1
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Tsuchiya N, Oku A, Nishikata T. Catalytic tert-alkylation of enamides via C-C bond cleavage under photoredox conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6623-6626. [PMID: 38847605 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01643b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Efficient C-C bond cleavage is recognized as a persistent challenge in the field of synthetic methodology. In this study, we found that tertiary alkyl radicals are smoothly formed from tertiary alkylated dienones (BHT adducts) via SET, using PDI as a photocatalyst. Resulting tert-alkyl radicals could be applied to the tert-alkylation of enamides. The driving force of this C-C bond cleavage reaction is the mesolytic cleavage of the BHT adducts. The mechanistic study revealed that PDI anion radical is the key active species during the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8611, Japan.
| | - Ayane Oku
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8611, Japan.
| | - Takashi Nishikata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8611, Japan.
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2
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Krajczy P, Meyners C, Repity ML, Hausch F. Structure-Based Design of Ultrapotent Tricyclic Ligands for FK506-Binding Proteins. Chemistry 2024:e202401405. [PMID: 38837733 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Access to small, rigid, and sp3-rich molecules is a major limitation in the drug discovery for challenging protein targets. FK506-binding proteins hold high potential as drug targets or enablers of molecular glues but are fastidious in the chemotypes accepted as ligands. We here report an enantioselective synthesis of a highly rigidified pipecolate-mimicking tricyclic scaffold that precisely positions functional groups for interacting with FKBPs. This was enabled by a 14-step gram-scale synthesis featuring anodic oxidation, stereospecific vinylation, and N-acyl iminium cyclization. Structure-based optimization resulted in the discovery of FKBP inhibitors with picomolar biochemical and subnanomolar cellular activity that represent the most potent FKBP ligands known to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Krajczy
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Christian Meyners
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Maximilian L Repity
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Felix Hausch
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, 64283, Germany
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3
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Wang S, Zhong C, Huang Y, Lu P. Enantioselective Hydrofunctionalization of Cyclobutenones: Total Synthesis of gem-Dimethylcyclobutane Natural Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400515. [PMID: 38494466 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Cyclobutanes with a gem-dimethyl group are common motifs in natural products. However, strategies for constructing enantioenriched gem-dimethyl cyclobutanes are still underdeveloped. Herein, we report an enantioselective approach to synthesize a broad group of chiral 2,3-disubstituted cyclobutanones through sequential 1,4-conjugate addition/trapping/cross-coupling of readily available cyclobutenones. The intermediate 2-bromocyclobutanone provides a valuable synthetic handle for further coupling transformations. In addition, this strategy was successfully utilized to synthesize gem-dimethyl cyclobutane-containing natural products, including (+)-β-caryophyllene, (-)-raikovenal, (-)-1β,9αH-5-linoleoyloxy-4,5-secocaryophyllen-4-one, and (-)-rumphellanones A-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Wang
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Lu, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Changxu Zhong
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Lu, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yingchao Huang
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Lu, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Ping Lu
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Lu, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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4
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Gan XC, Zhang B, Dao N, Bi C, Pokle M, Kan L, Collins MR, Tyrol CC, Bolduc PN, Nicastri M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS, Shenvi R. Carbon quaternization of redox active esters and olefins by decarboxylative coupling. Science 2024; 384:113-118. [PMID: 38574151 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn5619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of quaternary carbons often requires numerous steps and complex conditions or harsh reagents that act on heavily engineered substrates. This is largely a consequence of conventional polar-bond retrosynthetic disconnections that in turn require multiple functional group interconversions, redox manipulations, and protecting group chemistry. Here, we report a simple catalyst and reductant combination that converts two types of feedstock chemicals, carboxylic acids and olefins, into tetrasubstituted carbons through quaternization of radical intermediates. An iron porphyrin catalyst activates each substrate by electron transfer or hydrogen atom transfer, and then combines the fragments using a bimolecular homolytic substitution (SH2) reaction. This cross-coupling reduces the synthetic burden to procure numerous quaternary carbon---containing products from simple chemical feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Cheng Gan
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benxiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nathan Dao
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cheng Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maithili Pokle
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Liyan Kan
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Michael R Collins
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92122, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan Shenvi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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5
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Michel NWM, Gabbey AL, Edjoc RK, Fagbola E, Hughes JME, Campeau LC, Rousseaux SAL. Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Arylation of Redox Active Esters for the Synthesis of α-Aryl Nitriles: Investigation of a Chlorosilane Additive. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38197128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
A nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling of redox active N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHP) esters and iodoarenes for the synthesis of α-aryl nitriles is described. The NHP ester substrate is derived from cyanoacetic acid, which allows for a modular synthesis of substituted α-aryl nitriles, an important scaffold in the pharmaceutical sciences. The reaction exhibits a broad scope, and many functional groups are compatible under the reaction conditions, including complex highly functionalized medicinal agents. Mechanistic studies reveal that reduction and decarboxylation of the NHP ester to the reactive radical intermediate are accomplished by a combination of a chlorosilane additive and Zn dust. We demonstrate that stoichiometric chlorosilane is essential for product formation and that chlorosilane plays a role beyond activation of the metal reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W M Michel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alexis L Gabbey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Racquel K Edjoc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Fagbola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jonathan M E Hughes
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Company Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Louis-Charles Campeau
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Company Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Sophie A L Rousseaux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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6
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Zeng W, Chen AW, Yan MJ, Wang J. Sterically demanding Csp 2( ortho-substitution)-Csp 3(tertiary) bond formation via carboxylate-directed Mizoroki-Heck reaction under extra-ligand-free conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 22:80-84. [PMID: 38051230 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01784b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Construction of the sterically demanding Csp2(oS)-Csp3(T) bond was achieved by carrying out the Pd-catalyzed carboxylate-directed Mizoroki-Heck reaction under extra-ligand-free aqueous conditions. The cooperative role of the presence of water with the absence of phosphine ligand was proposed to accelerate the migratory insertion process considerably, delivering a broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ai-Wen Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ming-Jie Yan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Tolchin ZA, Dukes DM, Gharbaoui LM, Smith JM. Dearomative Access to (-)-Thebaine and Derivatives. Org Lett 2023; 25:8424-8428. [PMID: 37976554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
