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Bürgin T, Ogawa T, Wenger OS. Better Covalent Connection in a Molecular Triad Enables More Efficient Photochemical Energy Storage. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:13597-13607. [PMID: 37562775 PMCID: PMC10445269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have explored the kinetics of light-induced charge separation and thermal charge recombination in donor-acceptor compounds, but quantum efficiencies have rarely been investigated. Here, we report on two essentially isomeric molecular triads, both comprising a π-extended tetrathiafulvalene (ExTTF) donor, a ruthenium(II)-based photosensitizer, and a naphthalene diimide (NDI) acceptor. The key difference between the two triads is how the NDI acceptor is connected. Linkage at the NDI core provides stronger electronic coupling to the other molecular components than connection via the nitrogen atoms of NDI. This change in molecular connectivity is expected to accelerate both energy-storing charge separation and energy-wasting charge recombination processes, but it is not a priori clear how this will affect the triad's ability to store photochemical energy; any gain resulting from faster charge separation could potentially be (over)compensated by losses through accelerated charge recombination. The new key insight emerging from our study is that the quantum yield for the formation of a long-lived charge-separated state increases by a factor of 5 when going from nitrogen- to core-connected NDI, providing the important proof of concept that better molecular connectivity indeed enables more efficient photochemical energy storage. The physical origin of this behavior seems to root in different orbital connectivity pathways for charge separation and charge recombination, as well as in differences in the relevant orbital interactions depending on NDI connection. Our work provides guidelines for how to discriminate between energy-storing and energy-wasting electron transfer reactions in order to improve the quantum yields for photochemical energy storage and solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias
H. Bürgin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Tomohiro Ogawa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel 4056, Switzerland
- Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, University
of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel 4056, Switzerland
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2
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Ye C, Cheng H, Wrede S, Diring S, Tian H, Odobel F, Hammarström L. Charge Recombination Deceleration by Lateral Transfer of Electrons in Dye-Sensitized NiO Photocathode. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11067-11073. [PMID: 37191461 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Control of charge separation and recombination is critical for dye-sensitized solar cells and photoelectrochemical cells, and for p-type cells, the latter process limits their photovoltaic performance. We speculated that the lateral electron hopping between dyes on a p-type semiconductor surface can effectively separate electrons and holes in space and retard recombination. Thus, device designs where lateral electron hopping is promoted can lead to enhanced cell performance. Herein, we present an indirect proof by involving a second dye to monitor the effect of electron hopping after hole injection into the semiconductor. In mesoporous NiO films sensitized with peryleneimide (PMI) or naphthalene diimide (NDI) dyes, dye excitation led to ultrafast hole injection into NiO from either excited PMI* (τ < 200 fs) or NDI* (τ = 1.2 ps). In cosensitized films, surface electron transfer from PMI- to NDI was rapid (τ = 24 ps). Interestingly, the subsequent charge recombination (ps-μs) with NiO holes was much slower when NDI- was generated by electron transfer from PMI- than when NDI was excited directly. We therefore indicate that the charge recombination is slowed down after the charge hopping from the original PMI sites to the NDI sites. The experimental results supported our hypothesis and revealed important information on the charge carrier kinetics for the dye-sensitized NiO photoelectrode system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ye
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE75120, Sweden
| | - Haoliang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE75120, Sweden
| | - Sina Wrede
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE75120, Sweden
| | - Stéphane Diring
- CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Haining Tian
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE75120, Sweden
| | - Fabrice Odobel
- CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE75120, Sweden
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3
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Yang XD, Zhou JH, Cui JW, Yang J, Jia HP, Sun JK, Zhang J. Long-Lived Multiple Charge Separation by Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215591. [PMID: 36691958 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Multiple charge separation has been successfully realized by a proton-coupled electron transfer reaction in an organic cocrystal. Benefiting from the adjustable electronic energy level of the electron donor and acceptor through thermal-induced proton migration, distinct optical absorption behaviors combined with color changes to blue or green are observed in these charge-separated states. It is of interest to note that such charge-separated states exhibit a longer lifetime of over a month as a result of the excellent coplanarity and π-π interaction of the electron acceptors. Moreover, the enhanced absorption toward longer wavelengths endows the charge-separated state with near-infrared (808 nm) photothermal conversion for imaging and bacterial inhibition, whereby the conversion performance can be controlled by the degree of proton migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Hao Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Wang Cui
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Peng Jia
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ke Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, P. R. China
