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Wei C, Fu D, Ma T, Chen M, Wang F, Chen G, Wang Z. Sensing patches for biomarker identification in skin-derived biofluids. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 258:116326. [PMID: 38696965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
In conventional clinical disease diagnosis and screening based on biomarker detection, most analysis samples are collected from serum, blood. However, these invasive collection methods require specific instruments, professionals, and may lead to infection risks. Additionally, the diagnosis process suffers from untimely results. The identification of skin-related biomarkers plays an unprecedented role in early disease diagnosis. More importantly, these skin-mediated approaches for collecting biomarker-containing biofluid samples are noninvasive or minimally invasive, which is more preferable for point-of-care testing (POCT). Therefore, skin-based biomarker detection patches have been promoted, owing to their unique advantages, such as simple fabrication, desirable transdermal properties and no requirements for professional medical staff. Currently, the skin biomarkers extracted from sweat, interstitial fluid (ISF) and wound exudate, are achieved with wearable sweat patches, transdermal MN patches, and wound patches, respectively. In this review, we detail these three types of skin patches in biofluids collection and diseases-related biomarkers identification. Patch classification and the corresponding manufacturing as well as detection strategies are also summarized. The remaining challenges in clinical applications and current issues in accurate detection are discussed for further advancement of this technology (Scheme 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wei
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Danni Fu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Tianyue Ma
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada; Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Fangling Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Guojun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada; Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.
| | - Zejun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
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Ji Y, Wang R, Zhao H. Toward Sensitive and Reliable Immunoassays of Marine Biotoxins: From Rational Design to Food Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:16076-16094. [PMID: 39010820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Marine biotoxins are metabolites produced by algae that can accumulate in shellfish or fish and enter organisms through the food chain, posing a serious threat to biological health. Therefore, accurate and rapid detection is an urgent requirement for food safety. Although various detection methods, including the mouse bioassay, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and cell detection methods, and protein phosphatase inhibition assays have been developed in the past decades, the current detection methods cannot fully meet these demands. Among these methods, the outstanding immunoassay virtues of high sensitivity, reliability, and low cost are highly advantageous for marine biotoxin detection in complex samples. In this work, we review the recent 5-year progress in marine biotoxin immunodetection technologies such as optical immunoassays, electrochemical immunoassays, and piezoelectric immunoassays. With the assistance of immunoassays, the detection of food-related marine biotoxins can be implemented for ensuring public health and preventing food poisoning. In addition, the immunodetection technique platforms including lateral flow chips and microfluidic chips are also discussed. We carefully investigate the advantages and disadvantages for each immunoassay, which are compared to demonstrate the guidance for selecting appropriate immunoassays and platforms for the detection of marine biotoxins. It is expected that this review will provide insights for the further development of immunoassays and promote the rapid progress and successful translation of advanced immunoassays with food safety detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea and Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Engineering Research Center for Hainan Bio-Smart Materials and Bio-Medical Devices, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea and Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Yamin D, Uskoković V, Wakil AM, Goni MD, Shamsuddin SH, Mustafa FH, Alfouzan WA, Alissa M, Alshengeti A, Almaghrabi RH, Fares MAA, Garout M, Al Kaabi NA, Alshehri AA, Ali HM, Rabaan AA, Aldubisi FA, Yean CY, Yusof NY. Current and Future Technologies for the Detection of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3246. [PMID: 37892067 PMCID: PMC10606640 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13203246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global public health concern, posing a significant threat to the effectiveness of antibiotics in treating bacterial infections. The accurate and timely detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is crucial for implementing appropriate treatment strategies and preventing the spread of resistant strains. This manuscript provides an overview of the current and emerging technologies used for the detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. We discuss traditional culture-based methods, molecular techniques, and innovative approaches, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and potential future applications. By understanding the strengths and limitations of these technologies, researchers and healthcare professionals can make informed decisions in combating antibiotic resistance and improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Yamin
- Al-Karak Public Hospital, Karak 61210, Jordan;
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, University Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu 16100, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Vuk Uskoković
- TardigradeNano LLC., Irvine, CA 92604, USA;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Abubakar Muhammad Wakil
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu 16100, Kelantan, Malaysia;
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri 600104, Borno, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Dauda Goni
