1
|
Inunnguaq Jessen N, Izzo JA, Modlinski MS, Bertuzzi G, Anker Jørgensen K. On the Number of π-Electrons Involved in Stepwise Cycloaddition Reactions. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202303299. [PMID: 37851861 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of higher-order cycloadditions has mainly been restricted by the requisite usage of highly conjugated and reactive π-systems. Recent years have witnessed organocatalysis as a potent mediator for several of the challenges associated herein, rendering higher-order cycloadditions a legitimate option for achieving the selective construction of specific molecular scaffolds. These developments reinvigorate the efforts to try to understand the underlying principles for cycloadditions involving a higher number of π-electrons than the "classical" cycloadditions; how do we properly address the impact which the addition of further π-electrons have on the reactivity of a system? Herein, computational investigations of two model higher-order cycloaddition systems have been performed to try to provide insights on changes in energetic barriers induced by the presence of benzofusions in a position which is unobstructive to the reactivity. With experimental substantiation as support, these studies might open up for a discussion on whether the π-electrons of benzofused systems simply act as spectator electrons, or play a tangible role on the observed reactivity to an extent where a distinct nomenclature is meritable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph A Izzo
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marek S Modlinski
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Giulio Bertuzzi
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Karl Anker Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Midya A, Khalse LD, Ghorai P. Organocatalytic Enantioselective Intramolecular Michael Addition by In Situ Generated Aminoisobenzofulvenes: Construction of Spiro Quaternary Carbon Stereocenters. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301563. [PMID: 37545475 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented enantioselective organocatalytic spirocyclization strategy is presented by in situ generation of aminoisobezofulvenes. The reaction sequence involves a reductive Michael/aldol-condensation/Michael addition cascade by iminium-enamine catalysis. The key success of this spirocyclization was the formation of intermediatory nucleophilic aminoisobenzofuvenes accountable for intramolecular Michael addition. Benzospirononanes featuring an all carbon qauternary spirocenter were obtained using proline-derived amino-organocatalyst in moderate to good yields and excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities (up to >20 : 1 dr, and 99 % ee). Post-methodological manipulation of benzospirononanes was also demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhisek Midya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Laxman Devidas Khalse
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Prasanta Ghorai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sengupta A, Houk KN. Origins of Periselectivity and Regioselectivity in Ambimodal Tripericyclic [8+6]/[6+4]/[4+2] Intramolecular Cycloadditions of a Heptafulvenyl-Fulvene. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7976-7983. [PMID: 37713722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Quantum mechanical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations have elucidated the reaction mechanism for intramolecular cycloadditions of a heptafulvenyl-fulvene tethered by a trimethylene chain. Prior experiments by Liu and Houk reported the formation of only an endo-[8+6] cycloadduct at 185 °C. Liu et al. later reported an exo-[4+2] Diels-Alder cycloadduct as the major product at 140 °C (Tetrahedron, 1999, 55, 9171). Cycloadditions involve Diels-Alder and an ambimodal intramolecular tripericyclic [8+6]/[6+4]/[4+2] cycloaddition. The mechanistic details explain the experimental reports of temperature dependence on the periselectivity of intramolecular cycloadditions. Additional calculations with multireference-based methods CASSCF and NEVPT2 highlight the artifacts of DFT methods and single-reference wavefunction-based CCSD(T) in the description of complete potential energy surface involving various cycloadditions of the heptafulvenyl-fulvene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arkajyoti Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Noor R, Zahoor AF, Mansha A, Khan SG, Haq AU, Ahmad S, Al-Hussain SA, Irfan A, Zaki MEA. Synthetic Potential of Regio- and Stereoselective Ring Expansion Reactions of Six-Membered Carbo- and Heterocyclic Ring Systems: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076692. [PMID: 37047665 PMCID: PMC10094819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ring expansion reactions fascinate synthetic chemists owing to their importance in synthesizing biologically active compounds and their efficacy in medicinal chemistry. The present review summarizes a number of synthetic methodologies, including stereoselective and regioselective pathways adopted by scientists, for framing medium- to large-size carbo- and heterocycles involving lactams, lactone, azepine and azulene derivatives via ring expansion of six-membered carbo- and heterocycles that have been reported from 2007–2022. Numerous rearrangement and cycloaddition reactions involving Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement, Aza–Claisen rearrangement, Schmidt rearrangement, Beckmann rearrangement, etc., have been described in this regard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rida Noor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Asim Mansha
