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Chatenet M, Pollet BG, Dekel DR, Dionigi F, Deseure J, Millet P, Braatz RD, Bazant MZ, Eikerling M, Staffell I, Balcombe P, Shao-Horn Y, Schäfer H. Water electrolysis: from textbook knowledge to the latest scientific strategies and industrial developments. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4583-4762. [PMID: 35575644 PMCID: PMC9332215 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01079k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Replacing fossil fuels with energy sources and carriers that are sustainable, environmentally benign, and affordable is amongst the most pressing challenges for future socio-economic development. To that goal, hydrogen is presumed to be the most promising energy carrier. Electrocatalytic water splitting, if driven by green electricity, would provide hydrogen with minimal CO2 footprint. The viability of water electrolysis still hinges on the availability of durable earth-abundant electrocatalyst materials and the overall process efficiency. This review spans from the fundamentals of electrocatalytically initiated water splitting to the very latest scientific findings from university and institutional research, also covering specifications and special features of the current industrial processes and those processes currently being tested in large-scale applications. Recently developed strategies are described for the optimisation and discovery of active and durable materials for electrodes that ever-increasingly harness first-principles calculations and machine learning. In addition, a technoeconomic analysis of water electrolysis is included that allows an assessment of the extent to which a large-scale implementation of water splitting can help to combat climate change. This review article is intended to cross-pollinate and strengthen efforts from fundamental understanding to technical implementation and to improve the 'junctions' between the field's physical chemists, materials scientists and engineers, as well as stimulate much-needed exchange among these groups on challenges encountered in the different domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Chatenet
- University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering and Management University Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno G Pollet
- Hydrogen Energy and Sonochemistry Research group, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
- Green Hydrogen Lab, Institute for Hydrogen Research (IHR), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Dario R Dekel
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- The Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Fabio Dionigi
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Deseure
- University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering and Management University Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Millet
- Paris-Saclay University, ICMMO (UMR 8182), 91400 Orsay, France
- Elogen, 8 avenue du Parana, 91940 Les Ulis, France
| | - Richard D Braatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Michael Eikerling
- Chair of Theory and Computation of Energy Materials, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Intzestraße 5, 52072 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-13: Modelling and Simulation of Materials in Energy Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Iain Staffell
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Balcombe
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Renewable Energy, School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yang Shao-Horn
- Research Laboratory of Electronics and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Helmut Schäfer
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, The Electrochemical Energy and Catalysis Group, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
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Abstract
Natural products are constructed by organisms in impressive ways through various highly selective enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions. Over the past century, there has been considerable interest in understanding and emulating the underlying biosynthetic logic for the target molecule. The successful implementation of a biomimetic strategy usually has some uniquely valuable benefits over other abiotic routes in total synthesis by (1) corroborating the chemical feasibility of a given biogenetic hypothesis and further unraveling some insightful implications for future biosynthetic studies and (2) providing remarkably more concise access to not only the original synthetic target but also diversified biogenetically related congeners, which may result in either the structural reassignment of previously disclosed natural products or the anticipation of undiscovered natural products. However, for the devised essential biomimetic transformation, fine-tuning the optimization of the substrates and the reaction conditions can sometimes be painstakingly challenging. Turning to nature for inspiration can provide additional impetus for methodological innovations.Previously used as oral veterinary drugs, lankacidins have potential as next-generation antibiotics to tackle the problems caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria with novel modes of action (MoAs). The hypersensitive and densely functionalized lactonic core within this family of macrocyclic polyketides poses a formidable challenge for chemical total synthesis and derivatization. In this account, we summarized the evolution of a unified biomimetic approach toward 10 lankacidin antibiotics and their linear biosynthetic intermediates in the longest linear 7-12 steps from readily available starting materials. Our endeavor commenced with an intermolecular bioinspired amido sulfone-based Mannich reaction approach to assemble 2 advanced fragments under mild biphasic organocatalytic conditions. It successfully gave rise to stereodivergent access to 4 C2/C18-isomeric lankacyclinols but failed to efficiently deliver lactone-containing congeners through Stille macrocyclization. Facilitated by the thermolysis chemistry of N,O-acetal to generate the requisite N-acyl-1-azahexatriene species, we realized the projected Mannich macrocyclization and eight macrocyclic lankacidins can be produced by orchestrated desilylative manipulations. In this process, we were able to perform