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4
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Arcidiacono A, Robb AJ, Masitas RA, Salpage SR, McLeod GM, Chen J, Ogunsolu OO, Roper MG, Hanson K. Inhibited interlayer electron transfer in metal ion linked multilayers on mesoporous metal oxide films. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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5
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Muñoz-García AB, Benesperi I, Boschloo G, Concepcion JJ, Delcamp JH, Gibson EA, Meyer GJ, Pavone M, Pettersson H, Hagfeldt A, Freitag M. Dye-sensitized solar cells strike back. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12450-12550. [PMID: 34590638 PMCID: PMC8591630 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01336f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) are celebrating their 30th birthday and they are attracting a wealth of research efforts aimed at unleashing their full potential. In recent years, DSCs and dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) have experienced a renaissance as the best technology for several niche applications that take advantage of DSCs' unique combination of properties: at low cost, they are composed of non-toxic materials, are colorful, transparent, and very efficient in low light conditions. This review summarizes the advancements in the field over the last decade, encompassing all aspects of the DSC technology: theoretical studies, characterization techniques, materials, applications as solar cells and as drivers for the synthesis of solar fuels, and commercialization efforts from various companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Muñoz-García
- Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Iacopo Benesperi
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Gerrit Boschloo
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Javier J Concepcion
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Jared H Delcamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Gibson
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Michele Pavone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Anders Hagfeldt
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
- University Management and Management Council, Vice Chancellor, Uppsala University, Segerstedthuset, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marina Freitag
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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6
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Wang D, Xu Z, Sheridan MV, Concepcion JJ, Li F, Lian T, Meyer TJ. Photodriven water oxidation initiated by a surface bound chromophore-donor-catalyst assembly. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14441-14450. [PMID: 34880995 PMCID: PMC8580115 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03896f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In photosynthesis, solar energy is used to produce solar fuels in the form of new chemical bonds. A critical step to mimic photosystem II (PS II), a key protein in nature's photosynthesis, for artificial photosynthesis is designing devices for efficient light-driven water oxidation. Here, we describe a single molecular assembly electrode that duplicates the key components of PSII. It consists of a polypyridyl light absorber, chemically linked to an intermediate electron donor, with a molecular-based water oxidation catalyst on a SnO2/TiO2 core/shell electrode. The synthetic device mimics PSII in achieving sustained, light-driven water oxidation catalysis. It highlights the value of the tyrosine–histidine pair in PSII in achieving efficient water oxidation catalysis in artificial photosynthetic devices. We describe a single molecular assembly electrode that mimics PSII. Flash photolysis revealed the electron transfer steps between chromophore light absorption and the creation and storage of redox equivalents in the catalyst for water oxidation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Degao Wang
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials, Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo Zhejiang 315201 China .,Qianwan Institute of CNiTECH Zhongchuangyi Road, Hangzhou Bay District Ningbo Zhejiang 315336 China.,Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Zihao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Matthew V Sheridan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | | | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
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7
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Nhon L, Wilkins R, Reynolds JR, Tomlinson A. Guiding synthetic targets of anodically coloring electrochromes through density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:054110. [PMID: 33557540 DOI: 10.1063/5.0039511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochromic devices offer many technological applications, including flexible displays, dimmable mirrors, and energy-efficient windows. Additionally, adsorbing electrochromic molecular assemblies onto mesoporous metal-oxide surfaces facilitates commercial and manufacturing potential (i.e., screen-printing and/or roll-to-roll processing). These systems also demonstrate synthetic versatility, thus making a wide array of colors accessible. In this work, using Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT), we investigated ten different bi-aryl type molecules of 3,4-ethylendioxythiophene (EDOT) conjugated to various phenyl derivatives as potential anodically coloring electrochromes (ACEs). The non-substituted phenylene, hexylthiol-EDOT-phenyl-phosphonic acid, PA1, was synthesized and characterized as a means of model validity. PA1 absorbs in the UV region in its neutral state and upon oxidation absorbs within the visible, hence showcasing its potential as an ACE chromophore. The properties of PA1 inspired the designs of the other nine structural derivatives where the number and position of methoxy groups on the phenylene were varied. Using our DFT treatment, we assessed the impact of these modifications on the electronic structures, geometries, and excited-state properties. In particular, we examined stabilization intermolecular interactions (S-O and O-H) as they aid in molecule planarization, thus facilitating charge transport properties in devices. Additionally, destabilizing O-O forces were observed, thereby making some chromophores less desirable. A detailed excited state analysis was performed, which linked the simulated UV-Vis spectra to the dominant excited state transitions and their corresponding molecular orbitals. Based on these results, the nine chromophores were ranked ergo providing an ordered list of synthetic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Nhon