- Department of Chemistry, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Samreen Gul Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Atta Ul Haq
- Department of Chemistry, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sami A. Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Magdi E. A. Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bitsch RS, Jessen NI, Jørgensen KA. Higher-Order Cycloaddition Reactions for the Construction of Polycyclic Aromatic and Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202204008. [PMID: 36592117 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202204008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cycloadditions are an important class of reactions in materials science for the construction of polycyclic aromatic and polycyclic heteroaromatic compounds. Recently, cycloadditions have been expanded beyond the "classical" group of cycloadditions involving six π-electrons, and it is now possible to control cycloadditions for an extended number of π-electrons by applying organocatalysis. This novel field of cycloadditions-termed higher-order cycloadditions-allows new synthetic methodologies to construct polycyclic carbo- and heteroaromatic compounds in two or three dimensions. This concept presents higher-order cycloadditions as a method for accessing two- and three-dimensional azulenes and cyclazines, as well as three dimensional indenes, as polycyclic aromatic and polycyclic heteroaromatic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René S Bitsch
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Progress in organocatalytic asymmetric (4+3) cycloadditions for the enantioselective construction of seven-membered rings. Sci China Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1471-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
|
7
|
Przydacz A, Topolska A, Skrzyńska A, Frankowski S, Albrecht Ł. Aminocatalytic Alkylation of Indene‐2‐Carbaldehydes via Pentaenamine Activation. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
8
|
Zhao JQ, Zhou S, Qian HL, Wang ZH, Zhang YP, You Y, Yuan WC. Higher-order [10 + 2] cycloaddition of 2-alkylidene-1-indanones enables the dearomatization of 3-nitroindoles: access to polycyclic cyclopenta[ b]indoline derivatives. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00289b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The higher-order [10 + 2] cycloaddition of 3-nitroindoles and 2-alkylidene-1-indanones enables the dearomatization of 3-nitroindoles and affords a range of structurally diverse cyclopenta[b]indolines with excellent results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Zhao
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Shun Zhou
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hui-Ling Qian
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yan-Ping Zhang
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yong You
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Wei-Cheng Yuan
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li A, Gao Y, Lu JB, Chen ZC, Du W, Chen YC. Asymmetric higher-order [10+n] cycloadditions of palladium-containing 10π-cycloaddends. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9265-9270. [PMID: 36092999 PMCID: PMC9384823 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02985e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We uncovered an asymmetric higher-order [10 + 2] cycloaddition reaction between diverse activated alkenes and a new type of π-allylpalladium complex-containing dipole-type 10π-cycloaddend, which was generated in situ from 2-methylene-1-indanols via a dehydrative insertion and deprotonation strategy under double activation of Pd(0) and phosphoric acid. A similar strategy was applied to an asymmetric higher-order [10 + 8] cycloaddition reaction or [10 + 4] cycloaddition reaction by using a heptafulvene derivative or a cyclic enone, respectively, as the acceptor. A variety of polycyclic frameworks imbedding an indene core were generally furnished in moderate to excellent yields with high levels of enantioselectivity by employing a newly designed chiral phosphoramidite ligand. A type of π-allylpalladium complex-containing 10π-cycloaddend generated from 2-methylene-1-indanols under double activation of Pd(0) and phosphoric acid undergoes asymmetric higher-order [10 + 2] cycloadditions with diverse activated alkenes.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ao Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China +86 28 85502609
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China +86 28 85502609
| | - Jian-Bin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China +86 28 85502609
| | - Zhi-Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China +86 28 85502609
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China +86 28 85502609
| | - Ying-Chun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China +86 28 85502609
