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Liu R, He X, Liu T, Wang X, Wang Q, Chen X, Lian Z. Organic Reactions Enabled by Mechanical Force-Induced Single Electron Transfer. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401376. [PMID: 38887819 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochemical reactions, achieved through milling, grinding, or other mechanical actions, have emerged as a solvent-free alternative to traditional solution-based chemistry. Mechanochemistry not only provides the opportunity to eliminate bulk solvent use, reducing waste generation, but also unveils a new reaction strategy which enables the realization of reactions previously inaccessible in solution. While the majority of organic reactions facilitated by mechanical force traditionally follow two-electron transfer pathways similar to their solution-based counterparts, the field of mechanochemically induced single-electron transfer (SET) reactions has witnessed rapid development. This review outlines examples of mechanochemical reactions facilitated by the SET process, focusing on the reagents that initiate SET, thereby positioning mechanochemistry as a burgeoning field within the realm of single-electron chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxuan Liu
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R., China
| | - Xiaochun He
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R., China
| | - Tianfen Liu
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R., China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R., China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R., China
| | - Xinzhou Chen
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R., China
| | - Zhong Lian
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R., China
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2
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Amer MM, Backer L, Buschmann H, Handler N, Scherf-Clavel O, Holzgrabe U, Bolm C. Prediction of Degradation Profiles for Various Sartans under Solvent-Free Mechanochemical Conditions. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 39092810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
For the approval of a drug, the stability data must be submitted to regulatory authorities. Such analyses are often time-consuming and cost-intensive. Forced degradation studies are mainly carried out under harsh conditions in the dissolved state, often leading to extraneous degradation profiles for a solid drug. Oxidative mechanochemical degradation offers the possibility of generating realistic degradation profiles. In this study, a sustainable mechanochemical procedure is presented for the degradation of five active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from the sartan family: losartan potassium, irbesartan, valsartan, olmesartan medoxomil, and telmisartan. High-resolution mass spectrometry enabled the detection of impurities already present in untreated APIs and allowed the elucidation of degradation products. Significant degradation profiles could already be obtained after 15-60 min of ball milling time. Many of the identified degradation products are described in the literature and pharmacopoeias, emphasizing the significance of our results and the applicability of this approach to predict degradation profiles for drugs in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M Amer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Laura Backer
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Buschmann
- RD&C Research, Development & Consulting GmbH, 1170 Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Handler
- RD&C Research, Development & Consulting GmbH, 1170 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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3
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Patra S, Nandasana BN, Valsamidou V, Katayev D. Mechanochemistry Drives Alkene Difunctionalization via Radical Ligand Transfer and Electron Catalysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2402970. [PMID: 38829256 PMCID: PMC11304296 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
A general and modular protocol is reported for olefin difunctionalization through mechanochemistry, facilitated by cooperative radical ligand transfer (RLT) and electron catalysis. Utilizing mechanochemical force and catalytic amounts of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl (TEMPO), ferric nitrate can leverage nitryl radicals, transfer nitrooxy-functional group via RLT, and mediate an electron catalysis cycle under room temperature. A diverse range of activated and unactivated alkenes exhibited chemo- and regioselective 1,2-nitronitrooxylation under solvent-free or solvent-less conditions, showcasing excellent functional group tolerance. Mechanistic studies indicated a significant impact of mechanochemistry and highlighted the radical nature of this nitrative difunctionalization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Patra
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 3Bern3012Switzerland
| | - Bhargav N. Nandasana
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 3Bern3012Switzerland
| | - Vasiliki Valsamidou
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 3Bern3012Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 3Bern3012Switzerland
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Arfelis S, Martín-Perales AI, Nguyen R, Pérez A, Cherubin I, Len C, Malpartida I, Bala A, Fullana-I-Palmer P. Linking mechanochemistry with the green chemistry principles: Review article. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34655. [PMID: 39148985 PMCID: PMC11325060 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The need to explore contemporary alternatives for industrial production has driven the development of innovative techniques that address critical limitations linked to traditional batch mechanochemistry. One particularly promising strategy involves the integration of flow processes with mechanochemistry. Three noteworthy technologies in this domain are single-screw extrusion (SSE) and twin-screw extrusion (TSE) and Impact (Induction) in Continuous-flow Heated Mechanochemistry (ICHeM). These technologies go beyond the industrial production of polymers, extending to the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients, the fabrication of (nano)materials, and the extraction of high-added value products through the valorisation of biomass and waste materials. In accordance with the principles of green chemistry, ball milling processes are generally considered greener compared to conventional solvothermal processes. In fact, ball milling processes require less solvent, enhance reaction rates and reaction conversion by increasing surface area and substituting thermal energy with mechanochemical energy, among others. Special attention will be given to the types of products, reactants, size of the milling balls and reaction conditions, selecting 60 articles after applying a screening methodology during the period 2020-2022. This paper aims to compile and analyze the cutting edge of research in utilizing mechanochemistry for green chemistry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Arfelis
- UNESCO Chair in Life Cycle and Climate Change ESCI-UPF, Pg. Pujades 1, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Deasyl, S.A., Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
- University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana I Martín-Perales
- Deasyl, S.A., Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie C3, Universidad de Córdoba, Crta. Nnal IV-A, km 396, E-14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Remy Nguyen
- Chimie ParisTech, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, CNRS, PSL Research University, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, F-75005, France
| | | | - Igor Cherubin
- Deasyl, S.A., Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
- Polytechnique Montreal, Département de Génie Chimique, 2500, chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Christophe Len
- Chimie ParisTech, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, CNRS, PSL Research University, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, F-75005, France
- Université de Technologie de Compiegne, CS 60319, Compiegne Cedex, 60203, France
| | - Irene Malpartida
- Deasyl, S.A., Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento Química Inorgánica, Cristalografía y Mineralogía, Av. de Cervantes 2, 29016, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alba Bala
- UNESCO Chair in Life Cycle and Climate Change ESCI-UPF, Pg. Pujades 1, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Fullana-I-Palmer
- UNESCO Chair in Life Cycle and Climate Change ESCI-UPF, Pg. Pujades 1, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Das A, Datta A. Oriented External Electric Field Controls the Rupture Forces in Mechanophores. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:6951-6956. [PMID: 38973239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c02337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Controlling the reactivity of molecules under a mechanical pull has generated significant interest in organic and polymer chemistry. Inducing mechano-lability for otherwise rigid molecules has been possible through structural alterations like adjusting the pulling group, ring strain, and electron density of the scissile bond. In this article, we report that an oriented external electric field (OEEF) can significantly assist in mechanochemical transformations. Using a structurally diverse set of ring-opening reactions, 1(a)-4(a), we show that the critical force required for bond-cleavage, Frup, gets appreciably reduced when the OEEF acts in-phase with the bond-polarity direction. The primary condition for utilizing OEEF along with mechanochemistry is the requirement of structural asymmetry along the target bond. Effectively therefore, any polar ring-opening reaction might be manipulated by OEEF. The versatility of the strategy of using OEEF and mechanical force together can also be appreciated by the enhanced rupture force when the direction of the OEEF is flipped. We show that mechanical pulling and electric field can act as entwined twins toward mechano-lability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Das
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
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Qu R, Wan S, Zhang X, Wang X, Xue L, Wang Q, Cheng GJ, Dai L, Lian Z. Mechanical-Force-Induced Non-spontaneous Dehalogenative Deuteration of Aromatic Iodides Enabled by Using Piezoelectric Materials as a Redox Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400645. [PMID: 38687047 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The development of green and efficient deuteration methods is of great significance for various fields such as organic synthesis, analytical chemistry, and medicinal chemistry. Herein, we have developed a dehalogenative deuteration strategy using piezoelectric materials as catalysts in a solid-phase system under ball-milling conditions. This non-spontaneous reaction is induced by mechanical force. D2O can serve as both a deuterium source and an electron donor in the transformation, eliminating the need for additional stoichiometric exogenous reductants. A series of (hetero)aryl iodides can be transformed into deuterated products with high deuterium incorporation. This method not only effectively overcomes existing synthetic challenges but can also be used for deuterium labelling of drug molecules and derivatives. Bioactivity experiments with deuterated drug molecule suggest that the D-ipriflavone enhances the inhibitory effects on osteoclast differentiation of BMDMs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Qu