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Riley Wilkins
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, Georgia 30597, USA
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Aimée Tomlinson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, Georgia 30597, USA
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8
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Aramburu-Trošelj BM, Bangle RE, Meyer GJ. Solvent influence on non-adiabatic interfacial electron transfer at conductive oxide electrolyte interfaces. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:134702. [PMID: 33032431 DOI: 10.1063/5.0023766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinetics for interfacial electron transfer (ET) from a transparent conductive oxide (tin-doped indium oxide, ITO, Sn:In2O3) to molecular acceptors 4-[N,N-di(p-tolyl)amino]benzylphosphonic acid, TPA, and [RuII(bpy)2(4,4'-(PO3H2)2-bpy)]2+, RuP, positioned at variable distances within and beyond the electric double layer (EDL), were quantified in benzonitrile and methanol by nanosecond absorption spectroscopy as a function of the thermodynamic driving force, -ΔG°. Relevant ET parameters such as the rate constant, ket, reorganization energy, λ, and electronic coupling, Hab, were extracted from the kinetic data. Overall, ket increased as the distance between the molecular acceptor and the conductor decreased. For redox active molecules within the Helmholtz planes of the EDL, ket was nearly independent of -ΔG°, consistent with a negligibly small λ value. Rips-Jortner analysis revealed a non-adiabatic electron transfer mechanism consistent with Hab < 1 cm-1. The data indicate that the barrier for electron transfer is greatly diminished at the conductor-electrolyte interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M Aramburu-Trošelj
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
| | - Rachel E Bangle
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
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9
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Robb AJ, Miles D, Salpage SR, Watson N, He Q, Wu Q, Hanson K. Role of Metal Ion-Linked Multilayer Thickness and Substrate Porosity in Surface Loading, Diffusion, and Solar Energy Conversion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:38003-38011. [PMID: 32799530 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal ion-linked multilayers offer an easily prepared and modular architecture for controlling energy and electron transfer events on nanoparticle, metal oxide films. However, unlike with planar electrodes, the mesoporous nature of the films inherently limits both the thickness of the multilayer and subsequent diffusion through the pores. Here, we systematically investigated the role of TiO2 nanoparticle film porosity and metal ion-linked multilayer thickness in surface loading, through-pore diffusion, and overall device performance. The TiO2 porosity was controlled by varying TiO2 sintering times. Molecular multilayer thickness was controlled through assembling ZnII-linked bridging molecules (B = p-terphenyl diphosphonic acid) between the metal oxide and the Ru(bpy)2((4,4'-PO3H2)2bpy)]Cl2 dye (RuP), thus producing TiO2-(Bn)-RuP films. Using attenuated total reflectance infrared absorption and UV-vis spectroscopy, we observed that at least two molecular layers (i.e., TiO2-B2 or TiO2-B1-RuP) could be formed on all films but subsequent loading was dependent on the porosity of the TiO2. Rough estimates indicate that in a film with 34 nm average pore diameter, the maximum multilayer film thickness is on the order of 4.6-6 nm, which decreases with decreasing pore size. These films were then incorporated as the photoanodes in dye-sensitized solar cells with cobalt(II/III)tris(4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine) as a redox mediator. In agreement with the surface-loading studies, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements indicate that mediator diffusion is significantly hindered in films with thicker multilayers and less porous TiO2. Collectively, these results show that care must be taken to balance multilayer thickness, substrate porosity, and size of the mediator in designing and maximizing the performance of new multilayer energy and electron management architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Robb
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Dalton Miles
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Sahan R Salpage
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Noelle Watson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Qingquan He
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida A&M University-Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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10