- Public Health and Zoonoses Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa 16100, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Shazana Hilda Shamsuddin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Fatin Hamimi Mustafa
- Department of Electronic & Computer Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bharu 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Wadha A. Alfouzan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait;
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Farwania Hospital, Farwania 85000, Kuwait
| | - Mohammed Alissa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amer Alshengeti
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana H. Almaghrabi
- Pediatric Department, Prince Sultan Medical Military City, Riyadh 12233, Saudi Arabia;
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mona A. Al Fares
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nawal A. Al Kaabi
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates;
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi Health Services Company (SEHA), Abu Dhabi 51900, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad A. Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hamza M. Ali
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah 41411, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia;
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | | | - Chan Yean Yean
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nik Yusnoraini Yusof
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, University Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Li R, Yan J, Feng B, Sun M, Ding C, Shen H, Zhu J, Yu S. Ultrasensitive Detection of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Based on Boric Acid-Functionalized Fluorescent MOF@COF. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:18663-18671. [PMID: 37036801 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics has made multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) one of the greatest threats toward global health. Current conventional microbial detection methods are usually time-consuming, labor-intensive, expensive, and unable to detect low concentrations of bacteria, which cause great difficulties in clinical diagnosis and treatment. Herein, we constructed a versatile biosensing platform on the basis of boric acid-functionalized porous framework composites (MOF@COF-BA), which were able to realize highly efficient and sensitive label-free MDRB detection via fluorescence. In this design, MDRB were captured using aptamer-coated nanoparticles and the fluorescent probe MOF@COF-BA was tightly anchored onto the surface of MDRB due to interactions between boric acid groups and glycolipids on bacteria cells. Benefitting from the remarkable fluorescence performance of MOF@COF-BA, rapid and specific detection of MDRB, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Acinetobacter baumannii (AB), was realized with a detection range of 20-108 CFU/mL (for both) and limits of detection of 7 CFU/mL (MRSA) and 5 CFU/mL (AB). The feasibility of using the developed platform to selectively detect MRSA and AB from complex urine, human serum, and cerebrospinal fluid samples was also demonstrated. This work provides a promising strategy for accurate MDRB diagnosis, avoiding serious infection using rational antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwen Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Jintao Yan
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Min Sun
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Chuanfan Ding
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Hao Shen
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Shaoning Yu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
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5
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Gu X, Xu L, Yuan H, Li C, Zhao J, Li S, Yu D. Sophorolipid-toluidine blue conjugates for improved antibacterial photodynamic therapy through high accumulation. RSC Adv 2023; 13:11782-11793. [PMID: 37077994 PMCID: PMC10106977 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01618h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-bacterial photodynamic therapy is the most promising treatment protocol for bacterial infection, but low accumulation of photosensitizers has seriously hindered their development in clinical application. Here, with inherent outstanding affinity to bacterial cell envelope, sophorolipid produced from Candida bombicola has been conjugated to toluidine blue (SL-TB) through amidation reaction. The structure of SL-TB conjugates was identified by 1H-NMR, FT-IR and ESI-HRMS. The interfacial assembly and photophysical properties of SL-TB conjugates have been disclosed through surface tension, micro-polarity, electronic and fluorescence spectra. After light irradiation, the log10 (reduced CFU) of free toluidine blue to P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were 4.5 and 7.9, respectively. In contrast, SL-TB conjugates showed a higher bactericidal activity, with a reduction of 6.3 and 9.7 log10 units of CFU against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, respectively. The fluorescence quantitative results showed that SL-TB could accumulate 2850 nmol/1011 cells and 4360 nmol/1011 cells by P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, which was much higher than the accumulation of 462 nmol/1011 cells and 827 nmol/1011 cells of free toluidine blue. Through the cooperation of triple factors, including sophorose affinity to bacterial cells, hydrophobic association with plasma membrane, and electrostatic attraction, higher SL-TB accumulation was acquired, which has enhanced antibacterial photodynamic efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Gu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 PR China +86-25-58139386
| | - Lixian Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University No.121 Jiangjiayuan Road Nanjing 210000 P. R. China
| | - Haoyang Yuan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 PR China +86-25-58139386
| | - Cailing Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 PR China +86-25-58139386
| | - Juan Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 PR China +86-25-58139386
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 PR China +86-25-58139386
| | - Dinghua Yu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 PR China +86-25-58139386
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6