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Shan Wan
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Li Xue
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Juan Cheng
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Lian
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
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7
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Yaragorla S, Tiwari D, Lone MS. Mechanochemical Cascade Cyclization of Cyclopropyl Ketones with 1,2-Diamino Arenes for the Direct Synthesis of 1,2-Disubstituted Benzimidazoles†. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9427-9439. [PMID: 38905327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
A mechanochemical synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles from donor-acceptor cyclopropyl ketones and 1,2-diaminoarenes under metal-free and solventless conditions is reported. The reaction does not require inert conditions and is promoted by a stoichiometric amount of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol. This cascade reaction involves ring-opening, cyclization, and retro-Mannich reaction of cyclopropyl ketones with aryl 1,2-diamines. Compared to its solution-phase counterpart, this mechanochemical approach shows fast reactivity (24 vs 1.5 h). Mechanistic investigations by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry helped us to propose the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasarao Yaragorla
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Divyanshu Tiwari
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Mehak Saba Lone
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
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8
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He C, Chen Y, Hao Z, Wang L, Wang M, Cui X. Mechanocatalytic Synthesis of Ammonia by Titanium Dioxide with Bridge-Oxygen Vacancies: Investigating Mechanism from the Experimental and First-Principle Approach. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309500. [PMID: 38368265 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochemical ammonia (NH3) synthesis is an emerging mild approach derived from nitrogen (N2) gas and hydrogen (H) source. The gas-liquid phase mechanochemical process utilizes water (H2O), rather than conventional hydrogen (H2) gas, as H sources, thus avoiding carbon dioxide (CO2) emission during H2 production. However, ammonia yield is relatively low to meet practical demand due to huge energy barriers of N2 activation and H2O dissociation. Here, six transition metal oxides (TMO) such as titanium dioxide (TiO2), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), copper(II) oxide (CuO), niobium(V) oxide(Nb2O5), zinc oxide (ZnO), and copper(I) oxide (Cu2O) are investigated as catalysts in mechanochemical N2 fixation. Among them, TiO2 shows the best mechanocatalytic effect and the optimum reaction rate constant is 3.6-fold higher than the TMO-free process. The theoretical calculations show that N2 molecules prefer to side-on chemisorb on the mechano-induced bridge-oxygen vacancies in the (101) crystal plane of TiO2 catalyst, while H2O molecules can dissociate on the same sites more easily to provide free H atoms, enabling an alternative-way hydrogeneration process of activated N2 molecules to release NH3 eventually. This work highlights the cost-effective TiO2 mechanocatalyst for ammonia synthesis under mild conditions and proposes a defect-engineering-induced mechanocatalytic mechanism to promote N2 activation and H2O dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli He
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, P. R. China
| | - Zixiang Hao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Linrui Wang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Mingyan Wang
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Cui
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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Gao P, Li Y, Zhang D, Zhang G, Gao L, Chen F. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Silylcyclopentenes via Ball Milling. Chemistry 2024:e202400963. [PMID: 38923685 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The development of innovative methods for synthesizing silylcyclopentene compounds is particularly important for enriching and improving the synthetical toolbox of organosilicon compounds. Herein, a facile approach has been developed for the synthesis of silylcyclopentenes promoted by mechanochemically generated organolithium species as silicon nucleophiles under ball milling conditions, avoiding the requirement of large amounts of bulk solvent. This operationally simple method demonstrates good functional group compatibility, which provides a great opportunity for further exploration of the synthetic applications of silylcyclopentenes. Density functional theory calculations indicated that the transient lithiosilole intermediates undergo a stepwise nucleophilic addition process, which governs this mechanic-force-promoted [4+1] cycloaddition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yicheng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Duo Zhang
- Medicine Centre, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liushi Road 257, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545006, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liuzhou Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Feng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002, Yangzhou, P. R. China
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Umapathy K, Muthamildevi M, Thiruvengadam D, Vijayarangan M, Rajan K, Jayabharathi J. Greenly Synthesized CoPBA@PANI as a Proficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction and Its Green Sustainability Assessments. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:13102-13115. [PMID: 38864833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Water electrolysis is a key factor to generate mobile and sustainable energy sources for H2 production. Cobalt-based Prussian Blue analogues encompassed with polymer support electrocatalysts CoPBAX@PANI (CoPBA@PANI-100, CoPBA@PANI-200, and CoPBA@PANI-300) have been synthesized and characterized. The well-designed CoPBA@PANI-200/GC shows a low overpotential (η10) of 301 mV with a small Tafel slope (56 mV dec-1), comapred to that of IrO2 (348 mV ; 98 mV dec-1) for OER. The conductivity with stability of CoPBAX@PANI have been increased due to the synergistic effect of CoPBA with PANI. PANI provides additional active sites and shows strong binding with Co ions, and the even distribution of CoPBA overcomes the sluggish kinetics. The turnover frequency (TOF) of CoPBA@PANI-200/GC (0.0212, s-1) was ∼15 times higher than IrO2 (0.0014 s-1) at 1.60 V. Furthermore, CoPBA@PANI-200/NF delivers low overpotential of 274 mV@10 mA cm-2 and exhibits a durability of >250 h with a potential loss of 4.2%. Benefiting from strong electronic interaction between polymer support and evenly distributed CoPBA, CoPBAx@PANI shows higher electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) of 53.08 mF cm-2. The solar-based water electrolysis confirmed the practical use of CoPBA@PANI-200/NF (1.57 V) for eco-benign industrial H2 production. The CoPBA@PANI-200 shows exceptional OER performances as well as favorable kinetics to resolve the sluggish water oxidation. Hence, the cost-effective CoPBA@PANI performances opens a prospective way to boost the efficiency of other cobalt-derived catalysts in renewable energy devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Umapathy
- Department of Chemistry, Material Science Lab, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu 608002, India
| | - Murugan Muthamildevi
- Department of Chemistry, Material Science Lab, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu 608002, India
| | - Dhanasingh Thiruvengadam
- Department of Chemistry, Material Science Lab, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu 608002, India
| | - Murugan Vijayarangan
- Department of Chemistry, Material Science Lab, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu 608002, India
| | - Kuppusamy Rajan
- Department of Chemistry, Material Science Lab, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu 608002, India
| | - Jayaraman Jayabharathi
- Department of Chemistry, Material Science Lab, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu 608002, India
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11
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Kiani A, Rosaria Acocella M, Auriemma F, Guerra G. Solid-State Reaction of Alkylamines with CO 2 in Ambient Air. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400264. [PMID: 38869009 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
This paper explores possible procedures to accelerate CO2 capture from ambient air by a crystalline alkylamine surfactant (octadecylamine), leading to the corresponding crystalline ammonium-carbamate. Conversion of the amine to the carbamate, in different conditions, is studied by four different techniques: WAXD, FTIR, TGA, and DSC. The WAXD study also gives relevant information on the crystal structures of both amine and derived carbamate. Kinetics of reactions of the crystalline amine are mainly studied by DSC scans, by evaluating melting enthalpies of residual amine. The kinetics of conversion of the amine in ambient CO2 is strongly accelerated by ball milling with full conversion achieved after only 4 h, while the reaction kinetics of amine powder simply exposed to ambient CO2 is complete only after nearly 103 h. A substantial increase in kinetics of the solid-state amine reaction with ambient CO2 can be also achieved by increasing the temperature up to 50 °C, i. e. at a temperature slightly lower than amine melting. However, the time for full conversion remains much higher than for room-temperature ball-milled amine (roughly 102 h vs 4 h). Hence, suitable ball-milling procedures can lead to complete and relatively fast conversion of the crystalline amine to the crystalline ammonium-carbamate, even with ambient CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Kiani
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Acocella
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Finizia Auriemma
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Napoli "Federico II", Via Cintia, Complesso Monte Sant'Amgelo 21, Napoli, 80126, Italy
| | - Gaetano Guerra
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
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12
