1
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Goldup SM. The End of the Beginning of Mechanical Stereochemistry. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1696-1708. [PMID: 38830116 PMCID: PMC11191403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusStereochemistry has played a key role in the development of synthetic chemistry for the simple reason that the function and properties of most molecules, from medicine to materials science, depend on their shape and thus the stereoisomer used. However, despite the potential for rotaxanes and catenanes to display unusual forms of stereochemistry being identified as early as 1961, this aspect of the mechanical bond remained underexplored and underexploited; until 2014 it was only possible to access chiral rotaxanes and catenanes whose stereoisomerism is solely attributable to the mechanical bond using chiral stationary phase high performance liquid chromatography, which limited their production on scale and thus inhibited the investigation of their properties and applications. Furthermore, the stereogenic units of such molecules and analogues were often poorly described, which made it hard to fully articulate both what had been achieved in the field and what problems were left to solve. Relatively recently, methods to access rotaxanes and catenanes that display mechanical stereochemistry selectively have been developed, making these intriguing structures available for study in a range of prototypical applications including catalysis, sensing, and as chiral luminophores.In this Account, we briefly discuss the history of mechanical stereochemistry, beginning in 1961 when the potential for mechanical stereoisomerism was first identified, before defining how mechanical stereochemistry arises from a structural point of view. Building on this, using simple stereochemical arguments, we confirm that the complete set of unique stereogenic units of two-component rotaxanes and catenanes have finally been identified and categorized unambiguously, with the last being identified only in 2024. After pausing to discuss some of the stereochemical curiosities that arise when molecules contain both covalent and mechanical stereogenic units, and the potential for stereoisomerism to arise due to co-conformational movement, we use our stereochemical framework to summarize our efforts to develop conceptually general approaches to [2]catenanes and [2]rotaxanes containing all of the possible mechanical stereogenic units. In particular, we highlight how the nature of a mechanical stereogenic unit affects the available strategies for their stereoselective synthesis. We finish by highlighting recent prototypical chemical applications of interlocked molecules that rely on their mechanical stereochemistry, before discussing future directions and challenges.Taken together, we propose that the transition of such molecules from being hard to make and poorly described, to being available in high stereopurity using clearly articulated methodological and stereochemical concepts suggests that the field is finally maturing. Thus, we are now coming to the end of the beginning of mechanical stereochemistry. The stage is now set for such molecules to play a functional role in a range of areas, indeed in any chemical or physical application where control over molecular shape is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Goldup
- School of Chemistry, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
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2
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Gallagher P, Savoini A, Saady A, Maynard JRJ, Butler PWV, Tizzard GJ, Goldup SM. Facial Selectivity in Mechanical Bond Formation: Axially Chiral Enantiomers and Geometric Isomers from a Simple Prochiral Macrocycle. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9134-9141. [PMID: 38507717 PMCID: PMC10996000 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
In 1971, Schill recognized that a prochiral macrocycle encircling an oriented axle led to geometric isomerism in rotaxanes. More recently, we identified an overlooked chiral stereogenic unit in rotaxanes that arises when a prochiral macrocycle encircles a prochiral axle. Here, we show that both stereogenic units can be accessed using equivalent strategies, with a single weak stereodifferentiating interaction sufficient for moderate to excellent stereoselectivity. Using this understanding, we demonstrated the first direct enantioselective (70% ee) synthesis of a mechanically axially chiral rotaxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter
R. Gallagher
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Andrea Savoini
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Abed Saady
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - John R. J. Maynard
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Patrick W. V. Butler
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Graham J. Tizzard
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
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3
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McCarthy DR, Xu K, Schenkelberg ME, Balegamire NAN, Liang H, Bellino SA, Li J, Schneebeli ST. Kinetically controlled synthesis of rotaxane geometric isomers. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4860-4870. [PMID: 38550687 PMCID: PMC10967009 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04412b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Geometric isomerism in mechanically interlocked systems-which arises when the axle of a mechanically interlocked molecule is oriented, and the macrocyclic component is facially dissymmetric-can provide enhanced functionality for directional transport and polymerization catalysis. We now introduce a kinetically controlled strategy to control geometric isomerism in [2]rotaxanes. Our synthesis provides the major geometric isomer with high selectivity, broadening synthetic access to such interlocked structures. Starting from a readily accessible [2]rotaxane with a symmetrical axle, one of the two stoppers is activated selectively for stopper exchange by the substituents on the ring component. High selectivities are achieved in these reactions, based on coupling the selective formation reactions leading to the major products with inversely selective depletion reactions for the minor products. Specifically, in our reaction system, the desired (major) product forms faster in the first step, while the undesired (minor) product subsequently reacts away faster in the second step. Quantitative 1H NMR data, fit to a detailed kinetic model, demonstrates that this effect (which is conceptually closely related to minor enantiomer recycling and related processes) can significantly improve the intrinsic selectivity of the reactions. Our results serve as proof of principle for how multiple selective reaction steps can work together to enhance the stereoselectivity of synthetic processes forming complex mechanically interlocked molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon R McCarthy
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Departments of Industrial & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Chemistry, and Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Mica E Schenkelberg
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
- Departments of Industrial & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Chemistry, and Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Nils A N Balegamire
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
- Departments of Industrial & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Chemistry, and Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Huiming Liang
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
| | - Shea A Bellino
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
| | - Jianing Li
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
- Departments of Industrial & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Chemistry, and Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Severin T Schneebeli
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
- Departments of Industrial & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Chemistry, and Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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4
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Savoini A, Gallagher PR, Saady A, Goldup SM. The Final Stereogenic Unit of [2]Rotaxanes: Type 2 Geometric Isomers. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8472-8479. [PMID: 38499387 PMCID: PMC10979452 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical stereochemistry arises when the interlocking of stereochemically trivial covalent subcomponents results in a stereochemically complex object. Although this general concept was identified in 1961, the stereochemical description of these molecules is still under development to the extent that new forms of mechanical stereochemistry are still being identified. Here, we present a simple analysis of rotaxane and catenane stereochemistry that allowed us to identify the final missing simple mechanical stereogenic unit, an overlooked form of rotaxane geometric isomerism, and demonstrate its stereoselective synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Savoini
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Peter R. Gallagher
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Abed Saady
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
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5