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Cao Z, Li C, Yang X, Wang S, Zhang X, Zhao C, Xue B, Gao C, Zhou H, Yang Y, Shen Z, Sun F, Wang J, Qiu Z. Rapid Quantitative Detection of Live Escherichia coli Based on Chronoamperometry. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100845. [PMID: 36290982 PMCID: PMC9599875 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The rapid quantitative detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) is of great significance for evaluating water and food safety. At present, the conventional bacteria detection methods cannot meet the requirements of rapid detection in water environments. Herein, we report a method based on chronoamperometry to rapidly and quantitatively detect live E. coli. In this study, the current indicator i0 and the electricity indicator A were used to record the cumulative effect of bacteria on an unmodified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface during chronoamperometric detection. Through the analysis of influencing factors and morphological characterization, it was proved that the changes of the two set electrochemical indicator signals had a good correlation with the concentration of E. coli; detection time was less than 5 min, the detection range of E. coli was 104−108 CFU/mL, and the error range was <30%. The results of parallel experiments and spiking experiments showed that this method had good repeatability, stability, and sensitivity. Humic acid and dead cells did not affect the detection results. This study not only developed a rapid quantitative detection method for E. coli in the laboratory, but also realized a bacterial detection scheme based on the theory of bacterial dissolution and adsorption for the first time, providing a new direction and theoretical basis for the development of electrochemical biosensors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuosong Cao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710600, China
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental Medicine and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Chenyu Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental Medicine and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental Medicine and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental Medicine and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental Medicine and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental Medicine and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Bin Xue
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental Medicine and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental Medicine and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hongrui Zhou
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental Medicine and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Yutong Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental Medicine and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental Medicine and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Feilong Sun
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710600, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental Medicine and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhigang Qiu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental Medicine and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
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Liu J, Lin L, Yao P, Zhao W, Hu J, Shi XH, Zhang S, Zhu X, Pang DW, Liu AA. Immunoprofiling of Severity and Stage of Bacterial Infectious Diseases by Ultrabright Fluorescent Nanosphere-Based Dyad Test Strips. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8818-8826. [PMID: 35686482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infectious diseases are common clinical diseases that seriously threaten human health, especially in countries and regions with poor environmental hygiene. Due to the lack of characteristic clinical symptoms and signs, it is a challenge to distinguish a bacterial infection from other infections, leading to misdiagnosis and antibiotic overuse. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a specific method for detection of bacterial infections. Herein, utilizing ultrabright fluorescent nanospheres (FNs) as reporters, immunochromatographic dyad test strips are developed for the early detection of bacterial infections and distinction of different stages of bacterial infectious diseases in clinical samples. C-reactive protein (CRP) and heparin-binding protein (HBP) are quantified and assayed because their levels in plasma are varied dynamically and asynchronously during the progression of the disease. The detection limits of CRP and HBP can reach as low as 0.51 and 0.65 ng/mL, respectively, due to the superior fluorescence intensity of each FN, which is 570 times stronger than that of a single quantum dot. The assay procedure can be achieved in 22 min, fully meeting the needs of rapid and ultrasensitive detection in the field. This constructed strip has been successfully used to profile the stage and severity of bacterial infections by monitoring the levels of CRP and HBP in human plasma samples, showing great potential as a point-of-care biosensor for clinical diagnosis. In addition to bacterial infections, the developed ultrabright FN-based point-of-care testing can be readily expanded for rapid, quantitative, and ultrasensitive detection of other trace substances in complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanzu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Leping Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China.,Wuhan Jiayuan Quantum Dots Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Peiyu Yao
- Department of Emergency, Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin 300121, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Hui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin 300121, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Zhu
- Wuhan Jiayuan Quantum Dots Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - An-An Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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8