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Li Z, Zhang L, Ding R, Wang J, Chen D, Ren Z, Ding C, Chen K, Wang J, Wang Z. Mechanochemical reduction of alkyl and aryl halides using mesoporous zinc oxide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6146-6149. [PMID: 38804250 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01178c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we propose a mechanochemical approach that combines mesoporous ZnO (m-ZnO) as a mechanoredox catalyst and silane-mediated atom transfer chemistry to achieve efficient hydrodehalogenation of organic halides. The reaction can be conducted under mild conditions without the use of a large amount of organic solvent. Substrates ranging from activated alkyl halides to unactivated aryl halides were converted to the corresponding debrominated hydrogenation products in moderate to excellent isolated yields (50-95%). In addition, m-ZnO can be recycled and reused without appreciable loss of catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengheng Li
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Longfei Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Ran Ding
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Du Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Ziye Ren
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Chengqiang Ding
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Kai Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Jialin Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Zhao Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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13
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Pietras N, Frąckowiak D, Kownacki I. Ball-Milling toward Nickel(II) Diphosphine Complexes for Direct Use in Catalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400545. [PMID: 38860859 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry turned out to be a powerful synthetic tool enabling the first efficient synthesis of nickel(II) complexes with diphosphines. It has been demonstrated that solventless ball-milling of nickel(II) halides with diphosphines leads to the [NiX2(diphosphine)] type compounds, which can be directly used in catalysis without any purification. Moreover, it was confirmed that despite the presence of impurities in the resulting complexes, their catalytic activity remains identical to those obtained via traditional solvent-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pietras
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dawid Frąckowiak
- Center for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Kownacki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
- Center for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
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14
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Cortés-Lobo A, Hernández JG. Calcium Carbide (CaC 2) as a C 2-Synthon by Mechanochemistry. Chempluschem 2024:e202400257. [PMID: 38819438 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochemical reactions by ball milling have opened new avenues in chemical synthesis. Particularly, mechanochemistry has facilitated the reaction of insoluble materials to simplify stablished synthetic protocols and develop new ones. One notable application involves the use of calcium carbide (CaC2) as a C2-synthon through mechanochemistry, which has offered a more practical alternative to incorporate C2-units compared to the conventional use of highly flammable gaseous acetylene. For example, by ball milling, the acetylenic anions [C2]2- found in CaC2 have been harnessed for the synthesis of diverse functional carbon materials as well as discrete organic molecules. This Concept aims to contribute to the conceptualization of this innovative approach while highlighting both its advantages and the challenges inherent in the use of CaC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cortés-Lobo
- Grupo Ciencia de los Materiales, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - José G Hernández
- Grupo Ciencia de los Materiales, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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15
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Budny-Godlewski K, Piekarski DG, Justyniak I, Leszczyński MK, Nawrocki J, Kubas A, Lewiński J. Uncovering Factors Controlling Reactivity of Metal-TEMPO Reaction Systems in the Solid State and Solution. Chemistry 2024:e202401968. [PMID: 38801170 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Nitroxides find application in various areas of chemistry, and a more in-depth understanding of factors controlling their reactivity with metal complexes is warranted to promote further developments. Here, we report on the effect of the metal centre Lewis acidity on both the distribution of the O- and N-centered spin density in 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO) and turning TEMPO from the O- to N-radical mode scavenger in metal-TEMPO systems. We use Et(Cl)Zn/TEMPO model reaction system with tuneable reactivity in the solid state and solution. Among various products, a unique Lewis acid-base adduct of Cl2Zn with the N-ethylated TEMPO was isolated and structurally characterised, and the so-called solid-state 'slow chemistry' reaction led to a higher yield of the N-alkylated product. The revealed structure-activity/selectivity correlations are exceptional yet are entirely rationalised by the mechanistic underpinning supported by theoretical calculations of studied model systems. This work lays a foundation and mechanistic blueprint for future metal/nitroxide systems exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Budny-Godlewski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz G Piekarski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Justyniak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał K Leszczyński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Nawrocki
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Kubas
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Yaragorla S, Sneha Latha D, Kumar R. Mechanochemical Regioselective [3+3] Annulation of 6-Amino Uracil with Propargyl Alcohols Catalyzed by a Brønsted Acid/Hexafluoroisopropanol. Chemistry 2024:e202401480. [PMID: 38727792 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
A mechanochemistry approach is developed for regioselective synthesis of functionalized dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines by milling propargylic alcohols and 6-aminouracils with HFIP/p-TsOH. In the case of tert-propargyl alcohols, this [3+3] cascade annulation proceeded through allenylation of uracil followed by a 6-endo trig cyclization. With sec-propargyl alcohols, the reaction furnished the propargylation of uracil. This atom economy ball milling reaction allows access to a broad range of dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives in excellent yields. We demonstrated the gram scale synthesis of 3 g and post-synthetic modifications to effect the cyclization of 5 to 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasarao Yaragorla
- University of Hyderabad (an Institute of Eminence), P.O. Central University, Gachibowli, 500046, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Dandugula Sneha Latha
- University of Hyderabad (an Institute of Eminence), P.O. Central University, Gachibowli, 500046, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Rituraj Kumar
- University of Hyderabad (an Institute of Eminence), P.O. Central University, Gachibowli, 500046, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
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17
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Wang H, Benter S, Dononelli W, Neudecker T. JEDI: A versatile code for strain analysis of molecular and periodic systems under deformation. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:152501. [PMID: 38639312 DOI: 10.1063/5.0199247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Stretching or compression can induce significant energetic, geometric, and spectroscopic changes in materials. To fully exploit these effects in the design of mechano- or piezo-chromic materials, self-healing polymers, and other mechanoresponsive devices, a detailed knowledge about the distribution of mechanical strain in the material is essential. Within the past decade, Judgement of Energy DIstribution (JEDI) analysis has emerged as a useful tool for this purpose. Based on the harmonic approximation, the strain energy in each bond length, bond angle, and dihedral angle of the deformed system is calculated using quantum chemical methods. This allows the identification of the force-bearing scaffold of the system, leading to an understanding of mechanochemical processes at the most fundamental level. Here, we present a publicly available code that generalizes the JEDI analysis, which has previously only been available for isolated molecules. Now, the code has been extended to two- and three-dimensional periodic systems, supramolecular clusters, and substructures of chemical systems under various types of deformation. Due to the implementation of JEDI into the Atomic Simulation Environment, the JEDI analysis can be interfaced with a plethora of program packages that allow the calculation of electronic energies for molecular systems and systems with periodic boundary conditions. The automated generation of a color-coded three-dimensional structure via the Visual Molecular Dynamics program allows insightful visual analyses of the force-bearing scaffold of the strained system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Wang
- University of Bremen, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leobener Straße 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Sanna Benter
- University of Bremen, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leobener Straße 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Wilke Dononelli
- Hybrid Materials Interfaces Group, Am Fallturm 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, Am Fallturm 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, Bibliothekstraße 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Tim Neudecker
- University of Bremen, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leobener Straße 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, Am Fallturm 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, Bibliothekstraße 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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18
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Sharma A, Singh J, Sharma A. Synthesis of Quinazolinones and Benzothiazoles Using α-Keto Acids under Ball Milling. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5229-5238. [PMID: 38551089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry refers to the initiation of chemical reactions via mechanical forces such as milling, grinding, or shearing to achieve the chemical transformations. As a manifestation of mechanocatalysis, herein, an oxidant-free and solvent-free approach for the synthesis of quinazolinones (23 derivatives) and benzothiazoles (23 derivatives) has been developed through stainless-steel-driven decarboxylative acyl radical generation from α-keto acids. A library of 2-arylquinazolinones and 2-arylbenzothiazoles has been prepared in moderate to good yields at room temperature. Moreover, control experiments and XPS studies supported the reduction (by zerovalent iron) of molecular oxygen through the moderate abrasion of balls, which promoted the generation of a superoxide radical anion via a SET process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Jitender Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Anuj Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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19