structural reassignments of isolankacidinol (7 to 50) and isolankacyclinol (104 to 83) and, for the first time, elucidate the natural occurrence of 2,18-bis-epi-lankacyclinol (84). Moreover, the inability of the current biomimetic route to cofurnish the reported structure of 2,18-seco-lankacidinol A (15) triggered a proposed structural revision that is rooted in reconsidered biogenesis and was confirmed by a divergent synthesis that enabled us to identify the correct isomer (116). Finally, the modular, diversity-oriented design also provided streamlined entries to acyclic 2,18-seco-lankacidinol B (120) and the biosynthetic intermediate LC-KA05 (17) together with its C7-O-deacetylated congeners in all C4/C5-stereochemical variations (18, 127-129), culminating in a need for structural revision to the six-membered lactonic segment in LC-KA05-2. The selection and execution of biomimetic strategies in lankacidin total synthesis give rise to all the previously mentioned advantages at the current stage. The modular-based, late-stage diversified complex construction offers an exceptionally high level of synthetic flexibility for future synthetic forays toward newly isolated or chemically modified congeners within the lankacidin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Ran Hong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
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Zheng K, Hong R. Total synthesis of LC-KA05, the proposed structure of LC-KA05-2, and 2,18-seco-lankacidinol B: A quest to revisit lankacidin biosynthesis. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Cai L, Seiple IB, Li Q. Modular Chemical Synthesis of Streptogramin and Lankacidin Antibiotics. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1891-1908. [PMID: 33792282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Continued, rapid development of antimicrobial resistance has become worldwide health crisis and a burden on the global economy. Decisive and comprehensive action is required to slow down the spread of antibiotic resistance, including increased investment in antibiotic discovery, sustainable policies that provide returns on investment for newly launched antibiotics, and public education to reduce the overusage of antibiotics, especially in livestock and agriculture. Without significant changes in the current antibiotic pipeline, we are in danger of entering a post-antibiotic era.In this Account, we summarize our recent efforts to develop next-generation streptogramin and lankacidin antibiotics that overcome bacterial resistance by means of modular chemical synthesis. First, we describe our highly modular, scalable route to four natural group A streptogramins antibiotics in 6-8 steps from seven simple chemical building blocks. We next describe the application of this route to the synthesis of a novel library of streptogramin antibiotics informed by in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation and high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy. One lead compound showed excellent inhibitory activity in vitro and in vivo against a longstanding streptogramin-resistance mechanism, virginiamycin acetyltransferase. Our results demonstrate that the combination of rational design and modular chemical synthesis can revitalize classes of antibiotics that are limited by naturally arising resistance mechanisms.Second, we recount our modular approaches toward lankacidin antibiotics. Lankacidins are a group of polyketide natural products with activity against several strains of Gram-positive bacteria but have not been deployed as therapeutics due to their chemical instability. We describe a route to several diastereomers of 2,18-seco-lankacidinol B in a linear sequence of ≤8 steps from simple building blocks, resulting in a revision of the C4 stereochemistry. We next detail our modular synthesis of several diastereoisomers of iso-lankacidinol that resulted in the structural reassignment of this natural product. These structural revisions raise interesting questions about the biosynthetic origin of lankacidins, all of which possessed uniform stereochemistry prior to these findings. Finally, we summarize the ability of several iso- and seco-lankacidins to inhibit the growth of bacteria and to inhibit translation in vitro, providing important insights into structure-function relationships for the class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingchao Cai
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu China
| | - Ian B. Seiple
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Qi Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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Tan L, Zhang A, Liu Z, Wei P, Yang P, Guo H, Fang H, Han J, Zhu Y, Ren Z. Nanostructured RuO 2-Co 3O 4@RuCo-EO with low Ru loading as a high-efficiency electrochemical oxygen evolution catalyst. RSC Adv 2021; 11:11779-11785. [PMID: 35423785 PMCID: PMC8696486 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00271f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical water splitting technology is considered to be the most reliable method for converting renewable energy such as wind and solar energy into hydrogen. Here, a nanostructured RuO2/Co3O4–RuCo-EO electrode is designed via magnetron sputtering combined with electrochemical oxidation for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in an alkaline medium. The optimized RuO2/Co3O4–RuCo-EO electrode with a Ru loading of 0.064 mg cm−2 exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performance with a low overpotential of 220 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a low Tafel slope of 59.9 mV dec−1 for the OER. Compared with RuO2 prepared by thermal decomposition, its overpotential is reduced by 82 mV. Meanwhile, compared with RuO2 prepared by magnetron sputtering, the overpotential is also reduced by 74 mV. Furthermore, compared with the RuO2/Ru with core–shell structure (η = 244 mV), the overpotential is still decreased by 24 mV. Therefore, the RuO2/Co3O4–RuCo-EO electrode has excellent OER activity. There are two reasons for the improvement of the OER activity. On the one hand, the core–shell structure is conducive to electron transport, and on the other hand, the addition of Co adjusts the electronic structure of Ru. The optimized RuO2/Co3O4–RuCo-EO electrode with Ru loading of 0.064 mg cm−2 exhibits the excellent oxygen evolution activity with an overpotential of 220 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 59.9 mV dec−1.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Tan