A synthesis of the natural product thebaine is reported in eight steps from commercially available starting materials, hinging on the dearomatization and coupling of simple aromatic starting materials. This provides divergent access to two unnatural opioid derivatives and is aimed at the long-term development of synthetic opioid analogs of the "wonderdrug" Naloxone. Additionally, a formal enantioselective synthesis of all reported targets is disclosed that leverages a catalytic asymmetric dearomatization via anion-pairing catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Tolchin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Dallas M Dukes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Leanna M Gharbaoui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Joel M Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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8
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Xu L, Wang A, Shi X, He Q, Jiang TS. Dimethyl Sulfoxide Provides Three Different Units in Synthesis of Chroman-4-ones Containing Sulfur and a Quaternary Carbon Center under HOAc Conditions. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13466-13474. [PMID: 37733936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
HOAc-promoted construction of chroman-4-ones with a sulfur atom and an α-carbonyl quaternary carbon center directly from ortho-hydroxyacetophenones and DMSO is described. In these unique reactions, DMSO is activated by HOAc and provides three different units (CH2, CH2OH, and CH2SMe) in the target molecules. This reaction displays good substrate scope and reaction yields with a series of substitutes. The mechanism showed that the three units were formed in sequential order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P.R. China
| | - Anan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P.R. China
| | - Xu Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P.R. China
| | - Qian He
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P.R. China
| | - Tao-Shan Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P.R. China
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9
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Rinu PXT, Philip RM, Anilkumar G. Low-cost transition metal catalysed Negishi coupling: an update. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6438-6455. [PMID: 37522832 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00784g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The Negishi coupling is a significant C-C bond-forming reaction to access synthetically valuable organic compounds. In recent years, researchers have developed sustainable first-row transition metal (Fe, Co, Ni and Cu) based complexes in place of the conventional Pd catalyst for this reaction. Several such low-cost metal-based catalysts showed high efficiency and potential application in natural product synthesis. This review focuses on the recent achievements in low-cost transition metal-based Negishi coupling reactions, covering reports from 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rose Mary Philip
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P O, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560 India.
| | - Gopinathan Anilkumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P O, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560 India.
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10
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Chattapadhyay D, Aydogan A, Doktor K, Maity A, Wu JW, Michaudel Q. Harnessing Sulfur(VI) Fluoride Exchange Click Chemistry and Photocatalysis for Deaminative Benzylic Arylation. ACS Catal 2023; 13:7263-7268. [PMID: 37655265 PMCID: PMC10468006 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
While among the most common functional handles present in organic molecules, amines are a widely underutilized linchpin for C-C bond formation. To facilitate C-N bond cleavage, large activating groups are typically used but result in the generation of stoichiometric amounts of organic waste. Herein, we report an atom-economic activation of benzylic primary amines relying on the Sulfur(VI) Fluoride Exchange (SuFEx) click chemistry and the aza-Ramberg-Bäcklund reaction. This two-step sequence allows the high-yielding generation of 1,2-dialkyldiazenes from primary amines via loss of SO2. Excitation of the diazenes with blue light and an Ir photocatalyst affords radical pairs upon expulsion of N2, which can be coaxed into the formation of C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds upon diffusion and capture by a Ni catalyst. This arylative strategy relying on a traceless click approach was harnessed in a variety of examples and its mechanism was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katarzyna Doktor
- Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Arunava Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jiun Wei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Quentin Michaudel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
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11
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Gabbey AL, Scotchburn K, Rousseaux SAL. Metal-catalysed C-C bond formation at cyclopropanes. Nat Rev Chem 2023:10.1038/s41570-023-00499-6. [PMID: 37217564 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopropanes are important substructures in natural products and pharmaceuticals. Although traditional methods for their incorporation rely on cyclopropanation of an existing scaffold, the advent of transition-metal catalysis has enabled installation of functionalized cyclopropanes using cross-coupling reactions. The unique bonding and structural properties of cyclopropane render it more easily functionalized in transition-metal-catalysed cross-couplings than other C(sp3) substrates. The cyclopropane coupling partner can participate in polar cross-coupling reactions either as a nucleophile (organometallic reagents) or as an electrophile (cyclopropyl halides). More recently, single-electron transformations featuring cyclopropyl radicals have emerged. This Review will provide an overview of transition-metal-catalysed C-C bond formation reactions at cyclopropane, covering both traditional and current strategies, and the benefits and limitations of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis L Gabbey
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katerina Scotchburn
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sophie A L Rousseaux
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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12
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Wang Y, Xu J, Pan Y, Wang Y. Recent advances in electrochemical deoxygenation reactions of organic compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1121-1133. [PMID: 36655598 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01817a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
As naturally abundant and recyclable industrial feedstock, alcohols and carboxylic acids have drawn tremendous attention in medicinal chemistry and polymer chemistry. The selective C-O cleavage of the hydroxyl group represents an appealing strategy to deliver alkyl and carbonyl moieties into organic molecules. Classical examples of hydroxyl activation include the Appel reaction, Mitsunobu reaction, and Barton-McCombie deoxygenation. However, these early approaches still require large amounts of oxidants or reductants, and suffer from harsh conditions and low atom economy. Electrosynthesis has proven to be an effective and mild way of the modern chemical industry, avoiding the use of chemical oxidants/reductants through the action of an electric current. In this review, we have summarized the recent advances in electrochemical deoxygenation reactions and categorized the deoxygenation methods by different functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Jia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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13
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Yan P, Zhang J, Lu L, Fang H, Lu P. Enantioselective Construction of Vicinal Angular Quaternary Stereocenters Enabled by Strained Cyclobutenones. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yan
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Lu, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, People’s Republic of China
| | - Licheng Lu
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Lu, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huayi Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Lu
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Lu, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Ligand-enabled Ni-catalyzed hydroarylation and hydroalkenylation of internal alkenes with organoborons. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6878. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34675-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe transition metal-catalyzed hydrofunctionalization of alkenes offers an efficient solution for the rapid construction of complex functional molecules, and significant progress has been made during last decades. However, the hydrofunctionalization of internal alkenes remains a significant challenge due to low reactivity and the difficulties of controlling the regioselectivity. Here, we report the hydroarylation and hydroalkenylation of internal alkenes lacking a directing group with aryl and alkenyl boronic acids in the presence of a nickel catalyst, featuring a broad substrate scope and wide functional group tolerance under redox-neutral conditions. The key to achieving this reaction is the identification of a bulky 1-adamantyl β-diketone ligand, which is capable of overcoming the low reactivity of internal 1,2-disubstituted alkenes. Preliminary mechanistic studies unveiled that this reaction undergoes an Ar-Ni(II)-H initiated hydroarylation process, which is generated by the oxidative addition of alcoholic solvent with Ni(0) species and sequential transmetalation. In addition, the oxidative addition of the alcoholic solvent proves to be the turnover-limiting step.