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Kondo K, Kubota K, Ito H. Mechanochemistry enabling highly efficient Birch reduction using sodium lumps and d-(+)-glucose. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4452-4457. [PMID: 38516077 PMCID: PMC10952065 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06052g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a mechanochemical protocol for highly efficient and ammonia-free sodium-based Birch reduction was developed, leveraging the use of cheap and easy-to-handle sodium lumps. The key to achieving this transformation is the use of d-(+)-glucose as a proton source, which solidifies the reaction mixture in bulk state, enhancing the efficiency of the in situ mechanical activation of sodium lumps through the ball-milling process. Under the developed conditions, a diverse array of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds were selectively reduced to produce the corresponding 1,4-cyclohexadiene derivatives in high yields within 30 min. Notably, all synthetic operations can be carried out without inert gases or the need for dry or bulk organic solvents. Furthermore, a scaled-up synthesis can be conducted without any yield losses. These results suggest that the present mechanochemical approach offers a more convenient, economically attractive, and sustainable alternative to previously established Birch reduction protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kondo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
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20
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Kubota K, Endo T, Ito H. Solid-state mechanochemistry for the rapid and efficient synthesis of tris-cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3365-3371. [PMID: 38425515 PMCID: PMC10901499 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05796h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Tris-cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes have received widespread attention as attractive prospective materials for e.g., organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), photoredox catalysts, and bioimaging probes. However, their preparation usually requires prolonged reaction times, significant amounts of high-boiling solvents, multistep synthesis, and inert-gas-line techniques. Unfortunately, these requirements represent major drawbacks from both a production-cost and an environmental perspective. Herein, we show that a two-step mechanochemical protocol using ball milling enables the rapid and efficient synthesis of various tris-cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes from relatively cheap iridium(iii) chloride hydrate without the use of significant amounts of organic solvent in air. Notably, a direct one-pot procedure is also demonstrated. The present solid-state approach can be expected to inspire the development of cost-effective and timely production methods for these valuable iridium-based complexes, as well as the discovery of new phosphorescent materials, sensors, and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Tsubura Endo
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
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21
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Biswas S, Bolm C. Rhodium(II)-Catalyzed N-H Insertions of Carbenes under Mechanochemical Conditions. Org Lett 2024; 26:1511-1516. [PMID: 38358095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Under mechanochemical conditions in a mixer mill, Rh2(OAc)4 catalyzes the reaction between aryldiazoesters and anilines to give α-amino esters. The process proceeds under mild conditions and is insensitive to air. It is solvent-free and scalable. A broad substrate scope, short reaction times, operational simplicity, and good functional group tolerance are additional salient features of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Biswas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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22
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Iwamoto H, Kojima Y, Nishimura K, Yasui K, Hirano K. Direct Synthesis of Benzoselenophene and Benzothiophene Derivatives from 1,1-Diarylethenes and Biaryls by Chalcogen Cation-Mediated Successive Bond Formation. Org Lett 2024; 26:1006-1010. [PMID: 38277688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
A Tf2O-mediated sequential C-Se bond-forming reaction of 1,1-diarylethenes and biaryls with methaneselenic acid has been developed. Upon demethylation workup with ethanolamine, the corresponding benzoselenophene derivatives are obtained directly. The related synthesis of benzothiophene derivatives with sodium methanesulfinate is also possible with the unique assistance of the ball milling technique. The active species is considered to be a highly electrophilic chalcogen cation, which enables successive bond formation even at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Iwamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Kojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Nishimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yasui
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Hirano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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23
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Chen S, Fan C, Xu Z, Pei M, Wang J, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Li J, Lu J, Peng C, Wei X. Mechanochemical synthesis of organoselenium compounds. Nat Commun 2024; 15:769. [PMID: 38278789 PMCID: PMC10817960 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We disclose herein a strategy for the rapid synthesis of versatile organoselenium compounds under mild conditions. In this work, magnesium-based selenium nucleophiles are formed in situ from easily available organic halides, magnesium metal, and elemental selenium via mechanical stimulation. This process occurs under liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) conditions, requires no complicated pre-activation procedures, and operates broadly across a diverse range of aryl, heteroaryl, and alkyl substrates. In this work, symmetrical diselenides are efficiently obtained after work-up in the air, while one-pot nucleophilic addition reactions with various electrophiles allow the comprehensive synthesis of unsymmetrical monoselenides with high functional group tolerance. Notably, the method is applied to regioselective selenylation reactions of diiodoarenes and polyaromatic aryl halides that are difficult to operate via solution approaches. Besides selenium, elemental sulfur and tellurium are also competent in this process, which showcases the potential of the methodology for the facile synthesis of organochalcogen compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Chunying Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zijian Xu
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Mengyao Pei
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jiemin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jiye Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yilei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Yanta, China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Xi'an Aisiyi Health Industry Co., Ltd, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Junliang Lu
- Xi'an Aisiyi Health Industry Co., Ltd, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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24
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Chang Y, Blanton SJ, Andraos R, Nguyen VS, Liotta CL, Schork FJ, Sievers C. Kinetic Phenomena in Mechanochemical Depolymerization of Poly(styrene). ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:178-191. [PMID: 38213546 PMCID: PMC10777454 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c05296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic polyolefinic plastics comprise one of the largest shares of global plastic waste, which is being targeted for chemical recycling by depolymerization to monomers and small molecules. One promising method of chemical recycling is solid-state depolymerization under ambient conditions in a ball-mill reactor. In this paper, we elucidate kinetic phenomena in the mechanochemical depolymerization of poly(styrene). Styrene is produced in this process at a constant rate and selectivity alongside minor products, including oxygenates like benzaldehyde, via mechanisms analogous to those involved in thermal and oxidative pyrolysis. Continuous monomer removal during reactor operation is critical for avoiding repolymerization, and promoting effects are exhibited by iron surfaces and molecular oxygen. Kinetic independence between depolymerization and molecular weight reduction was observed, despite both processes originating from the same driving force of mechanochemical collisions. Phenomena across multiple length scales are shown to be responsible for differences in reactivity due to differences in grinding parameters and reactant composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Chang
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Sylvie J. Blanton
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ralph Andraos
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Van Son Nguyen
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Charles L. Liotta
- School
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - F. Joseph Schork
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Carsten Sievers
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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25
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Báti G, Csókás D, Stuparu MC. Mechanochemical Scholl Reaction on Phenylated Cyclopentadiene Core: One-Step Synthesis of Fluoreno[5]helicenes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302971. [PMID: 37870299 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we explore feasibility of the mechanochemical approach in the synthesis of tetrabenzofluorenes (fluoreno[5]helicenes). For this, commercially available phenylated cyclopentadiene precursors are subjected to the Scholl reaction in the solid state using FeCl3 as an oxidant and sodium chloride as the solid reaction medium. This ball milling process gave access to the 5-membered ring containing-helicenes in one synthetic step in high (95-96 %) isolated yields. The solution-phase reactions, however, were found to be moderate to low yielding in this regard (10-40 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Báti
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dániel Csókás
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihaiela C Stuparu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore
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26