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Puigcerver J, Marin-Luna M, Iglesias-Sigüenza J, Alajarin M, Martinez-Cuezva A, Berna J. Mechanically Planar-to-Point Chirality Transmission in [2]Rotaxanes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2882-2887. [PMID: 38266249 PMCID: PMC10859924 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Herein we describe an effective transmission of chirality, from mechanically planar chirality to point chirality, in hydrogen-bonded [2]rotaxanes. A highly selective mono-N-methylation of one (out of four) amide N atom at the macrocyclic counterpart of starting achiral rotaxanes generates mechanically planar chirality. Followed by chiral resolution, both enantiomers were subjected to a base-promoted intramolecular cyclization, where their interlocked threads were transformed into new lactam moieties. As a matter of fact, the mechanically planar chiral information was effectively transferred to the resulting stereocenters (covalent chirality) of the newly formed heterocycles. Upon removing the entwined macrocycle, the final lactams were obtained with high enantiopurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Puigcerver
- Departamento
de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica, Regional Campus of International
Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Marin-Luna
- Departamento
de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica, Regional Campus of International
Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Javier Iglesias-Sigüenza
- Departamento
de Quimica Organica and Centro de Innovacion en Quimica Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla, E-41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mateo Alajarin
- Departamento
de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica, Regional Campus of International
Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Departamento
de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica, Regional Campus of International
Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento
de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica, Regional Campus of International
Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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6
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Qi Y, Ayinla M, Clifford S, Ramström O. Spontaneous and Selective Macrocyclization in Nitroaldol Reaction Systems. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 38154053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Through a dynamic polymerization and self-sorting process, a range of lowellane macrocycles have been efficiently generated in nitroaldol systems composed of aromatic dialdehydes and aliphatic or aromatic dinitroalkanes. All identified macrocycles show a composition of two repeating units, resulting in tetra-β-nitroalcohols of different structures. The effects of the building block structure on the macrocyclization process have been demonstrated, and the influence from the solvent has been explored. In general, the formation of the lowellanes was amplified in response to phase-change effects, although solution-phase structures were, in some cases, favored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchuan Qi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Mubarak Ayinla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Stephen Clifford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Olof Ramström
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
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7
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Anghel CC, Cucuiet TA, Hădade ND, Grosu I. Active-metal template clipping synthesis of novel [2]rotaxanes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1776-1784. [PMID: 38033450 PMCID: PMC10682515 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) have been important synthetic targets in supramolecular chemistry due to their beautiful structures and intriguing properties. We present herein a new synthetic strategy to access [2]rotaxanes, namely active-metal template clipping. We discuss the design of the target [2]rotaxanes, synthesis and characterization of the axle, macrocycle precursors and macrocycles as well as preparation of the final [2]rotaxanes by active template copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) as key step of the synthesis. HRMS and NMR experiments have been performed to confirm the formation of the interlocked structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin C Anghel
- Babeș-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre, 11 Arany Janos Str., RO-400028-Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry; Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Research Centre of Applied Organic Chemistry, 90-92 Panduri Street, RO-050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Teodor A Cucuiet
- Babeș-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre, 11 Arany Janos Str., RO-400028-Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Niculina D Hădade
- Babeș-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre, 11 Arany Janos Str., RO-400028-Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ion Grosu
- Babeș-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre, 11 Arany Janos Str., RO-400028-Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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8
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Wada K, Yasuzawa K, Fa S, Nagata Y, Kato K, Ohtani S, Ogoshi T. Diastereoselective Rotaxane Synthesis with Pillar[5]arenes via Co-crystallization and Solid-State Mechanochemical Processes. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37411034 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Chiral rotaxanes have attracted much attention in recent decades for their unique chirality based on their interlocked structures. Thus, selective synthesis methods of chiral rotaxanes have been developed. The introduction of substituents with chiral centers to produce diastereomers is a powerful strategy for the construction of chiral rotaxanes. However, in case of a small energy difference between the diastereomers, diastereoselective synthesis is extremely difficult. Herein, we report a new diastereoselective rotaxane synthesis method using solid-phase diastereoselective [3]pseudorotaxane formation and mechanochemical solid-phase end-capping reactions of the [3]pseudorotaxanes. By co-crystallization of stereodynamic planar chiral pillar[5]arene with stereogenic carbons at both rims and axles with suitable end groups and lengths, the [3]pseudorotaxane with a high diastereomeric excess (ca. 92% de) was generated in the solid state because of higher effective molarity with aid by packing effects and significant energy differences between [3]pseudorotaxane diastereomers. In contrast, the de of the pillar[5]arene was low in solution (ca. 10% de) because of a small energy difference between diastereomers. Subsequent end-capping reactions of the polycrystalline [3]pseudorotaxane with high de in solvent-free conditions successfully yielded rotaxanes while maintaining the high de generated by the co-crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Wada
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kiichi Yasuzawa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shixin Fa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P.R. China
| | - Yuuya Nagata
- WPI Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kato
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ohtani
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ogoshi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-Nano LSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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9
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A chiral macrocycle for the stereoselective synthesis of mechanically planar chiral rotaxanes and catenanes. Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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10
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Jinks M, Howard M, Rizzi F, Goldup SM, Burnett AD, Wilson AJ. Direct Detection of Hydrogen Bonds in Supramolecular Systems Using 1H- 15N Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Coherence Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23127-23133. [PMID: 36508201 PMCID: PMC9782782 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded supramolecular systems are usually characterized in solution through analysis of NMR data such as complexation-induced shifts and nuclear Overhauser effects (nOe). Routine direct detection of hydrogen bonding particularly in multicomponent mixtures, even with the aid of 2D NMR experiments for full assignment, is more challenging. We describe an elementary rapid 1H-15N HMQC NMR experiment which addresses these challenges without the need for complex pulse sequences. Under readily accessible conditions (243/263 K, 50 mM solutions) and natural 15N abundance, unambiguous assignment of 15N resonances facilitates direct detection of intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds in mechanically interlocked structures and quadruply hydrogen-bonded dimers─of dialkylaminoureidopyrimidinones, ureidopyrimidinones, and diamidonaphthyridines─in single or multicomponent mixtures to establish tautomeric configuration, conformation, and, to resolve self-sorted speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
A. Jinks
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Mark Howard
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Federica Rizzi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 2BJ, U.K.