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15
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West MS, Gabbey AL, Huestis MP, Rousseaux SAL. Ni-Catalyzed Reductive Cross-Coupling of Cyclopropylamines and Other Strained Ring NHP Esters with (Hetero)Aryl Halides. Org Lett 2022; 24:8441-8446. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. West
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alexis L. Gabbey
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Malcolm P. Huestis
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sophie A. L. Rousseaux
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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16
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Laudadio G, Palkowitz MD, El-Hayek Ewing T, Baran PS. Decarboxylative Cross-Coupling: A Radical Tool in Medicinal Chemistry. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1413-1420. [PMID: 36105339 PMCID: PMC9465705 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxylic acids, the most versatile and ubiquitous diversity input used in medicinal chemistry for canonical polar bond constructions such as amide synthesis, can now be employed in a fundamentally different category of reaction to make C-C bonds by harnessing the power of radicals. This outlook serves as a user-guide to aid practitioners in both the design of syntheses that leverage the simplifying power of this disconnection and the precise tactics that can be employed to enable them. Taken together, this emerging area holds the potential to rapidly accelerate access to chemical space of value to modern medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Laudadio
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, Calilfornia 92037, United States
| | - Maximilian D. Palkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, Calilfornia 92037, United States
| | - Tamara El-Hayek Ewing
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, Calilfornia 92037, United States
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, Calilfornia 92037, United States
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17
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Salgueiro DC, Chi BK, Guzei IA, García‐Reynaga P, Weix DJ. Control of Redox‐Active Ester Reactivity Enables a General Cross‐Electrophile Approach to Access Arylated Strained Rings**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205673. [PMID: 35688769 PMCID: PMC9378488 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Strained rings are increasingly important for the design of pharmaceutical candidates, but cross‐coupling of strained rings remains challenging. An attractive, but underdeveloped, approach to diverse functionalized carbocyclic and heterocyclic frameworks containing all‐carbon quaternary centers is the coupling of abundant strained‐ring carboxylic acids with abundant aryl halides. Herein we disclose the development of a nickel‐catalyzed cross‐electrophile approach that couples a variety of strained ring N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHP) esters, derived from the carboxylic acid in one step, with various aryl and heteroaryl halides under reductive conditions. The chemistry is enabled by the discovery of methods to control NHP ester reactivity, by tuning the solvent or using modified NHP esters, and the discovery that t‐BuBpyCamCN, an L2X ligand, avoids problematic side reactions. This method can be run in flow and in 96‐well plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Salgueiro
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Benjamin K. Chi
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Ilia A. Guzei
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | | | - Daniel J. Weix
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
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18
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Salgueiro DC, Chi BK, Guzei IA, García-Reynaga P, Weix DJ. Control of Redox‐Active Ester Reactivity Enables a General Cross‐Electrophile Approach to Access Arylated Strained Rings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin K. Chi
- UW-Madison: University of Wisconsin Madison Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Ilia A. Guzei
- UW-Madison: University of Wisconsin Madison Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | - Daniel John Weix
- UW-Madison: University of Wisconsin Madison Chemistry 1101 University Avenue 53706 Madison UNITED STATES
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19
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Anwar K, Merkens K, Aguilar Troyano FJ, Gómez-Suárez A. Radical Deoxyfunctionalisation Strategies. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah Anwar
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal: Bergische Universitat Wuppertal Organic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Kay Merkens
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal: Bergische Universitat Wuppertal Organic Chemstry GERMANY
| | | | - Adrián Gómez-Suárez
- Bergische Universitat Wuppertal Organische Chemie Gaußstr. 20 42119 Wuppertal GERMANY
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20
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Abstract
Herein, we describe the nickel-catalyzed reductive arylation of remote C(sp3)-H bonds with aryl electrophiles. The reaction targets secondary and tertiary C(sp3)-H bonds to deliver all-carbon quaternary centers. The success of this method relies on a novel amidyl radical precursor that tolerates reducing conditions, namely O-oxalate hydroxamic acid esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Silas P. Cook
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
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21
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Hamby TB, LaLama MJ, Sevov CS. Controlling Ni redox states by dynamic ligand exchange for electroreductive Csp3-Csp2 coupling. Science 2022; 376:410-416. [PMID: 35446658 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cross-electrophile coupling (XEC) reactions of aryl and alkyl electrophiles are appealing but limited to specific substrate classes. Here, we report electroreductive XEC of previously incompatible electrophiles including tertiary alkyl bromides, aryl chlorides, and aryl/vinyl triflates. Reactions rely on the merger of an electrochemically active complex that selectively reacts with alkyl bromides through 1e- processes and an electrochemically inactive Ni0(phosphine) complex that selectively reacts with aryl electrophiles through 2e- processes. Accessing Ni0(phosphine) intermediates is critical to the strategy but is often challenging. We uncover a previously unknown pathway for electrochemically generating these key complexes at mild potentials through a choreographed series of ligand-exchange reactions. The mild methodology is applied to the alkylation of a range of substrates including natural products and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor B Hamby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Matthew J LaLama
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christo S Sevov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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22
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Xu G, Gao P, Colacot TJ. Tunable Unsymmetrical Ferrocene Ligands Bearing a Bulky Di-1-adamantylphosphino Motif for Many Kinds of C sp2–C sp3 Couplings. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Xu
- Research and Development, Life Science Chemistry, MilliporeSigma, 6000 N. Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53209, United States
| | - Peng Gao
- Research and Development, Life Science Chemistry, MilliporeSigma, 6000 N. Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53209, United States
| | - Thomas J. Colacot
- Research and Development, Life Science Chemistry, MilliporeSigma, 6000 N. Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53209, United States
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23