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Lupa-Myszkowska M, Oszajca M, Matoga D. From non-conductive MOF to proton-conducting metal-HOFs: a new class of reversible transformations induced by solvent-free mechanochemistry. Chem Sci 2023; 14:14176-14181. [PMID: 38098718 PMCID: PMC10718065 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04401g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton-conducting materials play an important role as solid electrolytes in electrochemical devices for energy storage and conversion, including proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) and more recently hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) have emerged as useful crystalline platforms for proton transport that provide high conductivity and enable insight into conduction pathways. Here, we present two new HOFs with high conductivity, reaching 2 × 10-2 S cm-1 at 60 °C and 75% relative humidity, obtained in reactions that represent a new class of reversible transformations of solids. The reactions are induced by solvent-free mechanochemistry and involve breaking of coordination linkages in a MOF and formation of extended hydrogen-bonded networks of metal-HOFs (MHOFs). This unprecedented class of MOF-to-MHOF transformations has been demonstrated using a non-conductive MOF (JUK-1) and formamidinium or methylammonium thiocyanates as solid reactants. Structural details of the solid-state reactions are revealed by powder X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinements for the MHOF products. None of the attempts using conventional methods were successful in obtaining the MHOFs, emphasizing a unique role of mechanochemical stimuli in the reactivity of supramolecular polymer solids, including crystalline MOFs and HOFs. The reversible nature of non-covalent interactions in such materials may be utilized for the development of healable polymer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Lupa-Myszkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa 2 30-387 Kraków Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University ul. prof. S. Łojasiewicza 11 30-348 Kraków Poland
| | - Marcin Oszajca
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa 2 30-387 Kraków Poland
| | - Dariusz Matoga
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa 2 30-387 Kraków Poland
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27
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Pan S, Mulks FF, Wu P, Rissanen K, Bolm C. Mechanochemical Iron-Catalyzed Nitrene Transfer Reactions: Direct Synthesis of N-Acyl Sulfonimidamides from Sulfinamides and Dioxazolones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202316702. [PMID: 38055189 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
A mechanochemical synthesis of sulfonimidamides by iron(II)-catalyzed exogenous ligand-free N-acyl nitrene transfer to sulfinamides is reported. The one-step method tolerates a wide range of sulfinamides with various substituents under solvent-free ambient conditions. Compared to its solution-phase counterpart, this mechanochemical approach shows better conversion and chemoselectivity. Mechanistic investigations by ESI-MS revealed the generation of crucial nitrene iron intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulei Pan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian F Mulks
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peng Wu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box. 35, Survontie 9 B, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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28
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Silva IDA, Bartalucci E, Bolm C, Wiegand T. Opportunities and Challenges in Applying Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy in Organic Mechanochemistry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304092. [PMID: 37407000 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years it is shown that mechanochemical strategies can be beneficial in directed conversions of organic compounds. Finding new reactions proved difficult, and due to the lack of mechanistic understanding of mechanochemical reaction events, respective efforts have mostly remained empirical. Spectroscopic techniques are crucial in shedding light on these questions. In this overview, the opportunities and challenges of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in the field of organic mechanochemistry are discussed. After a brief discussion of the basics of high-resolution solid-state NMR under magic-angle spinning (MAS) conditions, seven opportunities for solid-state NMR in the field of organic mechanochemistry are presented, ranging from ex situ approaches to structurally elucidated reaction products obtained by milling to the potential and limitations of in situ solid-state NMR approaches. Particular strengths of solid-state NMR, for instance in differentiating polymorphs, in NMR-crystallographic structure-determination protocols, or in detecting weak noncovalent interactions in molecular-recognition events employing proton-detected solid-state NMR experiments at fast MAS frequencies, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ettore Bartalucci
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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29
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Čarný T, Kisszékelyi P, Markovič M, Gracza T, Koóš P, Šebesta R. Mechanochemical Pd-Catalyzed Amino- and Oxycarbonylations using FeBr 2(CO) 4 as a CO Source. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 38018997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the development of mechanochemical amino- and oxycarbonylation employing FeBr2(CO)4 as a solid CO source. This Pd/XantPhos-catalyzed reaction affords a range of carboxamides and esters from aryl iodides and various amines or phenols. Both primary and secondary amines, including amino acids, can be employed as N-nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Čarný
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, SK-842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Péter Kisszékelyi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, SK-842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Markovič
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tibor Gracza
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Koóš
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Radovan Šebesta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, SK-842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
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30
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Reynes JF, Isoni V, García F. Tinkering with Mechanochemical Tools for Scale Up. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300819. [PMID: 37114517 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry provides an environmentally benign platform to develop more sustainable chemical processes by limiting raw materials, energy use, and waste generation while using physically smaller equipment. A continuously growing research community has steadily showcased examples of beneficial mechanochemistry applications at both the laboratory and the preparative scale. In contrast to solution-based chemistry, mechanochemical processes have not yet been standardized, and thus scaling up is still a nascent discipline. The purpose of this Minireview is to highlight similarities, differences and challenges of the various approaches that have been successfully applied for a range of chemical applications at various scales. We hope to provide a discussion starting point for those interested in further developing mechanochemical processes for commercial use and/or industrialisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier F Reynes
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, 8, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Valerio Isoni
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1, Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore
| | - Felipe García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, 8, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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31
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Báti G, Laxmi S, Stuparu MC. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Corannulene: Scalable and Efficient Preparation of A Curved Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon under Ball Milling Conditions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202301087. [PMID: 37581302 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Corannulene, a curved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, is prepared in a multigram scale through mechanochemical synthesis. Initially, a mixer mill approach is examined and found to be suitable for a gram scale synthesis. For larger scales, planetary mills are used. For instance, 15 g of corannulene could be obtained in a single milling cycle with an isolated yield of 90 %. The yields are lower when the jar rotation rate is lower or higher than 400 revolutions per minute (rpm). Cumulatively, 98 g of corannulene is produced through the ball milling-based grinding techniques. These results indicate the future potential of mechanochemistry in the rational chemical synthesis of highly curved nanocarbons such as fullerenes and carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Báti
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shoba Laxmi
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mihaiela C Stuparu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore
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32
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Seo T, Kubota K, Ito H. Dual Nickel(II)/Mechanoredox Catalysis: Mechanical-Force-Driven Aryl-Amination Reactions Using Ball Milling and Piezoelectric Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311531. [PMID: 37638843 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The combination of a nickel(II) catalyst and a mechanoredox catalyst under ball-milling conditions promotes mechanical-force-driven C-N cross-coupling reactions. In this nickel(II)/mechanoredox cocatalyst system, the modulation of the oxidation state of the nickel center, induced by piezoelectricity, is used to facilitate a highly efficient aryl-amination reaction, which is characterized by a broad substrate scope, an inexpensive combination of catalysts (NiBr2 and BaTiO3 ), short reaction times, and an almost negligible quantity of solvents. Moreover, this reaction can be readily up-scaled to the multi-gram scale, and all synthetic operations can be carried out under atmospheric conditions without the need for complicated reaction setups. Furthermore, this force-induced system is suitable for excitation-energy-accepting molecules and poorly soluble polyaromatic substrates that are incompatible with solution-based nickel(II)/photoredox cocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamae Seo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0021, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0021, Japan
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33