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan 430023 P. R. China
| | - Ailian Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan 430023 P. R. China
| | - Ziyi Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan 430023 P. R. China
| | - Ping'an Wei
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan 430023 P. R. China
| | - Panpan Yang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan 430023 P. R. China
| | - Huan Guo
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan 430023 P. R. China
| | - Hua Fang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan 430023 P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Han
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan 430023 P. R. China
| | - Yuchan Zhu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan 430023 P. R. China
| | - Zhandong Ren
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan 430023 P. R. China
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Yamazaki M, Yoshimura T, Matsuo JI. Alkoxide-catalyzed ring expansion of 1,3-cyclobutanediones with aldehydes. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zheng K, Shen D, Zhang B, Hong R. Landscape of Lankacidin Biomimetic Synthesis: Structural Revisions and Biogenetic Implications. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13818-13836. [PMID: 32985194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this report, a unified biomimetic approach to all known macrocyclic lankacidins is presented. By taking advantage of the thermolysis of N,O-acetal to generate the requisite N-acyl-1-azahexatriene species, we eventually realized the biomimetic Mannich macrocyclization, from which all of the macrocyclic lankacidins can be conquered by orchestrated desilylation. The reassignments of the reported structures of isolankacidinol (7 to 10) and the discovery of a recently isolated "lankacyclinol" found to be in fact 2,18-bis-epi-lankacyclinol (72) unraveled the previously underappreciated chemical diversity exhibited by the enzymatic macrocyclization. In addition, the facile elimination/decarboxylation/protonation process for the depletion of C1 under basic conditions resembling a physiological environment may implicate more undiscovered natural products with variable C2/C18 stereochemistries (i.e., 62, 73, and 75). The notable aspect provided by a biomimetic strategy is significantly reducing the step count compared with the two previous entries to macrocyclic lankacidins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Defeng Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ran Hong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Zhang M, Sayyad AA, Dhesi A, Orellana A. Enantioselective Synthesis of 7( S)-Hydroxydocosahexaenoic Acid, a Possible Endogenous Ligand for PPARα. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13621-13629. [PMID: 32954732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the first total synthesis of the polyunsaturated fatty acid 7-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (7-HDHA) in racemic form and the enantioselective synthesis of 7-(S)-HDHA. Both syntheses follow a convergent approach that unites the C1-C9 and C10-C22 fragments using Sonogashira coupling and Boland reduction as key steps. These syntheses enabled the unambiguous characterization of this natural product for the first time and helped establish 7(S)-HDHA as a possible endogenous ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Ashik A Sayyad
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Anmol Dhesi
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Arturo Orellana
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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Cai L, Yao Y, Yeon SK, Seiple IB. Modular Approaches to Lankacidin Antibiotics. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15116-15126. [PMID: 32786797 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lankacidins are a class of polyketide natural products isolated from Streptomyces spp. that show promising antimicrobial activity. Owing to their complex molecular architectures and chemical instability, structural assignment and derivatization of lankacidins are challenging tasks. Herein we describe three fully synthetic approaches to lankacidins that enable access to new structural variability within the class. We use these routes to systematically generate stereochemical derivatives of both cyclic and acyclic lankacidins. Additionally, we access a new series of lankacidins bearing a methyl group at the C4 position, a modification intended to increase chemical stability. In the course of this work, we discovered that the reported structures for two natural products of the lankacidin class were incorrect, and we determine the correct structures of 2,18-seco-lankacidinol B and iso-lankacidinol. We also evaluate the ability of several iso- and seco-lankacidins to inhibit the growth of bacteria and to inhibit translation in vitro. This work grants insight into the rich chemical complexity of this class of antibiotics and provides an avenue for further structural derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingchao Cai
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jinagsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 Jiangsu, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Yanmin Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Seul Ki Yeon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Ian B Seiple
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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Shi L, He Y, Gong J, Yang Z. Pd‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Allylation for Stereoselective Syntheses of Allylic Alcohols bearing a Quaternary Carbon Center. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics School of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yingdong He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics School of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jianxian Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics School of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics School of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Peking-Tsing hua Center for Life SciencesPeking University Beijing 100871 China
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