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Zarrabi N, Seetharaman S, Chaudhuri S, Holzer N, Batista VS, van der Est A, D'Souza F, Poddutoori PK. Decelerating Charge Recombination Using Fluorinated Porphyrins in N,N-Bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)aniline-Aluminum(III) Porphyrin-Fullerene Reaction Center Models. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10008-10024. [PMID: 32343561 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In supramolecular reaction center models, the lifetime of the charge-separated state depends on many factors. However, little attention has been paid to the redox potential of the species that lie between the donor and acceptor in the final charge separated state. Here, we report on a series of self-assembled aluminum porphyrin-based triads that provide a unique opportunity to study the influence of the porphyrin redox potential independently of other factors. The triads, BTMPA-Im→AlPorFn-Ph-C60 (n = 0, 3, 5), were constructed by linking the fullerene (C60) and bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)aniline (BTMPA) to the aluminum(III) porphyrin. The porphyrin (AlPor, AlPorF3, or AlPorF5) redox potentials are tuned by the substitution of phenyl (Ph), 3,4,5-trifluorophenyl (PhF3), or 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl (PhF5) groups in its meso positions. The C60 and BTMPA units are bound axially to opposite faces of the porphyrin plane via covalent and coordination bonds, respectively. Excitation of all of the triads results in sequential electron transfer that generates the identical final charge separated state, BTMPA•+-Im→AlPorFn-Ph-C60•-, which lies energetically 1.50 eV above the ground state. Despite the fact that the radical pair is identical in all of the triads, remarkably, the lifetime of the BTMPA•+-Im→AlPorFn-Ph-C60•- radical pair was found to be very different in each of them, that is, 1240, 740, and 56 ns for BTMPA-Im→AlPorF5-Ph-C60, BTMPA-Im→AlPorF3-Ph-C60, and BTMPA-Im→AlPor-Ph-C60, respectively. These results clearly suggest that the charge recombination is an activated process that depends on the midpoint potential of the central aluminum(III) porphyrin (AlPorFn).
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Zarrabi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Sairaman Seetharaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, # 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Subhajyoti Chaudhuri
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Noah Holzer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Victor S Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Art van der Est
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, # 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Prashanth K Poddutoori
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
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11
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Bangle RE, Schneider J, Piechota EJ, Troian-Gautier L, Meyer GJ. Electron Transfer Reorganization Energies in the Electrode-Electrolyte Double Layer. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 142:674-679. [PMID: 31859498 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The total reorganization energy, λ, for interfacial electron transfer, ET, from a conductive electrode to redox-active molecules at fixed positions within the electric double layer, EDL, has been determined experimentally. Conductive indium-tin-oxide (ITO, In2O3:Sn) mesoporous films were functionalized with 4-[N,N-di(p-tolyl)-amino]benzylphosphonic acid (TPA) and/or [RuII(bpy)2(4,4'-(PO3H2)2-bpy)]2+ (RuP), where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine. The small inner-sphere reorganizations, λi, for RuIII/IIP and TPA+/0 make them excellent probes of outer-sphere reorganization energy, λo, as λi ≪ λo such that λ = λi + λo ≈ λo. Consecutive layer-by-layer addition of ZrIV-bridged methylenediphosphonic acid enabled positioning at distances from 4 to 27 Å from the ITO. Excited-state injection into the ITO by RuP* generated ITO(e-)|RuIIIP. For ITO cofunctionalized with TPA and RuP, subnanosecond lateral ET yielded ITO(e-)|TPA+. The kinetics for ET from ITO to RuIIIP or TPA+ were quantified spectroscopically as a function of applied potential (Eapp) and hence driving force, -ΔG°. Marcus-Gerischer analysis of this data provided λ. Significantly, λo was near zero at close electrode proximity, λ = 0.11 eV at a distance of ∼4 Å, as manifest by kinetics largely insensitive to Eapp. In agreement with dielectric continuum theory, λ increased to values expected in CH3CN solution when the molecule was positioned at a distance of ∼27 Å (λ = 0.94 eV). The data reveal small intrinsic barriers for electron transfer proximate to conductive interfaces, which is an exploitable behavior in solar energy conversion and other applications that utilize transparent conductive oxides to accept or deliver electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Bangle
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Caronlia 27599 , United States
| | - Jenny Schneider
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Caronlia 27599 , United States
| | - Eric J Piechota
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Caronlia 27599 , United States
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Caronlia 27599 , United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Caronlia 27599 , United States
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12
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A stable dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cell mediated by a NiO overlayer for water oxidation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 117:12564-12571. [PMID: 31488721 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821687116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the development of photoelectrochemical cells for water splitting or CO2 reduction, a major challenge is O2 evolution at photoelectrodes that, in behavior, mimic photosystem II. At an appropriate semiconductor electrode, a water oxidation catalyst must be integrated with a visible light absorber in a stable half-cell configuration. Here, we describe an electrode consisting of a light absorber, an intermediate electron donor layer, and a water oxidation catalyst for sustained light driven water oxidation catalysis. In assembling the electrode on nanoparticle SnO2/TiO2 electrodes, a Ru(II) polypyridyl complex was used as the light absorber, NiO was deposited as an overlayer, and a Ru(II) 2,2'-bipyridine-6,6'-dicarboxylate complex as the water oxidation catalyst. In the final electrode, addition of the NiO overlayer enhanced performance toward water oxidation with the final electrode operating with a 1.1 mA/cm2 photocurrent density for 2 h without decomposition under one sun illumination in a pH 4.65 solution. We attribute the enhanced performance to the role of NiO as an electron transfer mediator between the light absorber and the catalyst.