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 2BJ, U.K.
| | - Andrew D. Burnett
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Andrew J. Wilson
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Astbury
Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,
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11
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Maynard JR, Gallagher P, Lozano D, Butler P, Goldup SM. Mechanically axially chiral catenanes and noncanonical mechanically axially chiral rotaxanes. Nat Chem 2022; 14:1038-1044. [PMID: 35760959 PMCID: PMC7613450 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00973-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chirality typically arises in molecules because of a rigidly chiral arrangement of covalently bonded atoms. Less generally appreciated is that chirality can arise when molecules are threaded through one another to create a mechanical bond. For example, when two macrocycles with chemically distinct faces are joined to form a catenane, the structure is chiral, although the rings themselves are not. However, enantiopure mechanically axially chiral catenanes in which the mechanical bond provides the sole source of stereochemistry have not been reported. Here we re-examine the symmetry properties of these molecules and in doing so identify a straightforward route to access them from simple chiral building blocks. Our analysis also led us to identify an analogous but previously unremarked upon rotaxane stereogenic unit, which also yielded to our co-conformational auxiliary approach. With methods to access mechanically axially chiral molecules in hand, their properties and applications can now be explored.
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12
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Li M, Chia XL, Tian C, Zhu Y. Mechanically planar chiral rotaxanes through catalytic desymmetrization. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Rodríguez-Rubio A, Savoini A, Modicom F, Butler P, Goldup SM. A Co-conformationally "Topologically" Chiral Catenane. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11927-11932. [PMID: 35763555 PMCID: PMC9348828 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Catenanes composed of two achiral rings that are oriented (Cnh symmetry) because of the sequence of atoms they contain are referred to as topologically chiral. Here, we present the synthesis of a highly enantioenriched catenane containing a related but overlooked "co-conformationally 'topologically' chiral" stereogenic unit, which arises when a bilaterally symmetric Cnv ring is desymmetrized by the position of an oriented macrocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Rodríguez-Rubio
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Savoini
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Modicom
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Butler
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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14
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15
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Maynard JRJ, Galmés B, Stergiou AD, Symes MD, Frontera A, Goldup SM. Anion-π Catalysis Enabled by the Mechanical Bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115961. [PMID: 35040543 PMCID: PMC9303940 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report a series of rotaxane‐based anion–π catalysts in which the mechanical bond between a bipyridine macrocycle and an axle containing an NDI unit is intrinsic to the activity observed, including a [3]rotaxane that catalyses an otherwise disfavoured Michael addition in >60 fold selectivity over a competing decarboxylation pathway that dominates under Brønsted base conditions. The results are rationalized by detailed experimental investigations, electrochemical and computational analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R J Maynard
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, S017 1BJ, UK
| | - Bartomeu Galmés
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
| | - Athanasios D Stergiou
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Mark D Symes
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, S017 1BJ, UK
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16
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Cho HL, Lai CC, Liu YH, Hsu HF, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Metal-Ion-Induced Mechanical Chirality: Achiral Rotaxane as the Only Ligand in Chiral Palladium(II)–N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes. Org Lett 2022; 24:1996-2001. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Liang Cho
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chen Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, South District, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Fu Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, No.151, Yingzhuan Road, Tamsui District, New Taipei City 251301, Taiwan
| | - Shie-Ming Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsien Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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17
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Heard AW, Suárez JM, Goldup SM. Controlling catalyst activity, chemoselectivity and stereoselectivity with the mechanical bond. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:182-196. [PMID: 37117433 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked molecules, such as rotaxanes and catenanes, are receiving increased attention as scaffolds for the development of new catalysts, driven by both their increasing accessibility and high-profile examples of the mechanical bond delivering desirable behaviours and properties. In this Review, we survey recent advances in the catalytic applications of mechanically interlocked molecules organized by the effect of the mechanical bond on key catalytic properties, namely, activity, chemoselectivity and stereoselectivity, and focus on how the mechanically bonded structure leads to the observed behaviour. Our aim is to inspire future investigations of mechanically interlocked catalysts, including those outside of the supramolecular community.
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18
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Maynard JRJ, Galmés B, Stergiou A, Symes M, Frontera A, Goldup SM. Anion‐π Catalysis Enabled by the Mechanical Bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark Symes
- University of Glasgow Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
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19
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A chiral interlocking auxiliary strategy for the synthesis of mechanically planar chiral rotaxanes. Nat Chem 2021; 14:179-187. [PMID: 34845345 PMCID: PMC7612332 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00825-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Rotaxanes can display molecular chirality solely due to the mechanical bond between the axle and encircling macrocycle without the presence of covalent stereogenic units. However, the synthesis of such molecules remains challenging. We have discovered a combination of reaction partners that function as a chiral interlocking auxiliary to both orientate a macrocycle and, effectively, load it onto a new axle. Here we use these substrates to demonstrate the potential of a chiral interlocking auxiliary strategy for the synthesis of mechanically planar chiral rotaxanes by producing a range of examples in high enantiopurity (93–99% e.e.), including so-called ‘impossible’ rotaxanes whose axles lack any functional groups that would allow their direct synthesis by other means. Intriguingly, by varying the order of bond-forming steps, we can effectively choose which end of an axle the macrocycle is loaded onto, enabling the synthesis of both hands of a single target using the same reactions and building blocks.