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Kubota K, Kondo K, Seo T, Jin M, Ito H. Solid-state mechanochemical cross-coupling of insoluble substrates into insoluble products by removable solubilizing silyl groups: uniform synthesis of nonsubstituted linear oligothiophenes. RSC Adv 2023; 13:28652-28657. [PMID: 37780729 PMCID: PMC10540273 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05571j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional solution-based organic reactions that involve insoluble substrates are challenging and inefficient. Furthermore, even if the reaction is successful, the corresponding products are insoluble in most cases, making their isolation and subsequent transformations difficult. Hence, the conversion of insoluble compounds into insoluble products remains a challenge in practical synthetic chemistry. In this study, we showcase a potential solution to address these solubility issues by combining a mechanochemical cross-coupling approach with removable solubilizing silyl groups. Our strategy involves solid-state Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions between organoboron nucleophiles bearing a silyl group with long alkyl chains and insoluble polyaromatic halides. The silyl group on the nucleophile can act as a solubilizing group that enables product isolation via silica gel column chromatography and can be easily removed by the addition of fluoride anions to form the desired insoluble coupling products with sufficient purity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that after aromatic electrophilic bromination of the desilylated products, sequential solid-state cross-coupling of the obtained insoluble brominated substrates, followed by desilylation, afforded further π-extended functional molecules. Using this conceptually new protocol, we achieved the first uniform synthesis of the longest nonsubstituted linear insoluble 9-mer oligothiophene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Keisuke Kondo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Tamae Seo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Mingoo Jin
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
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34
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Wang X, Zhang X, Xue L, Wang Q, You F, Dai L, Wu J, Kramer S, Lian Z. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Aryl Fluorides by Using Ball Milling and a Piezoelectric Material as the Redox Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307054. [PMID: 37523257 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Aryl fluorides are important structural motifs in many pharmaceuticals. Although the Balz-Schiemann reaction provides an entry to aryl fluorides from aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates, it suffers from drawbacks such as long reaction time, high temperature, toxic solvent, toxic gas release, and low functional group tolerance. Here, we describe a general method for the synthesis of aryl fluorides from aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates using a piezoelectric material as redox catalyst under ball milling conditions in the presence of Selectfluor. This approach effectively addresses the aforementioned limitations. Furthermore, the piezoelectric material can be recycled multiple times. Mechanistic investigations indicate that this fluorination reaction may proceed via a radical pathway, and Selectfluor plays a dual role as both a source of fluorine and a terminal reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Li Xue
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Fengzhi You
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jiagang Wu
- Department of Materials Science, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Søren Kramer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Zhong Lian
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
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35
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Hu C, van Bonn P, Demco DE, Bolm C, Pich A. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Stimuli Responsive Microgels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305783. [PMID: 37177824 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical approaches are widely used for the efficient, solvent-free synthesis of organic molecules, however their applicability to the synthesis of functional polymers has remained underexplored. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time that mechanochemically triggered free-radical polymerization allows solvent- and initiator-free syntheses of structurally and morphologically well-defined complex functional macromolecular architectures, namely stimuliresponsive microgels. The developed mechanochemical polymerization approach is applicable to a variety of monomers and allows synthesizing microgels with tunable chemical structure, variable size, controlled number of crosslinks and reactive functional end-groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaolei Hu
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pit van Bonn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dan E Demco
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, The Netherlands
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36
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Lennox CB, Borchers TH, Gonnet L, Barrett CJ, Koenig SG, Nagapudi K, Friščić T. Direct mechanocatalysis by resonant acoustic mixing (RAM). Chem Sci 2023; 14:7475-7481. [PMID: 37449073 PMCID: PMC10337763 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01591b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of a metal surface to directly catalyse copper-catalysed alkyne-azide click-coupling (CuAAC) reactions under the conditions of Resonant Acoustic Mixing (RAM) - a recently introduced and scalable mechanochemical methodology that uniquely eliminates the need for bulk solvent, as well as milling media. By using a simple copper coil as a catalyst, this work shows that direct mechanocatalysis can occur in an impact-free environment, relying solely on high-speed mixing of reagents against a metal surface, without the need for specially designed milling containers and media. By introducing an experimental setup that enables real-time Raman spectroscopy monitoring of RAM processes, we demonstrate 0th-order reaction kinetics for several selected CuAAC reactions, supporting surface-based catalysis. The herein presented RAM-based direct mechanocatalysis methodology is simple, enables the effective one-pot, two-step synthesis of triazoles via a combination of benzyl azide formation and CuAAC reactions on a wide scope of reagents, provides control over reaction stoichiometry that is herein shown to be superior to that seen in solution or by using more conventional CuCl catalyst, and is applied for simple gram-scale synthesis of the anticonvulsant drug Rufinamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron B Lennox
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H3H 0B8 Canada
| | - Tristan H Borchers
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H3H 0B8 Canada
| | - Lori Gonnet
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H3H 0B8 Canada
| | - Christopher J Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H3H 0B8 Canada
| | - Stefan G Koenig
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc. One DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc. One DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H3H 0B8 Canada
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37
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Herreros-Lucas C, Vila-Fungueiriño JM, Giménez-López MDC. Electrochemically Versatile Graphite Nanoplatelets Prepared by a Straightforward, Highly Efficient, and Scalable Route. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21375-21383. [PMID: 37015345 PMCID: PMC10165606 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured carbon materials with tailor-made structures (e.g., morphology, topological defect, dopant, and surface area) are of significant interest for a variety of applications. However, the preparation method selected for obtaining these tailor-made structures determines the area of application, precluding their use in other technological areas of interest. Currently, there is a lack of simple and low-cost methodologies versatile enough for obtaining freestanding carbon nanostructures that can be used in either energy storage or chemical detection. Here, a novel methodology for the development of a versatile electrochemically active platform based on freestanding graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) has been developed by exploiting the interiors of hollow carbon nanofibers (CNF) comprising nanographene stacks using dry ball-milling. Even though ball-milling could be considered as a universal method for any carbonaceous material, often, it is not as simple (one step, no purification, and no solvents), efficient (just GNP without tubular structures), and quick (just 20 min) as the sustainable method developed in this work, free of surfactants and stabilizer agents. We demonstrate that the freestanding GNP developed in this work (with an average thickness of 3.2 nm), due to the selective edge functionalization with the minimal disruption of the basal plane, can act either as a supercapacitor or as a chemical sensor, showing both a dramatic improvement in the charge storage ability of more than 30 times and an enhanced detection of electrochemically active molecules such as ascorbic acid with a 236 mV potential shift with respect to CNF in both cases. As shown here, GNP stand as an excellent versatile alternative compared to the standard commercially available carbon-based materials. Overall, our approach paves the way for the discovery of new nanocarbon-based electrochemical active platforms with a wide electrochemical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Herreros-Lucas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - José Manuel Vila-Fungueiriño
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Giménez-López
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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Kuang Y, Xie X, Zhou S, Chen L, Zheng J, Ouyang G. Customized oxygen-rich biochar with ultrahigh microporosity for ideal solid phase microextraction of substituted benzenes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161840. [PMID: 36716883 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic effect of high microporosity and abundant heteroatoms is important for improving the performance of biochar in various fields. However, it is still challenging to create enough micropores for biochar, while simultaneously retaining the heteroatoms from biomass. A series of biochar with variable microstructures was successfully prepared by carbonization and following ball milling on lotus pedicel (LP), watermelon rind (WR), and litchi rind (LR). The pore structures and heteroatoms of biochar were characterized in detail. Notably, high microporosity could be realized by the carbonization of LR, and further ball milling resulted in a higher microporous surface area (1323.4 m2·g-1) and richer oxygen. Furthermore, the obtained biochar was fabricated as solid phase microextraction (SPME) coatings with uniform morphologies and similar thicknesses to deeply investigate the relationships between the microstructures and extraction performance. The best performance was demonstrated by the LR800BM, with enrichment factors from 1780 to 155,217. Finally, it was coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to develop an analytical method with a wide linear range (1-50,000 ng·L-1), low limits of detection (0.10-1.4 ng·L-1), good repeatability (0.83 %-7.5 %) and reproducibility (4.2 %-8.9 %). This work provides valuable insights into the structure-performance relationship of biochar, which is important for the design of high-performance biochar-based adsorbents and their applications in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Kuang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xintong Xie