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13
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Shen P, Zhuang Z, Jiang XF, Li J, Yao S, Zhao Z, Tang BZ. Through-Space Conjugation: An Effective Strategy for Stabilizing Intramolecular Charge-Transfer States. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:2648-2656. [PMID: 31050901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) has significant impacts on organic optoelectronic materials, photochemistry, biotechnology, and so on. However, it is hard to stabilize the ICT state because of the rapid nonradiative charge recombination process, which often quenches light emission. In this work, we use new foldamers of the protonated pyridine-modified tetraphenylethene derivatives that possess through-space conjugation (TSC) characters as the models to study the impact of TSC on the ICT state. Steady and transient spectroscopies illustrate that the lifetime of the ICT state in the molecule with strong TSC can be much longer than those of molecules without TSC, giving rise to a higher fluorescence quantum yield. By combining the theoretical calculations, we demonstrate that the strong TSC can stabilize the ICT state and slow the charge recombination rate by more efficiently dispersing charges. This is a conceptually new design strategy for functional optoelectronic materials that require more stable ICT states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingchuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Zeyan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Xiao-Fang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Jinshi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Shunan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Zujin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction , The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China
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14
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Schneider J, Bangle RE, Swords WB, Troian-Gautier L, Meyer GJ. Determination of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Reorganization Energies with Application to Water Oxidation Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9758-9763. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill 27599, United States
| | - Rachel E. Bangle
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill 27599, United States
| | - Wesley B. Swords
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill 27599, United States
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill 27599, United States
| | - Gerald J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill 27599, United States
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15
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Neumann S, Kerzig C, Wenger OS. Quantitative insights into charge-separated states from one- and two-pulse laser experiments relevant for artificial photosynthesis. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5624-5633. [PMID: 31293747 PMCID: PMC6553010 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01381d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Charge-separated states (CSSs) are key intermediates in photosynthesis and solar energy conversion. However, the factors governing the formation efficiencies of CSSs are still poorly understood, and light-induced electron-hole recombinations as deactivation pathways competing with desired charge accumulations are largely unexplored. This greatly limits the possibility to perform efficient multi-electron transfer, which is essential for artificial photosynthesis. We present a systematic investigation of two donor-sensitizer-acceptor triads (with different donor-acceptor distances) capable of storing as much as 2.0 eV in their CSSs upon the absorption of a visible photon. Using quantitative one- and two-pulse laser flash photolysis, we provide deep insights into both the CSS formation quantum yield, which can reach up to 80%, and the fate of the CSS upon further (secondary) excitation with green photons. The triad with shorter intramolecular distances shows a remarkable excitation wavelength dependence of the CSS formation quantum yield, and the CSS of this triad undergoes more efficient light-induced charge recombination than the longer equivalent by about one order of magnitude, whilst thermal charge recombination shows the exact opposite behavior. The unexpected results of our detailed photophysical study can be rationalized by detrimental singlet charge transfer states or structural considerations, and could significantly contribute to the future design of CSS precursors for accumulative multi-electron transfer and artificial photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Neumann
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland . ;
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland . ;
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland . ;
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