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Zhang CS, Zhang BB, Zhong L, Chen XY, Wang ZX. DFT insight into asymmetric alkyl-alkyl bond formation via nickel-catalysed enantioconvergent reductive coupling of racemic electrophiles with olefins. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3728-3739. [PMID: 35432909 PMCID: PMC8966719 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05605k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A DFT study has been conducted to understand the asymmetric alkyl–alkyl bond formation through nickel-catalysed reductive coupling of racemic alkyl bromide with olefin in the presence of hydrosilane and K3PO4. The key findings of the study include: (i) under the reductive experimental conditions, the Ni(ii) precursor is easily activated/reduced to Ni(0) species which can serve as an active species to start a Ni(0)/Ni(ii) catalytic cycle. (ii) Alternatively, the reaction may proceed via a Ni(i)/Ni(ii)/Ni(iii) catalytic cycle starting with a Ni(i) species such as Ni(i)–Br. The generation of a Ni(i) active species via comproportionation of Ni(ii) and Ni(0) species is highly unlikely, because the necessary Ni(0) species is strongly stabilized by olefin. Alternatively, a cage effect enabled generation of a Ni(i) active catalyst from the Ni(ii) species involved in the Ni(0)/Ni(ii) cycle was proposed to be a viable mechanism. (iii) In both catalytic cycles, K3PO4 greatly facilitates the hydrosilane hydride transfer for reducing olefin to an alkyl coupling partner. The reduction proceeds by converting a Ni–Br bond to a Ni–H bond via hydrosilane hydride transfer to a Ni–alkyl bond via olefin insertion. On the basis of two catalytic cycles, the origins for enantioconvergence and enantioselectivity control were discussed. The enantioconvergent alkyl–alkyl coupling involves two competitive catalytic cycles with nickel(0) and nickel(i) active catalysts, respectively. K3PO4 plays a crucial role to enable the hydride transfer from hydrosilane to nickel–bromine species.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Shen Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Bei-Bei Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Liang Zhong
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiang-Yu Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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24
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Pan A, Chojnacka M, Crowley R, Göttemann L, Haines BE, Kou KGM. Synergistic Brønsted/Lewis acid catalyzed aromatic alkylation with unactivated tertiary alcohols or di- tert-butylperoxide to synthesize quaternary carbon centers. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3539-3548. [PMID: 35432882 PMCID: PMC8943850 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06422c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual Brønsted/Lewis acid catalysis involving environmentally benign, readily accessible protic acid and iron promotes site-selective tert-butylation of electron-rich arenes using di-tert-butylperoxide. This transformation inspired the development of a synergistic Brønsted/Lewis acid catalyzed aromatic alkylation that fills a gap in the Friedel–Crafts reaction literature by employing unactivated tertiary alcohols as alkylating agents, leading to new quaternary carbon centers. Corroborated by DFT calculations, the Lewis acid serves a role in enhancing the acidity of the Brønsted acid. The use of non-allylic, non-benzylic, and non-propargylic tertiary alcohols represents an underexplored area in Friedel–Crafts reactivity. Dual Brønsted/Lewis acid catalysis involving environmentally benign, readily accessible protic acid and iron promotes site-selective tert-alkylation of arenes using di-tert-butylperoxide and tertiary alcohols.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Maja Chojnacka
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Robert Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Lucas Göttemann
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Brandon E Haines
- Department of Chemistry, Westmont College 955 La Paz Road Santa Barbara CA 93108 USA
| | - Kevin G M Kou
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
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25
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Cui FH, Hua Y, Lin YM, Fei J, Gao LH, Zhao X, Xia H. Selective Difunctionalization of Unactivated Aliphatic Alkenes Enabled by a Metal–Metallaaromatic Catalytic System. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2301-2310. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Hu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yuhui Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yu-Mei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Jiawei Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Le-Han Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Haiping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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26
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Xi X, Luo Y, Li W, Xu M, Zhao H, Chen Y, Zheng S, Qi X, Yuan W. From Esters to Ketones via a Photoredox‐Assisted Reductive Acyl Cross‐Coupling Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Xi
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Yixin Luo
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Weirong Li
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Minghao Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Hongping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Yukun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Songlin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
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27
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Silva MDSBD, Araujo JGLD, Bento JCCV, Azevedo AMD, Souto CRO, Anjos ASDD, Araújo AMMD, Silva DRD, Menezes FG, Gondim AD, Cavalcanti LN. Nickel-catalyzed reductive decarboxylation of fatty acids for drop-in biofuel production. RSC Adv 2022; 12:27889-27894. [PMID: 36320252 PMCID: PMC9521194 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04057c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An operationally simple and highly selective method for the decarboxylation of fatty acids under remarkably mild conditions is described herein. The activation of the aliphatic carboxylic acids by esterification with N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) enabled efficient deoxygenation to synthesize n-alkanes in up to 67% yield, employing inexpensive PMHS as a hydrogen source, NiCl2·6H2O, bipyridine, and zinc in THF. In contrast to the conventional thermo-catalytic approaches, this protocol does not require high temperature and high pressure of hydrogen gas to deoxygenate biomass-derived carboxylic acids, thus representing an attractive alternative for producing drop-in biofuels. An operationally simple and highly selective method for the Ni-catalyzed decarboxylation of redox active esters (RAEs) derived from fatty acids under remarkably mild conditions is described herein.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria do S. B. da Silva
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Institute of Chemistry, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Jhudson G. L. de Araujo
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Institute of Chemistry, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Júlia C. C. V. Bento
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Institute of Chemistry, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Amanda M. de Azevedo
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Institute of Chemistry, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Carlos R. O. Souto
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Institute of Chemistry, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Aécia S. D. dos Anjos
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Institute of Chemistry, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Aruzza M. M. de Araújo
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Institute of Chemistry, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Djalma R. da Silva
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Institute of Chemistry, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Fabrício G. Menezes
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Institute of Chemistry, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Amanda D. Gondim
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Institute of Chemistry, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Lívia N. Cavalcanti
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Institute of Chemistry, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
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28