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Suxin Zhou
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Luyi Chen
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Juan Zheng
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), 100 Xianlie Middle Road, Guangzhou 510070, China; Chemistry College, Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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39
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Fujishiro K, Morinaka Y, Ono Y, Tanaka T, Scott LT, Ito H, Itami K. Lithium-Mediated Mechanochemical Cyclodehydrogenation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:8163-8175. [PMID: 37011146 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodehydrogenation is an essential synthetic method for the preparation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic heteroaromatic compounds, and nanographenes. Among the many examples, anionic cyclodehydrogenation using potassium(0) has attracted synthetic chemists because of its irreplaceable reactivity and utility in obtaining rylene structures from binaphthyl derivatives. However, existing methods are difficult to use in terms of practicality, pyrophoricity, and lack of scalability and applicability. Herein, we report the development of a lithium(0)-mediated mechanochemical anionic cyclodehydrogenation reaction for the first time. This reaction could be easily performed using a conventional and easy-to-handle lithium(0) wire at room temperature, even under air, and the reaction of 1,1'-binaphthyl is complete within 30 min to afford perylene in 94% yield. Using this novel and user-friendly protocol, we investigated substrate scope, reaction mechanism, and gram-scale synthesis. As a result, remarkable applicability and practicality over previous methods, as well as limitations, were comprehensively studied by computational studies and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Furthermore, we demonstrated two-, three-, and five-fold cyclodehydrogenations for the synthesis of novel nanographenes. In particular, quinterrylene ([5]rylene or pentarylene), the longest nonsubstituted molecular rylene, was synthesized for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanna Fujishiro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yuta Morinaka
- Tokyo Research Center, Organic Materials Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1123, Japan
| | - Yohei Ono
- Tokyo Research Center, Organic Materials Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1123, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tanaka
- Tosoh Corporation, 3-8-2 Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8623, Japan
| | - Lawrence T Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216, United States
| | - Hideto Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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40
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Seo T, Kubota K, Ito H. Mechanochemistry-Directed Ligand Design: Development of a High-Performance Phosphine Ligand for Palladium-Catalyzed Mechanochemical Organoboron Cross-Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6823-6837. [PMID: 36892233 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical synthesis that uses transition-metal catalysts has attracted significant attention due to its numerous advantages, including low solvent waste, short reaction times, and the avoidance of problems associated with the low solubility of starting materials. However, even though the mechanochemical reaction environment is largely different from that of homogeneous solution systems, transition-metal catalysts, which were originally developed for use in solution, have been used directly in mechanochemical reactions without any molecular-level modifications to ensure their suitability for mechanochemistry. Alas, this has limited the development of more efficient mechanochemical cross-coupling processes. Here, we report a conceptually distinct approach, whereby a mechanochemistry-directed design is used to develop ligands for mechanochemical Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. The ligand development was guided by the experimental observation of catalyst deactivation via the aggregation of palladium species, a problem that is particularly prominent in solid-state reactions. By embedding the ligand into a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polymer, we found that phosphine-ligated palladium(0) species could be immobilized in the fluid phase created by the PEG chains, preventing the physical mixing of the catalyst into the crystalline solid phase and thus undesired catalyst deactivation. This catalytic system showed high catalytic activity in reactions of polyaromatic substrates close to room temperature. These substrates usually require elevated temperatures to be reactive in the presence of catalyst systems with conventional ligands such as SPhos. The present study hence provides important insights for the design of high-performance catalysts for solid-state reactions and has the potential to inspire the development of industrially attractive, almost solvent-free mechanochemical cross-coupling technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamae Seo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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41
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Mallah D, Mirjalili BBF. A green protocol ball milling synthesis of dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole using nano-silica/aminoethylpiperazine as a metal-free catalyst. BMC Chem 2023; 17:10. [PMID: 36870991 PMCID: PMC9985283 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-00934-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ball mill is an effective, and green method for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds in very good yields. This method is a simple, economical, and environmentally friendly process. In this work, an efficient approach for the synthesis of pyranopyrazoles (PPzs) using ball milling and metal-free nano-catalyst (Nano-silica/aminoethylpiperazine), under solvent-free conditions was reported. RESULTS The new nano-catalyst silica/aminoethylpiperazine was prepared by immobilization of 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine on nano-silica chloride. The structure of the prepared nano-catalyst was identified by FT-IR, FESEM, TGA, EDX, EDS-map, XRD, and pH techniques. This novel nano-catalyst was used for the synthesis of dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives under ball milling and solvent-free conditions. CONCLUSIONS Unlike other pyranopyrazoles synthesis reactions, this method has advantages including short reaction time (5-20 min), room temperature, and relatively high efficiency, which makes this protocol very attractive for the synthesis of pyranopyrazoles derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Mallah
- grid.413021.50000 0004 0612 8240Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Yazd University, P.O. Box 89195-741, Yazd, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Bi Bi Fatemeh Mirjalili
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Yazd University, P.O. Box 89195-741, Yazd, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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42
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Bartalucci E, Schumacher C, Hendrickx L, Puccetti F, d'Anciães Almeida Silva I, Dervişoğlu R, Puttreddy R, Bolm C, Wiegand T. Disentangling the Effect of Pressure and Mixing on a Mechanochemical Bromination Reaction by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203466. [PMID: 36445819 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces, including compressive stresses, have a significant impact on chemical reactions. Besides the preparative opportunities, mechanochemical conditions benefit from the absence of any organic solvent, the possibility of a significant synthetic acceleration and unique reaction pathways. Together with an accurate characterization of ball-milling products, the development of a deeper mechanistic understanding of the occurring transformations at a molecular level is critical for fully grasping the potential of organic mechanosynthesis. We herein studied a bromination of a cyclic sulfoximine in a mixer mill and used solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for structural characterization of the reaction products. Magic-angle spinning (MAS) was applied for elucidating the product mixtures taken from the milling jar without introducing any further post-processing on the sample. Ex situ 13 C-detected NMR spectra of ball-milling products showed the formation of a crystalline solid phase with the regioselective bromination of the S-aryl group of the heterocycle in position 4. Completion is reached in less than 30 minutes as deduced from the NMR spectra. The bromination can also be achieved by magnetic stirring, but then, a longer reaction time is required. Mixing the solid educts in the NMR rotor allows to get in situ insights into the reaction and enables the detection of a reaction intermediate. The pressure alone induced in the rotor by MAS is not sufficient to lead to full conversion and the reaction occurs on slower time scales than in the ball mill, which is crucial for analysing mixtures taken from the milling jar by solid-state NMR. Our data suggest that on top of centrifugal forces, an efficient mixing of the starting materials is required for reaching a complete reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Bartalucci
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Christian Schumacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Leeroy Hendrickx
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Francesco Puccetti
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Rıza Dervişoğlu
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Rakesh Puttreddy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry P. O. Box. 35, Survontie 9B, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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43
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Margetić D. Recent applications of mechanochemistry in synthetic organic chemistry. PURE APPL CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2022-1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The promotion of chemical reactions by an unconventional energy source, mechanical energy (mechanochemistry) has increasing number of applications in organic synthesis. The advantages of mechanochemistry are versatile, from reduction of solvent use, increase of reaction efficiency to better environmental sustainability. This paper gives a short review on the recent developments in the fast growing field of organic mechanochemistry which are illustrated by selected examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Margetić