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20
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Tajima S, Muranaka A, Naito M, Taniguch N, Harada M, Miyagawa S, Ueda M, Takaya H, Kobayashi N, Uchiyama M, Tokunaga Y. Synthesis of a Mechanically Planar Chiral and Axially Chiral [2]Rotaxane. Org Lett 2021; 23:8678-8682. [PMID: 34730985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized a [2]rotaxane that was both mechanically planar chiral and axially chiral, comprising a symmetrical bis-crown ether featuring a biphenyl moiety (as the macrocyclic component) and a symmetrical bis-ammonium salt (as the dumbbell-shaped component).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Tajima
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Molecular Structure Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masaya Naito
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Noriho Taniguch
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Mei Harada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinobu Miyagawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ueda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Hikaru Takaya
- International Research Center for Elements Science, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan.,Institute for Molecular Science, National Institute of Natural Science, Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Nagao Kobayashi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuji Tokunaga
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
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21
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Puente AR, Bessaguet A, Pairault N, Pieters G, Crassous J, Polavarapu PL, Opalinski I, Papot S. Absolute configuration of a [1]rotaxane determined from vibrational and electronic circular dichroism spectra. Chirality 2021; 33:773-782. [PMID: 34590354 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The experimental vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra were measured for the enantiomers of [1]rotaxane 1. These experimental spectra have been analyzed using predicted VCD and ECD spectra for (S, Rmp ) or (S, Smp ) diastereomers using density functional theory. This comparison allowed for a definitive assignment of the absolute configuration of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Puente
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Adrien Bessaguet
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Groupe "Système Moléculaires Programmés", UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Noël Pairault
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Groupe "Système Moléculaires Programmés", UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Grégory Pieters
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jeanne Crassous
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226, Campus de Beaulieu, Univ Rennes, Rennes Cedex, France
| | | | - Isabelle Opalinski
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Groupe "Système Moléculaires Programmés", UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Sébastien Papot
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Groupe "Système Moléculaires Programmés", UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur H. G. David
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208 United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208 United States
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310021 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215 China
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23
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McCarney EP, Lovitt JI, Gunnlaugsson T. Mechanically Interlocked Chiral Self-Templated [2]Catenanes from 2,6-Bis(1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine (btp) Ligands. Chemistry 2021; 27:12052-12057. [PMID: 34106499 PMCID: PMC8457180 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the efficient self-templated formation of optically active 2,6-bis(1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine (btp) derived homocircuit [2]catenane enantiomers. This represents the first example of the enantiopure formation of chiral btp homocircuit [2]catenanes from starting materials consisting of a classical chiral element; X-ray diffraction crystallography enabled the structural characterization of the [2]catenane. The self-assembly reaction was monitored closely in solution facilitating the characterization of the pseudo-rotaxane reaction intermediate prior to mechanically interlocking the pre-organised system via ring-closing metathesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin P. McCarney
- School of Chemistryand SFI Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC)Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - June I. Lovitt
- School of Chemistryand SFI Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC)Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistryand SFI Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC)Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin 2Ireland
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24
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Caprice K, Pál D, Besnard C, Galmés B, Frontera A, Cougnon FBL. Diastereoselective Amplification of a Mechanically Chiral [2]Catenane. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11957-11962. [PMID: 34323081 PMCID: PMC8397304 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Achiral [2]catenanes composed of rings with inequivalent sides may adopt chiral co-conformations. Their stereochemistry depends on the relative orientation of the interlocked rings and can be controlled by sterics or an external stimulus (e.g., a chemical stimulus). Herein, we have exploited this stereodynamic property to amplify a mechanically chiral (P)-catenane upon binding to (R)-1,1'-binaphthyl 2,2'-disulfonate, with a diastereomeric excess of 85%. The chirality of the [2]catenane was ascertained in the solid state by single crystal X-ray diffraction and in solution by NMR and CD spectroscopies. This study establishes a robust basis for the development of a new synthetic approach to access enantioenriched mechanically chiral [2]catenanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Caprice
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dávid Pál
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Céline Besnard
- Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bartomeu Galmés
- Department de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
| | - Fabien B L Cougnon
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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25
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Gualandi L, Franchi P, Mezzina E, Goldup SM, Lucarini M. Spin-labelled mechanically interlocked molecules as models for the interpretation of biradical EPR spectra. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8385-8393. [PMID: 34221319 PMCID: PMC8221063 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01462e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biradical spin probes can provide detailed information about the distances between molecules/regions of molecules because the through-space coupling of radical centres, characterised by J, is strongly distance dependent. However, if the system can adopt multiple configurations, as is common in supramolecular complexes, the shape of the EPR spectrum is influenced not only by J but also the rate of exchange between different states. In practice, it is often hard to separate these variables and as a result, the effect of the latter is sometimes overlooked. To demonstrate this challenge unequivocally we synthesised rotaxane biradicals containing nitronyl nitroxide units at the termini of their axles. The rotaxanes exchange between the available biradical conformations more slowly than the corresponding non-interlocked axles but, despite this, in some cases, the EPR spectra of the axle and rotaxane remain remarkably similar. Detailed analysis allowed us to demonstrate that the similar EPR spectral shapes result from different combinations of J and rates of conformational interconversion, a phenomenon suggested theoretically more than 50 years ago. This work reinforces the idea that thorough analysis must be performed when interpreting the spectra of biradicals employed as spin probes in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Via San Giacomo 11 Bologna Italy