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Xiao J, Li Z, Montgomery J. Nickel-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Coupling of Redox-Active Esters with Aliphatic Aldehydes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21234-21240. [PMID: 34894690 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The addition of alkyl fragments to aliphatic aldehydes is a highly desirable transformation for fragment couplings, yet existing methods come with operational challenges related to the basicity and instability of the nucleophilic reagents commonly employed. We report herein that nickel catalysis using a readily available bioxazoline (BiOx) ligand can catalyze the reductive coupling of redox-active esters with aliphatic aldehydes using zinc metal as the reducing agent to deliver silyl-protected secondary alcohols. This protocol is operationally simple, proceeds under mild conditions, and tolerates a variety of functional groups. Initial mechanistic studies suggest a radical chain pathway. Additionally, alkyl tosylates and epoxides are suitable alkyl precursors to this transformation providing a versatile suite of catalytic reactions for the functionalization of aliphatic aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichao Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108-1055, United States
| | - Zhenning Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108-1055, United States
| | - John Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108-1055, United States
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29
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Dorsheimer JR, Ashley MA, Rovis T. Dual Nickel/Photoredox-Catalyzed Deaminative Cross-Coupling of Sterically Hindered Primary Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19294-19299. [PMID: 34767360 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We report a method to activate α-3° amines for deaminative arylation via condensation with an electron-rich aldehyde and merge this reactivity with nickel metallaphotoredox to generate benzylic quaternary centers, a common motif in pharmaceuticals and natural products. The reaction is accelerated by added ammonium salts. Evidence is provided in support of two roles for the additive: inhibition of nickel black formation and acceleration of the overall reaction rate. We demonstrate a robust scope of amine and haloarene coupling partners and show an expedited synthesis of ALK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Dorsheimer
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Melissa A Ashley
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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30
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Xi X, Luo Y, Li W, Xu M, Zhao H, Chen Y, Zheng S, Qi X, Yuan W. From Esters to Ketones via a Photoredox-Assisted Reductive Acyl Cross-Coupling Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114731. [PMID: 34783143 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed for ketone synthesis via a photoredox-assisted reductive acyl cross-coupling (PARAC) using a nickel/photoredox dual-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling of two different carboxylic acid esters. A variety of aryl, 1°, 2°, 3°-alkyl 2-pyridyl esters can act as acyl electrophiles while N-(acyloxy)phthalimides (NHPI esters) act as 1°, 2°, 3°-radical precursors. Our PARAC strategy provides an alternative and reliable way to synthesize various sterically congested 3°-3°, 3°-2°, and aryl-3° ketones under mild and highly unified conditions, which have been otherwise difficult to access. The combined experimental and computational studies identified a Ni0 /NiI /NiIII pathway for ketone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Xi
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yixin Luo
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Weirong Li
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Minghao Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Hongping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yukun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Songlin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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31
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Shen Y, Rovis T. Late-Stage N-Me Selective Arylation of Trialkylamines Enabled by Ni/Photoredox Dual Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16364-16369. [PMID: 34590864 PMCID: PMC8862118 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The diversity and wide availability of trialkylamines render them ideal sources for rapid construction of complex amine architectures. Herein, we report that a nickel/photoredox dual catalysis strategy affects site-selective α-arylation of various trialkylamines. Our catalytic system shows exclusive N-Me selectivity with a wide range of trialkylamines under mild conditions, even in the context of late-stage arylation of pharmaceutical compounds bearing this common structural motif. Mechanistic studies indicate the unconventional behavior of Ni catalyst upon intercepting the α-amino radicals, in which only the primary α-amino radical undergoes a successful cross-coupling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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32
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Behnke NE, Sales ZS, Li M, Herrmann AT. Dual Photoredox/Nickel-Promoted Alkylation of Heteroaryl Halides with Redox-Active Esters. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12945-12955. [PMID: 34464532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein a method for the radical alkylation of heteroaryl halides that relies upon the combination of photoredox and nickel catalysis is described. The use of aliphatic N-(acyloxy)phthalimides as redox-active esters affords primary and secondary radicals for the decarboxylative dual cross-coupling with pyrimidine and pyridine heteroaryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides. The method provides an additional synthetic tool for the incorporation of medicinally relevant heterocyclic motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Erin Behnke
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, BioScience Research Collaborative, 6500 Main Street, Rm 380, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Zachary S Sales
- Discovery Process Research, Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Minyan Li
- Discovery Process Research, Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Aaron T Herrmann
- Discovery Process Research, Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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33
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Cheng HL, Xie XH, Chen JZ, Wang Z, Chen JP. An in situ masking strategy enables radical monodecarboxylative C-C bond coupling of malonic acid derivatives. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11786-11792. [PMID: 34659716 PMCID: PMC8442682 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02642a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of malonic acids in radical decarboxylative functionalization is still underexploited, and the few existing examples are primarily limited to bisdecarboxylative functionalization. While radical monodecarboxylative functionalization is highly desirable, it is challenging because of the difficulty in suppressing the second radical decarboxylation step. Herein, we report the successful radical monodecarboxylative C–C bond coupling of malonic acids with ethynylbenziodoxolone (EBX) reagents enabled by an in situ masking strategy, affording synthetically useful 2(3H)-furanones in satisfactory yields. The keys to the success of this transformation include (1) the dual role of a silver catalyst as a single-electron transfer catalyst to drive the radical decarboxylative alkynylation and as a Lewis acid catalyst to promote the 5-endo-dig cyclization and (2) the dual function of the alkynyl reagent as a radical trapper and as an in situ masking group. Notably, the latent carboxylate group in the furanones could be readily released, which could serve as a versatile synthetic handle for further elaborations. Thus, both carboxylic acid groups in malonic acid derivatives have been well utilized for the rapid construction of molecular complexity. An in situ masking strategy has been developed based upon the unique properties of silver catalysts to successfully achieve a radical monodecarboxylative C–C bond coupling of malonic acids with ethynylbenziodoxolone reagents.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Li Cheng
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Xian-Hui Xie
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Jia-Zheng Chen
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
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34
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Abstract
A new approach to Silodosin capitalizing on a radical retrosynthetic strategy to dissect the molecule into two halves is reported. Using a reductive decarboxylative cross-coupling, a simple indoline can be coupled to a chiral pool-derived fragment to arrive at the target in only seven steps (LLS). This route avoids the use of resolution strategies or asymmetric hydrogenation that requires a subsequent Curtius rearrangement to install a key amino functionality.