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Qin J, Wang W, Gao L, Yao SQ. Emerging biosensing and transducing techniques for potential applications in point-of-care diagnostics. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2857-2876. [PMID: 35382472 PMCID: PMC8905799 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06269g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the deepening of our understanding in life science, molecular biology, nanotechnology, optics, electrochemistry and other areas, an increasing number of biosensor design strategies have emerged in recent years, capable of providing potential practical applications for point-of-care (POC) diagnosis in various human diseases. Compared to conventional biosensors, the latest POC biosensor research aims at improving sensor precision, cost-effectiveness and time-consumption, as well as the development of versatile detection strategies to achieve multiplexed analyte detection in a single device and enable rapid diagnosis and high-throughput screening. In this review, various intriguing strategies in the recognition and transduction of POC (from 2018 to 2021) are described in light of recent advances in CRISPR technology, electrochemical biosensing, and optical- or spectra-based biosensing. From the perspective of promoting emerging bioanalytical tools into practical POC detecting and diagnostic applications, we have summarized key advances made in this field in recent years and presented our own perspectives on future POC development and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Qin
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 4 Science Drive 2 Singapore 117544
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 4 Science Drive 2 Singapore 117544 .,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Liqian Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 4 Science Drive 2 Singapore 117544
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Nagar B, Silva WO, Girault HH. Voltammetry in Two‐Electrode Mode for Rapid Electrochemical Screening Using a Fully Printed and Flexible Multiplexer Sensor. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Nagar
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 17 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Wanderson O. Silva
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 17 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 17 1950 Sion Switzerland
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10
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Huang Y, Su Z, Li W, Ren J. Recent Progresses on Biosensors for Escherichia coli Detection. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Advances in Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Using Sensors and Biosensors: A Review. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9080232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The indiscriminate use and mismanagement of antibiotics over the last eight decades have led to one of the main challenges humanity will have to face in the next twenty years in terms of public health and economy, i.e., antimicrobial resistance. One of the key approaches to tackling antimicrobial resistance is clinical, livestock, and environmental surveillance applying methods capable of effectively identifying antimicrobial non-susceptibility as well as genes that promote resistance. Current clinical laboratory practices involve conventional culture-based antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) methods, taking over 24 h to find out which medication should be prescribed to treat the infection. Although there are techniques that provide rapid resistance detection, it is necessary to have new tools that are easy to operate, are robust, sensitive, specific, and inexpensive. Chemical sensors and biosensors are devices that could have the necessary characteristics for the rapid diagnosis of resistant microorganisms and could provide crucial information on the choice of antibiotic (or other antimicrobial medicines) to be administered. This review provides an overview on novel biosensing strategies for the phenotypic and genotypic determination of antimicrobial resistance and a perspective on the use of these tools in modern health-care and environmental surveillance.
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Kalimuthu P, Gonzalez-Martinez JF, Jakubauskas D, Cárdenas M, Ruzgas T, Sotres J. Battery-free radio frequency wireless sensor for bacteria based on their degradation of gelatin-fatty acid composite films. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Wu E, Yi J, Liu B, Qiao L. Assessment of bacterial viability by laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Talanta 2021; 233:122535. [PMID: 34215038 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infection poses a serious threat to human health worldwide. Rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is essential for the clinical treatment of bacterial infection patients. However, the traditional AST relies on bacteria culture, which is time-consuming and limits the analysis to culturable species. Herein, we present a laser desorption ionization (LDI) mass spectrometry-based method for rapid bacterial viability assessment and AST by tracing the redox of resazurin (RS) by viable bacteria. RS as well as its reduction product, fluorescent resorufin (RF), can be directly detected by LDI-MS in the absence of matrix. The intensity ratio between RF and RS can be used to assess the viability of bacteria in specimens. We have demonstrated the high efficiency of the method using different bacterial species, including K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa, and various antibiotic drugs, such as ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. Compared to traditional methods based on optical absorption, the current method is faster and more sensitive. Furthermore, we applied the method to bacterial viability detection and AST using human body fluid samples, i.e. serum and urine, demonstrating that it can screen rapidly appropriate antibiotic drugs for timely clinical treatment of infectious diseases. With the advantages of simplicity in methodology as well as sensitivity and speed in analysis, the current method holds the potential of clinical usages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enhui Wu
- Department of Chemistry, And Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Jia Yi
- Department of Chemistry, And Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Baohong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, And Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, And Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China.