| | - Paola Franchi
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Via San Giacomo 11 Bologna Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mezzina
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Via San Giacomo 11 Bologna Italy
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton University Road, Highfield Southampton UK
| | - Marco Lucarini
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Via San Giacomo 11 Bologna Italy
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26
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27
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Echavarren J, Gall MAY, Haertsch A, Leigh DA, Spence JTJ, Tetlow DJ, Tian C. Sequence-Selective Decapeptide Synthesis by the Parallel Operation of Two Artificial Molecular Machines. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5158-5165. [PMID: 33764775 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report on the preparation of a decapeptide through the parallel operation of two rotaxane-based molecular machines. The synthesis proceeds in four stages: (1) simultaneous operation of two molecular peptide synthesizers in the same reaction vessel; (2) selective residue activation of short-oligomer intermediates; (3) ligation; (4) product release. Key features of the machine design include the following: (a) selective transformation of a thioproline building block to a cysteine (once it has been incorporated into a hexapeptide intermediate by one molecular machine); (b) a macrocycle-peptide hydrazine linkage (as part of the second machine) to differentiate the intermediates and enable their directional ligation; and (c) incorporation of a Glu residue in the assembly module of one machine to enable release of the final product while simultaneously removing part of the assembly machinery from the product. The two molecular machines participate in the synthesis of a product that is beyond the capability of individual small-molecule machines, in a manner reminiscent of the ligation and post-translational modification of proteins in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Echavarren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Malcolm A Y Gall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Adrian Haertsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Justin T J Spence
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Daniel J Tetlow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Chong Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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28
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Morise T, Muranaka A, Ban H, Harada M, Naito M, Yoshida K, Kobayashi N, Uchiyama M, Tokunaga Y. A Chiral [3]Rotaxane Comprising Achiral Bis-macrocyclic and Dumbbell-Shaped Components. Org Lett 2021; 23:2120-2124. [PMID: 33689384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized a molecularly chiral [3]rotaxane comprising a calix-bis-crown ether (as the macrocyclic component) and two unsymmetrical dialkylammonium salts (as dumbbell-shaped components) without any chirality in any of the individual components. Chiral high-performance liquid chromatography was used to separate the enantiomers, which were characterized by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Density functional theory calculations gave an insight into the absolute configuration of each [3]rotaxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Morise
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hayato Ban
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Mei Harada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masaya Naito
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Yoshida
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Fukui Prefectural Police Headquarters, Ohte, Fukui 910-8515, Japan
| | - Nagao Kobayashi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuji Tokunaga
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
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29
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Enantioselective preparation of mechanically planar chiral rotaxanes by kinetic resolution strategy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:404. [PMID: 33452235 PMCID: PMC7811017 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric synthesis of mechanically planar chiral rotaxanes and topologically chiral catenanes has been a long-standing challenge in organic synthesis. Recently, an excellent strategy was developed based on diastereomeric synthesis of rotaxanes and catenanes with mechanical chirality followed by removal of the chiral auxiliary. On the other hand, its enantioselective approach has been quite limited. Here, we report enantioselective preparation of mechanically planar chiral rotaxanes by kinetic resolution of the racemates via remote asymmetric acylation of a hydroxy group in the axis component, which provides an unreacted enantiomer in up to >99.9% ee in 29% yield (the theoretical maximum yield of kinetic resolution of racemate is 50%). While the rotaxane molecules are expected to have conformational complexity, our original catalysts enabled to discriminate the mechanical chirality of the rotaxanes efficiently with the selectivity factors in up to 16. Since the discovery of mechanically planar chiral rotaxanes and topologically chiral catenanes, their asymmetric synthesis has been a long-standing challenge. Here, the authors report enantioselective preparation of mechanically planar chiral rotaxanes with up to 99.9% ee in 29% yield.
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30
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Pairault N, Bessaguet A, Barat R, Frédéric L, Pieters G, Crassous J, Opalinski I, Papot S. Diastereoselective synthesis of [1]rotaxanes via an active metal template strategy. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2521-2526. [PMID: 34164020 PMCID: PMC8179266 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05369d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the impressive number of interlocked molecules described in the literature over the past 30 years, only a few stereoselective syntheses of mechanically chiral rotaxanes have been reported so far. In this study, we present the first diastereoselective synthesis of mechanically planar chiral [1]rotaxanes, that has been achieved using the active template Cu-mediated alkyne–azide cycloaddition reaction. This synthetic method has been applied to the preparation of a [1]rotaxane bearing a labile stopper that can then be substituted without disruption of the mechanical bond. This approach paves the way for the synthesis of a wide variety of mechanically planar chiral [1]rotaxanes, hence allowing the study of the properties and potential applications of this class of interlocked molecular architectures. The first diastereoselective synthesis of mechanically planar chiral [1]rotaxanes has been achieved using the active template Cu-mediated alkyne–azide cycloaddition reaction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Noël Pairault
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Groupe "Systèmes Moléculaires Programmés" Rue Michel-Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
| | - Adrien Bessaguet
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Groupe "Systèmes Moléculaires Programmés" Rue Michel-Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
| | - Romain Barat
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Groupe "Systèmes Moléculaires Programmés" Rue Michel-Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
| | - Lucas Frédéric
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Grégory Pieters
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Jeanne Crassous
- Université de Rennes, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226 Campus de Beaulieu Rennes 35042 France
| | - Isabelle Opalinski
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Groupe "Systèmes Moléculaires Programmés" Rue Michel-Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
| | - Sébastien Papot
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Groupe "Systèmes Moléculaires Programmés" Rue Michel-Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
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31