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35
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Zhao JX, Chang YX, He C, Burke BJ, Collins MR, Del Bel M, Elleraas J, Gallego GM, Montgomery TP, Mousseau JJ, Nair SK, Perry MA, Spangler JE, Vantourout JC, Baran PS. 1,2-Difunctionalized bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes: Long-sought-after mimetics for ortho/ meta-substituted arenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2108881118. [PMID: 34244445 PMCID: PMC8285974 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108881118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a versatile platform for the synthesis of 1,2-difunctionalized bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes to potentially mimic ortho/meta-substituted arenes is described. The syntheses of useful building blocks bearing alcohol, amine, and carboxylic acid functional handles have been achieved from a simple common intermediate. Several ortho- and meta-substituted benzene analogs, as well as simple molecular matched pairs, have also been prepared using this platform. The results of in-depth ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) investigations of these systems are presented, as well as computational studies which validate the ortho- or meta-character of these bioisosteres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xuan Chang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Chi He
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Benjamin J Burke
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Michael R Collins
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, San Diego, CA 92121;
| | - Matthew Del Bel
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Jeff Elleraas
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Gary M Gallego
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - T Patrick Montgomery
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - James J Mousseau
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, CT 06340
| | - Sajiv K Nair
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Matthew A Perry
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, CT 06340
| | - Jillian E Spangler
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, San Diego, CA 92121
| | | | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037;
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36
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Gao Y, Hill DE, Hao W, McNicholas BJ, Vantourout JC, Hadt RG, Reisman SE, Blackmond DG, Baran PS. Electrochemical Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi Coupling: Scope, Applications, and Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9478-9488. [PMID: 34128671 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the most oft-employed methods for C-C bond formation involving the coupling of vinyl-halides with aldehydes catalyzed by Ni and Cr (Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi, NHK) has been rendered more practical using an electroreductive manifold. Although early studies pointed to the feasibility of such a process, those precedents were never applied by others due to cumbersome setups and limited scope. Here we show that a carefully optimized electroreductive procedure can enable a more sustainable approach to NHK, even in an asymmetric fashion on highly complex medicinally relevant systems. The e-NHK can even enable non-canonical substrate classes, such as redox-active esters, to participate with low loadings of Cr when conventional chemical techniques fail. A combination of detailed kinetics, cyclic voltammetry, and in situ UV-vis spectroelectrochemistry of these processes illuminates the subtle features of this mechanistically intricate process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - David E Hill
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Wei Hao
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Brendon J McNicholas
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Julien C Vantourout
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ryan G Hadt
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Sarah E Reisman
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Donna G Blackmond
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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37
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Miyata S, Kawashima Y, Sakai M, Matsubayashi M, Motoki K, Miyajima Y, Watanabe Y, Chikamatsu N, Taniguchi T, Tokuyama R. Discovery, optimization, and evaluation of non-bile acid FXR/TGR5 dual agonists. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9196. [PMID: 33911126 PMCID: PMC8080777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several potent bile acid Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5, GPBAR1) dual agonists such as INT-767 have been reported, no non-bile acid FXR/TGR5 dual agonist has been investigated to date. Therefore, we attempted to discover potent non-bile acid FXR/TGR5 dual agonists and identified some non-bile acid FXR/TGR5 dual agonists, such as isonicotinamide derivatives in vitro assay. Compound 20p was evaluated in C57BL/6J mice, that were administered a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) consisting of 60 kcal% fat and 0.1% methionine by weight for one week. Compound 20p dose-dependently induced small heterodimer partner (SHP) mRNA and decreased cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1) in the liver at 10 and 30 mg/kg, respectively, which were used as FXR agonist markers. Compound 20p significantly increased the plasma levels of GLP-1 as a TGR5 agonist, and a high concentration of GLP-1 lowered blood glucose levels. We confirmed that compound 20p was a non-bile acid FXR/TGR5 dual agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiho Miyata
- Research Laboratory 1, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, 1-32-3, Nishi-Omiya, Nishi-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Yuji Kawashima
- Research Laboratory 1, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, 1-32-3, Nishi-Omiya, Nishi-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Miku Sakai
- Research Laboratory 2, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, Nishi-ku, Iida-Shinden, Saitama City, Saitama, 636-1, Japan
| | - Masaya Matsubayashi
- Research Laboratory 2, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, Nishi-ku, Iida-Shinden, Saitama City, Saitama, 636-1, Japan
| | - Keisuke Motoki
- Research Laboratory 2, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, Nishi-ku, Iida-Shinden, Saitama City, Saitama, 636-1, Japan
| | - Yui Miyajima
- Research Laboratory 1, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, 1-32-3, Nishi-Omiya, Nishi-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yousuke Watanabe
- Research Laboratory 2, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, Nishi-ku, Iida-Shinden, Saitama City, Saitama, 636-1, Japan
| | - Noriko Chikamatsu
- Research Laboratory 2, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, Nishi-ku, Iida-Shinden, Saitama City, Saitama, 636-1, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Taniguchi
- Research Laboratory 2, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, Nishi-ku, Iida-Shinden, Saitama City, Saitama, 636-1, Japan
| | - Ryukou Tokuyama
- Research Laboratory 1, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, 1-32-3, Nishi-Omiya, Nishi-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, Japan.