- Laboratory for Physical Organic Chemistry, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička c. 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
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44
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Sundaramoorthy R, Vadivelu M, Karthikeyan K, Praveen C. Mechanosynthesis of Triazolyl-bis(indolyl)methane Pharmacophores via Gold Catalysis: A Prelude to Their Molecular Electronic Properties and Biological Potency. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202200529. [PMID: 36529707 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chemical structures possessing both 1,2,3-triazole and bis(indolyl)methane fragments gained considerable interest in drug synthesis owing to their established biological efficacies. However, 1,2,3-triazoles linked at the bridging position of bis(indolyl)methane is a logical and unexplored design approach. In this regard, nine new triazolyl-bis(indolyl)methane conjugates under AuCl catalyzed ball-milling conditions were accomplished. Comparative evaluation on absorptive and emissive properties of the synthesized dyads were also analyzed. To unravel the influence of different peripheral substituents on the electronic structure and π-orbital properties, theoretical investigations were performed. Screening of molecules for free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic showed comparable potency against reference drugs. In particular, compounds 7 h, 7 d and 7 a displayed good efficiency of α-amylase inhibition. The DNA gyrase inhibitory potential of all compounds were assessed in silico which revealed high binding affinity (ΔG=-8.99 Kcal/mol) for 7 i followed by 7 h (ΔG=-7.80 Kcal/mol) with the targeted protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Sundaramoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600048, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugan Vadivelu
- Department of Chemistry, B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600048, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kesavan Karthikeyan
- Department of Chemistry, B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600048, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chandrasekar Praveen
- Electrochemical Power Sources Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
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45
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Priestley I, Battilocchio C, Iosub AV, Barreteau F, Bluck GW, Ling KB, Ingram K, Ciaccia M, Leitch JA, Browne DL. Safety Considerations and Proposed Workflow for Laboratory-Scale Chemical Synthesis by Ball Milling. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Priestley
- Huddersfield Manufacturing Centre, Syngenta Ltd, Huddersfield HD2 1FF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrei V. Iosub
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse, 4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Barreteau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse, 4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Gavin W. Bluck
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse, 4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth B. Ling
- Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Ltd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine Ingram
- Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Ltd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Ciaccia
- Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Ltd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie A. Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London (UCL), 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London (UCL), 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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46
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Takahashi R, Gao P, Kubota K, Ito H. Mechanochemical protocol facilitates the generation of arylmanganese nucleophiles from unactivated manganese metal. Chem Sci 2023; 14:499-505. [PMID: 36741531 PMCID: PMC9847654 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05468j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct synthesis of organomanganese reagents from organic halides and manganese metal remains a challenge. Current solution-based approaches require the preparation of activated manganese (Rieke manganese) or the use of multiple metal additives to promote the insertion of manganese metal into a carbon-halogen bond. Here, we show that a mechanochemical ball-milling protocol facilitates the generation of various arylmanganese nucleophiles from aryl halides and commercially available, unactivated manganese metal without the need for complicated pre-activation processes and metal additives. These manganese-based carbon nucleophiles can be used directly for one-pot addition reactions with various electrophiles and palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions under bulk-solvent-free mechanochemical conditions. Importantly, all experimental operations can be conducted under atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Takahashi
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido UniversitySapporoHokkaidoJapan
| | - Pan Gao
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido UniversitySapporoHokkaidoJapan
| | - Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido UniversitySapporoHokkaidoJapan,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido UniversitySapporoHokkaidoJapan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido UniversitySapporoHokkaidoJapan,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido UniversitySapporoHokkaidoJapan
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47
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Shaking Things from the Ground-Up: A Systematic Overview of the Mechanochemistry of Hard and High-Melting Inorganic Materials. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020897. [PMID: 36677953 PMCID: PMC9865874 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We provide a systematic overview of the mechanochemical reactions of inorganic solids, notably simple binary compounds, such as oxides, nitrides, carbides, sulphides, phosphides, hydrides, borides, borane derivatives, and related systems. Whereas the solid state has been traditionally considered to be of little synthetic value by the broader community of synthetic chemists, the solid-state community, and in particular researchers focusing on the reactions of inorganic materials, have thrived in building a rich and dynamic research field based on mechanically-driven transformations of inorganic substances typically seen as inert and high-melting. This review provides an insight into the chemical richness of such mechanochemical reactions and, at the same time, offers their tentative categorisation based on transformation type, resulting in seven distinct groupings: (i) the formation of adducts, (ii) the reactions of dehydration; (iii) oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions; (iv) metathesis (or exchange) reactions; (v) doping and structural rearrangements, including reactions involving the reaction vessel (the milling jar); (vi) acid-base reactions, and (vii) other, mixed type reactions. At the same time, we offer a parallel description of inorganic mechanochemical reactions depending on the reaction conditions, as those that: (i) take place under mild conditions (e.g., manual grinding using a mortar and a pestle); (ii) proceed gradually under mechanical milling; (iii) are self-sustained and initiated by mechanical milling, i.e., mechanically induced self-propagating reactions (MSRs); and (iv) proceed only via harsh grinding and are a result of chemical reactivity under strongly non-equilibrium conditions. By elaborating on typical examples and general principles in the mechanochemistry of hard and high-melting substances, this review provides a suitable complement to the existing literature, focusing on the properties and mechanochemical reactions of inorganic solids, such as nanomaterials and catalysts.
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48
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Reshuffle Bonds by Ball Milling: A Mechanochemical Protocol for Charge-Accelerated Aza-Claisen Rearrangements. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020807. [PMID: 36677865 PMCID: PMC9860570 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents the development of a mechanochemical protocol for a charge-accelerated aza-Claisen rearrangement. The protocol waives the use of commonly applied transition metals, ligands, or pyrophoric Lewis acids, e.g., AlMe3. Based on (heterocyclic) tertiary allylamines and acyl chlorides, the desired tertiary amides were prepared in yields ranging from 17% to 84%. Moreover, the same protocol was applied for a Belluš-Claisen-type rearrangement resulting in the synthesis of a 9-membered lactam without further optimization.
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49
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Amer MM, Hommelsheim R, Schumacher C, Kong D, Bolm C. Electro-mechanochemical approach towards the chloro sulfoximidations of allenes under solvent-free conditions in a ball mill. Faraday Discuss 2023; 241:79-90. [PMID: 36128995 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00075j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An electro-mechanochemical protocol for the synthesis of vinylic sulfoximines has been developed. Utilising mechanochemically strained BaTiO3 nanoparticles, the catalytic active system is generated in situ by the reduction of copper(II) chloride. Various combinations of electron-donating and -withdrawing groups are tolerated, and the approach leads to products with difunctionalised double bonds in good to excellent yields. Attempts to add a sulfoximidoyl chloride to an alkyne proved difficult. Additions of a sulfonyl iodide to allenes and alkynes proceeded smoothly in the presence of silica gel without the need for activation by a piezoelectric material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M Amer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany. .,Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, 11727, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Renè Hommelsheim
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Christian Schumacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Deshen Kong
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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50
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Boldyreva E. Spiers Memorial Lecture: Mechanochemistry, tribochemistry, mechanical alloying - retrospect, achievements and challenges. Faraday Discuss 2023; 241:9-62. [PMID: 36519434 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00149g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents a view on the achievements, challenges and prospects of mechanochemistry. The extensive reference list can serve as a good entry point to a plethora of mechanochemical literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Boldyreva
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS & Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
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