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University Shapingba, Chongqing 400038 China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Vinylogous and Arylogous Stereoselective Base-Promoted Phase-Transfer Catalysis. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinylogous enolate and enolate-type carbanions, generated by deprotonation of α,β-unsaturated compounds and characterized by delocalization of the negative charge over two or more carbon atoms, are extensively used in organic synthesis, enabling functionalization and C–C bond formation at remote positions. Similarly, reactions with electrophiles at benzylic and heterobenzylic position are performed through generation of arylogous and heteroarylogous enolate-type nucleophiles. Although widely exploited in metal-catalysis and organocatalysis, it is only in recent years that the vinylogy and arylogy principles have been translated fruitfully in phase-transfer catalyzed processes. This review provides an overview of the methods developed to date, involving vinylogous and (hetero)arylogous carbon nucleophiles under phase-transfer catalytic conditions, highlighting main mechanistic aspects.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhao J, Zheng X, Gao Y, Mao J, Wu S, Yang W, Luo X, Deng W. Organocatalytic Enantioselective [8+4] Cycloadditions of Isobenzofulvenes for the Construction of Bicyclo[4.2.1]nonanes. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xing Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yan‐Shan Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jia Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Shu‐Xiao Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Wu‐Lin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xiaoyan Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Wei‐Ping Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jia RL, Liu QL, Yang LW, Deng S, Song Y. [6 + 3] Annulations of Morita-Baylis-Hillman carbonates and dicyanoheptafulvene. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9867-9871. [PMID: 34734622 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00854d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A [6 + 3] annulation reaction of Morita-Baylis-Hillman carbonates and dicyanoheptafulvene is accomplished by employing commercially available triphenylphosphine as the Lewis base catalyst. A spectrum of densely functionalized bicyclo[4.3.1]decane architectures are efficiently constructed with exclusive diastereoselectivity and good yield (up to 95%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Ling Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453000, P.R. of China
| | - Qing-Ling Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453000, P.R. of China
| | - Long-Wei Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453000, P.R. of China
| | - Shi Deng
- West China hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. of China
| | - Yang Song
- Parmaron(NingBo) Co. Ltd, No. 800 Bin-Hai 4th Road, Hangzhou Bay New Zone, NingBo, 315336, P.R. of China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang G, Li Z, Liu Y, Guo D, Sheng X, Wang J. Organocatalytic Higher-Order [8+2] Cycloaddition for the Assembly of Atropoenantiomeric 3-Arylindolizines. Org Lett 2021; 23:8109-8113. [PMID: 34590868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We present an unprecedented atroposelective [8+2] cycloaddition reaction between pyridinium/isoquinolinium ylides and ynals. It is worth noting that this protocol represents a new example of the organocatalyzed atropoenantioselective higher-order cycloaddition reaction, providing various axial chiral 3-arylindolizines in good yields and high enantioselectivities. In addition, the obtained axially chiral 3-aryldolizines also provide many opportunities for structural transformations and potential drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gongming Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Donghui Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xijun Sheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dourado J, Singh S, Davis RL. Exploring the Role of Aminocatalysis in the Dearomatization and Regioselectivity of Heteroaromatic Aldehydes. J Org Chem 2021; 86:11673-11682. [PMID: 34375521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heteroaromatic aldehydes have recently received a lot of attention as a scaffold for aminocatalytic functionalization as they allow for the construction of remote stereocenters and highly complex heterocyclic compounds. In this paper, we employ computational methods (M06-2X/cc-pVTZ//M06-2X/6-31 + G(d,p) and MP2/cc-pVTZ//M06-2X/6-31 + G(d,p)) to examine the abilities of secondary amines to activate several model heteroaromatic aldehydes by promoting loss of aromaticity and formation of the reactive trienamine intermediate. The hyperhomodesmotic equations used to assess the energy penalty for dearomatization show that the formation of the iminium ion decreases the energy cost for dearomatization, especially when X = O and S. Furthermore, we also investigated the role that the catalyst and heteroatom may have on the orbital coefficients of the various positions of the trienamine intermediary in order to better understand and/or predict the regioselectivity these systems may showcase. Synergistic effects between the catalyst and the heteroatom of the aromatic ring were observed to increase electron density at the most remote positions of several of the model systems studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Dourado