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38
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Jiang Y, Pan J, Yang T, Zhao Y, Koh MJ. Nickel-catalyzed site- and stereoselective reductive alkylalkynylation of alkynes. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Kammer LM, Badir SO, Hu RM, Molander GA. Photoactive electron donor-acceptor complex platform for Ni-mediated C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) bond formation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5450-5457. [PMID: 34168786 PMCID: PMC8179655 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00943e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A dual photochemical/nickel-mediated decarboxylative strategy for the assembly of C(sp3)-C(sp2) linkages is disclosed. Under light irradiation at 390 nm, commercially available and inexpensive Hantzsch ester (HE) functions as a potent organic photoreductant to deliver catalytically active Ni(0) species through single-electron transfer (SET) manifolds. As part of its dual role, the Hantzsch ester effects a decarboxylative-based radical generation through electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex activation. This homogeneous, net-reductive platform bypasses the need for exogenous photocatalysts, stoichiometric metal reductants, and additives. Under this cross-electrophile paradigm, the coupling of diverse C(sp3)-centered radical architectures (including primary, secondary, stabilized benzylic, α-oxy, and α-amino systems) with (hetero)aryl bromides has been accomplished. The protocol proceeds under mild reaction conditions in the presence of sensitive functional groups and pharmaceutically relevant cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie Kammer
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Shorouk O Badir
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Ren-Ming Hu
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
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40
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Parida SK, Mandal T, Das S, Hota SK, De Sarkar S, Murarka S. Single Electron Transfer-Induced Redox Processes Involving N-(Acyloxy)phthalimides. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sushanta Kumar Parida
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Tanumoy Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanju Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Hota
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Sandip Murarka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India
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41
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Kleinmans R, Will LE, Schwarz JL, Glorius F. Photoredox-enabled 1,2-dialkylation of α-substituted acrylates via Ireland-Claisen rearrangement. Chem Sci 2021; 12:2816-2822. [PMID: 34164045 PMCID: PMC8179405 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06385a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the 1,2-dialkylation of simple feedstock acrylates for the synthesis of valuable tertiary carboxylic acids by merging Giese-type radical addition with an Ireland-Claisen rearrangement. Key to success is the utilization of the reductive radical-polar crossover concept under photocatalytic reaction conditions to force the [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement after alkyl radical addition to allyl acrylates. Using readily available alkyl boronic acids as radical progenitors, this redox-neutral, transition-metal-free protocol allows the mild formation of two C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds, thus providing rapid access to complex tertiary carboxylic acids in a single step. Moreover, this strategy enables the efficient synthesis of highly attractive α,α-dialkylated γ-amino butyric acids (GABAs) when α-silyl amines are used as radical precursors - a structural motif that was still inaccessible in related transformations. Depending on the nature of the radical precursors and their inherent oxidation potentials, either a photoredox-induced radical chain or a solely photoredox mechanism is proposed to be operative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Kleinmans
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Leon E Will
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - J Luca Schwarz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
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42
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Zhu X, Li X, Li X, Lv J, Sun K, Song X, Yang D. Decarboxylative C–H alkylation of heteroarenes by copper catalysis. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00210d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed decarboxylative C–H alkylation of heteroarenes with alkyl carboxylic acids has been realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- MOE
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
| | - Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- MOE
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
| | - Xuehao Li
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- MOE
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
| | - Jian Lv
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- MOE
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
| | - Kai Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- YanTai University
- Yantai
- P. R. China
| | - Xiuyan Song
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- MOE
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
| | - Daoshan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- MOE
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
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43
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Xue W, Jia X, Wang X, Tao X, Yin Z, Gong H. Nickel-catalyzed formation of quaternary carbon centers using tertiary alkyl electrophiles. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4162-4184. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01107j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in nickel-catalyzed reactions employing tertiary alkyl electrophiles for the construction of quaternary carbon centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Xue
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Xiao Jia
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Xianghua Tao
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Zhigang Yin
- School of Materials & Chemical Engineering
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou 450002
- China
| | - Hegui Gong
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
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44
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Sheng T, Zhang HJ, Shang M, He C, Vantourout JC, Baran PS. Electrochemical Decarboxylative N-Alkylation of Heterocycles. Org Lett 2020; 22:7594-7598. [PMID: 32941044 PMCID: PMC8350983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An operationally simple method to employ nonactivated carboxylic acids as alkylating agents in the N-alkylation of heterocycles is reported through an electrochemically driven anodic decarboxylative process. A wide substrate scope across a range of heterocycles is demonstrated along with a series of applications that significantly reduce the step count required to access such medicinally relevant structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Ming Shang
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Chi He
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Julien. C. Vantourout
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Phil. S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
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45