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Fa S, Egami K, Adachi K, Kato K, Ogoshi T. Sequential Chiral Induction and Regulator‐Assisted Chiral Memory of Pillar[5]arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shixin Fa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Kouichi Egami
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Keisuke Adachi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Kenichi Kato
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Tomoki Ogoshi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-1192 Japan
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32
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Taghavi Shahraki B, Maghsoudi S, Fatahi Y, Rabiee N, Bahadorikhalili S, Dinarvand R, Bagherzadeh M, Verpoort F. The flowering of Mechanically Interlocked Molecules: Novel approaches to the synthesis of rotaxanes and catenanes. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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33
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Fa S, Egami K, Adachi K, Kato K, Ogoshi T. Sequential Chiral Induction and Regulator‐Assisted Chiral Memory of Pillar[5]arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20353-20356. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shixin Fa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Kouichi Egami
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Keisuke Adachi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Kenichi Kato
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Tomoki Ogoshi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-1192 Japan
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34
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Stegner P, Färber C, Oetzel J, Siemeling U, Wiesinger M, Langer J, Pan S, Holzmann N, Frenking G, Albold U, Sarkar B, Harder S. d-d Dative Bonding Between Iron and the Alkaline-Earth Metals Calcium, Strontium, and Barium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14615-14620. [PMID: 32463527 PMCID: PMC7496664 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Double deprotonation of the diamine 1,1'-(tBuCH2 NH)-ferrocene (1-H2 ) by alkaline-earth (Ae) or EuII metal reagents gave the complexes 1-Ae (Ae=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) and 1-Eu. 1-Mg crystallized as a monomer while the heavier complexes crystallized as dimers. The Fe⋅⋅⋅Mg distance in 1-Mg is too long for a bonding interaction, but short Fe⋅⋅⋅Ae distances in 1-Ca, 1-Sr, and 1-Ba clearly support intramolecular Fe⋅⋅⋅Ae bonding. Further evidence for interactions is provided by a tilting of the Cp rings and the related 1 H NMR chemical-shift difference between the Cp α and β protons. While electrochemical studies are complicated by complex decomposition, UV/Vis spectral features of the complexes support Fe→Ae dative bonding. A comprehensive bonding analysis of all 1-Ae complexes shows that the heavier species 1-Ca, 1-Sr, and 1-Ba possess genuine Fe→Ae bonds which involve vacant d-orbitals of the alkaline-earth atoms and partially filled d-orbitals on Fe. In 1-Mg, a weak Fe→Mg donation into vacant p-orbitals of the Mg atom is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Stegner
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Christian Färber
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jan Oetzel
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of KasselHeinrich-Plett-Str. 4034132KasselGermany
| | - Ulrich Siemeling
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of KasselHeinrich-Plett-Str. 4034132KasselGermany
| | - Michael Wiesinger
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jens Langer
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Str. 435043MarburgGermany
| | - Nicole Holzmann
- Research Center for Computer-Aided Drug DiscoveryShenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Str. 435043MarburgGermany
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816China
| | - Uta Albold
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstraße 34–3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstraße 34–3614195BerlinGermany
- Chair of Inorganic Coordination ChemistryInstitut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
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35
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36
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Guo QH, Qiu Y, Kuang X, Liang J, Feng Y, Zhang L, Jiao Y, Shen D, Astumian RD, Stoddart JF. Artificial Molecular Pump Operating in Response to Electricity and Light. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14443-14449. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hui Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yunyan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xinyi Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jiaqi Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dengke Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - R. Dean Astumian
- Department of Physics, University of Maine, 5709 Bennet Hall, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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37
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Koenis MAJ, Chibueze CS, Jinks MA, Nicu VP, Visscher L, Goldup SM, Buma WJ. Vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy for probing the expression of chirality in mechanically planar chiral rotaxanes. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8469-8475. [PMID: 34123106 PMCID: PMC8163398 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02485f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked molecules can exhibit molecular chirality that arises due to the mechanical bond rather than covalent stereogenic units. Developing applications of such systems is made challenging by the absence of techniques for assigning the absolute configuration of products and methods to probe how the mechanical stereogenic unit influences the spatial arrangements of the functional groups in solution. Here we demonstrate for the first time that Vibrational Circular Dichroism (VCD) can be used to not only discriminate between mechanical stereoisomers but also provide detailed information on their (co)conformations. The latter is particularly important as these molecules are now under investigation in catalysis and sensing, both of which rely on the solution phase shape of the interlocked structure. Detailed analysis of the VCD spectra shows that, although many of the signals arise from coupled oscillators isolated in the covalent sub-components, intercomponent coupling between the macrocycle and axle gives rise to several VCD bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A J Koenis
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - C S Chibueze
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - M A Jinks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton University Road, Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Valentin P Nicu
- Department of Environmental Science, Physics, Physical Education and Sport, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu loan Ratiu Street, Nr. 7-9 550012 Sibiu Romania
| | - Lucas Visscher
- Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Section Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - S M Goldup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton University Road, Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Wybren J Buma
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University Toernooiveld 7c 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
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38
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Martinez-Cuezva A, Saura-Sanmartin A, Alajarin M, Berna J. Mechanically Interlocked Catalysts for Asymmetric Synthesis. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Mateo Alajarin
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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39
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Alcântara AFP, Fontana LA, Almeida MP, Rigolin VH, Ribeiro MA, Barros WP, Megiatto JD. Control over the Redox Cooperative Mechanism of Radical Carbene Transfer Reactions for the Efficient Active‐Metal‐Template Synthesis of [2]Rotaxanes. Chemistry 2020; 26:7808-7822. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur F. P. Alcântara
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
- Instituto Federal do Sertão Pernambucano Estrada do Tamboril 56200-000 Ouricuri Brazil
| | - Liniquer A. Fontana
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