- Chemistry Department, University of Manitoba, 360 Parker Building, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Simarpreet Singh
- Chemistry Department, University of Manitoba, 360 Parker Building, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Rebecca L Davis
- Chemistry Department, University of Manitoba, 360 Parker Building, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Houk KN, Xue X, Liu F, Chen Y, Chen X, Jamieson C. Computations on Pericyclic Reactions Reveal the Richness of Ambimodal Transition States and Pericyclases. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Xiao‐Song Xue
- Department of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xiangyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Cooper Jamieson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jessen NI, Bura M, Bertuzzi G, Jørgensen KA. Aminocatalytic [8+2] Cycloaddition Reactions toward Chiral Cyclazines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18527-18531. [PMID: 34101936 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and exceptionally stereoselective synthesis of chiral cycl[3.2.2]azines has been realized by means of the rational design and utilization of novel (E)-3-benzylidene-3H-pyrrolizines in iminium-ion-catalyzed [8+2] cycloaddition reactions. The presented protocol allows for the incorporation of diverse enals, including cinnamaldehydes, enolizable aldehydes, and substrates of extended conjugation. The obtained products contain both an electron-rich alkenyl pyrrole moiety and an electron-deficient carbaldehyde substituent, and both moieties can undergo selective transformations with retention of the stereochemical information established in the [8+2] cycloaddition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maksimilian Bura
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Giulio Bertuzzi
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Karl Anker Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jessen NI, Bura M, Bertuzzi G, Jørgensen KA. Aminocatalytic [8+2] Cycloaddition Reactions toward Chiral Cyclazines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maksimilian Bura
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Giulio Bertuzzi
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Karl Anker Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jessen NI, Bertuzzi G, Bura M, Skipper ML, Jørgensen KA. Enantioselective Construction of the Cycl[3.2.2]azine Core via Organocatalytic [12 + 2] Cycloadditions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6140-6151. [PMID: 33872512 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The first enantioselective [12 + 2] cycloaddition has been developed for the construction of a chiral cycl[3.2.2]azine core, a tricyclic moiety with a central ring-junction nitrogen atom, by an operationally simple one-step organocatalytic process. The reaction concept builds upon aminocatalytically generated 12π-components derived from 5H-benzo[a]pyrrolizine-3-carbaldehydes reacting with different electron-deficient 2π-components and affording the complex scaffold of benzo[a]cycl[3.2.2]azine (indolizino[3,4,5-ab]isoindole) with excellent enantio- and diastereoselectivity in good yields. The developed reaction is robust toward diverse substituent patterns and has been extended to different classes of electron-deficient 2π-components by minor variations in reaction setup. The obtained [12 + 2] cycloadducts are electron-deficient in nature, and their reaction with nucleophiles have been demonstrated. The enantioselective [12 + 2] cycloaddition with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes as the electron-deficient 2π-components relies upon an unconventional, simple aminocatalyst. In order to understand the high stereoselectivity of the [12 + 2] cycloaddition for this simple catalyst, combined experimental and computational investigations were performed. The investigations point to activation of both the 5H-benzo[a]pyrrolizine-3-carbaldehyde and the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde by the aminocatalyst and that the reaction proceeds by a stepwise cycloaddition, where especially the ring-closure is crucial for the stereochemical outcome. For other electron-deficient 2π-components, such as α,β-unsaturated ketoesters and nitroolefins, a more sterically demanding aminocatalyst has been applied and the corresponding [12 + 2] cycloadducts are obtained with excellent stereoselectivity. The [12 + 2] cycloaddition with vinyl sulfones afforded fully unsaturated systems, which display photoluminescence properties and for which quantum yields have been evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulio Bertuzzi
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Maksimilian Bura