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14
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Parlak O, Richter-Dahlfors A. Bacterial Sensing and Biofilm Monitoring for Infection Diagnostics. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000129. [PMID: 32588553 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent insights into the rapidly emerging field of bacterial sensing and biofilm monitoring for infection diagnostics are discussed as well as recent key developments and emerging technologies in the field. Electrochemical sensing of bacteria and bacterial biofilm via synthetic, natural, and engineered recognition, as well as direct redox-sensing approaches via algorithm-based optical sensing, and tailor-made optotracing technology are discussed. These technologies are highlighted to answer the very critical question: "how can fast and accurate bacterial sensing and biofilm monitoring be achieved? Following on from that: "how can these different sensing concepts be translated for use in infection diagnostics? A central obstacle to this transformation is the absence of direct and fast analysis methods that provide high-throughput results and bio-interfaces that can control and regulate the means of communication between biological and electronic systems. Here, the overall progress made to date in building such translational efforts at the level of an individual bacterial cell to a bacterial community is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Parlak
- AIMES-Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Science, Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Agneta Richter-Dahlfors
- AIMES-Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Science, Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden.,Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
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15
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Abstract
With the imminent needs of rapid, accurate, simple point-of-care systems for global healthcare industry, electrochemical biosensors have been widely developed owing to their cost-effectiveness and simple instrumentation. However, typical electrochemical biosensors for direct analysis of proteins in the human biological sample still suffer from complex biosensor fabrication, lack of general method, limited sensitivity, and matrix-caused biofouling effect. To resolve these challenges, we developed a general electrochemical sensing strategy based on a designed steric hindrance effect on an antibody surface layer. This strategy utilizes the interaction pattern of protein-G and immunoglobulin G (Fc and Fab regions), providing a steric hindrance effect during the target capturing process. The provided steric hindrance effect minimizes the matrix effect-caused fouling surface and altered the path of electron transfer, delivering a low-fouling and high-sensitivity detection of protein in complex matrices. Also, an enzyme-based horseradish peroxidase/hydroquinone/H2O2 transduction system can also be applied to the system, demonstrating the versatility of this sensing strategy for general electrochemical sensing applications. We demonstrated this platform through the detection of Tau protein and programming death ligand 1 with a subpico molar detection limit within 10 min, satisfying the clinical point-of-care requirements for rapid turnaround time and ultrasensitivity.
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16
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Nagar B, Jović M, Bassetto VC, Zhu Y, Pick H, Gómez‐Romero P, Merkoçi A, Girault HH, Lesch A. Highly Loaded Mildly Edge‐Oxidized Graphene Nanosheet Dispersions for Large‐Scale Inkjet Printing of Electrochemical Sensors. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Nagar
- Novel Energy Oriented Materials Group Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Campus UAB, Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys, 23 Barcelona 08010 Spain
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA)Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 17 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Milica Jović
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA)Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 17 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Victor Costa Bassetto
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA)Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 17 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Yingdi Zhu
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA)Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 17 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Horst Pick
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC)Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) EPFL Station 15 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Pedro Gómez‐Romero
- Novel Energy Oriented Materials Group Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Campus UAB, Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys, 23 Barcelona 08010 Spain
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA)Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 17 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”University of Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
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17
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Darvishi S, Pick H, Lin TE, Zhu Y, Li X, Ho PC, Girault HH, Lesch A. Tape-Stripping Electrochemical Detection of Melanoma. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12900-12908. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sorour Darvishi
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Valais Wallis, Rue de l’Industrie 17, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Horst Pick
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tzu-En Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yingdi Zhu
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Valais Wallis, Rue de l’Industrie 17, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, CH-1015 Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, CH-1015 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, CH-1015 Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, CH-1015 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Valais Wallis, Rue de l’Industrie 17, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, IT-40136 Bologna, Italy