| | - Marlon P. Almeida
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
| | - Vitor H. Rigolin
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
| | - Marcos A. Ribeiro
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514 29075-910 Vitória Brazil
| | - Wdeson P. Barros
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
| | - Jackson D. Megiatto
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
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40
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Tian C, Fielden SDP, Pérez-Saavedra B, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Leigh DA. Single-Step Enantioselective Synthesis of Mechanically Planar Chiral [2]Rotaxanes Using a Chiral Leaving Group Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9803-9808. [PMID: 32356978 PMCID: PMC7266371 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
![]()
We report a one-step
enantioselective synthesis of mechanically
planar chiral [2]rotaxanes. Previous studies of such molecules have
generally involved the separation of enantiomers from racemic mixtures
or the preparation and separation of diastereomeric intermediates
followed by post-assembly modification to remove other sources of
chirality. Here, we demonstrate a simple asymmetric metal-free active
template rotaxane synthesis using a primary amine, an activated ester
with a chiral leaving group, and an achiral crown ether lacking rotational
symmetry. Mechanically planar chiral rotaxanes are obtained directly
in up to 50% enantiomeric excess. The rotaxanes were characterized
by NMR spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry, chiral HPLC,
single crystal X-ray diffraction, and circular dichroism. Either rotaxane
enantiomer could be prepared selectively by incorporating pseudoenantiomeric
cinchona alkaloids into the chiral leaving group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D P Fielden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Borja Pérez-Saavedra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | | | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 200062 Shanghai, China
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41
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Heard AW, Goldup SM. Synthesis of a Mechanically Planar Chiral Rotaxane Ligand for Enantioselective Catalysis. Chem 2020; 6:994-1006. [PMID: 32309674 PMCID: PMC7153771 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rotaxanes are interlocked molecules in which a molecular ring is trapped on a dumbbell-shaped axle because of its inability to escape over the bulky end groups, resulting in a so-called mechanical bond. Interlocked molecules have mainly been studied as components of molecular machines, but the crowded, flexible environment created by threading one molecule through another has also been explored in catalysis and sensing. However, so far, the applications of one of the most intriguing properties of interlocked molecules, their ability to display stereogenic units that do not rely on the stereochemistry of their covalent subunits, termed "mechanical chirality," have yet to be properly explored, and prototypical demonstration of the applications of mechanically chiral rotaxanes remain scarce. Here, we describe a mechanically planar chiral rotaxane-based Au complex that mediates a cyclopropanation reaction with stereoselectivities that are comparable with the best conventional covalent catalyst reported for this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Heard
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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42
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Tian C, Fielden SDP, Whitehead GFS, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Leigh DA. Weak functional group interactions revealed through metal-free active template rotaxane synthesis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:744. [PMID: 32029725 PMCID: PMC7005292 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14576-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Modest functional group interactions can play important roles in molecular recognition, catalysis and self-assembly. However, weakly associated binding motifs are often difficult to characterize. Here, we report on the metal-free active template synthesis of [2]rotaxanes in one step, up to 95% yield and >100:1 rotaxane:axle selectivity, from primary amines, crown ethers and a range of C=O, C=S, S(=O)2 and P=O electrophiles. In addition to being a simple and effective route to a broad range of rotaxanes, the strategy enables 1:1 interactions of crown ethers with various functional groups to be characterized in solution and the solid state, several of which are too weak - or are disfavored compared to other binding modes - to be observed in typical host-guest complexes. The approach may be broadly applicable to the kinetic stabilization and characterization of other weak functional group interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | | | | | | | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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43
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Abstract
Mechanically chiral molecules have attracted considerable attention due to their property and function based on its unique interlocked structure. This review covers the recent advances in the synthesis and function of interlocked rotaxanes with mechanical chirality along with their dynamic and complex stereochemistry. The application of mechanically chiral rotaxanes to control the polymer helical structure is also introduced, where amplification of mechanical chirality appears to cause the macroscopic polymer property change, suggesting the potential applicability of mechanical chirality in polymer systems.
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44
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Zhang Z, Tizzard GJ, Williams JAG, Goldup SM. Rotaxane Pt II-complexes: mechanical bonding for chemically robust luminophores and stimuli responsive behaviour. Chem Sci 2020; 11:1839-1847. [PMID: 34123277 PMCID: PMC8148368 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05507j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an approach to rotaxanes in which the metal ion of a cyclometallated PtII luminophore is embedded in the space created by the mechanical bond. Our results show that the interlocked ligand environment stabilises a normally labile PtII–triazole bond against displacement by competing ligands and that the crowded environment of the mechanical bond retards oxidation of the PtII centre, without perturbing the photophysical properties of the complex. When an additional pyridyl binding site is included in the axle, the luminescence of the PtII centre is quenched, an effect that can be selectively reversed by the binding of AgI. Our results suggest that readily available interlocked metal-based phosphors can be designed to be stimuli responsive and have advantages as stabilised triplet harvesting dopants for device applications. We report an approach to interlocked PtII luminophores in which the mechanical bond stabilises the coordination environment of the embedded metal ion.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Zhang
- Chemistry, University of Southampton Southampton SO51 5PG UK
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45
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Koenis MAJ, Visser O, Visscher L, Buma WJ, Nicu VP. GUI Implementation of VCDtools, A Program to Analyze Computed Vibrational Circular Dichroism Spectra. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:259-267. [PMID: 31830414 PMCID: PMC6988127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
As
computing power increases, vibrational circular dichroism (VCD)
calculations on molecules of larger sizes and complexities become
possible. At the same time, the spectra resulting from these computations
become increasingly more cumbersome to analyze. Here, we describe
the GUI implementation into the Amsterdam Density Functional (ADF)
software package of VCDtools, a toolbox that provides a user-friendly
means to analyze VCD spectra. Key features are the use of the generalized
coupled oscillator analysis methods, as well as an easy visualization
of the atomic electric and magnetic transition dipole moments which
together provide detailed insight in the origin of the VCD intensity.