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen X, Thøgersen MK, Yang L, Lauridsen RF, Xue XS, Jørgensen KA, Houk KN. [8+2] vs [4+2] Cycloadditions of Cyclohexadienamines to Tropone and Heptafulvenes-Mechanisms and Selectivities. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:934-944. [PMID: 33416311 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The cinchona-alkaloid-catalyzed cycloaddition reactions of 2-cyclohexenone with tropone and various heptafulvenes give [8+2] or [4+2] cycloadducts, depending on the substituents present on the heptafulvene. We report the results of new experiments with heptafulvenes, containing diester and barbiturate substituents, which in combination with computational studies were performed to elucidate the factors controlling [8+2] vs [4+2] cycloaddition pathways, including chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivities of these higher-order cycloadditions. The protonated cinchona alkaloid primary amine catalyst reacts with 2-cyclohexenone to form a linear dienamine intermediate that subsequently undergoes a stepwise [8+2] or [4+2] cycloaddition. Both tropone and the different heptafulvenes initially form [8+2] cycloadducts. The final product is ultimately decided by the reversibility of the [8+2] cycloaddition and the relative thermal stability of the [4+2] products. The stereoisomeric transition states are distinguished by the steric interactions between the protonated catalyst and tropone/heptafulvenes. The [8+2] cycloaddition of barbiturate-heptafulvene afforded products with an unprecedented trans-fusion of the five- and six-membered rings, while the [8+2] cycloadducts obtained from cyanoester-heptafulvene and diester-heptafulvene were formed with a cis-relationship. The mechanism, thermodynamics, and origins of stereoselectivity were explained through DFT calculations using the ωB97X-D density functional.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | | | - Limin Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Rune F Lauridsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | | | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bertuzzi G, McLeod D, Mohr LM, Jørgensen KA. Organocatalytic Enantioselective 1,3-Dipolar [6+4] Cycloadditions of Tropone. Chemistry 2020; 26:15491-15496. [PMID: 32677710 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A highly stereoselective 1,3-dipolar [6+4] cycloaddition towards bridged azabicyclo[4.3.1]decane scaffolds has been developed, reacting aldehydes, 2-aminomalonates and tropone under mild conditions in the presence of a chiral phosphoric acid catalyst. The scope is demonstrated for a series of aldehydes and 2-aminomalonates, and the reaction proceeds in high yields, >95:5 d.r. and up to 99 % ee. A series of transformations, as well as a mechanistic proposal, are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Bertuzzi
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - David McLeod
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lisa-Marie Mohr
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Karl Anker Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Peng Q, Li SJ, Zhang B, Guo D, Lan Y, Wang J. N-Heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed enantioselective hetero-[10 + 2] annulation. Commun Chem 2020; 3:177. [PMID: 36703423 PMCID: PMC9814252 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00425-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Higher-order cycloadditions are a powerful strategy for the construction of polycycles in one step. However, an efficient and concise version for the induction of asymmetry is lacking. N-heterocyclic carbenes are widely used organocatalysts for asymmetric synthesis and could be an ideal choice for enantioselective higher-order cycloadditions. Here, we report an enantioselective [10 + 2] annulation between catalytically formed aza-benzofulvene intermediates and trifluoromethyl ketone derivatives. This protocol exhibits a wide scope, high yields, and good ee values, reflecting a robust and efficient higher-order cycloaddition. Density functional theory calculations provide an accurate prediction of the reaction enantioselectivity, and in-depth insight to the origins of stereocontrol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiupeng Peng
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Shi-Jun Li
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Bei Zhang
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Donghui Guo
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Yu Lan
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China ,grid.190737.b0000 0001 0154 0904School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030 China
| | - Jian Wang
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
McLeod D, Izzo JA, Jørgensen DKB, Lauridsen RF, Jørgensen KA. Development and Investigation of an Organocatalytic Enantioselective [10 + 2] Cycloaddition. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David McLeod
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Joseph A. Izzo
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Rune F. Lauridsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hu S, Wang J, Huang G, Zhu K, Chen F. Organocatalytic Asymmetric Domino Oxa-Michael-Mannich-[1,3]-Amino Rearrangement Reaction of N-Tosylsalicylimines to α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes by Diarylprolinol Silyl Ethers. J Org Chem 2020; 85:4011-4018. [PMID: 31829579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An organocatalytic asymmetric enantioselective domino oxa-Michael-Mannich-[1,3]-amino rearrangement reaction of N-tosylsalicylimines with a wide range of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes utilizing diarylprolinol silyl ether catalysis is described. The catalytic reactions proceed with excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99% ee) to produce the corresponding chair N-tosylimines-chromenes with a yield of up to 99%, tolerating a range of functional groups. This methodology offers a new method with great potential to further extend the synthetic power and versatility of chiral aminocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guanxin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kejie Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fener Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chao Wang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Curti C, Battistini L, Sartori A, Zanardi F. New Developments of the Principle of Vinylogy as Applied to π-Extended Enolate-Type Donor Systems. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2448-2612. [PMID: 32040305 PMCID: PMC7993750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The principle of vinylogy states that the electronic effects of a functional group in a molecule are possibly transmitted to a distal position through interposed conjugated multiple bonds. As an emblematic case, the nucleophilic character of a π-extended enolate-type chain system may be relayed from the legitimate α-site to the vinylogous γ, ε, ..., ω remote carbon sites along the chain, provided that suitable HOMO-raising strategies are adopted to transform the unsaturated pronucleophilic precursors into the reactive polyenolate species. On the other hand, when "unnatural" carbonyl ipso-sites are activated as nucleophiles (umpolung), vinylogation extends the nucleophilic character to "unnatural" β, δ, ... remote sites. Merging the principle of vinylogy with activation modalities and concepts such as iminium ion/enamine organocatalysis, NHC-organocatalysis, cooperative organo/metal catalysis, bifunctional organocatalysis, dicyanoalkylidene activation, and organocascade reactions represents an impressive step forward for all vinylogous transformations. This review article celebrates this evolutionary progress, by collecting, comparing, and critically describing the achievements made over the nine year period 2010-2018, in the generation of vinylogous enolate-type donor substrates and their use in chemical synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Franca Zanardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli
Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università
di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yang Y, Jiang Y, Du W, Chen Y. Asymmetric Cross [10+2] Cycloadditions of 2‐Alkylidene‐1‐indanones and Activated Alkenes under Phase‐Transfer Catalysis. Chemistry 2020; 26:1754-1758. [PMID: 31777118 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of, the Ministry of EducationSichuan Research Center for, Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of PharmacySichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of, the Ministry of EducationSichuan Research Center for, Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of PharmacySichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of, the Ministry of EducationSichuan Research Center for, Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of PharmacySichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Ying‐Chun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of, the Ministry of EducationSichuan Research Center for, Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of PharmacySichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
- College of PharmacyThird Military Medical University Chongqing 400038 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
An F, Maji B, Min E, Ofial AR, Mayr H. Basicities and Nucleophilicities of Pyrrolidines and Imidazolidinones Used as Organocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1526-1547. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng An
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Biplab Maji
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Min
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Frankowski S, Romaniszyn M, Skrzyńska A, Albrecht Ł. The Game of Electrons: Organocatalytic Higher‐Order Cycloadditions Involving Fulvene‐ and Tropone‐Derived Systems. Chemistry 2019; 26:2120-2132. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Frankowski
- Institute of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryLodz University of Technology Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Marta Romaniszyn
- Institute of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryLodz University of Technology Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Anna Skrzyńska
- Institute of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryLodz University of Technology Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Łukasz Albrecht
- Institute of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryLodz University of Technology Żeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
