold owing to its unusual ring-enlarged disulfide bridge linked to a spiroaminal ring system. Although this disulfide ring system is implicated in the biological activity of ETPs the biochemical basis for this derailment has remained a mystery. Here we report the discovery of a novel oxidoreductase (AclR) that represents the first-in-class enzyme catalyzing both a carbon-sulfur bond migration and spiro-ring formation, and that the acl pathway involves a cryptic acetylation as a prerequisite for the rearrangement. Genetic screening in A. oryzae identified aclR as the candidate for the complex biotransformation, and the aclR-deficient mutant provided the biosynthetic intermediate, unexpectedly harboring an acetyl group. In vitro assays showed that AclR alone promotes 1,2-sulfamyl migration, elimination of the acetoxy group, and spiroaminal formation. AclR features a thioredoxin oxidoreductase fold with a noncanonical CXXH motif that is distinct from the CXXC in the disulfide forming oxidase for the ETP biosynthesis. Crystallographic and mutational analyses of AclR revealed that the CXXH motif is crucial for catalysis, whereas the flavin-adenine dinucleotide is required as a support of the protein fold, and not as a redox cofactor. AclR proved to be a suitable bioinformatics handle to discover a number of related fungal gene clusters that potentially code for the biosynthesis of derailed ETP compounds. Our results highlight a specialized role of the thioredoxin oxidoreductase family enzyme in the ETP pathway and expand the chemical diversity of small molecules bearing an aberrant disulfide pharmacophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tsunematsu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.,Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Naoya Maeda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Michio Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kodai Hara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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8
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Genomics-directed activation of cryptic natural product pathways deciphers codes for biosynthesis and molecular function. J Nat Med 2020; 75:261-274. [PMID: 33274411 PMCID: PMC7902601 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-020-01466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural products, which can be isolated from living organisms worldwide, have played a pivotal role in drug discovery since ancient times. However, it has become more challenging to identify a structurally novel molecule with promising biological activity for pharmaceutical development, mainly due to the limited methodologies for their acquisition. In this review, we summarize our recent studies that activate the biosynthetic potential of filamentous fungi by genetic engineering to harness the metabolic flow for the efficient production of unprecedented natural products. The recent revolution in genome sequencing technology enables the accumulation of vast amounts of information on biosynthetic genes, the blueprint of the molecular construction. Utilizing the established heterologous expression system, activation of the pathway-specific transcription factor coupled with a knockout strategy, and manipulating the global regulatory gene, the biosynthetic genes were exploited to activate biosynthetic pathways and decipher the encoded enzyme functions. We show that this methodology was beneficial for acquiring fungal treasures for drug discovery. These studies also enabled the investigation of the molecular function of natural products in fungal development.
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9
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Zhu M, Zhang X, Huang X, Wang H, Anjum K, Gu Q, Zhu T, Zhang G, Li D. Irregularly Bridged Epipolythiodioxopiperazines and Related Analogues: Sources, Structures, and Biological Activities. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:2045-2053. [PMID: 32543845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Epipolythiodioxopiperazines (ETPs) are a class of biologically active fungal secondary metabolites characterized by a bridged polysulfide piperazine ring. Regularly, the sulfide functionality is attached in the α-positions of the dioxopiperazine scaffold. However, ETPs possessing irregular sulfur bridges have rarely been explored. This review summarizes that 83 compounds of this subtype have been isolated and characterized since the discovery of gliovirin in 1982. Herein, particular emphasis is given to the isolation, chemistry, and biological activity of this subtype. For a better understanding, a relevant summary focusing on the source microorganisms and their taxonomy is provided and will help elucidate the fascinating chemistry and biology of these unusual ETPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Road, Bengbu 233030, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuewen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Road, Bengbu 233030, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuenan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Road, Bengbu 233030, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Haotian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Road, Bengbu 233030, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Komal Anjum
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqun Gu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianjiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojian Zhang
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Dehai Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
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10
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Liu S, Zhang T, Zhu L, Zhong K, Gong J, Yang Z, Bai R, Lan Y. Retro-metal-ene versus retro-Aldol: mechanistic insight into Rh-catalysed formal [3+2] cycloaddition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:13551-13554. [PMID: 30444245 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08335e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical calculations have been performed to investigate the mechanism and stereoselectivity of rhodium-catalysed intramolecular [3+2] cycloaddition for construction of a substituted hexahydropentalene complex. A new C-C bond cleavage mechanism, retro-Aldol-type, is proposed and verified for this Rh-catalysed [3+2] cycloaddition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Kangbao Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Jianxian Gong
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China. and State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and the Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China. and State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and the Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruopeng Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China. and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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