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18
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Point-of-care amperometric determination of L-dopa using an inkjet-printed carbon nanotube electrode modified with dandelion-like MnO2 microspheres. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:532. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Dai Y, Liu CC. Recent Advances on Electrochemical Biosensing Strategies toward Universal Point-of-Care Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12355-12368. [PMID: 30990933 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A number of very recently developed electrochemical biosensing strategies are promoting electrochemical biosensing systems into practical point-of-care applications. The focus of research endeavors has transferred from detection of a specific analyte to the development of general biosensing strategies that can be applied for a single category of analytes, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and cells. In this Minireview, recent cutting-edge research on electrochemical biosensing strategies are described. These developments resolved critical challenges regarding the application of electrochemical biosensors to practical point-of-care systems, such as rapid readout, simple biosensor fabrication method, ultra-high detection sensitivity, direct analysis in a complex biological matrix, and multiplexed target analysis. This Minireview provides general guidelines both for scientists in the biosensing research community and for the biosensor industry on development of point-of-care system, benefiting global healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Dai
- Electronics Design Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Chung Chiun Liu
- Electronics Design Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
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20
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Dai Y, Liu CC. Recent Advances on Electrochemical Biosensing Strategies toward Universal Point‐of‐Care Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Dai
- Electronics Design CenterCase Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringCase Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
| | - Chung Chiun Liu
- Electronics Design CenterCase Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringCase Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
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21
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Stanković DM, Ognjanović M, Jović M, Cuplić V, Lesch A, Girault HH, Gavrović Jankulović M, Antić B. Disposable Biosensor Based on Amidase/CeO2/GNR Modified Inkjet‐printed CNT Electrodes‐droplet Based Paracetamol Detection in Biological Fluids for “Point‐of‐care” Applications. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dalibor M. Stanković
- The “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear SciencesUniversity of Belgrade, POB 522 11001 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Miloš Ognjanović
- The “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear SciencesUniversity of Belgrade, POB 522 11001 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Milica Jović
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA)EPFL Valais Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 17 CH-1951 Sion Switzerland
| | - Valentina Cuplić
- Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Belgrade Studentski trg 12–16 11000 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”University of Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA)EPFL Valais Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 17 CH-1951 Sion Switzerland
| | | | - Bratislav Antić
- The “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear SciencesUniversity of Belgrade, POB 522 11001 Belgrade Serbia
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22
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Santopolo G, Doménech-Sánchez A, Russell SM, de la Rica R. Ultrafast and Ultrasensitive Naked-Eye Detection of Urease-Positive Bacteria with Plasmonic Nanosensors. ACS Sens 2019; 4:961-967. [PMID: 30869519 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the pathogen responsible for an infection is a requirement in order to personalize antimicrobial treatments. Detecting bacterial enzymes, such as proteases, lipases, and oxidoreductases, is a winning approach for detecting pathogens at the point of care. In this Article, a new method for detecting urease-producing bacteria rapidly and at ultralow concentrations is reported. In this method, longsome bacteriological culture steps are substituted for a 10 min capture procedure with positively charged magnetic beads. The presence of urease-positive bacteria on the particles is then queried with a plasmonic signal generation step that generates blue- or red-colored nanoparticle suspensions upon addition of the enzyme substrate. These colorimetric signals, which can be easily identified by eye, are generated by the NH3-dependent assembly of gold nanoparticles in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The proposed method can detect Proteus mirabilis with a limit of detection of 101 cells mL-1, with a total assay time of 40 min, even in the presence of a large excess of urease-negative bacteria ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Furthermore, it does not require bulky equipment, and it can detect P. mirabilis at clinically relevant concentrations within minutes, making it suitable for detecting urease-positive pathogens at the point of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Santopolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Antonio Doménech-Sánchez
- Área de Microbiología e Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- Saniconsult Ibérica S.L., 07009 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Steven M. Russell
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), S Building, Son Espases Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Roberto de la Rica
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), S Building, Son Espases Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
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