Using several prototypical examples we demonstrate the functionalities
of the program. In particular, we show how the spectra can be analyzed
to detect differences between theory and experiment arising from large-amplitude
motions or incorrect molecular structures and, most importantly, how
the program can be used to prevent incorrect enantiomeric assignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A J Koenis
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Visser
- Software for Chemisty and Materials , De Boelelaan 1083 , 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Lucas Visscher
- Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Section Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1083 , 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Wybren J Buma
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory , Radboud University , Toernooiveld 7c , 6525 ED Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Valentin P Nicu
- Department of Environmental Science, Physics, Physical Education and Sport , Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu , loan Ratiu Street, Number 7-9 , 550012 Sibiu , Romania
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46
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Gaedke M, Witte F, Anhäuser J, Hupatz H, Schröder HV, Valkonen A, Rissanen K, Lützen A, Paulus B, Schalley CA. Chiroptical inversion of a planar chiral redox-switchable rotaxane. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10003-10009. [PMID: 32055357 PMCID: PMC7003955 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03694f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)-containing crown ether macrocycle with C s symmetry was designed to implement planar chirality into a redox-active [2]rotaxane. The directionality of the macrocycle atom sequence together with the non-symmetric axle renders the corresponding [2]rotaxane mechanically planar chiral. Enantiomeric separation of the [2]rotaxane was achieved by chiral HPLC. The electrochemical properties - caused by the reversible oxidation of the TTF - are similar to a non-chiral control. Reversible inversion of the main band in the ECD spectra for the individual enantiomers was observed after oxidation. Experimental evidence, conformational analysis and DFT calculations of the neutral and doubly oxidised species indicate that mainly electronic effects of the oxidation are responsible for the chiroptical switching. This is the first electrochemically switchable rotaxane with a reversible inversion of the main ECD band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Gaedke
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Felix Witte
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Jana Anhäuser
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie , Universität Bonn , Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Henrik Hupatz
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Hendrik V Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Arto Valkonen
- University of Jyvaskyla , Department of Chemistry , P.O. Box 35 , 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla , Department of Chemistry , P.O. Box 35 , 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Arne Lützen
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie , Universität Bonn , Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Beate Paulus
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
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47
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David AHG, Casares R, Cuerva JM, Campaña AG, Blanco V. A [2]Rotaxane-Based Circularly Polarized Luminescence Switch. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18064-18074. [PMID: 31638802 PMCID: PMC6975276 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A rotaxane-based molecular shuttle
has been synthesized in which
the switching of the position of a fluorescent macrocycle on the thread
turns “on” or “off” the circularly polarized
luminescence (CPL) of the system while maintaining similar fluorescence
profiles and quantum yields in both states. The chiroptical activity
relies on the chiral information transfer from an ammonium salt incorporating d- or l-phenylalanine residues as chiral stereogenic
covalent units to an otherwise achiral crown ether macrocycle bearing
a luminescent 2,2′-bipyrene unit when they interact through
hydrogen bonding. Each enantiomeric thread induces CPL responses of
opposite signs on the macrocycle. Upon addition of base, the switching
of the position of the macrocycle to a triazolium group disables the
chiral information transfer to the macrocycle, switching “off”
the CPL response. The in situ switching upon several acid/base cycles
is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur H G David
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ) , Universidad de Granada (UGR) , Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N , Granada 18071 , Spain
| | - Raquel Casares
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ) , Universidad de Granada (UGR) , Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N , Granada 18071 , Spain
| | - Juan M Cuerva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ) , Universidad de Granada (UGR) , Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N , Granada 18071 , Spain
| | - Araceli G Campaña
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ) , Universidad de Granada (UGR) , Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N , Granada 18071 , Spain
| | - Victor Blanco
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ) , Universidad de Granada (UGR) , Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N , Granada 18071 , Spain
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48
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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Echavarren J, Gall MAY, Haertsch A, Leigh DA, Marcos V, Tetlow DJ. Active template rotaxane synthesis through the Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling of alkylzinc reagents with redox-active esters. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7269-7273. [PMID: 31588296 PMCID: PMC6686731 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02457c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of unsymmetrical axle [2]rotaxanes through a recently developed Ni-catalyzed C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross-coupling of redox-active esters (formed directly from carboxylic acids) and organozinc reagents (derived from alkyl bromides) is reported. The method also furnishes, as a minor product, the symmetrical axle [2]rotaxanes resulting from the homo-coupling of the organozinc half-thread. The rotaxanes are formed in up to 56% yield with the ratio of unsymmetrical rotaxane increasing with the cavity size of the macrocycle. In the absence of the redox-active ester neither rotaxane is formed, even though the homo-coupling rotaxane product does not incorporate the redox-active ester building block. A Ni(iii) intermediate is consistent with these observations, providing support for the previously postulated mechanism of the Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Echavarren
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK .
| | - Malcolm A Y Gall
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK .
| | - Adrian Haertsch
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK .
| | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK .
| | - Vanesa Marcos
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK .
| | - Daniel J Tetlow
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK .
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Denis M, Lewis JEM, Modicom F, Goldup SM. An Auxiliary Approach for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Topologically Chiral Catenanes. Chem 2019; 5:1512-1520. [PMID: 31294128 PMCID: PMC6588264 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Catenanes, molecules in which two rings are threaded through one another like links in a chain, can form as two structures related like an object and its mirror image but otherwise identical if the individual rings lack bilateral symmetry. These structures are described as “topologically chiral” because, unlike most chiral molecules, it is not possible to convert one mirror-image form to the other under the rules of mathematical topology. Although intriguing and discussed as early as 1961, to date all methods of accessing molecules containing only this topological stereogenic element require the separation of the mirror-image forms via chiral stationary phase high-performance liquid chromatography, which has limited their investigation to date. Here, we present a simple method that uses a readily available source of chiral information to allow the stereoselective synthesis of topologically chiral catenanes. First stereoselective synthesis of a topologically chiral catenane First absolute stereochemical assignment of a topologically chiral catenane First example of an auxiliary approach to topologically chiral catenanes
Chiral molecules have occupied a special place in chemistry since Pasteur reported the painstaking separation of mirror-image crystals of tartaric acid salts in 1848. In the 21st century, chiral molecules remain a major scientific focus because of their importance in biology and their emerging applications in materials science. However, topologically chiral molecules, such as the catenanes described here, have received little attention because they are hard to make; preparative chiral stationary phase high-performance liquid chromatography allows the separation of their mirror-image forms but only on a very small scale. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis of topologically chiral catenanes by using standard synthetic techniques, marking their transition from “inaccessible curiosities” to valid synthetic targets for investigation in catalysis, sensing, medicinal chemistry, and materials science. Furthermore, this work will inspire efforts to access other neglected classes of chiral interlocked molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Denis
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - James E M Lewis
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Florian Modicom
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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