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Liu YA, Liao X, Chen H. Recent Progress in Radical Decarboxylative Functionalizations Enabled by Transition-Metal (Ni, Cu, Fe, Co or Cr) Catalysis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAliphatic carboxylic acids are abundant in natural and synthetic sources and are widely used as connection points in many chemical transformations. Radical decarboxylative functionalization promoted by transition-metal catalysis has achieved great success, enabling carboxylic acids to be easily transformed into a wide variety of products. Herein, we highlight the recent advances made on transition-metal (Ni, Cu, Fe, Co or Cr) catalyzed C–X (X = C, N, H, O, B, or Si) bond formation as well as syntheses of ketones, amino acids, alcohols, ethers and difluoromethyl derivatives via radical decarboxylation of carboxylic acids or their derivatives, including, among others, redox-active esters (RAEs), anhydrides, and diacyl peroxides.1 Introduction2 Ni-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Functionalizations3 Cu-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Functionalizations4 Fe-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Functionalizations5 Co- and Cr-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Functionalizations6 Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahu A Liu
- Discovery Chemistry, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
| | - Xuebin Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University
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46
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Khalaj M. Synthesis of carbamothioate derivatives via a copper catalyzed thiocarboxamidation of aryl iodides. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-020-02613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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Dindarloo Inaloo I, Majnooni S, Eslahi H, Esmaeilpour M. Air‐Stable Fe
3
O
4
@SiO
2
‐EDTA‐Ni(0) as an Efficient Recyclable Magnetic Nanocatalyst for Effective Suzuki‐Miyaura and Heck Cross‐Coupling via Aryl Sulfamates and Carbamates. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sahar Majnooni
- Department of Chemistry University of Isfahan Isfahan 81746‐73441 Iran
| | - Hassan Eslahi
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences Shiraz University Shiraz Iran
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48
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Mao Y, Zhao W, Lu S, Yu L, Wang Y, Liang Y, Ni S, Pan Y. Copper-catalysed photoinduced decarboxylative alkynylation: a combined experimental and computational study. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4939-4947. [PMID: 34122950 PMCID: PMC8159226 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02213f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox-active esters (RAEs) as alkyl radical precursors have demonstrated great advantages for C–C bond formation. A decarboxylative cross-coupling method is described to afford substituted alkynes from various carboxylic acids using copper catalysts CuCl and Cu(acac)2. The photoexcitation of copper acetylides with electron-rich NEt3 as a ligand provides a general strategy to generate a range of alkyl radicals from RAEs of carboxylic acids, which can be readily coupled with a variety of aromatic alkynes. The scope of this cross-coupling reaction can be further expanded to aliphatic alkynes and alkynyl silanes using a catalytic amount of preformed copper-phenylacetylide. In addition, DFT calculations revealed the favorable reaction pathway and that the bidentate acetylacetonate ligand of the copper intermediate plays an important role in inhibiting the homo-coupling of the alkyne. Redox-active esters (RAEs) as alkyl radical precursors have demonstrated great advantages for Cu-catalysed C–C bond formation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Wenxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shuo Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shengyang Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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49
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Estrada JG, Williams WL, Ting SI, Doyle AG. Role of Electron-Deficient Olefin Ligands in a Ni-Catalyzed Aziridine Cross-Coupling To Generate Quaternary Carbons. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8928-8937. [PMID: 32348673 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the development of an electron-deficient olefin (EDO) ligand, Fro-DO, that promotes the generation of quaternary carbon centers via Ni-catalyzed Csp3-Csp3 cross-coupling with aziridines. By contrast, electronically and structurally similar EDO ligands such as dimethyl fumarate and electron-deficient styrenes afford primarily β-hydride elimination side reactivity. Only a few catalyst systems have been identified that promote the formation of quaternary carbons via Ni-catalyzed Csp3-Csp3 cross-coupling. Although Fro-DO represents a promising ligand in this regard, the basis for its superior performance is not well understood. Here we describe a detailed mechanistic study of the aziridine cross-coupling reaction and the role of EDO ligands in facilitating Csp3-Csp3 bond formation. This analysis reveals that cross-coupling proceeds by a Ni0/II cycle with a NiII azametallacyclobutane catalyst resting state. Turnover-limiting C-C reductive elimination occurs from a spectroscopically observable NiII-dialkyl intermediate bound to the EDO. Computational analysis shows that Fro-DO accelerates turnover limiting reductive elimination via LUMO lowering. However, it is no more effective than dimethyl fumarate at reducing the barrier to Csp3-Csp3 reductive elimination. Instead, Fro-DO's unique reactivity arises from its ability to associate favorably to NiII intermediates. Natural bond order second-order perturbation theory analysis of the catalytically relevant NiII intermediate indicates that Fro-DO binds to NiII through an additional stabilizing donor-acceptor interaction between its sulfonyl group and NiII. Design of new ligands to evaluate this proposal supports this model and has led to the development of a new and tunable ligand framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús G Estrada
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Wendy L Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Stephen I Ting
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Abigail G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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50
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Yuan M, Song Z, Badir SO, Molander GA, Gutierrez O. On the Nature of C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) Bond Formation in Nickel-Catalyzed Tertiary Radical Cross-Couplings: A Case Study of Ni/Photoredox Catalytic Cross-Coupling of Alkyl Radicals and Aryl Halides. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7225-7234. [PMID: 32195579 PMCID: PMC7909746 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The merger of photoredox and nickel catalysis has enabled the construction of quaternary centers. However, the mechanism, role of the ligand, and effect of the spin state for this transformation and related Ni-catalyzed cross-couplings involving tertiary alkyl radicals in combination with bipyridine and diketonate ligands remain unknown. Several mechanisms have been proposed, all invoking a key Ni(III) species prior to undergoing irreversible inner-sphere reductive elimination. In this work, we have used open-shell dispersion-corrected DFT calculations, quasi-classical dynamics calculations, and experiments to study in detail the mechanism of carbon-carbon bond formation in Ni bipyridine- and diketonate-based catalytic systems. These calculations revealed that access to high spin states (e.g., triplet spin state tetrahedral Ni(II) species) is critical for effective radical cross-coupling of tertiary alkyl radicals. Further, these calculations revealed a disparate mechanism for the C-C bond formation. Specifically, contrary to the neutral Ni-bipyridyl system, diketonate ligands lead directly to the corresponding tertiary radical cross-coupling products via an outer-sphere reductive elimination step via triplet spin state from the Ni(III) intermediates. Implications to related Ni-catalyzed radical cross-couplings and the design of new transformations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingbin Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Zhihui Song
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Shorouk O. Badir
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Gary A. Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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