McLeod D, Thøgersen MK, Jessen NI, Jørgensen KA, Jamieson CS, Xue XS, Houk KN, Liu F, Hoffmann R. Expanding the Frontiers of Higher-Order Cycloadditions. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:3488-3501. [PMID: 31789016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The concept of pericyclic reactions and the explanation of their specificity through orbital symmetries introduced a new way of understanding reactions and looking for new ones. One of the 1965 Woodward-Hoffmann communications described "the (as yet unobserved) symmetry-allowed 6 + 4 combination", the prediction of a new field of "higher-order" cycloadditions, involving more than six electrons. Later these authors predicted exo-stereoselectivity for the [6 + 4]-cycloaddition. Chemists rushed to test this prediction (for the most part successfully). For more than half a century, chemists have hunted for additional higher-order cycloadditions. The application of catalysis within organic chemistry allows the accomplishment of previously unattainable reactions, including higher-order cycloadditions. The many examples of [8 + 2], [6 + 4], and cycloadditions of even higher electron-counts discovered since the Woodward-Hoffmann rules were introduced illustrate the difficulty in predicting which of these transformations will occur when two highly unsaturated molecules react. Periselectivity has been a challenge, and the development of enantioselective variants has been elusive. While progress was made, the rise of organocatalysis in asymmetric synthesis has led to a surge of interest in stereoselective versions of higher-order cycloadditions. Through organocatalytic activation of conjugated cyclic polyenes and heteroaromatic compounds, asymmetric [8 + 2]-, [6 + 4]-, and [10 + 4]-cycloadditions have been realized by our groups. In this century, [6 + 4]-cycloadditions have been found also to occur in enzyme-catalyzed reactions for the biosynthesis of spinosyn A, heronamide, and streptoseomycin natural products. A whole new class of enzymes, the pericyclases that catalyze pericyclic reactions, has been discovered. A remarkable aspect of these recent developments is the cross-disciplinary research involved: from organic synthesis to computational studies integrated with experimental studies of reaction mechanisms, intermediates, and dynamics, to understanding mechanisms of enzyme catalysis and engineering of enzymes. This Account describes how our groups have been involved in the expansion of the higher-order cycloaddition frontiers. We describe both the history and recent progress in higher-order cycloadditions, and how these advances have been made by our collaborative experimental and computational studies. Progress in asymmetric organocatalysis, incorporating enantioselective higher-order cycloadditions in organic synthesis, and the stereoselective synthesis of important scaffolds will be highlighted. Experimental progress and computational modeling with density functional theory (DFT) has identified ambimodal cycloaddition pathways and led to the realization that multiple products of pericyclic reactions are linked by common transition states. Molecular dynamic simulations have provided fundamental understanding of factors controlling periselectivity and have led to discoveries of a group of enzymes, the pericyclases, which catalyze pericyclic reactions such as [6 + 4]-cycloadditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David McLeod
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Cooper S. Jamieson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gao XY, Yan RJ, Xiao BX, Du W, Albrecht Ł, Chen YC. Asymmetric Formal Vinylogous Iminium Ion Activation for Vinyl-Substituted Heteroaryl and Aryl Aldehydes. Org Lett 2019; 21:9628-9632. [PMID: 31762285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ru-Jie Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ben-Xian Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Łukasz Albrecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ying-Chun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bertuzzi G, Thøgersen MK, Giardinetti M, Vidal-Albalat A, Simon A, Houk KN, Jørgensen KA. Catalytic Enantioselective Hetero-[6+4] and -[6+2] Cycloadditions for the Construction of Condensed Polycyclic Pyrroles, Imidazoles, and Pyrazoles. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3288-3297. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Bertuzzi
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Giardinetti M, Jessen NI, Christensen ML, Jørgensen KA. Organocatalytic [10+4] cycloadditions for the synthesis of functionalised benzo[a]azulenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:202-205. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08551j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A direct and mild strategy for the synthesis of benzo[a]azulenes based on an organocatalytic [10+4] cycloaddition reaction is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Giardinetti
- Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140
- 8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Frankowski S, Skrzyńska A, Albrecht Ł. Inverting the reactivity of troponoid systems in enantioselective higher-order cycloaddition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11675-11678. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05638f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The first enantioselective higher-order cycloaddition involving a tropone derivative that acts as an electron-rich 8π-component is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Frankowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Lodz University of Technology
- 90-924 Łódź
- Poland
| | - Anna Skrzyńska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Lodz University of Technology
- 90-924 Łódź
- Poland
| | - Łukasz Albrecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Lodz University of Technology
- 90-924 Łódź
- Poland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
|